Virginia is a State of considerable seismic activity, although the earthquakes are rarely strong. Thirty-five shocks, intensity MM V or greater (Modified Mercalli Scale), are listed with epicenters within its borders. The locations of several of the older events are not precise; thus, the above count i subject to alteration. A detailed study of Virginia earthquakes by G. A. Bollinger and M. G. Hopper of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University listed 137 shocks (71 from 1774 to 1899, 66 from 1900 to 1970). Many of these were felt with intensities below MM V.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1977, Earthquake history of Virginia: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 6, p. 28-30.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75550e4b0b28f1184d80f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Hake, C. A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169244,"text":"70169244 - 1977 - Evolution of Seismic Geyser, Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-16T11:02:35","indexId":"70169244","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of Seismic Geyser, Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"The most significant event that has affected the geyser basins of Yellowstone National Park since its discovery was the Hebgen Lake earthquake, which occurred at 11:37 PM on August 17, 1959, with a Richter magnitude of 7.1. The epicenter of this earthquake was just west of the park, about 48 km northwest of the Upper Geyser Basin. No earthquake of comparable intensity had jarred the geyser basins in historic times. More hydrothermal changes occurred in response to this disturbance than during the previous 90 years of the park's history.
During the first few days after the earthquake, a reconnaissance was made of most of the thermal features in the Firehole River geyser basins (fig. 1). Early results showed that at least 289 springs had erupted as geysers, and, of these, 160 were springs with no previous record of eruption (Marler, 1964). Some previously obscure springs had erupted very powerfully, and large pieces of sinter were strewn about their craters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Marler, G.D., and White, D.E., 1977, Evolution of Seismic Geyser, Yellowstone National Park: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 21-25.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365585,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70169244/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70169244/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.85479736328125,\n 44.4803403652934\n ],\n [\n -110.83694458007811,\n 44.4803403652934\n ],\n [\n -110.82870483398436,\n 44.46319080919909\n ],\n [\n -110.84999084472656,\n 44.464170919586834\n ],\n [\n -110.85891723632812,\n 44.471031231561845\n ],\n [\n -110.85479736328125,\n 44.4803403652934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be41e4b0f59b85e02e81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marler, George D.","contributorId":216968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marler","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169192,"text":"70169192 - 1977 - When an earthquake occurs....","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:04:41","indexId":"70169192","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When an earthquake occurs....","docAbstract":"When an earthquake occurs, we must be ready at the National Earthquake Information Service (NEIS) in Golden, Colo., to provide information as to its magnitude and epicenter as quickly as possible.This information is given to agencies concerned with disaster relief and to the press. A typical scenario for our operations was the recent Rumanian earthquake of March 4, 1977.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, When an earthquake occurs....: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 4, p. 17-19.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be57e4b0f59b85e02f68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169193,"text":"70169193 - 1977 - Significant earthquakes of the world, 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-23T16:24:41","indexId":"70169193","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant earthquakes of the world, 1976","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Significant earthquakes of the world, 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 6, p. 32-36.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be4fe4b0f59b85e02f00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169194,"text":"70169194 - 1977 - Earthquakes, October-November 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:08:23","indexId":"70169194","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, October-November 1976","docAbstract":"October brought two damaging earthquakes to Ecuador and New Guinea. The Ecuador earthquake, although only magnitude 5.5, caused casualties and damage. The new Guinea earthquake, a major quake, caused a loss of life and damage. Two major earthquakes were experienced during November, in eastern Turkey on November 24 and in northern Chile on November 30. The Turkey earthquake was devastating as usual in that area. Other areas of the world experienced strong earthquakes-Iran, China, Solomon Islands, and the Philippine Islands; some caused death and damage.
\nThe United States experienced a number of moderate earthquakes, but no signigicant damage sustained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes, October-November 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 32-36.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be39e4b0f59b85e02e0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169196,"text":"70169196 - 1977 - Earthquakes; May-June 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:12:26","indexId":"70169196","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes; May-June 1977","docAbstract":"The months of May and June were somewhat quiet seismically speaking. There was only on significant earthquake, a magnitude 7.2 on June 22 in teh Tonga Islands. In teh United States, the two largest earthquakes occurred in California and on Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes; May-June 1977: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 6, p. 26-27.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be3fe4b0f59b85e02e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169197,"text":"70169197 - 1977 - Earthquakes; January-February 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:14:57","indexId":"70169197","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes; January-February 1977","docAbstract":"There were no major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) during the first 2 months of the year, and no fatalities were reported. Three strong earthquakes occurred- New Guinea, Tadzhik S.S.R, and the Aleutian Islands. The Tadzhik earthquake on January 31 caused considerable damage and possible injuries. The United States experienced a number of earthquakes, but only very minor damage was reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes; January-February 1977: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 4, p. 46-47.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be3be4b0f59b85e02e21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169198,"text":"70169198 - 1977 - Earthquakes, December 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:17:55","indexId":"70169198","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, December 1976","docAbstract":"The month of December was seismically quiet compared to the previous months of the year. There were no major earthquakes during the month and only one that caused fatalities. On December 8, the Republic of South Africa was struck by an earthquake that caused deaths and damage. The United States experienced number of earthquakes, but only very minor damage was reported.
\nThis year ended with 18 earthquakes of magnitudes 7.0 or greater and probably ranks as the world's worst year for earthquake fatalities since 1556 when 830,000 people were killed in China.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes, December 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 3, p. 28-29.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be33e4b0f59b85e02ddd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169199,"text":"70169199 - 1977 - Earthquakes: August-September 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:21:38","indexId":"70169199","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes: August-September 1976","docAbstract":"Destructive earthquakes continued to strike in many parts of the world during this period. The sparsely populated area of the New Hebrides Islands in the southwest Pacific was struck by a major earthquake (one with a magnitude between 7.0 and 7.9). A great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or above) struck just off the west coast of Mindanao, Philippine Islands, generating a tsunami, killing thousands of people, and causing extensive damage. Three strong earthquakes rocked the Szechwan province of Chian, probably causing loss of life and damage in the epicentral area.
\nThe Untied States again did not expereince any destructive earthquakes. The strongest, one of magnitude 5.9, was located in southern Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes: August-September 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 1, p. 32-33.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be3ae4b0f59b85e02e1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169215,"text":"70169215 - 1977 - Landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-31T16:10:14","indexId":"70169215","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides","docAbstract":"Landslides are frequent in areas where there is high seismicity and steep slopes. Landslides associated with earthquakes may cause as much damage as the initial ground shaking. They may also occur long after the earthquake.
\nSome of the major earthquakes that have occurred during the past 15 years demonstrate the hazards of seismically triggered landslides. THe Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake of 1959 triggered a very large landslide (fig. 1) that killed and injured many people, formed a temporary lake, and blocked travel in the area. The Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake of 1964 triggered extensive subaerial (fig 2.) and submarine landslides; tsunamis (seismic sea waves) generated by the submarine landslides caused extensive damage and many fatalities in coastal areas. The earthquake in western Peru in 1970 triggered a massive debris avalanche (fig. 3) that destroyed the cities of Yungay and Ranrahirca; it probably caused about one-half of the 38,000 fatalities attributed to the earthquake. The San Fernando, Calif., earthquake of February 9, 1971, triggered more than 6000 individual landslides, most of which were small (fig. 4), in the surrounding upland areas. Fortunately, only a few of them damaged manmade structures because residential and industrial development had been restricted almost wholly to the relatively flat floor of the San Fernando Valley.
\nEach of the major earthquakes described above had magnitudes greater than 6.5. Although smaller earthquakes may cause less damage to manmade structures by ground shaking, they are capable of triggering slope failures, especially renewed movements of old, marginally stable landslide deposits (fig. 5), in hillside areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T.H., 1977, Landslides: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 27-33.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be44e4b0f59b85e02ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, T. H.","contributorId":93057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190918,"text":"70190918 - 1977 - Selected hydrologic data, Parowan Valley and Cedar City Valley drainage basins, Iron County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-17T16:51:12","indexId":"70190918","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"28","title":"Selected hydrologic data, Parowan Valley and Cedar City Valley drainage basins, Iron County, Utah","docAbstract":"This report presents selected basic data from a study of the ground- water resources of the Parowan Valley and Cedar City Valley drainage basins, Iron County, Utah. The study was made during 1973-75 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights. This report is intended to make the data conveniently available and to supplement an interpretive report, which will be published separately.
This report contains climatologic and hydrologic data that were collected as a part of an investigation of the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, by the U.S. Geological Survey. The data apply mainly to water years 1975 and 1976, which includes the period from October 1974 through September 1976. Included also are some earlier ground-water data not previously published. Similar reports will be published periodically during the data-collection phase of the project, which ends September 1979.
The investigation encompasses the collection and interpretation of a variety of climatologic, hydrologic, and geologic information in and near the southeastern Uinta Basin in order to (1) define the natural hydrologic system according to the occurrence, use, quantity, and quality of water; (2) define various hydrologic characteristics such as the seasonal and areal distribution of temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and streamflow; (3) determine the water demands that might be imposed on the hydrologic system as a result of oil-shale development; and (3) develop simulation models that could be used to predict the effects of various water-use plans that would satisfy these demands .
The data collection during water years 1975 and 1976 was carried out in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and the U. S. Environmental Protect:ion Agency.
3-Chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl (DRC-1339), an avian toxicant, was fed to five species of birds for periods up to 120 days. The 30-day LC50 of uniformly treated feed for starlings was 4.7 ppm and the 90-day LC50 was 1.0 ppm. The 28-day LC50 for coturnix was 18 ppm. The 30-day LC50 for pigeons was less than 100 ppm. Pheasants fed diets containing 2% DRC-1339 baits diluted to a rate of 286 ppm of DRC-1339 died within 22 days. Bobwhite quail fed similar diets suffered some mortality at levels as low as 2.9 ppm, but most survived 10 times this dosage level for the 120-day test period. Application of the Kenaga “Index of Chronicity,” resulted in the conclusion that DRC-1339 was cumulatively toxic to birds.
Reproduction in coturnix was adversely affected by treatments at 10 ppm of DRC-1339 and above. Reproduction in pigeons was adversely affected by a treatment of 25 ppm. In coturnix, DRC-1339 caused an increased incidence of egg breakage and decreased both egg and live chick production. In pigeons, DRC-1339 caused an increase in the proportion of infertile eggs. Reproductive ability of first generation offspring was not affected when parent coturnix and pigeons were fed DRC-1339.
These data emphasize the need for care in the use of DRC-1339. The bait should be used only as registered and care exercised in storage and disposal of unused baits to avoid poisoning of nontarget species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02097765","usgsCitation":"Schafer, E.W., Brunton, R.B., Cunningham, D.J., and Lockyer, N.F., 1977, The chronic toxicity of 3-chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl to birds: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 241-248, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02097765.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff501ce4b0da30c1bfdc6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schafer, Edward W. Jr.","contributorId":69211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schafer","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brunton, Ronald B.","contributorId":9241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brunton","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cunningham, Donald J.","contributorId":91553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lockyer, Norman F.","contributorId":59448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lockyer","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70194808,"text":"70194808 - 1977 - Specimens of type faces for maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T10:48:40","indexId":"70194808","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Specimens of type faces for maps","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70194808","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Specimens of type faces for maps, iii, 239 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70194808.","productDescription":"iii, 239 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350100,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70194808/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350101,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70194808/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a614cf2e4b06e28e9c25ff7"} ,{"id":30666,"text":"ofr77649 - 1977 - Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":30666,"text":"ofr77649 - 1977 - Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska","indexId":"ofr77649","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33496,"text":"b1525 - 1984 - Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska","indexId":"b1525","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":33496,"text":"b1525 - 1984 - Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska","indexId":"b1525","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-29T21:02:20.040146","indexId":"ofr77649","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-649","title":"Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Wilderness Study Area consists of about 322,300 hectares (1,250 square miles or 796,400 acres) on the southwest side of the Coast Range in southeastern Alaska about 72 km (45 miles) southeast of Juneau, Alaska (fig. 1). An additional 142,800 hectares (550 square miles or 352,900 acres) lying in part between the study area and the International Boundary and in part contiguous to the southwest of the study area were studied because of their importance to the evaluation of the study area itself. Unless otherwise specified, the term Study Area as used in this report includes both the formally designated study area and these contiguous areas. The general area is one of spectacular scenery, with fiords, forests, glacier-covered peaks to 2,470 m (8,095 feet) high, tidewater glaciers, icebergs, and some broad river valleys. No roads or maintained trails or permanent residents are present, and access is only by specially arranged water or air transport. Present human use of the area is related to recreation or mineral-resource exploration.
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The predicted water level for 1982 is based on the nearly linear increase which has been observed from 1972 to 1977, during which period a rise of as much as 32 feet was recorded in water-level observation wells. Foremost among the possible causes of the rise is a decrease in withdrawal of ground water.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Western, Inland, and Eastern Bird Banding Associations","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C.S., 1977, Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD: North American Bird Bander, v. 2, no. 2, p. 83-83.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernbirdbanding.org/nabb.html","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Prince George's County","city":"Laurel","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277fbe4b014cc3a3e7716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Chandler S. crobbins@usgs.gov","contributorId":4275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Chandler","email":"crobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184441,"text":"70184441 - 1977 - Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:34:45","indexId":"70184441","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"San Francisco Bay represents one of the largest estuarine areas on the Pacific Coast of North America. Its open waters, tidal flats, tidal marshes and solar evaporation ponds provide critical foraging, resting and breeding habitat for migratory and resident birds. The avifauna of San Francisco Bay has received considerable attention; however, little of it has been directed toward assessing the overall importance of the Bay as a nesting area. Works by Grinnell and Wythe (1927), Grinnell and Miller (1944) and Sibley (1952) are the only comprehensive studies of San Francisco Bay avifauna. These studies, while major contributions, are broad in scope as they relate to the breeding avifauna of the Bay's estuarine areas. Several studies by Johnston (1955, 1956a, b), Marshall (1948a, b), DeGroot (1927, 1931) and Zucca (1954) have concentrated on the breeding biology of individual species; however, much of the marsh reclamation and Bay fill has occurred since. The present breeding status of many resident and migratory birds is poorly known for San Francisco Bay. Included among these are three rare or endangered forms: California Black Rail, California Clapper Rail and California Least Tern. In addition, some species now found in the area represent recent breeding range extensions. This study, undertaken from March to September 1971 and including a few more recent data, presents a quantitative assessment of the present breeding bird populations in the South San Francisco Bay area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., 1977, Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary: Western Birds, v. 8, no. 1, p. 1-12.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V08/journal-08-1.php","text":"Volume 8, Number 1 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.30255126953126,\n 37.355967684576406\n ],\n [\n -121.90498352050781,\n 37.355967684576406\n ],\n [\n -121.90498352050781,\n 37.644684587165884\n ],\n [\n -122.30255126953126,\n 37.644684587165884\n ],\n [\n -122.30255126953126,\n 37.355967684576406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12664e4b014cc3a3d353f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33326,"text":"b1391E - 1977 - Mineral resources of study areas contiguous to the Uncompahgre Primitive Area, San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado, with a section on interpretation of aeromagnetic data","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16130,"text":"ofr73271 - 1973 - Mineral resources of study areas contiguous to the Uncompahgre Primitive Area, San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado","indexId":"ofr73271","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of study areas contiguous to the Uncompahgre Primitive Area, San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33326,"text":"b1391E - 1977 - Mineral resources of study areas contiguous to the Uncompahgre Primitive Area, San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado, with a section on interpretation of aeromagnetic data","indexId":"b1391E","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Mineral resources of study areas contiguous to the Uncompahgre Primitive Area, San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado, with a section on interpretation of aeromagnetic data"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-01T20:21:21.749195","indexId":"b1391E","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1391","chapter":"E","title":"Mineral resources of study areas contiguous to the Uncompahgre Primitive Area, San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado, with a section on interpretation of aeromagnetic data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7725","usgsCitation":"Hobba, W., Chemerys, J., Fisher, D., and Pearson, F.J., 1977, Geochemical and hydrologic data for wells and springs in thermal-spring areas of the Appalachians: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-25, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7725.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":406141,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobba, W.A. Jr.","contributorId":77518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobba","given":"W.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chemerys, J.C.","contributorId":94293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chemerys","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, D.W.","contributorId":77519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26408,"text":"wri7783 - 1977 - A technique for determining depths for T-year discharges in rigid-boundary channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T15:20:50.331973","indexId":"wri7783","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-83","title":"A technique for determining depths for T-year discharges in rigid-boundary channels","docAbstract":"A simplified technique is presented for determining depths for 1-year discharges (the discharge that will occur, on an average, once in T-years-10 years, 50 years, 100 years) for natural channels (channels not significantly affected by manmade structures) having channel-control conditions and rigid boundaries (channels having a low probability of change that would significantly affect the hydraulic characteristics of a T-year discharge). Channel-control conditions usually exist during T-year discharges in natural rigid-boundary channels and, therefore, the simplified technique probably would be applicable for flood-inundation studies for many natural rigid-boundary channels. The technique requires that the T-year discharge for a reach of interest be known or readily available; also, a channel-shape factor, a width at a reference altitude, a channel-bottom slope (or a water-surface slope), and the Manning's roughness factor, n, must be estimated or determined at representative sections having channel-control conditions. The standard error of estimate for depths determined according to the simplified technique is not known; however, it is probably 25-30 percent. In comparison, the standard error of estimate for the depths determined according to the step-backwater procedure and to guidelines and specifications for flood-insurance studies of the Federal Insurance Administration is about 23 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7783","usgsCitation":"Burkham, D., 1977, A technique for determining depths for T-year discharges in rigid-boundary channels: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-83, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7783.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358900,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5c2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkham, D. E.","contributorId":97073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkham","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60850,"text":"mf838 - 1977 - Map showing holocene surface expression of the Brawley fault, Imperial County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-25T18:16:06.196771","indexId":"mf838","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"838","title":"Map showing holocene surface expression of the Brawley fault, Imperial County, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf915","usgsCitation":"Schouten, H., and Klitgord, K.D., 1977, Map showing Mesozoic magnetic anomalies, western North Atlantic: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 915, 1 Plate: 43.81 x 33.15 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf915.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 43.81 x 33.15 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":357450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0915/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0915/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"2000000","otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77,27 ], [ -77,40 ], [ -58,40 ], [ -58,27 ], [ -77,27 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6588bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schouten, Hans","contributorId":64474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":264439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":59594,"text":"mf868C - 1977 - Map showing lead-zinc deposits of South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T20:26:26.501064","indexId":"mf868C","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"868","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing lead-zinc deposits of South America","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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