Precipitation [P: mm] controls forest and woodland dynamics in the southwestern United States (SWUS) by altering soil moisture [θ: mm3 mm−3] availability, but the influence of P on θ is complex, varying across space and time. We evaluated seasonal P and θ relationships at shallow (0‐20 cm) and intermediate (50 cm) soil depths for 9 semiarid forest and woodland sites (56 total years), which comprised 3 elevation gradients in the SWUS. We developed time‐varying definitions of winter (snow accumulation), spring (moisture recharge), and summer (moisture deficit), and determined how these sites exhibited similar P influence on θ across depths in the soil profile, between seasons, and in seasons with above‐ and below‐average P. Higher elevation sites ( > 2800 m) experienced greater winter P, longer springs, and shorter summers compared to lower elevation sites ( < 2500 m). Seasons with above‐ and below‐average P reduced elevation‐associated differences. θ at 0‐20 cm was generally decoupled from θ at 50 cm in seasons with average and below‐average P, imparted by differences in spring and summer rainfall versus winter snowfall. Notably, across‐season influence of θ (e.g. a season's similarity to subsequent seasons) was high when the first season experienced above‐ or below‐average P, and the subsequent season experienced average P, illustrating an important temporal connection initiated by wet and dry conditions. These results illustrate similarities in P‐θ relationships across widely differing ecosystems in the SWUS, and elucidate how these relationships may be altered in a changing climate.
Refugial isolation during glaciation is an established driver of speciation; however, the opposing role of interglacial population expansion, secondary contact, and gene flow on the diversification process remains less understood. The consequences of glacial cycling on diversity are complex and especially so for archipelago species, which experience dramatic fluctuations in connectivity in response to both lower sea levels during glacial events and increased fragmentation during glacial recession. We test whether extended refugial isolation has led to the divergence of genetically and morphologically distinct species within Holarctic ermine (Mustela erminea), a small cosmopolitan carnivore species that harbours 34 extant subspecies, 14 of which are insular endemics.
Holarctic.
We use genetic sequences (complete mitochondrial genomes, four nuclear genes) from >100 ermine (stoats) and geometric morphometric data for >200 individuals (27 of the 34 extant subspecies) from across their Holarctic range to provide an integrative perspective on diversification and endemism across this complex landscape. Multiple species delimitation methods (iBPP, bPTP) assessed congruence between morphometric and genetic data.
Our results support the recognition of at least three species within the M. erminea complex, coincident with three of four genetic clades, tied to diversification in separate glacial refugia. We found substantial geographic variation within each species, with geometric morphometric results largely consistent with historical infraspecific taxonomy.
Phylogeographic structure mirrors patterns of diversification in other Holarctic species, with a major Nearctic‐Palearctic split, but with greater intraspecific morphological diversity. Recognition of insular endemic species M. haidarum is consistent with a deep history of refugial persistence and highlights the urgency of mindful management of island populations along North America's North Pacific Coast. Significant environmental modification (e.g. industrial‐scale logging, mining) has been proposed for a number of these islands, which may elevate the risk of extinction of insular palaeoendemics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ddi.13234","usgsCitation":"Colella, J.P., Frederick, L., Talbot, S.L., and Cook, J., 2021, Extrinsically reinforced hybrid speciation within Holarctic ermine (Mustela spp.) produces an insular endemic: Diversity and Distributions, v. 27, no. 4, p. 747-762, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13234.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"762","ipdsId":"IP-106752","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13234","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97INKCG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Sequence Information from the Mitogenome and Four Nuclear Genes from Holarctic Ermine (Mustela spp.)"},{"id":384376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colella, Jocelyn P.","contributorId":190332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colella","given":"Jocelyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":812151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frederick, Lindsey","contributorId":255345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frederick","given":"Lindsey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18859,"text":"Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cook, Joe","contributorId":255346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18859,"text":"Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70222491,"text":"70222491 - 2021 - Time since burning and rainfall characteristics impact post-fire debris flow initiation and magnitude","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-30T13:00:46.620849","indexId":"70222491","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-01T07:58:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9124,"text":"Environmental Engineering and Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time since burning and rainfall characteristics impact post-fire debris flow initiation and magnitude","docAbstract":"The extreme heat from wildfire alters soil properties and incinerates vegetation, leading to changes in infiltration capacity, ground cover, soil erodibility, and rainfall interception. These changes promote elevated rates of runoff and sediment transport that increase the likelihood of runoff-generated debris flows. Debris flows are most common in the year immediately following wildfire, but temporal changes in the likelihood and magnitude of debris flows following wildfire are not well constrained. In this study, we combine measurements of soil-hydraulic properties with vegetation survey data and numerical modeling to understand how debris-flow threats are likely to change in steep, burned watersheds during the first 3 years of recovery. We focus on documenting recovery following the 2016 Fish Fire in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, and demonstrate how a numerical model can be used to predict temporal changes in debris-flow properties and initiation thresholds. Numerical modeling suggests that the 15-minute intensity-duration (ID) threshold for debris flows in post-fire year 1 can vary from 15 to 30 mm/hr, depending on how rainfall is temporally distributed within a storm. Simulations further demonstrate that expected debris-flow volumes would be reduced by more than a factor of three following 1 year of recovery and that the 15-minute rainfall ID threshold would increase from 15 to 30 mm/hr to greater than 60 mm/hr by post-fire year 3. These results provide constraints on debris-flow thresholds within the San Gabriel Mountains and highlight the importance of considering local rainfall characteristics when using numerical models to assess debris-flow and flood potential.
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), specifically estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds, vary in concentration and composition in surface waters under the influence of different landscape sources and landcover gradients. Estrogenic activity in surface waters may lead to adverse effects in aquatic species at both individual and population levels, often observed through the presence of intersex and vitellogenin induction in male fish. In the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, located on the mid-Atlantic coast of the USA, intersex has been observed in several sub-watersheds where previous studies have identified specific landscape sources of EDCs in tandem with observed fish health effects. Previous work in the Potomac River Watershed (PRW), the largest basin within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, was leveraged to build random forest regression models to predict estrogenic activity at unsampled reaches in both the Potomac River and larger Chesapeake Bay Watersheds (CBW). Model outputs including important variables, partial dependence plots, and predicted values of estrogenic activity at unsampled reaches provide insight into drivers of estrogenic activity at different seasons and scales. Using the US Environmental Protection Agency effects-based threshold of 1.0 ng/L 17 β-estradiol equivalents, catchments predicted to exceed this value were categorized as at risk for adverse effects from exposure to estrogenic compounds and evaluated relative to healthy watersheds and recreation access locations throughout the PRW. Results show immediate catchment scale models are more reliable than upstream models, and the best predictive variables differ by season and scale. A small percentage of healthy watersheds (< 13%) and public access sites were classified as at risk using the “Total” (annual) model in the CBW. This study is the first Potomac River Watershed assessment of estrogenic activity, providing a new foundation for future risk assessment and management design efforts, with additional context provided for the entire Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
Leaf resorption is critical for considerations of how plants use and recycle nutrients, but fundamental unknowns remain regarding the controls over plant nutrient resorption. Empirical studies suggest at least three basic types of resorption control, including (i) stoichiometric control, (ii) nutrient limitation control, and (iii) nutrient concentration control strategies. However, which strategies are adopted in given conditions and whether multiple strategies coexist in an ecosystem are still open questions. To address these unknowns, leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption efficiency (NRE and PRE) and proficiency were measured for seven woody species at a nutrient-rich but potentially N-limited secondary forest and a nutrient-poor and potentially P-limited secondary forest. NRE was higher in the N-limited forest while PRE was higher in the P-limited forest, suggesting that plants responded to nutrient limitation with preferential resorption of the more limiting nutrient. NRE:PRE was positively related to leaf N:P ratios within each forest, demonstrating a role for stoichiometric control. Nutrient concentration controls were also found, with higher nutrient resorption proficiency in the nutrient-poor forest than in the nutrient-rich forest. The controls of stoichiometry and nutrient concentration were community-wide, but the nutrient limitation control was species-specific. Our results highlight the coexistence of multiple nutrient resorption strategies in a single ecosystem, and suggest these strategies are scale-dependent.
Decades of acidic deposition have adversely affected aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in acid-sensitive watersheds in parts of the eastern United States. The national Acid Rain Program (Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments - CAAA) helped reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and resulted in sharp decreases in the acidity of atmospheric deposition. The decrease in acidic deposition produced a steady decline in the acidity of streams in many poorly buffered waters across the western Adirondacks and parts of the Catskill Mountains of New York. Until recently, however, there has been little evidence of biological recovery in most acid-sensitive streams in both regions. Long-term deposition and stream-chemistry records and fish-community data from quantitative surveys done during 1991–93 and again during 2012–19 at 13 sites in the upper Neversink River and its tributaries were evaluated to determine if chemical and biological recovery were evident in this Catskill Mountain watershed and if they could be linked to regional declines in acidic deposition. Between 1991 and 2019, large decreases in sulfate and nitrate deposition in the basin mirrored declines in total nationwide SO2 and NOx emissions. There were corresponding decreases in sulfate and nitrate concentrations in deposition at a National Trends Network station at Frost Valley (NY68) and coincident declines in sulfate concentrations at four long-term monitoring sites in the Neversink River watershed. Mean acid neutralizing capacity and pH increased and inorganic aluminum (Ali) concentrations from routine summertime samples decreased significantly at most moderately to severely acidified sites between the two study periods. Richness, density, and biomass of fish communities increased at most sites, while the density and biomass of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations increased at fewer sites that were undergoing chemical recovery. Although recovery is far from complete, trends in deposition chemistry, water quality, and fish assemblages in streams of the upper Neversink watershed indicate that the 1990 CAAA is having positive impacts on aquatic ecosystems in the Catskill Mountain region, New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118235","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B.P., George, S.D., Winterhalter, D., and McHale, M., 2021, Biological and chemical recovery of acidified Catskill Mountain streams in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: Atmospheric Environment, v. 249, 118235, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118235.","productDescription":"118235, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-121887","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118235","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":383377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Neversink watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.63973999023438,\n 41.81175536180908\n ],\n [\n -74.53399658203125,\n 41.873139978873574\n ],\n [\n -74.4275665283203,\n 41.937019660425264\n ],\n [\n -74.33967590332031,\n 41.963064211132306\n ],\n [\n -74.28680419921875,\n 42.039094188385945\n ],\n [\n -74.34104919433594,\n 42.10382653879911\n ],\n [\n -74.40696716308594,\n 42.11859868281563\n ],\n [\n -74.45571899414062,\n 42.08395512413707\n ],\n [\n -74.62806701660156,\n 41.95080927751363\n ],\n [\n -74.70291137695312,\n 41.86700416724044\n ],\n [\n -74.67750549316406,\n 41.81021999190292\n ],\n [\n -74.63973999023438,\n 41.81175536180908\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"249","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, Scott D. 0000-0002-8197-1866 sgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8197-1866","contributorId":3014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"Scott","email":"sgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winterhalter, Dylan R. 0000-0003-1774-8034","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-8034","contributorId":251765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterhalter","given":"Dylan R.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McHale, Michael 0000-0003-3780-1816 mmchale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-1816","contributorId":177292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"Michael","email":"mmchale@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70228368,"text":"70228368 - 2021 - Nuclear eDNA estimates population allele frequencies and abundance in experimental mesocosms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T16:27:57.063348","indexId":"70228368","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-31T10:16:08","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuclear eDNA estimates population allele frequencies and abundance in experimental mesocosms","docAbstract":"Advances in environmental DNA (eDNA) methodologies have led to improvements in the ability to detect species and communities in aquatic environments, yet the majority of studies emphasize biological diversity at the species level by targeting variable sites within the mitochondrial genome. Here, we demonstrate that eDNA approaches also have the capacity to detect intraspecific diversity in the nuclear genome, allowing for assessments of population-level genetic diversity and estimates of the number of genetic contributors in a sample. Using a panel of microsatellite loci, we evaluated intraspecific genetic diversity in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) using eDNA samples from experimental mesocosms. First, we tested the similarity between eDNA and individual tissue-based estimates of allele frequencies. Subsequently, we used a likelihood-based DNA mixture framework to estimate the number of unique genetic contributors in mesocosm eDNA samples and in simulated mixtures of alleles. Allele frequencies from eDNA accurately reflected allele frequencies from genotyped round goby tissue samples, indicating nuclear markers can be reliably amplified from water samples under controlled conditions. DNA mixture analyses were able to estimate the number of genetic contributors from eDNA samples and simulated mixtures of DNA from up to 58 individuals, with the degree of positive or negative bias dependent on the filtering scheme of low-frequency alleles. This study is the first to document the application of eDNA and multiple amplicon-based methods to obtain intraspecific nuclear genetic information and estimate the absolute abundance of a species in mesocosms. With proper validation, this approach has the potential to advance non-invasive survey methods to characterize populations and broadens the application of eDNA methodologies to inform population-level management objectives.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/mec.15765","usgsCitation":"Andres, K.J., Sethi, S., Lodge, D., and Andres, J., 2021, Nuclear eDNA estimates population allele frequencies and abundance in experimental mesocosms: Molecular Ecology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 685-697, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15765.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"685","endPage":"697","ipdsId":"IP-114574","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15765","text":"External Repository"},{"id":395675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Cayuga Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.87408447265625,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -76.42913818359375,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -76.42913818359375,\n 42.94234987312984\n ],\n [\n -76.87408447265625,\n 42.94234987312984\n ],\n [\n -76.87408447265625,\n 42.45588764197166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andres, Kara J.","contributorId":275314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andres","given":"Kara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sethi, Suresh 0000-0002-0053-1827 ssethi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0053-1827","contributorId":191424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sethi","given":"Suresh","email":"ssethi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":833981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lodge, David M.","contributorId":275315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lodge","given":"David M.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andres, Jose","contributorId":275316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andres","given":"Jose","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220439,"text":"70220439 - 2021 - Foreward: The paleoclimatic and paleobiogeographic significance of the Tjörnes Basin, Northern Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-02T14:51:07.318247","indexId":"70220439","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-31T09:50:54","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Foreward: The paleoclimatic and paleobiogeographic significance of the Tjörnes Basin, Northern Iceland","docAbstract":"Since the mid-19th century, geologists and paleontologists have recognized the scientific importance and unique nature of the richly fossiliferous sediments exposed along the Tjörnes Peninsula in Northern Iceland. In the following century and a half, Tjörnes has attracted the attention of an international “who’s who” in Cenozoic paleontology, as well as many paleoclimatologists unraveling the complex climatic history of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. In a seminal meeting, sponsored by the Royal Society of London in 1984, and published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, volume 318 (“The past three million years: evolution of climatic variability in the North Atlantic region”), an international group of experts addressed climatic history of the last 3 million years. Notably, one of the main invited participants was Iceland’s Dr. Thorleifur Einarsson, who literally wrote the book “Geology of Iceland” (1994, 1999), and was also known for his expertise in Tjörnes paleoclimatology. Einarsson’s key contribution was linking the marine history of Tjörnes to the rapidly growiing paleoclimate records from deep-sea marine sediment cores and improving chronology of climate evolution. This work was closely linked to the dating of Pliocene-Pleistocene glacial sediments and volcanics in Iceland and on Tjörnes in particular, based on paleomagnetic data and biostratigraphic work which was presented jointly with a group from the U.S. Geological Survey at the 1965 INQUA meeting in Boulder, Colorado.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pacific - Atlantic mollusc migration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 2021, Foreward: The paleoclimatic and paleobiogeographic significance of the Tjörnes Basin, Northern Iceland, chap. of Pacific - Atlantic mollusc migration, p. v-vi.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"v","endPage":"vi","ipdsId":"IP-120001","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386125,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386124,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-59663-7"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Tjornes Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -17.742919921875,\n 65.56754970214311\n ],\n [\n -16.402587890625,\n 65.56754970214311\n ],\n [\n -16.402587890625,\n 66.34191397701721\n ],\n [\n -17.742919921875,\n 66.34191397701721\n ],\n [\n -17.742919921875,\n 65.56754970214311\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70217864,"text":"70217864 - 2021 - Home ranges and movements of two diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota) in northwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-01T17:21:55.577233","indexId":"70217864","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-31T07:46:55","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Home ranges and movements of two diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota) in northwest Florida","title":"Home ranges and movements of two diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota) in northwest Florida","docAbstract":"The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a small estuarine turtle distributed along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the USA that is threatened by drowning in crab pots, road mortality, exploitation in the pet trade, and habitat loss. Little is known about the movement patterns and home ranges of these turtles, particularly along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast. Satellite tags were deployed on two adult female terrapins captured at two distinct sites in Northwest Florida. A first-difference correlated random walk approach was used to determine distances traveled and estimate home range for each individual. The two terrapins were tracked for 146 and 147 days, and the total distance traveled for each terrapin was 70.1 km and 723.0 km, respectively. The maximum distance moved from capture location was 11.3 km and 49.6 km. Home ranges here were much larger than those previously reported in other studies. The movements we documented were greater than expected and indicate habitat protection for this species may need to be expanded to incorporate more distant foraging sites.
Although many of the algorithms now considered to be machine learning algorithms (MLAs) have existed for nearly a century (e.g., Rosenblatt 1958), interest in MLAs has recently increased exponentially for solving data-driven problems across a variety of fields due to the expanded availability of large, complex datasets that may be difficult to interrogate using other methods, increases in computing power, and a growing library of easily implemented machine learning tools. While MLAs are often similar to statistical methods, there are key differences in the approach to problem solving. Namely, statistical methods are more concerned with generating informative models from “long” data (i.e., many more observations than explanatory variables), whereas MLAs are typically concerned with generating accurate predictions from “wide” data (i.e., a large number of variables with relatively fewer observations, Bzdok et al. 2018). In hydrogeologic studies, such wide datasets may be available from boreholes, where various types of geophysical, geochemical, and lithological information may exist. Borehole datasets are therefore a tempting target for MLAs to reveal hidden relations among gathered data and parameters of interest (e.g., contaminant concentration), and as a method of parameter reduction (e.g., reduce costs by collecting fewer datasets).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13081","usgsCitation":"Terry, N., Johnson, C., Day-Lewis, F., Parker, B.L., and Slater, L., 2021, Beware of spatial autocorrelation when applying machine learning algorithms to borehole geophysical logs: Groundwater, v. 59, no. 3, p. 315-319, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13081.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"319","ipdsId":"IP-124633","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TN8EC4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Selected borehole geophysical logs from three contaminant sites in California, Wisconsin, and New Jersey"},{"id":386259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terry, Neil C. 0000-0002-3965-340X nterry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-340X","contributorId":192554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terry","given":"Neil","email":"nterry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":817055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":245365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":817056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick 0000-0003-3526-886X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":216359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":817057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parker, Beth L.","contributorId":209230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Slater, Lee D. 0000-0003-0292-746X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-746X","contributorId":192555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slater","given":"Lee D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70249479,"text":"70249479 - 2021 - Volcanic seismicity beneath Chuginadak Island, Alaska (Cleveland and Tana volcanoes): Implications for magma dynamics and eruption forecasting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-10T14:16:37.55892","indexId":"70249479","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-30T09:10:29","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic seismicity beneath Chuginadak Island, Alaska (Cleveland and Tana volcanoes): Implications for magma dynamics and eruption forecasting","docAbstract":"Cleveland and Tana are remote volcanoes located in the central Aleutian volcanic arc on the eastern end of the Islands of Four Mountains (IFM). The persistently active Mount Cleveland volcano, on the western side of Chuginadak Island, is surrounded by several closely spaced Quaternary volcanic centers including Carlisle, Herbert, Kagamil, Tana, and Uliaga, and numerous small satellite vents on Chiginadak between Cleveland and Tana. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) installed two permanent broadband seismometers on Chuginadak Island in 2014, and we operated a temporary broadband network focused on the western side of the island in 2015–2016. Collectively, these stations provided the first seismic observations of this frequently active volcano and the surrounding Holocene-aged volcanic vents. During the study period (July 2014–January 2019), eruptive activity at Cleveland was characterized by small explosions separated by periods of lava effusion that formed small domes in the volcano's summit crater. We characterize seismicity beneath Chuginadak Island through automated analysis of event waveform frequency content, development of a one-dimensional P-wave velocity model, calculation of earthquake hypocenters, magnitudes, focal mechanisms, and identification of earthquake families. This analysis reveals the full range of seismic event types expected in a highly active volcanic environment and includes Volcano-Tectonic (VT) earthquakes, Long-Period (LP) events, and explosion signals. LP events appear to cluster at shallow depth beneath the active crater of Mount Cleveland and almost all of the explosions occur without identifiable short-term (hours to days) seismic precursors. VT earthquakes beneath Mount Cleveland occur at depths of 2 to 8 km below sea level (BSL) and range in magnitude from −0.2 to 1.8. VT focal mechanisms have horizontal P-axes that align with the regional axis of maximum stress. These observations, and a relatively slow one-dimensional seismic velocity model, are consistent with a shallow body of magma that is fed through a deeper conduit system. The time-history of VT earthquakes and shallow LP events suggest their occurrence may track the transfer of magma and fluids from the mid-crust to the shallow portions of the conduit system and may provide a means to anticipate future explosions and periods of dome growth. VT hypocenters also extend ~7 km northeast of Cleveland's summit at depths of 5 to 10 km BSL, under a group of Holocene-aged vents between Mount Cleveland and Tana. These earthquakes have vertically-oriented P-axes and a greater percentage occur in families. These observations, combined with observations of vent orientation and morphology and gas flux, suggest the area between Cleveland and Tana represents a zone of complicated volcano-tectonic interaction, similar to calderas elsewhere in the Aleutian arc. The presence of a larger volcanic system in the eastern IFM could influence magmatism and account for the multiple closely spaced volcanic centers in this region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107182","usgsCitation":"Power, J., Roman, D., Lyons, J.J., Haney, M.M., Rasmussen, D.J., Plank, T., Nicolaysen, K., Izbekov, P., Werner, C., and Kaufman, A., 2021, Volcanic seismicity beneath Chuginadak Island, Alaska (Cleveland and Tana volcanoes): Implications for magma dynamics and eruption forecasting: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 412, 107182, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107182.","productDescription":"107182, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-121823","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107182","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":421816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chuginadak Island, Cleveland Volcano, Tana Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.65098413866693,\n 52.904805932105404\n ],\n [\n -169.83106863712771,\n 52.8971644246661\n ],\n [\n -170.01036155537554,\n 52.86086066337441\n ],\n [\n -170.01669419707966,\n 52.78767701983992\n ],\n [\n -169.66364942207514,\n 52.76373370379605\n ],\n [\n -169.65098413866693,\n 52.904805932105404\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, John 0000-0002-7233-4398","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":215240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":885873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roman, Diana","contributorId":237832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roman","given":"Diana","affiliations":[{"id":47620,"text":"Dept. of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC 20015","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, John J. 0000-0001-5409-1698 jlyons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-1698","contributorId":5394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","email":"jlyons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":885875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haney, Matthew M. 0000-0003-3317-7884 mhaney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884","contributorId":172948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","email":"mhaney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":885876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rasmussen, Daniel J.","contributorId":237828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":47619,"text":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Plank, Terry","contributorId":237829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plank","given":"Terry","affiliations":[{"id":47619,"text":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nicolaysen, K. 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Within the present-day Mars climate, wind and frost/ice are the dominant drivers, resulting in large avalanches of material down icy, rocky, or sandy slopes; sediment transport leading to many scales of aeolian bedforms and erosion; pits of various forms and patterned ground; and substrate material carved out from under subliming ice slabs. Due to the ability to collect correlated observations of surface activity and new landforms with relevant environmental conditions with spacecraft on or around Mars, studies of martian geomorphologic activity are uniquely positioned to directly test surface-atmosphere interaction and landform formation/evolution models outside of Earth. In this paper, we outline currently observed and interpreted surface activity occurring within the modern Mars environment, and tie this activity to wind, seasonal surface CO2 frost/ice, sublimation of subsurface water ice, and/or gravity drivers. Open questions regarding these processes are outlined, and then measurements needed for answering these questions are identified. In the final sections, we discuss how many of these martian processes and landforms may provide useful analogs for conditions and processes active on other planetary surfaces, with an emphasis on those that stretch the bounds of terrestrial-based models or that lack terrestrial analogs. In these ways, modern Mars presents a natural and powerful comparative planetology base case for studies of Solar System surface processes, beyond or instead of Earth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107627","usgsCitation":"Diniega, S., Bramson, A.M., Buratti, B.J., Buhler, P., Burr, D., Chojnacki, M., Conway, S.J., Dundas, C.M., Hansen, C.J., McEwen, A.S., Lapotre, M.G., Levy, J.S., McKeown, L., Piqueux, S., Portyankina, G., Swann, C., Titus, T.N., and Widmer, J., 2021, Modern Mars' geomorphological activity, driven by wind, frost, and gravity: Geomorphology, v. 380, 107627, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107627.","productDescription":"107627, 43 p.","ipdsId":"IP-121082","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-03186543","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"380","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diniega, Serina","contributorId":212017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diniega","given":"Serina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36276,"text":"JPL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bramson, Ali M 0000-0003-4903-0916","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-0916","contributorId":201618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bramson","given":"Ali","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":27205,"text":"U. 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Remote sensing-based methods are often used for synoptic and frequent monitoring of CyanoHABs. In this study, one such algorithm – a sub-component of the Cyanobacteria Index called the CIcyano, was validated for effectiveness in identifying lakes with toxin-producing blooms in 11 states across the contiguous United States over 11 bloom seasons (2005–2011, 2016–2019). A matchup data set was created using satellite data from MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI), and nearshore, field-measured Microcystins (MCs) data as a proxy of CyanoHAB presence. While the satellite sensors cannot detect toxins, MCs are used as the indicator of health risk, and as a confirmation of cyanoHAB presence. MCs are also the most common laboratory measurement made by managers during CyanoHABs. Algorithm performance was evaluated by its ability to detect CyanoHAB ‘Presence’ or ‘Absence’, where the bloom is confirmed by the presence of the MCs. With same-day matchups, the overall accuracy of CyanoHAB detection was found to be 84% with precision and recall of 87 and 90% for bloom detection. Overall accuracy was expected to be between 77% and 87% (95% confidence) based on a bootstrapping simulation. These findings demonstrate that CIcyano has utility for synoptic and routine monitoring of potentially toxic cyanoHABs in lakes across the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145462","usgsCitation":"Mishra, S., Stumpf, R.P., Schaeffer, B., Werdell, P.J., Loftin, K.A., and Meredith, A., 2021, Evaluation of a satellite-based cyanobacteria bloom detection algorithm using field-measured microcystin data: Science for the Total Environment, v. 774, 145462, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145462.","productDescription":"145462, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124532","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145462","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387288,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"774","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mishra, Sachidananda 0000-0001-6613-3103","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6613-3103","contributorId":222356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mishra","given":"Sachidananda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36803,"text":"NOAA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stumpf, Richard P. 0000-0001-5531-6860","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5531-6860","contributorId":222357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stumpf","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":36803,"text":"NOAA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaeffer, Blake 0000-0001-9794-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-3977","contributorId":245603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Blake","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37230,"text":"EPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werdell, P. 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For example, many studies of forestry–stream interactions in the Pacific Northwest have focused solely on the most prevalent species: Coastal cutthroat trout. To examine the potential for interactions of other fishes with coastal cutthroat trout, we conducted an analysis of 281 sites in low order streams located on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula and along the central Oregon coast. Coastal cutthroat trout and juvenile coho salmon were the most commonly found salmonid species within these streams and exhibited positive associations with each other for both presence and density. Steelhead were negatively associated with the presence of coastal cutthroat trout as well as with coho salmon and sculpins (Cottidae). Coastal cutthroat trout most frequently shared streams with juvenile coho salmon. For densities of these co-occurring species, associations between these two species were relatively weak compared to the strong influences of physical stream conditions (size and gradient), suggesting that physical conditions may have more of an influence on density than species interactions. Collectively, our analysis, along with a review of findings from prior field and laboratory studies, suggests that the net effect of interactions between coastal cutthroat trout and coho salmon do not appear to inhibit their presence or densities in small streams along the Pacific Northwest.
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","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021EO153932","usgsCitation":"Obryk, M., George, D.L., and Mirus, B.B., 2021, A new era of debris flow experiments in the Oregon woods: Eos Science News, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EO153932.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-119728","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":78686,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center - Seismology / Geomagnetism","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453650,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021eo153932","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":425418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.48231477766389,\n 46.857615979842734\n ],\n [\n -125.48231477766389,\n 41.4728386705458\n ],\n [\n -115.90223665266406,\n 41.4728386705458\n ],\n [\n -115.90223665266406,\n 46.857615979842734\n ],\n [\n -125.48231477766389,\n 46.857615979842734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obryk, Maciej Krzysztof 0000-0002-8182-8656","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-8656","contributorId":333862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obryk","given":"Maciej Krzysztof","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":894133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":894134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mirus, Benjamin B. 0000-0001-5550-014X bbmirus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-014X","contributorId":4064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirus","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbmirus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5077,"text":"Northwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":894135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217723,"text":"ofr20201153 - 2021 - Estimates of county-level nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer and manure from 1950 through 2017 in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-01T15:13:30.295773","indexId":"ofr20201153","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T16:05:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1153","displayTitle":"Estimates of County-Level Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Fertilizer and Manure from 1950 through 2017 in the Conterminous United States","title":"Estimates of county-level nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer and manure from 1950 through 2017 in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"This report and associated dataset provide tabular county-level estimates of kilograms of nitrogen and phosphorus generated from two sources: (a) fertilizer from commercial sources and (b) livestock-based manure, for the period 1950 through 2017 for the conterminous United States. Datasets collected during this time span are for intervals of approximately 5 years that coincide with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s census years. Nutrients from fertilizer for 1950–2012 are exactly those previously described in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports and datasets; however, estimates of nutrient masses from fertilizer applied in 2017 are described here as a new product modeled from 11 predictor variables for 2017 including county-level fertilizer expenditures, land use, and acres of fertilized land. Fertilizer-based estimates are provided for both farm and nonfarm (urban) usage. The estimates of nutrients from manure for all years were generated anew by using methods and formulas described in previous USGS reports but adjusted to account for historical changes in the annual averages of animal weights. The tabular data are available as an accompanying data release.
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Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Selenium is a water-quality constituent of concern for aquatic ecosystems in the lower Gunnison River Basin. Selenium is derived from bedrock of the Mancos Shale and is mobilized and transported to groundwater and surface water by application of irrigation water. Although it is recognized that groundwater contributes an appreciable amount of selenium to surface water, few studies have addressed interactions between the two. The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board conducted a study during 2017–19 to characterize the quality and quantity of groundwater discharging to an agricultural drainage near Delta, Colorado, locally known as Sunflower Drain.
Water quality in the study area is characterized by high dissolved solids with elevated concentrations of selenium and nitrate resulting from dissolution of soluble salts in the Mancos Shale. Selenium concentrations have decreased by 50 percent since the early 2000s, possibly in response to irrigation system improvements. Stable water isotopes indicate streamflow is dominated by canal water during the irrigation season (April to October) and, during the nonirrigation season (November to March), is dominated by groundwater that has undergone some degree of evaporation. Pesticide and pharmaceutical compounds were infrequently detected, and results indicate they were derived from sources outside the study area such that they do not appear to be useful as tracers of groundwater sources. Stable isotopes of nitrate indicate that nitrate originates from the Mancos Shale, and the isotopic composition is enriched by denitrification in the groundwater system. Using a mass-balance approach, estimated groundwater discharge rates to Sunflower Drain ranged from 0.15 to 0.27 cubic feet per second per mile with one losing reach identified. Selenium, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations in groundwater estimated by mass-balance calculations were similar to concentrations measured in the Poly 17 observation well, located in a largely irrigated area in east tributary. One tributary reach had higher concentrations of selenium, sulfate, and nitrate likely reflecting localized inputs of more concentrated groundwater, similar to the concentrations in the Poly 7 observation well, which is downgradient from a residential area in the west tributary.
Three pilot studies were conducted, including fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to detect groundwater discharge zones in the stream channel, a passive seismic technique to estimate depth to bedrock, and use of radon-222 as a geochemical tracer of groundwater discharge. All three techniques show promise as additional approaches for investigating groundwater discharge surface-water systems in irrigated drainage areas on Mancos Shale.
The factors that affect groundwater movement mainly include when and where irrigation water is transported and applied, and the distribution of bedrock of the Mancos Shale and overlying alluvial deposits. The average groundwater recharge rate for the study area was estimated at 8.1 inches per year, based on mass balance calculations from synoptic survey data. Along the western tributary of Sunflower Drain, there was evidence that spills from the East Canal may recharge the groundwater aquifer adjacent to the stream channel. Groundwater movement to the stream channel may be controlled by the topography of the alluvial/bedrock interface or focused along human-made features, such as tile drains and ditches constructed around irrigated fields. On larger scales, the top of bedrock was also important, creating a topographic constriction that caused a zone of groundwater discharge. The groundwater system is complex, and further study could better define the system, possibly through application of a groundwater flow model and more extensive studies using some of the exploratory methods evaluated in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., 2021, Characterization of groundwater quality and discharge with emphasis on selenium in an irrigated agricultural drainage near Delta, Colorado, 2017–19: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5132, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205132.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 34 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-119514","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382809,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LKYX9H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Near-surface geophysical data collected in the Sunflower Drain study area near Delta, Colorado, March 2018"},{"id":382805,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5132/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382806,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5132/sir20205132.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5132"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.21945190429688,\n 38.638327308061875\n ],\n [\n -107.97019958496094,\n 38.638327308061875\n ],\n [\n -107.97019958496094,\n 38.82205601494022\n ],\n [\n -108.21945190429688,\n 38.82205601494022\n ],\n [\n -108.21945190429688,\n 38.638327308061875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-415
Denver, CO 80225
Changes in fault roughness with scale, “scaling,” is the topic of this report; changes are considered using a general power law relation between some measure of surface height, H, and another of length, L, H=kLn, where k is a constant and n is an exponent that characterizes the scaling. Extensive profile measurements of natural fault surfaces show that the ratio of average surface height to profile length decreases with scale. Average height is defined using the root mean squared height, Rq. For this analysis, fault surfaces are smoother at long wavelengths (have smaller average height to profile length ratios) than they are at shorter wavelengths. These and other statistical properties of natural fault surfaces hold for more than five orders of magnitude, a huge range from tens of micrometers to 10 meters. However, a different roughness metric, the average height (amplitude) that is specifically associated with a wavelength shows the opposite sense of scaling. The ratio of average amplitude to wavelength increases with wavelength. Thus, the same fault surface can be deemed rougher at long wavelength, or smoother, depending on the chosen metric. This apparent contradiction is a curiosity of the statistics of rough surfaces that have scaling exponents that relate profile length to Rq between 0.5 and 1, as most natural faults do. To add context, the implied roughness scaling for reference synthetic surfaces is determined. These span the natural range of scaling exponents and have moderate to strong point to point amplitude correlation. The potential payoff of expanded descriptions of natural fault roughness and of reference surfaces are improved constraints on physical mechanisms that generate and modify roughness during shear.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201134","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N.M., 2021, Characterizing fault roughness—Are faults rougher at long or short wavelengths?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1134, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201134.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097230","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382822,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1134/ofr20201134.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1134"},{"id":382821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1134/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Contact Information, Menlo Park, Calif.
Office—Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
In this study, we develop urban ecosystem accounts in the U.S., using the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA) framework. Most ecosystem accounts focus on regional and national scales, which are appropriate for many ecosystem services. However, ecosystems provide substantial services in cities, improving quality of life and contributing to resiliency for substantial parts of the population. Our models estimate energy savings for indoor cooling resulting from heat mitigated by trees and rainfall intercepted by trees. Both models cover major cities in the contiguous U.S. and report the results through physical supply and use tables for multiple accounting periods (2011 and 2016). Using conservative assumptions, urban trees provide substantial heat mitigation (4,098 and 4,229 GWh, valued at $523 and $539 million in 2011 and 2016, respectively) and rainfall interception (2,422 and 2,627 million m3, valued at $434 and $425 million for 2011 and 2016, respectively). Interannual differences largely reflect variations in weather patterns. Our work shows how Earth observation data can support urban ecosystem accounting. We provide model code within a public repository to facilitate model runs elsewhere, enabling the SEEA EEA and Earth observation user communities to reuse our models and provide feedback for improvement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101226","usgsCitation":"Heris, M., Bagstad, K.J., Rhodes, C., Troy, A., Middel, A., Hopkins, K.G., and Matuszak, J., 2021, Piloting urban ecosystem accounting for the United States: Ecosystem Services, v. 48, 101226, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101226.","productDescription":"101226, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-114089","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101226","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QV182X","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data 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0000-0002-4418-5030","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4418-5030","contributorId":248592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heris","given":"Mehdi","affiliations":[{"id":12652,"text":"University of Colorado-Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bagstad, Kenneth J. 0000-0001-8857-5615 kjbagstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-5615","contributorId":3680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagstad","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjbagstad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhodes, Charles 0000-0002-9040-3684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-3684","contributorId":245881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Troy, Austin","contributorId":139102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troy","given":"Austin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12652,"text":"University of Colorado-Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Middel, Ariane 0000-0002-1565-095X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1565-095X","contributorId":248593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Middel","given":"Ariane","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hopkins, Kristina G. 0000-0003-1699-9384 khopkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-9384","contributorId":195604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Kristina","email":"khopkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matuszak, John","contributorId":211869,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matuszak","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38336,"text":"U.S. Department of State","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70223858,"text":"70223858 - 2021 - Implications of aggregating and smoothing daily production data on estimates of the transition time between flow regimes in horizontal hydraulically fractured Bakken oil wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T16:10:38.075312","indexId":"70223858","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T10:04:40","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2701,"text":"Mathematical Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of aggregating and smoothing daily production data on estimates of the transition time between flow regimes in horizontal hydraulically fractured Bakken oil wells","docAbstract":"The level to which data are aggregated or smoothed can impact analytical and predictive modeling results. This paper discusses findings regarding such impacts on estimating change points in production flow regimes of horizontal hydraulically fractured shale oil wells producing from the middle member of the Bakken Formation. Change points that signal transitions in flow regimes are important because they subsequently affect estimates of ultimate recovery from wells producing from shale plays. Extending our earlier work, we employ two different statistical approaches, Bacon–Watts Bayesian regression and nonlinear constrained least squares regression, and a designed computational experiment to estimate the time of transition from the transient to the boundary-dominated flow regime for 14 different wells using daily production data rather than aggregated monthly data, as previously considered. The daily data were also smoothed to reduce noise. Computational experiments suggest that both statistical approaches can lead to plausible estimates of the transition point under different data aggregation or smoothing regimes, but that daily data are likely too granular to produce credible estimates. Although the expected value of transition points using smoothed daily data and monthly disaggregated data are generally comparable, the confidence intervals bounding the estimates based on smoothed daily data are generally wider. Our results not only inform the operational practices of oil producers engaged in economic evaluation of their shale resources and additional play development activities, but also the activities of petroleum research groups, government agencies, and financial organizations seeking to improve the trustworthiness of resource projections.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s11004-020-09909-7","usgsCitation":"Coburn, T.C., and Attanasi, E., 2021, Implications of aggregating and smoothing daily production data on estimates of the transition time between flow regimes in horizontal hydraulically fractured Bakken oil wells: Mathematical Geosciences, v. 53, p. 1261-1292, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-020-09909-7.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1261","endPage":"1292","ipdsId":"IP-114030","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389064,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coburn, T. C.","contributorId":219832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coburn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40076,"text":"1 University of Tulsa, School of Energy Economics, Policy and Commerce, USA,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70229002,"text":"70229002 - 2021 - Ensemble species distribution model identifies survey opportunities for at-risk bearded beaksedge (Rhynchospora crinipes) in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-25T15:39:57.320263","indexId":"70229002","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T09:33:28","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Ensemble species distribution model identifies survey opportunities for at-risk bearded beaksedge (Rhynchospora crinipes) in the southeastern United States","title":"Ensemble species distribution model identifies survey opportunities for at-risk bearded beaksedge (Rhynchospora crinipes) in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Locating additional occurrences of at-risk species can inform assessments of their status and conservation needs (including potential legal protections). The perennial bearded beaksedge (Rhynchospora crinipes) ranges from Mississippi to North Carolina, but known occurrences are limited. Because of the species' apparent rarity, a model to identify areas with suitable habitat conditions for the species will allow conservationists to effectively prioritize and allocate scarce surveying resources. We used known occurrence records, a suite of environmental datasets, and four species distribution modeling techniques (generalized additive, GAM; maximum entropy, MaxEnt; generalized boosted, GBM; and weighted ensemble) to generate maps to inform surveys for R. crinipes. The ensemble approach improved predictive performance (AUC-PR = 0.95) compared to other techniques (individual model AUC-PR ranged from 0.7 to 0.8). We also obtained quantitative insights on the species' habitat relationships, including the likelihood of R. crinipes's presence near Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) habitat and floodplains, which is consistent with prior field observations. The ensemble model indicated that 3.6% of the study area could be suitable habitat, but only 0.38% had high suitability. Small stream riparian habitats and Atlantic swamp forests in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had the highest proportion of suitable areas. Prioritizing surveys in areas with model-indicated high habitat suitability is expected to reveal additional R. crinipes occurrences. We suggest surveying efforts for other at-risk species may benefit from using an ensemble modeling approach to identify and prioritize survey areas and improve ecological knowledge of these species.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Natural Areas Association","doi":"10.3375/043.041.0108","usgsCitation":"Ramirez-Reyes, C., Street, G., Vilella, F., Jones-Farrand, T., Wiggers, M.S., and Evans, K., 2021, Ensemble species distribution model identifies survey opportunities for at-risk bearded beaksedge (Rhynchospora crinipes) in the southeastern United States: Natural Areas Journal, v. 41, no. 1, p. 55-63, https://doi.org/10.3375/043.041.0108.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"63","ipdsId":"IP-120003","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -89.47265625,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -86.4404296875,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 27.449790329784214\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -75.1904296875,\n 35.71083783530009\n ],\n [\n -78.44238281249999,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 34.70549341022544\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 33.32134852669881\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 33.54139466898275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramirez-Reyes, C.","contributorId":275333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramirez-Reyes","given":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":17848,"text":"Mississippi State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Street, G.","contributorId":280202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Street","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17848,"text":"Mississippi State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilella, Francisco 0000-0003-1552-9989 fvilella@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-9989","contributorId":171363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilella","given":"Francisco","email":"fvilella@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones-Farrand, T.","contributorId":280203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones-Farrand","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiggers, M. S.","contributorId":280204,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiggers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, K. O.","contributorId":280205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"K. O.","affiliations":[{"id":17848,"text":"Mississippi State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70218787,"text":"70218787 - 2021 - American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-12T14:47:21.399307","indexId":"70218787","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T08:46:56","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)","docAbstract":"American black bears (Ursus americanus) are endemic to North America, having speciated from other ursids some 1.2 to 1.8 million years ago (Kurtn & Anderson 1994). During that time, black bears came to occupy nearly all of the forested areas of the North American continent. Historically, black bears were one of the most important mammals to indigenous peoples of North America by providing food, fat, hides, and tools (Raybourne 1987). Bears also played important roles in indigenous culture as symbols of strength, hard work, and love (see Rockwell 1991). In the 18th and 19th centuries in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, European settlers with firearms reduced black bear numbers (Williams 1930), but the axe and plow had equally negative effects on bear populations as forests gave way to agriculture and livestock. Black bears also faced intense pressure from unregulated market hunting, poaching, and predator control programs. Black bears disappeared from large portions of their North American range, being relegated to swamps, thickets, rugged mountains, and other areas deemed too inaccessible, unsuitable, or undesirable to be occupied by humans (Pelton & van Manen 1994). In the early 20th century, Canadian and U.S. governments established national parks, forests, and refuges, and state and provincial legislatures created wildlife management agencies and enacted regulations to manage wildlife populations. By the late 20th century, the combination of public land infrastructure, habitat improvements, harvest regulations, law enforcement, and information-education programs resulted in significant increases in black bear numbers and range expansions in the U.S. and Canada (Pelton & van Manen 1994), aided in no small part by the remarkable adaptability of this animal (Pelton 2003; Scheick & McCown 2014). Today, the American black bear is one of the most iconic, abundant, and economically important bear species in the world. Unfortunately, black bear populations in Mexico have not recovered similarly to those in the U.S and Canada, and the status of the species there is uncertain.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bears of the World: Ecology, Conservation and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., Beckmann, J.P., Boyce, M.S., Leopold, B.D., and Pelton, M.R., 2021, American Black Bear (Ursus americanus), chap. of Bears of the World: Ecology, Conservation and Management, p. 122-138.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"138","ipdsId":"IP-107381","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beckmann, Jon P.","contributorId":210843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckmann","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyce, Mark S.","contributorId":113205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyce","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leopold, Bruce D","contributorId":255137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leopold","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":17848,"text":"Mississippi State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pelton, Michael R.","contributorId":168689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelton","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7006,"text":"Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70223825,"text":"70223825 - 2021 - Multiple feedbacks due to biotic interactions across trophic levels can lead to persisten novel conditions that hinder restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T13:00:52.526436","indexId":"70223825","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T08:00:06","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"23","title":"Multiple feedbacks due to biotic interactions across trophic levels can lead to persisten novel conditions that hinder restoration","docAbstract":"Unlike traditional successional theory, Alternate Stable Equilibrium (ASE) theory posits that more than one community state is possible in a single environment, depending on the order that species arrive. ASE theory is often invoked in management situations where initial stressors have been removed, but native-dominated communities are not returning to degraded areas. Fundamental to this theory is the assumption that equilibria are maintained by positive feedbacks between colonizers and their environment. While ASE has been relatively well studied in aquatic ecosystems, more complex terrestrial systems offer multiple challenges, including species interactions across trophic levels that can lead to multiple feedbacks. Here, we discuss ASE theory as it applies to terrestrial, invaded ecosystems, and detail a case study from Hawaii that exemplifies how species interactions can favour the persistence of invaders, and how an understanding of interactions and feedbacks can be used to guide management. Our system includes intact native-dominated mesic forest and areas cleared for pasture, planted with non-native grasses, and later planted with a monoculture of a native nitrogen-fixing tree in an effort to restore forests. We discuss interactions between birds, understorey fruiting native species, understorey non-native grasses, soils and bryophytes in separate feedback mechanisms, and explain our efforts to identify which of these feedbacks is most important to address in a management context. Finally, we suggest that using models can help overcome some of the challenges that terrestrial ecosystems pose when studying ASE.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant Invasions: The role of biotic interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CABI","usgsCitation":"Yelenik, S.G., D’Antonio, C.M., Rehm, E.M., and Caldwell, I., 2021, Multiple feedbacks due to biotic interactions across trophic levels can lead to persisten novel conditions that hinder restoration, chap. 23 of Plant Invasions: The role of biotic interactions, p. 402-420.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"402","endPage":"420","ipdsId":"IP-116356","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yelenik, Stephanie G. 0000-0002-9011-0769 syelenik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-0769","contributorId":5251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yelenik","given":"Stephanie","email":"syelenik@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Antonio, Carla M.","contributorId":196690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Antonio","given":"Carla","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rehm, Evan M","contributorId":216487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rehm","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":39457,"text":"University of California at Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":822805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldwell, Iain","contributorId":265492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Iain","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35992,"text":"James Cook University, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":822806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70217720,"text":"70217720 - 2021 - Tectonic and magmatic controls on the metallogenesis of porphyry deposits in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-01T14:12:59.353933","indexId":"70217720","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T07:47:46","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tectonic and magmatic controls on the metallogenesis of porphyry deposits in Alaska","docAbstract":"Porphyry Cu and Mo deposits and occurrences are found throughout Alaska; they formed episodically during repeated subduction and arc-continent collisions spanning the Silurian to Quaternary. Porphyry systems occur in continental-margin and island arcs, which are broadly grouped into pre-accretionary or post-accretionary arcs. Pre-Mesozoic occurrences formed in continental or island arcs prior to accretion onto the margin of North America, whereas Mesozoic and younger systems formed in arcs that developed after terrane fragments were accreted to the margin of North America. As a result, older porphyry systems are typically in the interior and northern metallogenic belts, whereas the younger porphyry systems are predominantly found in the southern third of the state, closer to the modern continental margin.\nAlaska porphyry formation peaked in the mid-Cretaceous and continued through the Late Cretaceous to Tertiary, in association with continental-margin arcs extending from the eastern interior, into southwest Alaska and along the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands. Porphyry system formation is not generally recognized in the Early Cretaceous, Triassic, or early Paleozoic – time periods that coincide with continental collisional events or extension. Relatively few pre-accretionary porphyry systems are documented in more deeply exhumed arc segments due to low preservation potential in areas of rapid or repeated bedrock uplift and associated erosion that occurred during later tectonic events.\nSignificant diversity is observed in porphyry occurrences across the state and even within the same region. Occurrences form in association with arc-related intrusions or intrusive complexes, that range in composition from diorite to syenite, but are commonly monzonitic to granitic. Some porphyry occurrences are associated with alkaline intrusive belts that exhibit a stronger crustal contribution to magmatic sources. Intrusions associated with porphyry formation in Alaska are commonly moderately oxidized, however, a distinct group of porphyry systems are associated with more-reduced magmas.\nHydrothermal alteration described at many occurrences exhibits zoning from proximal potassic alteration to typically peripheral and(or) later sericitic alteration, that is flanked by large zones of propylitic alteration. Diversity in alteration is observed where sodic and sodic-calcic alteration is present, commonly in more-enigmatic deposits, such as Island Mountain and Chicken Mountain. Advanced argillic alteration is rare, but present in notable examples, such as the Pebble porphyry Cu(-Au-Mo) deposit. Sulfide mineralization is characterized by pyrite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, and rare bornite hosted in veinlets, veins and disseminations in wallrocks and causative intrusions. Some porphyry systems contain abundant pyrrhotite and(or) arsenopyrite in the mineral assemblages. Systems that exhibit bornite-bearing assemblages containing abundant molybdenite are commonly arsenic- and gold-poor and tend to be associated with more oxidized arc magmas. In contrast, those systems that are pyrrhotite and(or) arsenopyrite dominant tend to be gold, arsenic, and bismuth bearing, and are commonly associated with more-reduced magmas. \nExploration for porphyry occurrences in Alaska has experienced a resurgence and currently constitutes about 20% of exploration dollars in the state. Many systems lack complete descriptions, and coupled with the cost of exploration, remain incompletely explored. Additional understanding of known occurrences combined with a framework geologic understanding of porphyry-bearing metallogenic belts will likely result in new discoveries in the future.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Porphyry deposits of the northwestern Cordillera of North America: A 25-year update","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum","usgsCitation":"Kreiner, D.C., Jones, J.V., Kelley, K.D., and Graham, G.E., 2021, Tectonic and magmatic controls on the metallogenesis of porphyry deposits in Alaska, chap. of Porphyry deposits of the northwestern Cordillera of North America: A 25-year update, v. 57, p. 134-175.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"175","ipdsId":"IP-113700","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":477,"text":"North Central Climate Science 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