Basic data on river bathymetry is critical for numerous applications in river research and management and is increasingly obtained via remote sensing, but the noisy, pixelated appearance of image‐derived depth maps can compromise subsequent analyses. We hypothesized that this noise originates from reflectance from an irregular water surface and introduced a framework for mitigating these effects by Inferring Bathymetry from Averaged River Images (IBARI). This workflow produces time‐averaged images from video frames stabilized to account for platform motion and/or computes a spatial average from an ensemble simulated by randomly shifting images relative to themselves. We used field observations of water depth and helicopter‐based videos from a clear‐flowing river to assess the potential of this approach to improve depth retrieval. Our results indicated that depths inferred from averaged images were more accurate and precise than those inferred from single frames; observed versus predicted regression R2 increased from 0.80 to 0.88. In addition, IBARI significantly enhanced the texture of image‐derived depth maps, leading to smoother, more coherent representations of channel morphology. Depth retrieval improved with image sequence duration, but the number of images was more important than the length of time encompassed; shorter acquisitions at higher frame rates would economize data collection. We also demonstrated the potential to scale up the IBARI workflow by producing a mosaic of bathymetric maps derived from averaged images acquired at several hovering waypoints distributed along a 2.36 km reach. This approach is well‐suited to data collected from helicopters and small unmanned aircraft systems.
Plague is a flea-vectored disease introduced to North America c. 1900. It is lethal to many American mammal species, causes major die-offs (epizootics) in some populations, and may be ecologically disruptive even at lower interepizootic (enzootic) levels of transmission. We sought to determine the effects of enzootic plague on survival of Mexican woodrats (Neotoma mexicana) and to test the hypothesis that the causative bacterium Yersinia pestis can be maintained by a highly plague-susceptible species like these woodrats. We compared apparent survival for woodrats in groups with and without plague management. Woodrat groups were (1) treated for vector control with an insecticide (deltamethrin), (2) vaccinated against plague, (3) treated with both vaccine and vector control, and (4) without plague management treatments. Flea prevalence on woodrats was reduced >90% in response to deltamethrin. Apparent survival during May–September, 2010, was 31.1% for non-vaccinated adult woodrats living in deltamethrin-treated nests, compared to 9.6% for woodrats in non-treated nests. During May–September of 2010 and 2011, vaccinated juvenile woodrat survival was 16.8%, compared to 8.4% for non-vaccinated juveniles. Peak numbers of woodrats captured were 139 for the first trapping session of 2010 and 76 for the first session of 2011, suggesting a population decline consistent with the relatively low estimated survival rates. Survival results suggest that this highly plague-susceptible species can locally maintain enzootic plague while encountering substantial rates of mortality.
Day-roost selection by Lasiurine tree bats during winter and their response to dormant season fires is unknown in the southeastern United States where dormant season burning is widely applied. Although fires historically were predominantly growing season, they now occur in the dormant season in this part of the Coastal Plain to support a myriad of stewardship activities, including habitat management for game species. To examine the response of bats to landscape condition and the application of prescribed fire, in the winter of 2019, we mist-netted and affixed radio-transmitters to 16 Lasiurine bats, primarily Seminole bats (Lasiurus seminolus) at Camp Blanding Joint Training Center in northern Florida. We then located day-roost sites to describe roost attributes. For five Seminole bats, one eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), and one hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), we applied prescribed burns in the roost area to observe bat response in real-time. Generally, Seminole bats selected day-roosts in mesic forest stands with high mean fire return intervals. At the roost tree scale, Seminole day-roosts tended to be larger, taller and in higher canopy dominance classes than surrounding trees. Seminole bats roosted in longleaf (Pinus palustris), slash (Pinus elliotii) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) more than expected based on availability, whereas sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), water oak (Quercus nigra) and turkey oak (Quercus laevis), were roosted in less than expected based on availability. Of the seven roosts subjected to prescribed burns, only one male Seminole bat and one male eastern red bat evacuated during or immediately following burning. In both cases, these bats had day-roosted at heights lower than the majority of other day-roosts observed during our study. Our results suggest Seminole bats choose winter day-roosts that both maximize solar exposure and minimize risks associated with fire. Nonetheless, because selected day-roosts largely were fire-dependent or tolerant tree species, application of fire does need to periodically occur to promote recruitment and retention of suitable roost sites.
In the spring of 2019, ice sheets transported down-stream during a large streamflow rise event in the lower Minnesota River destroyed an index-velocity streamgage at the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota (U.S. Geological Survey station 05330920; hereafter referred to as “Ft. Snelling”). The streamgage previously used an acoustic Doppler velocity meter to provide instantaneous streamflow and suspended-sedimentation concentration (SSC) data in backwater conditions caused by the confluence with the Mississippi River. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey cooperated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Lower Minnesota River Watershed District to develop linear regression models that estimate SSCs and suspended-sand concentrations (sand) at the destroyed streamgage using streamflow data from an upstream site Minnesota River near Jordan, Minn. (U.S. Geological Survey station 05330000, hereafter referred to as “Jordan”).
Simple linear regression models were developed for selected positions on the streamflow hydrograph to estimate SSC and sand at Ft. Snelling from the streamflow at Jordan. Statistically significant models could not be developed for estimating SSC at low streamflows and sand at high streamflows. Models developed to estimate sand were more uncertain than models used to estimate SSC, and models using streamflow to predict SSC and sand were more uncertain than models using acoustic backscatter to predict SSC. Annual loads of SSC and sand estimated from these models show the dynamic nature of sediment transport and storage in this section of the lower Minnesota River. These models and the associated ancillary data can help with management decisions that are crucial in managing aquatic habitat, supporting power production, and commercial navigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Lower Minnesota River Watershed District","usgsCitation":"Groten, J.T., Hendrickson, J.S., and Loomis, L.R., 2021, Estimation of suspended sediment at a discontinued streamgage on the lower Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1005, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211005.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 12 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-121668","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1005/ofr20211005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1005"},{"id":383101,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AIULOQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Suspended-sediment and sand concentrations, streamflow, acoustic data, linear regression models, and loads for the Lower Minnesota River, 2012 -2019"},{"id":383108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1005/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fort Snelling State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.22311401367188,\n 44.819107339295684\n ],\n [\n -93.1801986694336,\n 44.85124448203336\n ],\n [\n -93.16577911376953,\n 44.879471418146686\n ],\n [\n -93.14414978027344,\n 44.89187715629887\n ],\n [\n -93.15067291259766,\n 44.89503897537852\n ],\n [\n -93.17436218261719,\n 44.89601180781499\n ],\n [\n -93.19427490234375,\n 44.89114748105545\n ],\n [\n -93.19599151611328,\n 44.87557887053108\n ],\n [\n -93.21247100830078,\n 44.859275967357476\n ],\n [\n -93.22208404541016,\n 44.85270483540896\n ],\n [\n -93.23856353759766,\n 44.84102097157541\n ],\n [\n -93.23856353759766,\n 44.82763029742812\n ],\n [\n -93.22895050048828,\n 44.81862027505869\n ],\n [\n -93.22311401367188,\n 44.819107339295684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2280 Woodale Drive
Mounds View, MN 55112
Critiques of gross domestic product (GDP) as the economy's primary measuring stick have emanated from the feminist and ecological economics communities for decades (Kubiszewski et al., 2013) and have grown to include mainstream economists (Stiglitz, Sen, and Fitousi, 2009) and national accountants (Coyle, 2015). To the casual observer, such critiques seem to be growing almost as quickly as the number of proposed alternatives to GDP! Yet amidst the extensive literature on the topic, Rutger Hoekstra's “Replacing GDP by 2030: Towards a common language for the well-being and sustainability community” (Hoekstra, 2019) stands out for simultaneously diagnosing the failings of the “Beyond GDP” movement and proposing a roadmap towards the book's goal of developing data systems to underpin critically needed well-being and sustainability indicators at national and global scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106979","usgsCitation":"Bagstad, K.J., and Fox, M., 2021, Book review: Replacing GDP by 2030: Towards a common language for the well-being and sustainability community, Rutger Hoekstra, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2019): Ecological Economics, v. 183, 106979, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106979.","productDescription":"106979, 2 p.","ipdsId":"IP-125617","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"183","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bagstad, Kenneth J. 0000-0001-8857-5615 kjbagstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-5615","contributorId":3680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagstad","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjbagstad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fox, Mairi-Jane 0000-0001-9395-058X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-058X","contributorId":248829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fox","given":"Mairi-Jane","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50031,"text":"Regis University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70218706,"text":"70218706 - 2021 - Duration of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the Don Manuel porphyry copper system, central Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-08T13:51:26.167748","indexId":"70218706","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-08T07:46:16","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5207,"text":"Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duration of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the Don Manuel porphyry copper system, central Chile","docAbstract":"The Don Manuel porphyry copper system, located in the Miocene–Pliocene metallogenic belt of central Chile, contains spatially zoned alteration styles common to other porphyry copper deposits including extensive potassic alteration, propylitic alteration, localized sericite-chlorite alteration and argillic alteration but lacks pervasive hydrolytic alteration typical of some deposits. It is one of the youngest porphyry copper deposits in the Andes. Timing of mineralization and the hydrothermal system at Don Manuel are consistent with emplacement of the associated intrusions (ca. 4 and 3.6 Ma). Two molybdenite samples yielded consistent ages of 3.412 ± 0.037 and 3.425 ± 0.037 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar ages on hydrothermal biotites (3.57 ± 0.02, 3.51 ± 0.02, 3.41 ± 0.01, and 3.37 ± 0.01 Ma) are associated with potassic alteration. These ages are younger than the youngest intrusion by ~300 k.y. recording the cooling of the system below 350 °C. Such a time gap can be explained by fluxing of hot magmatic fluids from deeper magmatic sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/min11020174","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, A.K., Sparks, R.S., Barfod, D.N., Brugge, E., Annen, C., and Parkinson, I., 2021, Duration of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the Don Manuel porphyry copper system, central Chile: Minerals, v. 11, no. 2, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020174.","productDescription":"22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-125032","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020174","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":384221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"central Chile","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.71874999999999,\n -31.278550858946517\n ],\n [\n -70.18066406249997,\n -31.278550858946517\n ],\n [\n -70.18066406249997,\n -26.784847361051206\n ],\n [\n -71.71874999999999,\n -26.784847361051206\n ],\n [\n -71.71874999999999,\n -31.278550858946517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, Amy K. 0000-0001-5038-8136","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-8136","contributorId":218307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, R. Stephen J.","contributorId":254929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen J.","affiliations":[{"id":37322,"text":"University of Bristol","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barfod, Dan N. 0000-0001-8934-4034","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-4034","contributorId":254930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barfod","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":27602,"text":"Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brugge, Emily","contributorId":254931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brugge","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24608,"text":"Imperial College London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Annen, Catherine 0000-0002-3379-5458","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3379-5458","contributorId":254932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Annen","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37322,"text":"University of Bristol","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parkinson, Ian 0000-0001-6380-7061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-7061","contributorId":254933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parkinson","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37322,"text":"University of Bristol","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70226958,"text":"70226958 - 2021 - The critical minerals initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey’s mineral deposit database project: USMIN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T12:56:25.908739","indexId":"70226958","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-08T06:52:30","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9961,"text":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (MME)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The critical minerals initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey’s mineral deposit database project: USMIN","docAbstract":"The objective of the US Geological Survey’s mineral deposit database project (USMIN) is to develop a comprehensive twenty-first century geospatial database that is the authoritative source of the most important mines, mineral deposits, and mineral districts of the US. Since May 2017, the project has focused on critical minerals. Data for critical minerals that are produced as products are relatively robust, whereas data for critical minerals that may be recovered as byproducts are commonly of much poorer quality. Similarly, more is known about critical minerals that occur in conventional deposits than where those critical minerals occur in unconventional deposits. For example, rare earth elements occur principally in deposits hosted by alkaline igneous rocks, but there is potential for their production from phosphate rock mining, which is less documented. Lithium (Li) has been recovered from pegmatites and brines, but other Li-bearing deposit types have been delineated that may go into production. Cobalt may be produced as a byproduct or coproduct from a wide range of mineral deposit types, whereas rhenium is a byproduct of copper ore. Significant opportunities for research exist that could help identify new sources of critical minerals, and may also help increase production and recovery from existing sources.
Multiple nations and private entities are pushing to make landing humans on Mars a reality. The majority of proposed mission architectures envision ‘living off the land’ by leveraging Martian water-ice deposits for fuel production and other purposes. Fortunately for mission designers, water ice exists on Mars in plentiful volumes. The challenge is isolating accessible ice deposits within regions that optimize other preferred landing-site conditions. Here we present the first results of the Mars Subsurface Water Ice Mapping (SWIM) project, which has the aim of searching for buried ice resources across the mid-latitudes. Through the integration of orbital datasets in concert with new data-processing techniques, the SWIM project assesses the likelihood of ice by quantifying the consistency of multiple, independent data sources with the presence of ice. Concentrating our efforts across the majority of the northern hemisphere, our composite ice-consistency maps indicate that the broad plains of Arcadia and the extensive glacial networks across Deuteronilus Mensae match the greatest number of remote-sensing criteria for accessible ice-rich, subsurface material situated equatorwards of the contemporary ice-stability zone.
Southern California has a long history of damaging debris flows after wildfire. Despite recurrent loss, forecasts of the frequency and magnitude of postfire debris flows are not available for the region like they are for earthquakes. Instead, debris flow hazards are typically assessed in a reactive manner after wildfires. Such assessments are crucial for evaluating debris flow risk by postfire emergency response teams; however, time between the fire and first rainstorm is often insufficient to fully develop and implement effective emergency response plans like those in place for earthquakes. Here, we use both historical distributions of fire and precipitation frequency and empirical models of postfire debris flow likelihood and volume to map the expected frequency and magnitude of postfire debris flows across southern California. We find that at least small debris flows can be expected almost every year, while major debris flows capable of damaging 40 or more structures have a recurrence interval between 10 and 13 years, a return interval that is comparable to a magnitude 6.7 earthquake. A sensitivity analysis to possible future changes in current fire and precipitation regimes indicates that debris flow activity in southern California is more sensitive to increases in precipitation intensity than increases in fire frequency and severity. Projected increases in rainfall intensity of 18% result in an overall 110% increase in the probability of major debris flows. Our results, in combination with an assessment of exposure, can be used to prioritize watersheds for further analysis and possible prefire mitigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020EF001735","usgsCitation":"Kean, J.W., and Staley, D.M., 2021, Forecasting the frequency and magnitude of postfire debris flows across southern California: Earth's Future, v. 9, no. 3, e2020EF001735, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001735.","productDescription":"e2020EF001735, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124894","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001735","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91GIT04","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Gridded estimates of postfire debris flow frequency and magnitude for southern California"},{"id":384885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.76171875,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 35.209721645221386\n ],\n [\n -120.76171875,\n 35.209721645221386\n ],\n [\n -120.76171875,\n 32.565333160841035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staley, Dennis M. 0000-0002-2239-3402 dstaley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-3402","contributorId":4134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","email":"dstaley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70218466,"text":"70218466 - 2021 - Integrating sequence capture and restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to resolve recent radiations of pelagic seabirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T16:10:46.24336","indexId":"70218466","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-06T10:51:32","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3510,"text":"Systematic Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating sequence capture and restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to resolve recent radiations of pelagic seabirds","docAbstract":"The diversification of modern birds has been shaped by a number of radiations. Rapid diversification events make reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among taxa challenging due to the convoluted effects of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and introgression. Phylogenomic data sets have the potential to detect patterns of phylogenetic incongruence, and to address their causes. However, the footprints of ILS and introgression on sequence data can vary between different phylogenomic markers at different phylogenetic scales depending on factors such as their evolutionary rates or their selection pressures. We show that combining phylogenomic markers that evolve at different rates, such as paired-end double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (PE-ddRAD) and ultraconserved elements (UCEs), allows a comprehensive exploration of the causes of phylogenetic discordance associated with short internodes at different timescales. We used thousands of UCE and PE-ddRAD markers to produce the first well-resolved phylogeny of shearwaters, a group of medium-sized pelagic seabirds that are among the most phylogenetically controversial and endangered bird groups. We found that phylogenomic conflict was mainly derived from high levels of ILS due to rapid speciation events. We also documented a case of introgression, despite the high philopatry of shearwaters to their breeding sites, which typically limits gene flow. We integrated state-of-the-art concatenated and coalescent-based approaches to expand on previous comparisons of UCE and RAD-Seq data sets for phylogenetics, divergence time estimation, and inference of introgression, and we propose a strategy to optimize RAD-Seq data for phylogenetic analyses. Our results highlight the usefulness of combining phylogenomic markers evolving at different rates to understand the causes of phylogenetic discordance at different timescales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/sysbio/syaa101","usgsCitation":"Ferrer Obiol, J., James, H.F., Chesser, R., Bretagnolle, V., Gonzalez-Solis, J., Rozas, J., Riutort, M., and Welch, A., 2021, Integrating sequence capture and restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to resolve recent radiations of pelagic seabirds: Systematic Biology, v. 70, no. 5, p. 976-996, https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa101.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"976","endPage":"996","ipdsId":"IP-120576","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa101","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":383696,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrer Obiol, Joan","contributorId":252895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferrer Obiol","given":"Joan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50463,"text":"Univ. of Barcelona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, Helen F.","contributorId":54414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chesser, R. Terry 0000-0003-4389-7092 tchesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-7092","contributorId":894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesser","given":"R. Terry","email":"tchesser@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":811079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bretagnolle, Vincent","contributorId":213757,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bretagnolle","given":"Vincent","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38848,"text":"CNRS & Université de La Rochelle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gonzalez-Solis, Jacob 0000-0002-8691-9397","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-9397","contributorId":252896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez-Solis","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50463,"text":"Univ. of Barcelona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rozas, Julio","contributorId":252897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rozas","given":"Julio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50463,"text":"Univ. of Barcelona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Riutort, Marta","contributorId":252898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riutort","given":"Marta","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50463,"text":"Univ. of Barcelona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Welch, Andreanna J.","contributorId":79313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Welch","given":"Andreanna J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70229217,"text":"70229217 - 2021 - Intraspecific variation in incubation behaviors along a latitudinal gradient is driven by nest microclimate and selection on neonate quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-03T16:59:18.251672","indexId":"70229217","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-06T10:45:15","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1711,"text":"Functional Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intraspecific variation in incubation behaviors along a latitudinal gradient is driven by nest microclimate and selection on neonate quality","docAbstract":"Tropical forests have evolved under relatively narrow temperature regimes, and therefore may be more susceptible to climatic change than forests in higher latitudes. Recent evidence shows that lowland tropical forest canopies may already be exceeding thermal maxima for photosynthesis. Height can strongly influence both the microclimate and physiology of forest canopy foliage, yet vertical trends in canopy micrometeorology are rarely examined in tropical forests. To improve our understanding of how climatological and micrometeorological conditions affect tropical tree function, we assessed vertical gradients of photosynthetic photon flux density, vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, leaf temperature, and the difference between leaf and air temperature (ΔT) in a Puerto Rican tropical wet forest. Both air temperature and vapor pressure deficit increased linearly with height. Leaf temperature, however, did not significantly differ across the shaded foliage from 0-16 m, while the uppermost layer (20 m) was up to 4°C hotter than the rest of the foliage and up to 5°C hotter than air temperature at the highest radiation intensity. As a result, leaf temperatures in the shaded middle canopy and understory showed nearly poikilothermic behavior (i.e., leaf temperatures = air temperature), while the uppermost canopy strata showed megathermic behavior (i.e., leaf temperatures greater than air temperature), revealing different thermoregulation strategies for sun-lit versus shaded foliage. In addition, the uppermost canopy was the only stratum to exceed mean photosynthetic temperature optima for this site (Topt = 30.2 ± 1.1°C). Because the upper canopy plays a disproportionately large role in whole-forest photosynthesis, continued warming could potentially weaken the tropics’ carbon sink capacity. However, the shaded leaves may be able increase carbon uptake with further warming because they appear to be able to maintain temperatures below photosynthetic optima, possibly with the help of radiation shielding provided by the uppermost canopy layer.
We reviewed the scientific literature to inventory existing studies of common raven (Corvus corax; raven) ecology in western North America. We conducted an intial literature review between June 2015 and March 2018. Prior to completing our review, we revisited the published literature for any additional relevant studies in July 2021. Our goal was to identify knowledge gaps and to synthesize the current understanding of environmental features that may support raven populations that pose general threats to biodiversity and sensitive species in particular. We focused our review on studies with direct conservation applications related to 3 processes of raven ecology: occurrence, resource use, and demography. We identified covariates that researchers associated with these processes of raven ecology, and we also quantified the geographic distribution of studies. Our review identified 54 studies, with an increasing number of studies published per decade and a geographic bias characterized by more studies conducted in the Mojave and Columbia Plateau ecoregions than elsewhere. Most studies (44) reported on a single ecological process, but 10 studies reported on multiple ecological processes. Results related to raven occurrence appeared 31 times; demographic results appeared 21 times; and resource use was reported 17 times. We also identified 13 explanatory covariates regularly invoked to explain variation in raven ecological processes. Greater attention was given to covariates including vegetation land cover, human settlement, recreation, and linear rights-of-ways than were used to explain variation in ecological processes. Most demographic studies investigated raven reproduction exclusively, but a small number of studies considered raven survival exclusively or in combination with reproduction. Along with a detailed summary of individual studies provided as an appendix, we intend for our findings to serve as a reference and to help identify future research priorities.
Estuaries are commonly touted as nurseries for salmonids, providing numerous advantages for smolts prior to ocean entry. In bar-built estuaries, sandbars form at the mouth of rivers during periods of low stream flow, closing access to the ocean and preventing outmigration. We evaluated how summer residency in a leveed bar-built estuary affects the growth, survival, and recruitment of a Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population. We performed a mark–recapture study on outmigrants to determine juvenile estuary abundance, growth, and survival. We used returning adult scales and otoliths to determine the relative proportion of summer estuary residents in spawning adults. Juveniles in the estuary grew less after mouth closure, and ultimately summer estuary residents had lower smolt-to-adult survival and contributed disproportionately less to the spawning population than juveniles that reared in the ocean their first summer. Mouth closure may lower food availability and deteriorate estuary conditions by reducing marine prey influx and estuary circulation. This research demonstrates the complexity of estuary dynamics and function as salmonid nurseries, particularly when considering the extensive modification of estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2020-0122","usgsCitation":"Chen, E., and Henderson, M., 2021, Reduced recruitment of Chinook salmon in a leveed bar-built estuary: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, p. 894-904, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0122.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"894","endPage":"904","ipdsId":"IP-117728","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/106026","text":"External Repository"},{"id":395942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Redwood Creek","volume":"78","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Emily K.","contributorId":276069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Emily K.","affiliations":[{"id":27855,"text":"HSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, Mark J. 0000-0002-2861-8668 mhenderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2861-8668","contributorId":198609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"Mark J.","email":"mhenderson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":834526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207509,"text":"sir20195146 - 2021 - Water-level conditions in the confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T20:58:10.337303","indexId":"sir20195146","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-05T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-5146","displayTitle":"Water-Level Conditions in the Confined Aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, 2013","title":"Water-level conditions in the confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, 2013","docAbstract":"The Coastal Plain aquifers of New Jersey provide an important source of water for more than 3.5 million people. In 2013, groundwater withdrawals from 10 confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain totaled about 190 million gallons per day. Steadily increasing withdrawals from the late 1800s to the early 1990s resulted in declining water levels and the formation of regional cones of depression in many confined Coastal Plain aquifers. Starting in 1978, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began mapping the potentiometric surfaces of the major confined Coastal Plain aquifers every 5 years to provide a regional assessment of groundwater conditions.
In a study conducted by the USGS, in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, water levels in 10 confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain were measured and evaluated to provide a regional overview of groundwater conditions during fall 2013. Water levels were measured in 987 wells in New Jersey, and parts of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Potentiometric-surface maps were prepared for, in ascending order of age, the confined Cohansey aquifer of Cape May County, Rio Grande water-bearing zone, Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Piney Point aquifer, Vincentown aquifer, Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, Englishtown aquifer system, and the Upper, Middle, and Lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy (PRM) aquifer system.
Persistent, regionally extensive cones of depression were present in the potentiometric surfaces of the Englishtown aquifer system and Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer in Ocean and Monmouth Counties; Wenonah-Mount Laurel and Upper, Middle, and Lower PRM aquifers in Camden County; and Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Atlantic County. Changes in water levels from 2008 to 2013 were measured in many Coastal Plain aquifers in New Jersey. In some areas, water levels continued to decline as a result of pumping, but in other areas water levels continued to recover as a result of regulated decreases in groundwater withdrawals. Since 2008, in the confined Cohansey aquifer in Cape May County, water levels generally did not change; however, cones of depression in the potentiometric surface of the Piney Point aquifer in some areas of Cumberland County deepened by more than 20 feet (ft). In Critical Area 1, an area of restricted withdrawals, measured water levels in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer declined in parts of southern Monmouth County by more than 10 ft; however, rises in water levels of more than 10 ft were measured in parts of northern Ocean and Monmouth Counties. Since 2008, in Critical Area 2, also an area of restricted withdrawals, measured water levels in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer rose more than 20 ft in parts of western Burlington County and more than 20 ft in parts of western Camden County. Since 2008, in Critical Area 1, measured water levels in the Englishtown aquifer system declined in parts of eastern Ocean County by more than 10 ft and in southeastern Monmouth County by more than 20 ft; however, rises in water levels of more than 10 ft were measured in other parts of Ocean and Monmouth Counties.
In general, since 2008 in Critical Area 2, in the Upper PRM aquifer, measured water levels continued to rise by 10 ft or more in central and western Burlington and central Camden Counties. In the Middle PRM aquifer in Critical Area 2, measured water levels rose in parts of central Camden County by 10 ft or more. However, measured water levels in the Lower PRM aquifer in Critical Area 2 were more than 10 ft lower in the center of the cone of depression in central Camden County, but measured water levels continued to rise updip from this area in Critical Area 2.
Seasonal water-level fluctuations are presented in time-series hydrographs for 77 wells during 1978–2013. Analyses of long-term water-level changes for the period 2008–13 indicate downward water-level trends at 14 wells (18 percent), upward trends at 34 wells (44 percent), and no substantial change at 29 wells (38 percent). Downward trends were most often observed for wells screened in the Piney Point aquifer and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand. Upward water-level trends were most often measured for wells screened in the PRM aquifer system. Upward water-level trends also were measured for wells in the Englishtown aquifer system and the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer in Critical Area 1 in some areas; however, downward trends and no substantial changes were measured in other areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195146","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Gordon, A.D., Carleton, G.B., and Rosman, R., 2021, Water-level conditions in the confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5146, 104 p., 9 pl., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195146.","productDescription":"Report: x, 104 p.; 9 Plates: 34 x 44 inches or smaller; Data Release","numberOfPages":"104","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-073418","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383040,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","size":"1.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, 2013"},{"id":383039,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","size":"1.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Vincentown aquifer, 2013"},{"id":383038,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"1.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Piney Point aquifer, 2013"},{"id":383036,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"1.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the confined Cohansey aquifer and the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, 2013"},{"id":383035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EKA147","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data representing wells open to, and 2013 potentiometric surface contours of, the confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain"},{"id":383034,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5146"},{"id":383042,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate7.pdf","text":"Plate 7","size":"1.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Upper Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer, 2013"},{"id":383041,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Englishtown aquifer system, 2013"},{"id":383043,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate8.pdf","text":"Plate 8","size":"1.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Middle and undifferentiated Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer, 2013"},{"id":383044,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate9.pdf","text":"Plate 9","size":"1.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Lower Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer, 2013"},{"id":383033,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":383037,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5146/sir20195146_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Potentiometric surface of the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, 2013"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.99017333984375,\n 40.490826256468054\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 40.48873742102282\n ],\n [\n -74.37469482421875,\n 40.48873742102282\n ],\n [\n -74.78118896484375,\n 40.195659093364654\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 39.96238554917605\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 39.886557705928475\n ],\n [\n -75.3826904296875,\n 39.83595916247957\n ],\n [\n -75.51177978515625,\n 39.71352536237346\n ],\n [\n -75.57220458984375,\n 39.61626788999701\n ],\n [\n -75.53924560546875,\n 39.47648555419739\n ],\n [\n -75.16021728515624,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -74.91851806640624,\n 39.172658670429946\n ],\n [\n -74.97894287109375,\n 38.9380483825641\n ],\n [\n -74.937744140625,\n 38.91881851059804\n ],\n [\n -74.81414794921875,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -74.0863037109375,\n 39.68393975392731\n ],\n [\n -73.95172119140624,\n 40.38212061782238\n ],\n [\n -73.99017333984375,\n 40.490826256468054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike
Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
During migration, transient birds usually find themselves stopping in unfamiliar habitats in order to rest and refuel before resuming migratory flight. Here we document the first case, to our knowledge, of a Tennessee Warbler (Leiothlypis peregrina) entrapped in a spiderweb. The warbler's tarsus became caught in the mooring thread of a golden silk orb-weaver (Trichonephila clavipes) web and the bird was unable to free itself, resulting in death. While the role of spiderweb-related mortalities is likely minimal, they may represent a type of additive mortality that has been largely unconsidered during migration. Given the spatiotemporal overlap in the prevalence of spiderwebs and movement of migratory birds, researchers should document and report such anecdotal observations to determine the role spiders may play in mortality events during migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press: Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/1559-4491-132.2.456","usgsCitation":"Zenzal, T.J., Calderon, L., Lefever, J., and Weber, V., 2021, A Tennessee Warbler (Leiothlypis peregrina) captured in the web of a golden silk orb-weaver (Trichonephila clavipes): Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 132, no. 2, p. 456-459, https://doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-132.2.456.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"459","ipdsId":"IP-111758","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zenzal, Theodore J. Jr. 0000-0001-7342-1373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-1373","contributorId":224399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenzal","given":"Theodore","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calderon, Liliana","contributorId":251767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calderon","given":"Liliana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13359,"text":"University of Delaware","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lefever, Joshua","contributorId":251768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lefever","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38697,"text":"University of Southern Mississippi","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, Vincent","contributorId":251769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weber","given":"Vincent","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38697,"text":"University of Southern Mississippi","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70218169,"text":"70218169 - 2021 - A regional spatio-temporal analysis of large magnitude snow avalanches using tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-15T16:01:15.63604","indexId":"70218169","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-05T09:56:55","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2824,"text":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A regional spatio-temporal analysis of large magnitude snow avalanches using tree rings","docAbstract":"Snow avalanches affect transportation corridors and settlements worldwide. In many mountainous regions, robust records of avalanche frequency and magnitude are sparse or non-existent. However, dendrochronological methods can be used to fill this gap and infer historical avalanche patterns. In this study, we developed a tree-ring-based avalanche chronology for large magnitude avalanche events (size
We collected ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and frequency‐domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM) profiles in 2011 and 2012 to identify the extent of permafrost relative to surface biomass and solar insolation around Twelvemile Lake near Fort Yukon, Alaska. We compared a Landsat‐derived biomass estimate and modeled solar insolation from a digital elevation model to the geophysical measurements. We show correspondence between vegetation type and biomass relative to permafrost extent and seasonal freeze–thaw. Thicker permafrost (≥25 m) was covered by greater biomass, and seasonal thaw depths in these regions were minimal (1 m). Shallow (1–3 m depth) and thin (20–50 cm) newly forming permafrost or frozen layers from the previous winter occurred below northward oriented slopes with thin biomass cover. South‐facing slopes exhibited permafrost when there was enough biomass to shield incoming solar energy. We developed an artificial neural network to predict permafrost extent across the broader region by mapping GPR‐observed instances of permafrost to FDEM, biomass, and terrain observations with 90.2% accuracy. We identified a strong linear correlation (r = −0.77) between permafrost probability and seasonal thaw depth, indicating that our models may also be used to explore thaw patterns and variability in active layer thickness. This study highlights the combined influence of biomass and terrain on the presence of permafrost and the value of evaluating such parameters via remote sensing to predict permafrost spatial or temporal variability. Incorporating diverse geophysical datasets with in‐situ validation into machine learning models demonstrates a useful approach to upscale estimated permafrost extent across large Arctic expanses.
Human activities such as mining, agriculture, and urbanization have resulted in severe, large‐scale alteration to landform organization and associated geomorphic processes. The mountaintop mining (MTM) region of West Virginia, USA has experienced dramatic topographic alteration, by removing steep slopes and introducing plateau‐like areas at ridgelines and benches on valley fills. The resulting engineered landforms create synthetic landscapes, disconnected from previous geomorphic processes. Invoking the process domain concept, we compare differences in slope‐area relations, cumulative area distributions (CADs), elevation, slope, upslope accumulated area, and a slope*area product before and after mining to adjacent unmined sub‐catchments in five study basins. Differences in the slope‐area relation include a 42% slope reduction in low drainage areas, corresponding to hillslopes, unchanneled valleys, and debris flow dominated channels, which may fall below thresholds required for debris flow processes. The curved slope‐area relation that represents valley incision by debris flows is replaced by slope‐area relations that resemble basins where gullying and the stream power law dominate. Extremely high chemical weathering of unconsolidated valley fills materials may facilitate process domain shifts from debris flows to gullying and fluvial erosion. The characteristic power law scaling break in CADs that represents the headward limit of the channelized network is subdued in post‐mined sites and may reflect headward channelized network extension in mined basins. Slope‐area relations and CADs present a unique topographic signature of MTM activity, potentially providing an analytical approach to assess impacts on underlying geomorphic processes for other synthetic landscapes such as cities or large‐scale agricultural production.
Multicultural representation is a stated goal of many global scientific assessment processes. These processes aim to mobilize a broader, more diverse knowledge base and increase legitimacy and inclusiveness of these assessment processes. Often, enhancing cultural diversity is encouraged through involvement of diverse expert teams and sources of knowledge in different languages. In this article, we examine linguistic diversity, as one representation of cultural diversity, in the eight published assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Our results show that the IPBES assessment outputs are disproportionately filtered through English-language literature and authors from Anglophone countries. To incorporate more linguistic diversity into global ecosystem assessment processes, we present actionable steps for global science teams to recognize and incorporate non-English-language literature and contributions from non-Anglophones. Our findings highlight the need for broad-scale actions that enhance inclusivity in knowledge synthesis processes through balanced representation of different knowledge holders and sources.
The global economy is unprepared to meet the exploding demand for critical minerals. These materials, many of which were of little economic interest until recently, are required to fuel a proliferation of technologies and industries that have become vital for social and economic well-being the world over. But supplies of critical minerals are at risk because of their natural scarcity and because of geopolitical issues and trade policies that complicate their distribution, among other factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021EO154252","usgsCitation":"Emsbo, P., Lawley, C., and Czarnota, K., 2021, Geological Surveys unite to improve critical mineral security: Eos Science News, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EO154252.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-125197","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021eo154252","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":393099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawley, Christopher","contributorId":270195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawley","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Czarnota, Karol","contributorId":270196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Czarnota","given":"Karol","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70218839,"text":"70218839 - 2021 - Songbird use of interior and edge floodplain forest sites along the Upper Mississippi River, USA, during spring migration and breeding seasons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T12:15:30.930409","indexId":"70218839","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-05T07:10:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Songbird use of interior and edge floodplain forest sites along the Upper Mississippi River, USA, during spring migration and breeding seasons","docAbstract":"Floodplain forests of large rivers in the midwestern United States are naturally fragmented by sloughs, backwaters, wetlands, and shrub carr. On the highly altered Upper Mississippi River (UMR), resource managers want to protect and manage floodplain forests to benefit forest “interior” bird species. To discover bird relations with interior and edge floodplain forest, we characterized bird assemblages during spring migration and breeding season in 3 forest types: habitat in the interior of forest areas > 100 m from an edge, edges associated with interior areas, and other areas of forest not associated with an interior area (random sites) on the UMR between Hastings and Red Wing, Minnesota. The random sites represent the majority of UMR floodplain forest area because only a small percentage of forest occurs >100 m from edge. Estimated habitat characteristics did not differ among interior, edge, and random sites. Bird relative abundance, species richness, diversity, assemblage composition, and detections of all but one species (in spring) did not differ among interior, edge, and random sites during both seasons. Our results suggest a homogeneous bird assemblage across UMR floodplain forest in the study area during spring migration and the breeding season, and that individual forest bird species do not seem to be more abundant in interior or edge areas as we defined them.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1676/1559-4491-132.2.366","usgsCitation":"Kirsch, E.M., and Gray, B.R., 2021, Songbird use of interior and edge floodplain forest sites along the Upper Mississippi River, USA, during spring migration and breeding seasons: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 132, no. 2, p. 355-378, https://doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-132.2.366.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"378","ipdsId":"IP-114480","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384447,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.05419921875,\n 45.120052841530544\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -91.25244140624999,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -93.05419921875,\n 45.120052841530544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirsch, Eileen M. 0000-0002-2818-5022 ekirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-5022","contributorId":3477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirsch","given":"Eileen","email":"ekirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Brian R. 0000-0001-7682-9550 brgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":2615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Brian","email":"brgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70222108,"text":"70222108 - 2021 - Can modeling the geologic record contribute to constraining the tectonic source of the AD 1755 Great Lisbon earthquake?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-20T12:02:12.905278","indexId":"70222108","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-05T06:59:50","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5026,"text":"Earth and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can modeling the geologic record contribute to constraining the tectonic source of the AD 1755 Great Lisbon earthquake?","docAbstract":"The precise location of the seismic source of 1755 CE Great Lisbon earthquake is still uncertain. The aim of this work is to use an onland sedimentary record in southern Portugal to test and validate seismic sources for the earthquake. To achieve this, tsunami deposit thicknesses from over 150 cores collected at Salgados in southern Portugal were compared to the results of a tsunami sediment transport model (Delft3D-FLOW) that simulates tsunami propagation, inundation, erosion, and deposition. Five different hypothetical seismic sources were modeled with varying bed roughness coefficients to assess how well they reproduced observed patterns of tsunami deposit thicknesses and dune. Modeled and observed historical tsunami arrival times were also used to test different earthquake sources. Based on these comparisons, three modeled earthquake sources were able to reproduce the observed data, suggesting they should be regarded as somewhat more likely sources for the 1755 earthquake in contrast to four other modeled sources. The fault closest to shore (Marquês de Pombal) yielded the best correlations between model and observations.
Microhexura montivaga (Spruce-fir Moss Spider) is a federally endangered arachnid endemic to high-elevation montane conifer forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. The spider is cryptic and difficult to monitor because this species lives in the interface between the bryophyte mat and the rock surface. Since temporary removal of the bryophyte mat is necessary to monitor the spider, surveyors may negatively impact the spider's habitat during monitoring. To help inform survey protocol for this endangered species, we studied reattachment rates of bryophyte mats to rock surfaces after their removal. In 2017, we surveyed sixty 10 cm × 10 cm plots, assigning a plot to either control or treatment (i.e., application of water post-reattachment). We monitored plots for 1 year post-survey to determine reattachment rates. The majority of plots (70%) reestablished after 1 year, whereas 15% did not reattach or showed substantial prolonged (e.g., ∼1 year) desiccation and 15% completely fell off or had 100% prolonged desiccation and were chlorotic. We found that mat depth and overstory canopy cover had no effect on mat reestablishment, although bryophyte type did. We found no difference between treatment and control plots, suggesting that no treatment is needed for mats to reestablish under the conditions described. Rock slope significantly influenced reestablishment rates, highlighting that surveying bryophyte mats on slopes >80% may diminish or destroy habitat. Further research is needed to determine long-term monitoring effects on the spider and its habitat, especially in relation to disturbance regimes and ecological restoration of Picea rubens (Red Spruce).
The data summarized in this report provide a baseline characterization of the physical attributes of the riverine ecosystems in two landscapes managed by the National Park Service—Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri, and Buffalo National River, Arkansas—to inform understanding and management of aquatic habitat. The study utilized a basin-scale approach and consisted of two components: a basin-scale channel classification and a longitudinal inventory of gravel bars. We evaluated the Jacks Fork and Current River in Ozark National Scenic Riverways and the main stem Buffalo River in Buffalo National River. The primary objective of the study was to characterize geomorphic patterns that affect channel stability and rates of geomorphic change in both national park units. Findings may be used to inform understanding of the distribution and availability of aquatic habitat.
For the basin-scale channel classification, we performed exploratory statistical analyses using nine geomorphic variables (channel width, standard deviation in channel width, valley width, distance to valley wall, confinement, bar area, bluff area, braid index, and sinuosity). Each metric was quantified along the length of the river system at 200-meter intervals. We then performed a cluster analysis for each river using a subset of variables, resulting in 2 to 5 distinct geomorphic classes depending on criteria used for determining number of clusters. Longitudinal patterns in clusters vary for each river system but reflect a combination of landscape factors including valley width, influence of tributaries, and lithology, which affect channel stability and aquatic habitat.
We developed a longitudinal inventory of gravel bars by quantifying the area of gravel bars from a series of imagery in each park. In Ozark National Scenic Riverways we analyzed five time periods, with the earliest being 1992 and most recent being 2014. In Buffalo National River, we also analyzed five series of aerial imagery, ranging from 1982 to 2013. The analysis indicated a general decrease in gravel storage in upstream reaches of each river evaluated, accompanied by a general increase in storage farther downstream. Local patterns in gravel-bar area are associated with longitudinal patterns in geomorphic setting, such as valley geometry and channel width, that affect depositional patterns and sediment storage at the reach scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Erwin, S.O., Jacobson, R.B., and Jones, J.C., 2021, Stream classification and gravel-bar inventory for Buffalo National River and Ozark National Scenic Riverways: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5122, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205122.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-115711","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382904,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5122/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382905,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5122/sir20205122.pdf","text":"Report","size":"47.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5122"},{"id":382906,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZGVTOP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream classification and gravel bar inventory for Buffalo National River and Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1982–2014"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Buffalo National River, Ozark National Scenic Riverways","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 36.730079507078415\n ],\n [\n -90.076904296875,\n 36.730079507078415\n ],\n [\n -90.076904296875,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 36.730079507078415\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.141845703125,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -92.17529296875,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -92.17529296875,\n 36.19995805932895\n ],\n [\n -94.141845703125,\n 36.19995805932895\n ],\n [\n -94.141845703125,\n 35.263561862152095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Columbia Environmental Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 6520