A simulation-management methodology is demonstrated for the rehabilitation of aquifers that have been subjected to chemical contamination. Finite element groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation are combined with nonlinear optimization. The model is capable of determining well locations plus pumping and injection rates for groundwater quality control. Examples demonstrate linear or nonlinear objective functions subject to linear and nonlinear simulation and water management constraints. Restrictions can be placed on hydraulic heads, stresses, and gradients, in addition to contaminant concentrations and fluxes. These restrictions can be distributed over space and time. Three design strategies are demonstrated for an aquifer that is polluted by a constant contaminant source: they are pumping for contaminant removal, water injection for in-ground dilution, and a pumping, treatment, and injection cycle. A transient model designs either contaminant plume interception or in-ground dilution so that water quality standards are met. The method is not limited to these cases. It is generally applicable to the optimization of many types of distributed parameter systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i004p00415","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., Voss, C.I., Gill, P.E., Murray, W., Saunders, M., and Wright, M.H., 1984, Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 4, p. 415-427, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i004p00415.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd4963a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Philip E.","contributorId":6110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, Walter","contributorId":74371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saunders, Michael A.","contributorId":100851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saunders","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, Margaret H.","contributorId":37391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014000,"text":"70014000 - 1984 - Glacier mass balance and runoff research in the U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:49:29.152399","indexId":"70014000","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1767,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacier mass balance and runoff research in the U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Research on glacier mass balance began in the U.S.A. about 50 years ago. More complete studies of climate, snow and ice balance, and the hydrology of glaciers were initiated for the IGY in 1957 and the IHD in 1966. Investigations included the magnitude and geographic distribution of normal mass balance processes and unusual phenomena such as out-bursting, accumulation of ice by freezing of water in firn, and ablation of glacier ice by volcanic activity and by calving. Glacier size has been found not to be a simple function of climate as is widely imagined. Glaciers can increase with a warming of climate and can shrink due to calving instability mechanisms. Numerical modeling of glacier balance and runoff have appeared in the past decade only. Glacier research has also produced a new understanding of the nation's climate, water resources, and flood hazards because glaciers exist in very moist rather than very cold climates and produce very high runoff rates.
Sulfate and water from experiments in which pyrite was oxidized at a pH of 2.0 were analyzed for sulfur and oxygen stable isotopes. Experiments were conducted under both aerobic and anaerobic sterile conditions, as well as under aerobic conditions in the presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, to elucidate the pathways of oxidation. Oxygen isotope fractionation between SO2-4 and H2O varied from +4.0 %. (anaerobic, sterile) to + 18.0 %. (aerobic, with T. ferrooxidans.). The oxygen isotope composition of dissolved oxygen utilized in both chemical and microbially-mediated oxidation was also determined (+11.4 %., by T. ferrooxidans; +18.4 %., chemical). Contributions of water-derived oxygen and dissolved oxygen to the sulfate produced in the oxidation of pyrite could thus be estimated. Water-derived oxygen constituted from 23 to ~ 100 percent of the oxygen in the sulfate produced in the experiments, and this closely approximates the range of contribution in natural acid mine drainage. Oxidation of sulfides in anaerobic, water-saturated environments occurs primarily by chemical oxidation pathways, whereas oxidation of sulfides in well-aerated, unsaturated zone environments occurs dominantly by microbially mediated pathways.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90315-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Taylor, B., Wheeler, M., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1984, Stable isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage: Experimental oxidation of pyrite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 12, p. 2669-2678, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90315-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2669","endPage":"2678","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9678e4b08c986b31b518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, B.E.","contributorId":23262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, M.C.","contributorId":79955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":366212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013497,"text":"70013497 - 1984 - Note on the applicability of the James-Stein Estimator in regional hydrologic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T17:42:38","indexId":"70013497","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Note on the applicability of the James-Stein Estimator in regional hydrologic studies","docAbstract":"The applicability of the James-Stein estimator in regional hydrologic studies which entail the estimation of an N-dimensional location parameter is discussed. Regional studies are frequently characterized by relatively short, generally correlated, samples drawn from nonsymmetric and bounded, i.e., nonnormal, populations. By means of computer simulation studies the James-Stein estimator, subject to the Lindley modification and adoption of the positive part rule suggested by Efron and Morris and conditioned on the assumption of independence, was shown to be robust in the case of the hydrologically plausible distribution considered here, namely, Weibull distributions with coefficient of skewness ranging from 0 to 10. However, in contrast to traditional methods of regionalization the effect of cross correlation is a diminishment of the relative risk advantage of the James-Stein estimator, even in the best case of normal variables : this is discussed and illustrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i011p01630","usgsCitation":"Landwehr, J.M., Matalas, N., and Wallis, J., 1984, Note on the applicability of the James-Stein Estimator in regional hydrologic studies: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 11, p. 1630-1638, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i011p01630.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1630","endPage":"1638","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a685de4b0c8380cd73781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landwehr, J. Maciunas","contributorId":13962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Maciunas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matalas, N.C.","contributorId":25173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallis, J.R.","contributorId":79236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallis","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013492,"text":"70013492 - 1984 - Comment on \"environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:33:05","indexId":"70013492","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on \"environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00120a020","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Tai, D.Y., Berglund, R., Conway, R., Waggy, G., and Spiegel, M., 1984, Comment on \"environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 18, no. 2, p. 133-134, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00120a020.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7eae4b0c8380cd4cd9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berglund, R.L.","contributorId":13742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berglund","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Conway, R.A.","contributorId":45830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waggy, G.T.","contributorId":82843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waggy","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spiegel, M.H.","contributorId":20895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiegel","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70013483,"text":"70013483 - 1984 - Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 2. A dynamic analysis of coupled hydrologic and chemical processes that determine solute transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:28:09","indexId":"70013483","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 2. A dynamic analysis of coupled hydrologic and chemical processes that determine solute transport","docAbstract":"Solute transport in streams is determined by the interaction of physical and chemical processes. Data from an injection experiment for chloride and several cations indicate significant influence of solutestreambed processes on transport in a mountain stream. These data are interpreted in terms of transient storage processes for all tracers and sorption processes for the cations. Process parameter values are estimated with simulations based on coupled quasi-two-dimensional transport and first-order mass transfer sorption. Comparative simulations demonstrate the relative roles of the physical and chemical processes in determining solute transport. During the first 24 hours of the experiment, chloride concentrations were attenuated relative to expected plateau levels. Additional attenuation occurred for the sorbing cation strontium. The simulations account for these storage processes. Parameter values determined by calibration compare favorably with estimates from other studies in mountain streams. Without further calibration, the transport of potassium and lithium is adequately simulated using parameters determined in the chloride-strontium simulation and with measured cation distribution coefficients.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i012p01804","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., 1984, Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 2. A dynamic analysis of coupled hydrologic and chemical processes that determine solute transport: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 12, p. 1804-1814, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i012p01804.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1804","endPage":"1814","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd1e4b0c8380cd63085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":366160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013450,"text":"70013450 - 1984 - Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 1. Analog and dimensional analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:33:46","indexId":"70013450","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 1. Analog and dimensional analysis","docAbstract":"Distribution of seepage through lakebeds is controlled partly by geometric configuration of the lake and of the groundwater system interacting with the lake. To evaluate the effect of these factors, conductive-paper electric-analog models were used to analyze a number of lake and groundwater settings having different geometric configurations. Most settings analyzed are of lakes that do not penetrate the groundwater system. The width ratio, the ratio of half the lake width to thickness of the groundwater system, is the principal geometric characteristic used in this study. Because the distribution of groundwater seepage into a lake is not uniform across the lakebed, the concept of a streamlinecrowding factor is developed, and is used to determine seepage patterns from geometric characteristics of the lake and its contiguous groundwater system. Analysis of fourteen different width ratios of lake and groundwater systems indicates that lakes can be defined by three general groups of seepage patterns, which include flow patterns, volumes and rates: (1) lakes having width ratios less than ∼ 0.6 show relatively uniform distribution of seepage across the lakebed; (2) lakes having width ratios of ∼ 0.6 to ∼ 2.0 change in absolute and relative streamline crowding in the near-shore region; and (3) lakes having width ratios greater than ∼ 2.0 show stable flow patterns near shore; however, with increasing lake width, the relative streamline crowding increases relative to that width. For deep lakes and those in anisotropic media, the crowding effect is decreased, resulting in more uniform seepage across the lakebed.
Periphyton and benthic invertebrates assemblages were studied at the confluence of two Rocky Mountain streams, Deer Creek and the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado. Upstream from the confluence the Snake River is acidic and enriched in dissolved trace metals, while Deer Creek is a typical Rocky Mountain stream. In the Snake River, downstream from the confluence, the pH increases and hydrous metal oxides precipitate and cover the streambed. The algal and benthic invertebrate communities in the upstream reaches of the Snake River and in Deer Creek were very different. A liverwort, Scapania undulata var. undulata, was abundant in the Snake River, and although periphyton were very sparse, there were as many benthic invertebrates as in Deer Creek. Downstream from the confleunce, the precipitation of hydrous metal oxides greatly decreased the abundance of periphyton and benthic invertebrates. This study shows that in streams metal precipitates covering the streambed may have a more deleterious effect on stream communities than high metal-ion activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00011952","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., and Feder, G.L., 1984, The ecological effect of acid conditions and precipitation of hydrous metal oxides in a Rocky Mountain stream: Hydrobiologia, v. 119, no. 2, p. 129-138, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011952.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.599609375,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -102.0849609375,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -102.0849609375,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -109.599609375,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -109.599609375,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaf8e4b08c986b322b1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feder, G. L.","contributorId":79508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feder","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013386,"text":"70013386 - 1984 - Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 2. Numerical simulation analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:48:44","indexId":"70013386","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 2. Numerical simulation analysis","docAbstract":"The interaction of lakes and groundwater is controlled partly by the geologic framework through which the water flows. Two interrelated geometric factors of the groundwater system that affect flow are overall geometry of the system, and anisotropy of the porous media within the system. Numerical simulation analysis was made for variations in the coefficient of anisotropy for each of several lake and groundwater settings having different geometric configurations. These analyses indicate that, for a given geometric setting, as the anisotropy of geologic materials decreases seepage from a lake decreases and depth of the local groundwater flow system associated with the lake increases. Transformation of scale of groundwater systems that have anisotropic media to isotropic equivalents results in a change in the overall geometry. Because of the different slopes of the water table and lakebed resulting from the scale transformations, a series of numerical experiments were made for various geometric configurations for a given anisotropy. These analyses indicate that as thickness of the groundwater system decreases, relative depth of the local flow system increases and seepage from the lake decreases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90052-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., and Pfannkuch, H., 1984, Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 2. Numerical simulation analysis: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 239-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90052-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c0e4b0c8380cd50f33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pfannkuch, H.O.","contributorId":79228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfannkuch","given":"H.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013383,"text":"70013383 - 1984 - Effects of copper on composition species of periphyton in a Sierra Nevada, California, stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:37:11","indexId":"70013383","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of copper on composition species of periphyton in a Sierra Nevada, California, stream","docAbstract":"An oligotrophic stream was continuously dosed for 1 yr at 2.5, 5 and 10 mu g l-1 CuT; c12, 25 and 50 ng l-1 Cu2+. The numerically most abundant taxa were Bacillariophyceae (Achnanthes minutissima, Cocconeis placentula, Cymbella microcephala, C. sinuata, Fragilaria construens, F. crotonensis, Navicula spp., Synedra acus and S. rumpens), and the Cyanophyta Lyngbya spp., a co-dominant during spring and summer. Population densities of Lyngbya spp. were markedly reduced at all Cu concentrations. Population densities of the principal Chlorophyta (Spirogyra spp., Cladophora spp.) and the diatom Amphipleura pellucida were reduced at 5 mu g l-1 CuT. Of the 22 most abundant taxa, 16 were reduced in abundance by continuous exposure to 10 mu g l-1 CuT. There was no commensurate reduction in standing crop. Achnanthes minutissima was the primary replacement species. Other taxa more abundant at 5 mu g l-1 CuT than in the control were Ceratoneis arcus, Cocconeis placentula, Navicula spp. and Synedra rumpens. Only A. minutissima and Calothrix spp. were more abundant at 10 mu g l-1 than in the control. Three resemblance measures (Canberra metric, Bray-Curtis and Dice) and diversity (Brillouin's) were evaluated for detecting differences in species composition among stream sections. The Canberra metric, an index sensitive to proportional rather than absolute differences, was the most informative.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.1984.tb00041.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Leland, H., and Carter, J., 1984, Effects of copper on composition species of periphyton in a Sierra Nevada, California, stream: Freshwater Biology, v. 14, no. 3, p. 281-296, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1984.tb00041.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06bee4b0c8380cd513cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leland, H.V.","contributorId":82455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leland","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, J.L.","contributorId":26030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013357,"text":"70013357 - 1984 - Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:50:52","indexId":"70013357","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2040,"text":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","docAbstract":"A multi-residue method is described for the determination o triazine herbicides in natural water samples. The technique uses solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic separation and detection employing nitrogen-selective devices. Seven compounds can be determined simultaneously at a nominal detection limit of 0.1 μg/L in a 1-litre sample. Three different natural water samples were used for error analysis via evaluation of recovery efficiencies and estimation of overall method precision. As an alternative to liquid-liquid partition (solvent extraction) for removal of compounds of interest from water, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques employing chromatographic grade silicas with chemically modified surfaces have been examined. SPE is found to provide rapid and efficient concentration with quantitative recovery of some triazine herbicides from natural water samples. Concentration factors of 500 to 1000 times are obtained readily by the SPE technique.
Sediments and an indicator organism (Macoma balthica, a deposit-feeding bivalve) were used to assess the relative importance of secondary sewage, urban runoff, a landfill containing metal-enriched ash wastes and a yacht harbor in contributing to Ag, Cu and Zn enrichment in South San Francisco Bay. Spatial gradients in sediments and organisms showed Cu and Ag enrichment originated from sewage discharge, whereas Zn enrichment originated from both sewage and urban runoff. Elevated concentrations of Cu in the sediments of the yacht harbor resulted from a high abundance of fine particles. The biological availability of Cu, Ag and Zn did not coincide with metal enrichment in sediments. The availability of Cu and Ag was greatest nearest the sewage outfall and greater in winter and spring than in summer. The availability of Zn in urban runoff appeared to be lower than the availability of Zn associated with sewage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(84)90172-6","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Thomson, E., Luoma, S.N., Johansson, C., and Cain, D., 1984, Comparison of sediments and organisms in identifying sources of biologically available trace metal contamination: Water Research, v. 18, no. 6, p. 755-765, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(84)90172-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"765","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88be4b0c8380cd4d18f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomson, E.A.","contributorId":81935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomson","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johansson, C.E.","contributorId":25287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johansson","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cain, D.J.","contributorId":68329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013310,"text":"70013310 - 1984 - Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:29:01","indexId":"70013310","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","docAbstract":"An experimental injection was performed to study the transport of stream water solutes under conditions of significant interaction with streambed sediments in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream. Experiments were conducted in Little Lost Man Creek, Humboldt County, California, in a period of low flow duringwhich only a part of the bank-full channel held active surface flow. The injection of chloride and several trace cations lasted 20 days. In this report we discuss the results of the first 24 hours of the injection and survey the results of the first 10 days. Solute-streambed interactions of two types were observed. First, the physical transport of the conservative tracer, chloride, was affected by intergravel flow and stagnant watt, zones created by the bed relief. Second, the transport of the cations (strontium, potassium, and lithium) was appreciably modified by sorption onto streambed sediment. In the stream the readily observable consequence of the solute-streambed interactions was an attenuation of the dissolved concentration of each of the tracers. The attenuation in the stream channel occurred concurrently with the storage of tracers in the streambed via both physical and chemical processes. All tracers were subsequently present in shallow wells dug several meters from the wetted part of the channel. Sediment samples collected approximately 3 weeks after the start of the injection contained increased concentrations of the injected cations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i012p01797","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., Kennedy, V.C., Zellweger, G.W., Jackman, A.P., and Avanzino, R.J., 1984, Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 12, p. 1797-1803, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i012p01797.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1797","endPage":"1803","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Little Lost Man Creek","volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd0e4b0c8380cd6307f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013245,"text":"70013245 - 1984 - Complexation of trace metals by adsorbed natural organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:49:28","indexId":"70013245","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complexation of trace metals by adsorbed natural organic matter","docAbstract":"The adsorption behavior and solution speciation of Cu(II) and Cd(II) were studied in model systems containing colloidal alumina particles and dissolved natural organic matter. At equilibrium a significant fraction of the alumina surface was covered by adsorbed organic matter. Cu(II) was partitioned primarily between the surface-bound organic matter and dissolved Cu-organic complexes in the aqueous phase. Complexation of Cu2+ with the functional groups of adsorbed organic matter was stronger than complexation with uncovered alumina surface hydroxyls. It is shown that the complexation of Cu(II) by adsorbed organic matter can be described by an apparent stability constant approximately equal to the value found for solution phase equilibria. In contrast, Cd(II) adsorption was not significantly affected by the presence of organic matter at the surface, due to weak complex formation with the organic ligands. The results demonstrate that general models of trace element partitioning in natural waters must consider the presence of adsorbed organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90095-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 1984, Complexation of trace metals by adsorbed natural organic matter: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 4, p. 679-691, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90095-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"691","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f911e4b0c8380cd4d3fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013222,"text":"70013222 - 1984 - A column technique for determining sorption of organic solutes on the lithological structure of aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:28:28","indexId":"70013222","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A column technique for determining sorption of organic solutes on the lithological structure of aquifers","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01607462","issn":"00074861","usgsCitation":"Goerlitz, D., 1984, A column technique for determining sorption of organic solutes on the lithological structure of aquifers: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 37-44, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01607462.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e34ae4b0c8380cd45f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013175,"text":"70013175 - 1984 - Bonded-phase extraction column isolation of organic compounds in groundwater at a hazardous waste site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:30:25","indexId":"70013175","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bonded-phase extraction column isolation of organic compounds in groundwater at a hazardous waste site","docAbstract":"A procedure for isolation of hazardous organic compounds from water for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis Is presented and applied to creosote- and pentachlorophenol-contaminated groundwater resulting from wood-treatment processes. This simple procedure involved passing a 50-100-mL sample through a bonded-phase extraction column, eluting the trapped organic compounds from the column with 2-4 mL of solvent, and evaporating the sample to 100 ??L with a stream of dry nitrogen, after which the sample was ready for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Representative compounds indicative of creosote contamination were used for recovery and precision studies from the cyclohexyl-bonded phase. Recovery of these compounds from n-octyl-, n-octadecyl-, cyclohexyl-, and phenyl-bonded phases was compared. The bonded phase that exhibited the best recovery and least bias toward acidic or basic cmpounds was the n-octadecyl phase. Detailed compound Identification Is given for compounds Isolated from creosote- and pentachlorophenol-contaminated groundwater using the cyclohexyl-bonded phase.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac00278a052","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C., Pereira, W.E., and Ratcliff, S., 1984, Bonded-phase extraction column isolation of organic compounds in groundwater at a hazardous waste site: Analytical Chemistry, v. 56, no. 14, p. 2856-2860, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00278a052.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2856","endPage":"2860","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269216,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00278a052"}],"volume":"56","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1fbe4b0c8380cd4af38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ratcliff, S.M.","contributorId":39244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliff","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013170,"text":"70013170 - 1984 - Subsurface injection of treated sewage into a saline-water aquifer at St. Petersburg, Florida - Water-quality changes and potential for recovery of injected sewage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:24:04","indexId":"70013170","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface injection of treated sewage into a saline-water aquifer at St. Petersburg, Florida - Water-quality changes and potential for recovery of injected sewage","docAbstract":"The city of St. Petersburg is testing subsurface injection of treated sewage into the Floridan aquifer as a means of eliminating discharge of sewage to surface waters and as a means of storing treated sewage for future nonpotable reuse. The injection zone at the test site at the start of injection contained saline water with chloride concentrations ranging from 14,000 to 20,000 milligrams per liter (mg/l). Treated sewage with a mean chloride concentration of 170 mg/ml was injected through a single well for 12 months at a mean rate of 4.7 x 105 cubic feet per day. The volume of water injected during the year was 1.7x108 cubic feet. Dissolved oxygen was contained in the sewage prior to injection. Water removed from the injection zone during injection was essentially free of oxygen. Probable growth of denitrifying bacteria and, thus, microbial denitrification, was suggested by bacterial counts in water from two observation wells that were close to the injection well. The volume fraction of treated sewage in water from wells located 35 feet and 733 feet from the injection well and open to the upper part of the injection zone stabilized at about 0.9 and 0.75, respectively. Chloride concentrations stabilized at about 1,900 mg/l in water from the well that was 35 feet from the injection well and stabilized at about 4,000 mg/l in water from the well that was 733 feet from the injection well. These and other data suggest that very little near injection-quality treated sewage would be recoverable from storage in the injection zone.The city of St. Petersburg is testing subsurface injection of treated sewage into the Floridan aquifer as a means of eliminating discharge of sewage to surface waters and as a means of storing treated sewage for future nonpotable reuse. The injection zone at the test site at the start of injection contained saline water with chloride concentrations ranging from 14,000 to 20,000 milligrams per liter (mg/l). Data suggest that very little near injection-quality treated sewage would be recoverable from storage in the injection zone.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01409.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hickey, J., and Ehrlich, G.G., 1984, Subsurface injection of treated sewage into a saline-water aquifer at St. Petersburg, Florida - Water-quality changes and potential for recovery of injected sewage: Ground Water, v. 22, no. 4, p. 397-405, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01409.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"St. Petersburg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 27.444915505146934\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 27.444915505146934\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 28.057438520876673\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 28.057438520876673\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 27.444915505146934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d7be4b08c986b31d89b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickey, J.J.","contributorId":57010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ehrlich, G. G.","contributorId":89126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehrlich","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012773,"text":"70012773 - 1984 - RAINFALL-RUNOFF MECHANICS FOR DEVELOPED URBAN BASINS, SOUTH FLORIDA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012773","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"RAINFALL-RUNOFF MECHANICS FOR DEVELOPED URBAN BASINS, SOUTH FLORIDA.","docAbstract":"Rainfall-runoff data, collected by the US Geological Survey as part of an urban hydrology study in south Florida, were analyzed to find relations between depths of rainfall and basin runoff. Data were collected for about 300 runoff events on four different urban land-use basins - commercial, highway, single-family residential, and apartment. These data were collected from sewers that carried only stormwater runoff. In analyzing the rainfall-runoff data, three types of relations were found. A one-curve, linear relation occurred for the commercial basin that has 98 percent of the basin as hydraulically effective impervious area. A two-curve, intercepted relation occurred for the highway basin - a linear curve for the low and medium events observed and a second-degree curve for high events observed. A two-curve, disjointed relation occurred for the remaining two basins - the residential basin and the apartment basin. This relation also contained a linear curve for low and medium events and a second-degree curve for the high events. However, the two curves do not intersect, but are disjointed.","largerWorkTitle":"University of Kentucky, Office of Engineering Services, (Bulletin) UKY BU","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - 1984 International Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control.","conferenceLocation":"Lexington, KY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Univ of Kentucky","publisherLocation":"Coll of Engineering, Lexington, KY, USA","issn":"02706504","isbn":"089779606X","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.A., 1984, RAINFALL-RUNOFF MECHANICS FOR DEVELOPED URBAN BASINS, SOUTH FLORIDA., in University of Kentucky, Office of Engineering Services, (Bulletin) UKY BU, Lexington, KY, USA, p. 135-141.","startPage":"135","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9323e4b0c8380cd80c35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robert A.","contributorId":52938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013927,"text":"70013927 - 1984 - Paleohydrologic regimes in the southwestern Great Basin, 0-3.2 my ago, compared with other long records of \"gobal\" climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:46:27","indexId":"70013927","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleohydrologic regimes in the southwestern Great Basin, 0-3.2 my ago, compared with other long records of \"gobal\" climate","docAbstract":"Nine distinct paleohydrologic regimes in the southwestern Great Basin over the last 3.2 my are recorded by the lacustrine deposits in KM-3, a 930-m core from Searles Lake, California. These are characterized as being \"wet,\" \"intermediate,\" or \"dry\" (like today). Excepting the present incomplete regime, each lasted 0.12 to 0.76 my. Major regime changes 0.01, 0.13, 0.6, and 2.5 my ago appear to coincide with recognized changes in global ice-sheet histories as represented by 18O and other records from marine sediments, but comparable changes 0.3, 1.0, 1.3, and 2.0 my ago do not appear to coincide closely with comparable perturbations in ice-sheet histories. However, all regime boundaries (during the last 1.75 my) coincide closely in time with changes in sea-surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic, and many coincide with other deep-sea and continental paleoclimatic boundaries.The average duration of these paleohydrologic regimes was about 0.4 my (standard deviation, 0.2 my or less, depending on assumptions), and it is suggested that the regime boundaries reflect times of change in global(?) sea-surface temperatures, possibly controlled in part by the Earth's 413,000-yr orbital eccentricity cycle. During the wettest and driest regimes in the Searles Lake area, lake levels were not sufficiently affected by the 23,000-, to 42,000-, or 100,000-yr climate cycles related to high-latitude ice-sheet fluctuations to produce changes in the lacustrine sediment character. During intermediate regimes, however, when lacustrine sedimentation in this area was more sensitive to climate, the sediments, in KM-3, record lake fluctuations with average frequencies near those of the ice sheets. This seems to indicate that the high-latitude ice-sheet fluctuations caused local climatic perturbations but did not dominate the hydrologic component of climate in this area. Other lacustrine deposits in the southwestern Great Basin of California and Nevada have ages comparable in part to those of the wet to intermediate regimes indicated by KM-3, and they may all be products of finite periods when lake expansion, alluvial fan growth, increased spring discharge, and fluvial deposition were promoted in this area by widespread wet climates. Glacier expansion in the Sierra Nevada may also have been primarily an expression of, and in phase with, these wet regimes. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(84)90002-4","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., 1984, Paleohydrologic regimes in the southwestern Great Basin, 0-3.2 my ago, compared with other long records of \"gobal\" climate: Quaternary Research, v. 22, no. 1, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90002-4.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266555,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90002-4"},{"id":225412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f7e4b0c8380cd77363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013872,"text":"70013872 - 1984 - Simulation of ground-water flow in a mined watershed in eastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-21T11:17:32.695458","indexId":"70013872","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in a mined watershed in eastern Ohio","docAbstract":"A 43-acre watershed in Muskingum County, Ohio, was studied to determine the hydrologic consequences of strip mining for coal. A quantitative description of the effects on the ground-water flow components of the hydrologic system has been obtained using digital models.
The premining watershed was characterized by nearly flat-lying sedimentary rocks of the Pennsylvanian System. Underclay beneath the two major coal beds formed bases for perched zones, creating three separate aquifers. Recharge to the ground-water system occurred mainly by percolation of precipitation. Most of the discharge from the top and middle aquifers occurred by downward leakage to the underlying aquifers. A smaller amount of discharge occurred as springflow or streamflow near the intersections of the underclays and land surface.
Mining has destroyed the top aquifer, and has replaced the bedrock by spoil material. Water levels in the spoils are at a much lower altitude than existed in the premining top aquifer because of a combination of (1) a larger hydraulic conductivity, (2) areal variations of the hydraulic characteristics of the confining bed, and (3) a slower rate of recharge from precipitation caused by removal of vegetation and soil compaction. Covering of previously exposed portions of the middle aquifer and a lower hydraulic head in the spoils has allowed less recharge to the middle aquifer. Additional flow is induced across the western boundary of the watershed and has reduced the outflow across the eastern boundary. Discharge from the middle aquifer as downward leakage and streamflow is less than before mining.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1984)110:3(646)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J.S., Leland, H., and Bencala, K.E., 1984, Copper transport along a Sierra Nevada stream: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 110, no. 3, p. 646-655, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1984)110:3(646).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"655","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc00e4b0c8380cd4e08e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leland, H.V.","contributorId":82455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leland","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":779852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013779,"text":"70013779 - 1984 - Effect of organic contamination upon microbial distributions and heterotrophic uptake in a Cape Cod, Massachusetts, aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:40:27","indexId":"70013779","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of organic contamination upon microbial distributions and heterotrophic uptake in a Cape Cod, Massachusetts, aquifer","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASM","doi":"10.1128/AEM.48.6.1197-1202.1984","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., Smith, R.L., and George, L., 1984, Effect of organic contamination upon microbial distributions and heterotrophic uptake in a Cape Cod, Massachusetts, aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 48, no. 6, p. 1197-1202, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.48.6.1197-1202.1984.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1197","endPage":"1202","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.48.6.1197-1202.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.784912109375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -70.784912109375,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -70.784912109375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f6e4b0c8380cd51054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":366855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"George, L.","contributorId":71313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013769,"text":"70013769 - 1984 - POTENTIAL FOR NITROSAMINE FORMATION RESULTING FROM THE USE OF RHODAMINE WT FOR TIME-OF-TRAVEL STUDIES: A COMBINED LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013769","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"POTENTIAL FOR NITROSAMINE FORMATION RESULTING FROM THE USE OF RHODAMINE WT FOR TIME-OF-TRAVEL STUDIES: A COMBINED LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION.","docAbstract":"Rhodamine WT is used by surface water hydrologists for time of travel and dispersion studies in which flow characteristics of surface streams are determined. Surface water contamination by nitrosamines formed from Rhodamine WT and nitrite ion has been studied. A method for residue analysis of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) has been developed and evaluated using river samples spiked with Rhodamine WT and nitrite ion. It permits rapid and reliable determination of NDEA at a minimum concentration of 0. 03 mu g/L. The method uses solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography.","largerWorkTitle":"National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry","conferenceTitle":"188th National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 24 Number 2.","conferenceLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"02703009","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.M., and Steinheimer, T.R., 1984, POTENTIAL FOR NITROSAMINE FORMATION RESULTING FROM THE USE OF RHODAMINE WT FOR TIME-OF-TRAVEL STUDIES: A COMBINED LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION., in National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, v. 24, no. 2, Philadelphia, PA, USA, p. 70-71.","startPage":"70","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a736ae4b0c8380cd7700a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Sharon M.","contributorId":42352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinheimer, Thomas R.","contributorId":63943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinheimer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014069,"text":"70014069 - 1984 - The impact of uncertainties in hydrologic measurement on phosphorus budgets and empirical models for two Colorado reservoirs.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:27:19","indexId":"70014069","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The impact of uncertainties in hydrologic measurement on phosphorus budgets and empirical models for two Colorado reservoirs.","docAbstract":"Water budgets and related chemical budgets of aquatic ecosystems commonly are interpreted without reference to uncertainties resulting from errors of measurement. The importance of such uncertainties in the use and interpretation of the phosphorus budgets of two Colorado reservoirs was determined.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1984.29.2.0322","usgsCitation":"LaBaugh, J.W., and Winter, T.C., 1984, The impact of uncertainties in hydrologic measurement on phosphorus budgets and empirical models for two Colorado reservoirs.: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 29, no. 2, p. 322-339, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.2.0322.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.2.0322","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267948,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_31/issue_3/0503.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -102.1728515625,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -102.1728515625,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baceee4b08c986b323858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012890,"text":"70012890 - 1984 - A nonparametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T17:44:10","indexId":"70012890","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A nonparametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence.","docAbstract":"Statistical tests for monotonic trend in seasonal (e.g., monthly) hydrologic time series are commonly confounded by some of the following problems: nonnormal data, missing values, seasonality, censoring (detection limits), and serial dependence. An extension of the Mann-Kendall test for trend (designed for such data) is presented here. Because the test is based entirely on ranks, it is robust against nonnormality and censoring. Seasonality and missing values present no theoretical or computational obstacles to its application. Monte Carlo experiments show that, in terms of type I error, it is robust against serial correlation except when the data have strong long-term persistence (e.g., ARMA (1, 1) monthly processes with ϕ > 0.6) or short records (∼ 5 years). When there is no serial correlation, it is less powerful than a related simpler test which is not robust against serial correlation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i006p00727","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R.M., and Slack, J.R., 1984, A nonparametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence.: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 6, p. 727-732, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i006p00727.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"732","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c0e4b0c8380cd468c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, James R.","contributorId":43778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}