The main fault along which the destructive Guatemala earthquake occurred was the Motagua fault. Ground breakage was observed in a continuous, well-defined line for 230 km. At its closest point, the fault is 25 km north of Guatemala City. Surface displacement across the fault was dominantly horizontal and sinistral (see back cover). The strike-slip component averaged 1.08m and was as high as 3.40m.
\nUnlike many other earhtquake-related strike-slip displacements in the world (such as the San Andreas system in California), subsidiary faults, splays, and an echelon offsets are relatively rare along the Motagua fault. Most of the fault trace is marked by linear stream valleys, minor scarps, shutter ridges (a fault-displaced ridge which \"shuts in\" the adjacent canyon), and sag ponds (fault-formed depressions which fill with water).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., 1977, The Guatemala earthquake and Caribbean Plate tectonics: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 18-20.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Motagua fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.52685546875,\n 15.623036831528264\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 14.689881366618762\n ],\n [\n -87.42919921875,\n 13.77406640805484\n ],\n [\n -84.638671875,\n 12.597454504832017\n ],\n [\n -83.78173828125,\n 12.039320557540584\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 12.768946439455956\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 15.89794240102209\n ],\n [\n -92.52685546875,\n 15.623036831528264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabff3e4b015c306f84d0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010945,"text":"70010945 - 1977 - Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T11:09:46.651678","indexId":"70010945","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya","docAbstract":"New and more complete compositional data are presented for a large number of water samples from the Lake Magadi area, Kenya. These water samples range from dilute inflow (<0.1 g/kg dissolved solids) to very concentrated brines (>300 g/kg dissolved solids). Five distinct hydrologic stages can be recognized in the evolution of the water compositions: dilute streamflow, dilute ground water, saline ground water (or hot spring reservoir), saturated brines, and residual brines. Based on the assumption that chloride is conserved in the waters during evaporative concentration, these stages are related to each other by the concentration factors of about 1:28:870:7600:16,800.
Dilute streamflow is represented by perennial streams entering the Rift Valley from the west. All but one (Ewaso Ngiro) of these streams disappear in the alluvium and do not reach the valley floor. Dilute ground water was collected from shallow pits and wells dug into lake sediments and alluvial channels. Saline ground water is roughly equivalent to the hot springs reservoir postulated by Eugster (1970) and is represented by the hottest of the major springs. Saturated brines represent surficial lake brines just at the point of saturation with respect to trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O), while residual brines are essentially interstitial to the evaporite deposit and have been subjected to a complex history of precipitation and re-solution.
The new data confirm the basic hydrologic model presented by Eugster (1970) which has now been refined, particularly with respect to the early stages of evaporative concentration. Budget calculations show that only bromide is conserved as completely as chloride. Sodium follows chloride closely until trona precipitation, whereas silica and sulfate are largely lost during the very first concentration' step (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water). A large fraction of potassium and all calcium plus magnesium are removed during the first two concentration steps (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water-saline ground water). Carbonate and bicarbonate are the dominant anions, and mechanisms by which they are extracted from the solution include precipitation of alkali and alkaline-earth carbonates, and degassing, as well as precipitation and re-solution of efflorescent crusts. Much sulfate is apparently lost from solution by sorption as well as subsurface reduction.
Seasonal runoff, principally from the valley floor north of Lake Magadi, is considered to be the principal recharge to the Magadi ground water system. Evaporative concentration is the overall process responsible for the chemical evolution of the brines. This includes not only simple evaporation, but also mineral precipitation as films and cements in the unsaturated zone, re-solution, and reprecipitation of efflorescent crusts, with consequent recycling of salts. In fact, a large fraction of the solutes are acquired through dissolution of efflorescent crusts.
Data were obtained for borehole brines from as deep as 297 m. They show the existence of two distinct brine bodies below the present lake, one shallow, coexistent with bedded salts, and highly concentrated (260 g/kg average dissolved solids), and the other deeper in lacustrine sediments or fractured lavas, and only half as concentrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Jones, B., Eugster, H., and Rettig, S., 1977, Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, no. 1, p. 53-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220872,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3333e4b0c8380cd5edfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eugster, H.P.","contributorId":99992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rettig, S.L.","contributorId":42592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettig","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011116,"text":"70011116 - 1977 - Heavy-mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T17:22:46.181232","indexId":"70011116","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy-mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","docAbstract":"Heavy minerals in bottom-sediment samples of the lower Chesapeake Bay show distribution patterns and interrelationships that denote characteristic mineral suites associated with defined geographic provinces. The Baymouth province has a garnet-hornblende-pyroxene suite, which is largely attributed to the influx of littoral and shelf sediments; the Eastern Shore province has a similar suite, derived largely from coastal erosion of the Eastern Shore peninsula. The Northern and Combined River provinces have a zircon-tourmaline-staurolite assemblage, which reflects derivation from an Appalachian Piedmont-Atlantic Coastal Plain sourceland. The Western Shore province is associated with a zircon-epidote-staurolite assemblage, apparently derived jointly from tributary influx and coastal erosion of the western shore. Factor analysis identified two major factors that account for 63% of the total variation in the relative amounts of the seven most common heavy minerals. The dominant factor (44%) is based on a zircon-hornblende-staurolite-pyroxene relationship, which indicates that mineral stability, as influenced by sediment maturity, is a major contributing factor. The second factor (19%) based on a tourmaline-epidote-staurolite-garnet relationship indicates that provenance is another major cause of heavy-mineral variability within the lower bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(77)90020-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Firek, F., Shideler, G.L., and Fleischer, P., 1977, Heavy-mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia: Marine Geology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 217-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90020-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"235","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.89560298064909,\n 38.3912568748371\n ],\n [\n -76.89560298064909,\n 36.94229799680893\n ],\n [\n -75.59913425683538,\n 36.94229799680893\n ],\n [\n -75.59913425683538,\n 38.3912568748371\n ],\n [\n -76.89560298064909,\n 38.3912568748371\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a302ae4b0c8380cd5d412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Firek, F.","contributorId":55576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firek","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shideler, G. L.","contributorId":63393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleischer, P.","contributorId":43498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010407,"text":"70010407 - 1977 - Spectral characteristics of geomagnetic field variations at low and equatorial latitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T13:25:57","indexId":"70010407","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2188,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral characteristics of geomagnetic field variations at low and equatorial latitudes","docAbstract":"Geomagnetic field spectra from eight standard observations at geomagnetic latitudes below 30?? were studied to determine the field characteristics unique to the equatorial region. Emphasis was placed upon those variations having periods between 5 min and 4 hr for a selection of magnetically quiet, average, and active days in 1965. The power spectral density at the equator was about ten times that the near 30?? latitude. The initial manifestation of the equatorial electrojet as evidenced by the east-west alignment of the horizontal field or the change in vertical amplitudes occurred below about 20?? latitude. Induced current effects upon the vertical component from which the Earth conductivity might be inferred could best be obtained at times and latitudes unaffected by the electrojet current. Values of about 1.6 ?? 103 mhos/m for an effective skin depth of 500-600 km were determined. The spectral amplitudes increased linearly with geomagnetic activity index, Ap. The spectral slope had a similar behavior at all latitudes. The slope changed systematically with Ap-index and showed a diurnal variation, centered on local noon, that changed form with geomagnetic activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(77)90031-9","issn":"00219169","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., 1977, Spectral characteristics of geomagnetic field variations at low and equatorial latitudes: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, v. 39, no. 9-10, p. 1217-1227, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(77)90031-9.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1227","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268035,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(77)90031-9"},{"id":219233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9539e4b08c986b31adee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010389,"text":"70010389 - 1977 - Graphic analysis of resources by numerical evaluation techniques (Garnet)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T16:03:31","indexId":"70010389","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphic analysis of resources by numerical evaluation techniques (Garnet)","docAbstract":"An interactive computer program for graphical analysis has been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The program embodies five goals, (1) economical use of computer resources, (2) simplicity for user applications, (3) interactive on-line use, (4) minimal core requirements, and (5) portability. It is designed to aid (1) the rapid analysis of point-located data, (2) structural mapping, and (3) estimation of area resources. ?? 1977.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(77)90028-0","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Olson, A., 1977, Graphic analysis of resources by numerical evaluation techniques (Garnet): Computers & Geosciences, v. 3, no. 3, p. 539-545, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(77)90028-0.","startPage":"539","endPage":"545","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266204,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(77)90028-0"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29c9e4b0c8380cd5ac2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, A.C.","contributorId":107685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010861,"text":"70010861 - 1977 - Interpretation of discordant 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra of mesozoic tholeiites from Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:03:02.183026","indexId":"70010861","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Interpretation of discordant 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra of mesozoic tholeiites from Antarctica","title":"Interpretation of discordant 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra of mesozoic tholeiites from Antarctica","docAbstract":"Conventional K-Ar ages of tholeiitic basalts of the Ferrar Group in the central Transantarctic Mountains indicate significant loss of radiogenic 40Ar from this unit over much of its outcrop area. Argon loss varies inversely with amount of devitrified matrix in the basalts, which have not been thermally or tectonically disturbed since extrusion. 40Ar/19Ar age-spectra of these tholeiites are generally discordant and indicate significant inhomogeneity in the distribution of radiogenic 40Ar with respect to 39Ar, but are distinctly different from release patterns of thermally disturbed samples. Amounts of argon redistribution vary directly with amounts of devitrification and are reflected in progressive modification of the age spectra. A model of redistribution of radiogenic 40Ar by devitrification of originally glassy matrix is suggested that is consistent with disturbance of the conventional K-Ar systematics as well as the 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra. Samples with substantial redistribution but minor loss of radiogenic argon yield age spectra whose apparent ages decrease from low-temperature to high-temperature steps, similar to those reported for some lunar basalts, breccias, and soils. Modification of all the age spectra is attributed to redistribution of radiogenic 40Ar during progressive devitrification, although 39Ar-recoil effects suggested by Turner and Cadogan (1974) may be a factor in some cases. Where devitrification involves most potassium sites within the basalt, 40Ar/39Ar age-plateaux may be formed that have no geologic significance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(77)90184-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R., Sutter, J.F., and Elliot, D., 1977, Interpretation of discordant 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra of mesozoic tholeiites from Antarctica: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, no. 1, p. 15-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90184-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d70e4b0c8380cd6358a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutter, J. F.","contributorId":59779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliot, D.H.","contributorId":40670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010852,"text":"70010852 - 1977 - Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:09:55.293207","indexId":"70010852","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters","docAbstract":"Calculation of chemical equilibria in 351 hot springs and surface waters from selected geothermal areas in the western United States indicate that the solubility of the mineral fluorite, CaF2, provides an equilibrium control on dissolved fluoride activity. Waters that are undersaturated have undergone dilution by non-thermal waters as shown by decreased conductivity and temperature values, and only 2% of the samples are supersaturated by more than the expected error. Calculations also demonstrate that simultaneous chemical equilibria between the thermal waters and calcite as well as fluorite minerals exist under a variety of conditions.
Testing for fluorite solubility required a critical review of the thermodynamic data for fluorite. By applying multiple regression of a mathematical model to selected published data we have obtained revised estimates of the pK (10,96), ΔGof (−280.08 kcal/mole), ΔHof (−292.59 kcal/mole), S° (16.39 cal/deg/mole) and CoP (16.16 cal/deg/mole) for CaF2 at 25°C and 1 atm. Association constants and reaction enthalpies for fluoride complexes with boron, calcium and iron are included in this review. The excellent agreement between the computer-based activity products and the revised pK suggests that the chemistry of geothermal waters may also be a guide to evaluating mineral solubility data where major discrepancies are evident.
Geomorphic features in the Hellespontus region, Mars, were compared with dunes of the crescentic ridge type in numerous terrestrial sand seas quantitatively by dimensional analysis of dune lengths, widths, and wavelengths. Mean values for the Hellespontus dunes are close to mean values derived from measurements of all sampled terrestrial sand seas. Terrestrial analogs of form and areal distribution of the Hellespontus dunes are shown by comparison of scale ratios derived from the measurements. Dunes of similar form occur in South West Africa, in Pakistan, in the southeastern Arabian peninsula, in the Sahara, in eastern USSR and northern China, and in western North America. Terrestrial analogs closest to form and areal distribution of the Hellespontus dunes are in the Kara Kum Desert, Turkmen SSR, and in the Ala Shan (Gobi) Desert, China.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(77)90168-3","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Breed, C.S., 1977, Terrestrial analogs of the Hellespontus dunes, Mars: Icarus, v. 30, no. 2, p. 326-340, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(77)90168-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba559e4b08c986b3209b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breed, C. S.","contributorId":39809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breed","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010977,"text":"70010977 - 1977 - Hydrothermal transport of heavy metals by seawater: The role of seawater/basalt ratio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T12:33:58.05301","indexId":"70010977","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal transport of heavy metals by seawater: The role of seawater/basalt ratio","docAbstract":"Seawater reacted with basaltic glass at 260°C and 500 bars under water-dominated conditions (50 : 1 water/rock ratio) efficiently leached and maintained heavy metals in solution. Cu, Zn, and Ba are transferred in significant proportions to the aqueous phase, while Fe and Mn attain concentrations of 45 and 20 ppm respectively as the basalt is completely made over to magnesian smectite. High metal solubility is a function of acidity maintained by large excess of dissolved Mg and equilibria with the alteration phase.
Metal concentrations and relative proportions are consistent within limits required formetal-rich fluid which produced East Pacific Rise metalliferous sediments.
Experiments mixing metal-bearing altered seawater and normal seawater were carried out as a qualitative indicator of sea-floor precipitation processes. Bulk composition of the precipitates are strongly influenced by mixing ratio. Precipitates range from silica-magnesium rich under low dilution by seawater to essentially pure ferric hydroxide under conditions of high dilution.
Quaternary sediments cored in the northeast Pacific nodule area (DOMES site C, 14°N, 126°W) contain a significant amount of hydrothermal metalliferous mud. Water content, color, mineralogy, and chemical composition are analogous to metalliferous sediments of the subequatorial East Pacific Rise.
Correction for contribution of pelagic clay indicates the metalliferous fraction to be about 40% of the sediment. SiO2 and Mg are major components in the corrected composition, as they are for other metalliferous sediments similarly corrected from a variety of East Pacific Rise and DSDP metalliferous sediments. A correlation between Mg and SiO2 for these corrected sediments could indicate a hydrothermal origin for a significant portion of the SiO2.
Results from DSDP in the nodule area suggest that metalliferous globules are a ubiquitous minor component of the Clipperton Oceanic Formation, which underlies much of the Pacific ferromanganese nodule belt. This indicates that deposition of hydrothermal precipitates is not confined to spreading centers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(77)90089-9","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., and Rosenbauer, R., 1977, Recent metalliferous sediment in the North Pacific manganese nodule area: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 33, no. 3, p. 379-388, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90089-9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9629e4b0c8380cd81e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2052,"text":"wsp2044 - 1977 - Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T21:01:47.597359","indexId":"wsp2044","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2044","title":"Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","docAbstract":"A solute-transport model that can be used to predict the movement of dissolved chemicals in flowing ground water was applied to a problem of ground-water contamination at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colo. The model couples a finite-difference solution to the ground-water flow equation with the method-of-characteristics solution to the solute-transport equation. \r\n\r\nFrom 1943 to 1956 liquid industrial wastes containing high chloride concentrations were disposed into unlined ponds at the Arsenal. Wastes seeped out of the unlined disposal ponds and spread for many square miles in the underlying shallow alluvial aquifer. Since 1956 disposal has been into an asphalt-lined reservoir, which contributed to a decline in ground-water contamination by 1972. The simulation model quantitatively integrated the effects of the major factors that controlled changes in chloride concentrations and accurately reproduced the 30-year history of chloride ground-water contamination. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of the simulation results indicates that the geologic framework of the area markedly restricted the transport and dispersion of dissolved chemicals in the alluvium. Dilution, from irrigation recharge and seepage from unlined canals, was an important factor in reducing the level of chloride concentrations downgradient from the Arsenal. Similarly, recharge of uncontaminated water from the unlined ponds since 1956 has helped to dilute and flush the contaminated ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2044","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1977, Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2044, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2044.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27579,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25388.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.87200017342937\n ],\n [\n -104.90544337744733,\n 39.87200017342937\n ],\n [\n -104.90544337744733,\n 39.79752238121182\n ],\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.79752238121182\n ],\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.87200017342937\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69994b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18160,"text":"ofr77236 - 1977 - Electron-microprobe analyses of chromite and olivine from alpine ultramafic complexes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T13:47:07.608452","indexId":"ofr77236","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-236","title":"Electron-microprobe analyses of chromite and olivine from alpine ultramafic complexes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77236","usgsCitation":"Bird, M.L., 1977, Electron-microprobe analyses of chromite and olivine from alpine ultramafic complexes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-236, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77236.","productDescription":"76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413232,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0236/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0236/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606c2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, M. L.","contributorId":77176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8000,"text":"ofr77705 - 1977 - Gravity measurements on summer sea ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-18T13:35:09.074238","indexId":"ofr77705","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-705","title":"Gravity measurements on summer sea ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, 1976","docAbstract":"During September, 1976, a series of gravity measurements was made in the western Beaufort Sea and the northern Chukchi Sea on ice floes and on a grounded ice island. The data were taken to evaluate the technique of measuring gravity on small ice floes in summer and to supplement and extend previous measurements in the area. The locations of the gravity stations are shown on the map, which also shows previously published data taken by ship-borne gravity meters in the same general area taken from Ruppel and McHendrie (1976) and Boucher et al. (1977). Seventeen gravity stations were occupied during a 26-day cruise aboard USCGC Glacier.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77705","usgsCitation":"Boucher, G., 1977, Gravity measurements on summer sea ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, 1976: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-705, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77705.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424593,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0705/report.pdf"},{"id":140337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0705/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.36551143317985,\n 71.17870556893348\n ],\n [\n -177.36551143317985,\n 69.01345914043634\n ],\n [\n -131.42579581215546,\n 69.01345914043634\n ],\n [\n -131.42579581215546,\n 71.17870556893348\n ],\n [\n -177.36551143317985,\n 71.17870556893348\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db6720f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boucher, Gary","contributorId":48594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boucher","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8521,"text":"ofr77739 - 1977 - Record of ground-water exploration and development, 1975-76, Moen, Truk, eastern Caroline Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T14:21:26.941388","indexId":"ofr77739","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-739","title":"Record of ground-water exploration and development, 1975-76, Moen, Truk, eastern Caroline Islands","docAbstract":"The exploration for and development of ground water described in this report consisted of the drilling and testing of 22 holes and the conversion of 8 of the holes into production wells on the island of Moen, Truk Islands, in the period November 1975 to July 1976. The objective of the program was to find sources of water to provide an improved supply for the reservoirs and pipelines of the Moen water system. The bulk of the report consists of records collected at the drilling sites during drilling and testing. Given for each test hole are a description of the drilling operation; a record of development of the hole; a record of each pumping test; and a log of the hole giving a summary description of rock units penetrated by the bit. For wells, there are records, where they are available, of the reaming of test holes to production-well diameter; data on casing, screens, gravel pack, and grout seal; and records of pumping tests. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77739","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands","usgsCitation":"Davis, D.A., 1977, Record of ground-water exploration and development, 1975-76, Moen, Truk, eastern Caroline Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-739, Report: iv, 358 p.; 1 Plate: 15.55 x 14.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77739.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 358 p.; 1 Plate: 15.55 x 14.43 inches","numberOfPages":"370","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0739/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400386,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0739/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0739/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 151.8255615234375,\n 7.4084309208691375\n ],\n [\n 151.90589904785156,\n 7.4084309208691375\n ],\n [\n 151.90589904785156,\n 7.470389683470049\n ],\n [\n 151.8255615234375,\n 7.470389683470049\n ],\n [\n 151.8255615234375,\n 7.4084309208691375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Daniel Arthur","contributorId":8073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8624,"text":"ofr77829 - 1977 - Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Washington and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-16T22:02:26.494256","indexId":"ofr77829","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-829","title":"Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Washington and Idaho","docAbstract":"The Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer is composed of unconsolidated Quaternary glaciofluvial deposits underlying an area of about 350 square miles. Transmissivities in the aquifer range from about 0.13 million to 11 million feet squared per day and ground-water velocities exceed 60 feet per day in some areas. The water-table gradient ranges from about 2 feet per mile to more than 60 feet per mile, and during a year the water table fluctuates on the order of 5 to 10 feet. For most of the aquifer the water table is between 40 and 400 feet below land surface. The aquifer is recharged and discharged at an average rate of about 1,320 cubic feet per second. \r\n\r\nWater is presently (1976) pumped from the aquifer at an average rate of about 239 cubic feet per second for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Most of this is discharged to the Spokane River, lost to evapotranspiration, or applied to the land surface with little or no change in quality. However, about 34 cubic feet per second becomes waste water generated by domestic and industrial activities and is returned to the aquifer by percolation from cesspools and drain fields. \r\n\r\nThe quality of water in the aquifer is generally good. Less than one-half of 1 percent of the 3,300 analyses available exceeded the maximum contaminant levels specified in the National Interim Primary (or Proposed Secondary) Drinking Water Regulations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975) for constituents which may be hazardous to health. Of the 6,300 analyses for constituents considered detrimental to the esthetic quality of water, about 1.4 percent have yielded values which exceeded the recommended levels. \r\n\r\nAlternative water sources for the area supplied by the aquifer are the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers, lakes adjacent to the aquifer, and other aquifers. All of these potential sources are less desirable than the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer because of insufficient supplies, poor water quality, and (or) remoteness from the areas of need.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77829","usgsCitation":"Drost, B., and Seitz, H.R., 1977, Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Washington and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-829, Report: vi, 79 p.; 10 Plates: 27.05 x 21.04 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77829.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 79 p.; 10 Plates: 27.05 x 21.04 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":36222,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36221,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36220,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36219,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36218,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36217,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36216,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36215,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36214,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36213,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36212,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0829/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414314,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14541.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.583,\n 48.083\n ],\n [\n -117.583,\n 47.583\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 47.583\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 48.083\n ],\n [\n -117.583,\n 48.083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698bfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drost, B. W.","contributorId":38526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"B. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seitz, Harold R.","contributorId":61814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seitz","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162469,"text":"70162469 - 1977 - Earthquake history of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:05:02","indexId":"70162469","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Virginia","docAbstract":"Virginia is a State of considerable seismic activity, although the earthquakes are rarely strong. Thirty-five shocks, intensity MM V or greater (Modified Mercalli Scale), are listed with epicenters within its borders. The locations of several of the older events are not precise; thus, the above count i subject to alteration. A detailed study of Virginia earthquakes by G. A. Bollinger and M. G. Hopper of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University listed 137 shocks (71 from 1774 to 1899, 66 from 1900 to 1970). Many of these were felt with intensities below MM V.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1977, Earthquake history of Virginia: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 6, p. 28-30.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75550e4b0b28f1184d80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Hake, C. A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162474,"text":"70162474 - 1977 - Earthquake history of South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T20:26:14.885623","indexId":"70162474","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of South Dakota","docAbstract":"Twelve earthquakes of intensity V or greater (Modified Mercalli scale) have centered within the borders of South Dakota. All the shocks were rather localized, except that of 1911 which was felt over an area of approximately 100,000 km2. Some earthquakes from neighboring States were felt strongly in South Dakota.
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A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162472,"text":"70162472 - 1977 - Earthquake history of Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:11:05","indexId":"70162472","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Tennessee","docAbstract":"The western part of the State was shaken strongly by the New Madrid, Mo., earthquakes of 1811-12 and by earthquakes in 1843 and 1895. The area has also experienced minor shocks. Additional activity has occurred in the eastern part of the State, near the North Carolina border. Forty shocks of intensity V (Modified Mercalli scale) or greater have been cataloged as occurring within the State. Many other earthquakes centered in bordering States have affected points in Tennessee. The following summary covers only hose shocks of intensity VI or greater.
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