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Something to do with credit given for work done. We look at it in the unfortunate light of accountability; our days under the bushel of anonymity are over. Speaking of accountability, it's about time we gave some recognition to the Newsletter's unknowing progenitor, John Wright, of the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Editorially and stylistically, the NCIC Newsletter owes him a large debt. Last month we received a suggestion from a reader that the Newsletter begin consistently listing prices for new products. In the publishing business, however, there is an infallible law of inflation prices increase as soon as they appear in print. We do try to quote exact prices where possible, and as our reader suggested, ballpark figures when we have to. In nearly all cases, additional information is available either by contacting the addresses listed in the article or indexed in the back or by calling NCIC's User Services Section. Numerous bits and pieces of information make up the bulk of this issue. Among them are the possibility of the Geological Survey issuing readable indexes to available topographic maps, the development of an NCIC classification system for U.S. cartographic data, and information on the publication of prototype topographic-bathymetric maps. Lastly, here is our quarterly solicitation for suggestions, comments, criticism, notes, and information for publication. Call it your bicentennial contribution to participatory democracy.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039591","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1976, National Cartographic Information Center Newsletter No. 4: Newsletter 4, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039591.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261115,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039591/report.pdf"},{"id":261116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039591/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a619ce4b0c8380cd71a77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25184,"text":"other5 - 1976 - National Cartographic Information Center Newsletter No. 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-27T01:01:50","indexId":"other5","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:52:35","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":373,"text":"Newsletter","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"National Cartographic Information Center Newsletter No. 5","docAbstract":"The profile in this issue describes the Map Section of the Geological Survey Library.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/other5","issn":"0749-5781","collaboration":"National Cartographic Information Center Newsletter No. 5, Summer/Fall 1976","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1976, National Cartographic Information Center Newsletter No. 5: Newsletter 5, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/other5.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260317,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/25184/report.pdf"},{"id":260318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/25184/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a619de4b0c8380cd71a7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039027,"text":"70039027 - 1976 - United States Geological Survey Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:43:48","indexId":"70039027","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:12:54","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":345,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"United States Geological Survey Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1975","docAbstract":"The Survey resumes the practice of annually summarizing the progress it has made in identifying the Nation's land, water, energy, and mineral resources, classifying federally owned mineral lands and waterpower sites, and in supervising the exploration and development of energy and mineral resources on Federal and Indian lands. The Annual Report for 1975 consists of five parts: * The Year in Review - a review of the issues and events which affected Survey programs and highlights of program accomplishments. * Perspectives - several short papers which address major resource issues and summarize recent advances in the earth sciences. * A description of the Survey's budget, programs, and accomplishments. * A set of statistical tables and related information which documents program trends, workloads, and accomplishments. * A compendium of Survey publications and information services available to the public. One purpose of this report is to increase public awareness and understanding of the Geological Survey's programs and, more generally, of the role of earth sciences information in helping to resolve many of the natural resource conflicts that face our society now and in the years ahead. To be useful, however, information must be available and readily accessible to those responsible for natural resource policy at the time that the decisions are made. 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The first table contains rule-of-thumb figures, useful for \"getting the feel\" of SI units or mental estimation. The succeeding tables contain factors accurate to 3 or more significant figures. Please refer to known reference volumes for additional accuracy, as well as for factors dealing with other scientific notation involving SI units.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039401","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1976, Chart of conversion factors: From English to metric system and metric to English system: General Information Product, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039401.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261548,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039401/report.pdf"},{"id":261549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039401/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f505e4b0c8380cd4c054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039211,"text":"70039211 - 1976 - Man against volcano: The eruption on Heimaey, Vestmann Islands, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-27T01:01:50","indexId":"70039211","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:12:46","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Man against volcano: The eruption on Heimaey, Vestmann Islands, Iceland","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey carries out scientific studies in the geological, hydrological, and cartographic sciences generally within the 50 states, but also in cooperation with scientific organizations in many foreign countries for the investigation of unusual earth science phenomena throughout the world. The following material discusses the impact of the 1973 volcanic eruption of Eldfell on the fishing port of Vestmannaeyjar on the island of Heimaey, Iceland. Before the eruption was over, approximately one-third of the town of Vestmannaeyjar had been obliterated but, more importantly, the potential damage had been reduced markedly by the spraying of seawater onto the advancing lava flows, causing them to be slowed, stopped, or diverted from the undamaged portion of the town. The Survey's interest and involvement in the Heimaey eruption in Iceland was occasioned by the possibility that the procedures used to control the course of the flowing lava and to reduce the damage in a modern town may some day be needed in Hawaii and possibly even in the continental United States. This publication is based on the observations of two USGS geologists, Richard S. Williams, Jr. and James G. 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Also, Icelandic governmental officials provided logistical and other support, in particular, Mr. Steingnmur Hermannsson, Director, Icelandic National Research Council and Professor Magnus Magnusson, Director, University of Iceland Science Institute.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs, The Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, the University of Iceland Science Institute, and the Icelandic National Research Council","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., and Moore, J., 1976, Man against volcano: The eruption on Heimaey, Vestmann Islands, Iceland: General Information Product, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039211.","productDescription":"19 p.","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261386,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039211/report.pdf"},{"id":261387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039211/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","city":"Vestmannaeyjar","otherGeospatial":"Heimaey Island;Vestmann Islands;Eldfell","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -20.333333333333332,63.38333333333333 ], [ -20.333333333333332,63.5 ], [ -20.166666666666668,63.5 ], [ -20.166666666666668,63.38333333333333 ], [ -20.333333333333332,63.38333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c5ae4b0c8380cd69bc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R.S. Jr.","contributorId":46102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040758,"text":"70040758 - 1976 - Floods in New York, 1973 and 1974","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T18:22:37","indexId":"70040758","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5495,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Report of Investigations","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"RI-15","title":"Floods in New York, 1973 and 1974","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Robison, F., Embree, W., and Dunn, B., 1976, Floods in New York, 1973 and 1974: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Report of Investigations RI-15, 81 p.","productDescription":"81 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a61d0ce4b0d446a665c9ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robison, F.L.","contributorId":41889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Embree, W.N.","contributorId":85143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Embree","given":"W.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunn, Bernard","contributorId":61423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"Bernard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039584,"text":"itr7221 - 1976 - Nature . . . an environmental yardstick","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:17:11","indexId":"itr7221","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":366,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"72-21","title":"Nature . . . an environmental yardstick","docAbstract":"To one who has spent his professional career in geologic science, conservation always has had special meaning. In the measurements so necessary to his work the geologist develops an integrity in the use of numbers and in the qualifications attending the validity of numbers. Scientific analysis of geologic events and sequence develops a keen sense of what is coincidental, correlative, and consequential. The geologist applies his science in evaluating hazards to man as natural catastrophes and/or benefits to man such as earth materials that form the resource base of his society. But more than these the geologist has acquired a deep appreciation for the planet as a whole, its inner structure, its landscape, and the living things that abound.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/itr7221","usgsCitation":"Pecora, W.T., 1976, Nature . . . an environmental yardstick: Information and Technology Report 72-21, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/itr7221.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261103,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1972/0021/report.pdf"},{"id":261104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1972/0021/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a638ee4b0c8380cd72568","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pecora, William T.","contributorId":45167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecora","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005424,"text":"70005424 - 1976 - Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in the major coal and oil shale areas of Wyoming, 1975-76","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:57","indexId":"70005424","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-14T18:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in the major coal and oil shale areas of Wyoming, 1975-76","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Cheyenne, Wyoming","doi":"10.3133/70005424","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 1976, Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in the major coal and oil shale areas of Wyoming, 1975-76: Open-File Report, iv, 43 p. : maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/70005424.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. : maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94451,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015018204738?urlappend=%3Bseq=3"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c28"} ,{"id":1003375,"text":"1003375 - 1976 - Use of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula leana Prime, in toxicity tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-12T15:49:50.03167","indexId":"1003375","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula leana Prime, in toxicity tests","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1976)38[10:UOTACC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Burress, R.M., Chandler, J.H., and Marking, L.L., 1976, Use of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula leana Prime, in toxicity tests: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 38, no. 1, p. 10-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1976)38[10:UOTACC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129051,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6042e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burress, Ralph M.","contributorId":35687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burress","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chandler, Jack H. Jr.","contributorId":48224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"Jack","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marking, Leif L.","contributorId":52239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"Leif","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003466,"text":"1003466 - 1976 - Changes in blood-chemistry of coho salmon exposed to malachite green","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-12T16:01:20.089471","indexId":"1003466","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in blood-chemistry of coho salmon exposed to malachite green","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1976)38[214:CITBCO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bills, T., and Hunn, J.B., 1976, Changes in blood-chemistry of coho salmon exposed to malachite green: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 38, no. 4, p. 214-216, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1976)38[214:CITBCO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"216","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bills, T.D.","contributorId":6393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunn, J. B.","contributorId":15133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunn","given":"J.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001182,"text":"70001182 - 1976 - On the origin of the livingstonite deposits at Huitzuco, Guerrero, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-03T14:16:52.879066","indexId":"70001182","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the origin of the livingstonite deposits at Huitzuco, Guerrero, Mexico","docAbstract":"Livingstonite is the principal ore mineral in the deposits of the Huitzuco District in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. The ore is found in the lower part of the Morelos Formation, which consists of a thick bed of sedimentary anhydrite containing lenses of dolomite and dolomite breccia. In the unweathered ore practically all the mercury is in the livingstonite, whereas the antimony occurs partly in the livingstonite and partly in stibnite. Native sulfur forms pockets as much as 30 centimeters in diameter in the ore and is also found in gypsum on the surface away from the ore.
It appears that the deposition of livingstonite, rather than of the combination of cinnabar and stibnite that is more usual in other districts, was caused by the native sulfur present in considerable quantity scattered through the sedimentary dolomite and anhydrite above, below, and in the ore. Since the formula of livingstonite is actually HgSb4S8 (not HgSb4S7 as was previously supposed), it is not stable in solutions containing only HgS, Sb2S3, Na2S, and H2O. It has been proved by one of us, experimentally, that in order to form livingstonite, the solutions must contain elemental sulfur in addition to HgS, Sb2S3, Na2S, and H2O. In such solutions the solubility of mercuric sulfide is extremely low. However, the problem of transport is overcome if the elemental sulfur is already present in the wall rock. In that case, the reaction of the elemental sulfur with a solution containing mercuric sulfide and antimony sulfide, but not saturated with either, would precipitate livingstonite, as was proved by our experimental work.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00203095","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Tunell, G., Learned, R.E., and Lawrence, E., 1976, On the origin of the livingstonite deposits at Huitzuco, Guerrero, Mexico: Mineralium Deposita, v. 11, no. 1, p. 71-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203095.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","city":"Huitzuco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.5084228515625,\n 17.28770905062193\n ],\n [\n -99.5965576171875,\n 17.28770905062193\n ],\n [\n -99.5965576171875,\n 17.96305758238804\n ],\n [\n -100.5084228515625,\n 17.96305758238804\n ],\n [\n -100.5084228515625,\n 17.28770905062193\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1976-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tunell, G.","contributorId":49908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tunell","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, E.F.","contributorId":65210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001198,"text":"70001198 - 1976 - Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 ° 49′ N","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-15T10:45:18","indexId":"70001198","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 ° 49′ N","docAbstract":"Eighty samples of submarine basaltic lava were sampled from an 8 km segment of the floor and walls of the inner rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study (project Famous). The samples were collected from outcrops and talus slopes by the three submersibles: Alvin, Archimede, and Cyana at water depths of about 2600 meters.
\nThe early formed mineral content of the pillow lavas' glassy margins enables classification of the rocks into 5 types: (1) olivine basalt, (2) picritic basalt, (3) plagioclase-olivine-pyroxene basalt, (4) aphyric basalt, and (5) plagioclase-rich basalt. Chemical and mineralogical study indicates that at least 4 types are directly interrelated and that types (1) and (2) are higher-temperature, primitive lavas, and types (3) and (4) are lower-temperature, differentiated lavas derived from the primitive ones by crystal-liquid differentiation. The plagioclase-rich basalts also have a chemical composition of their glass comparable to that of the most differentiated basalts (types 3 and 4) but they differ in their greater amount of early formed plagioclase (12–35%).
\nIn general, the mineralogical variation across the rift valley shows an assymetrical distribution of the major basalt types. Despite the mineralogical diversity of the early formed crystals, the chemistry of the basalt glasses indicates a symmetrical and a gradual compositional change across the rift valley. Based primarily on their chemistry, the rock types 1 and 2 occupy an axial zone 1.1 km wide and make up the central volcanic hills. Differentiated lavas (types 3, 4) occupy the margins and walls of the inner rift valley and also occur near the center of the rift valley between the central hills.
\nFeO/MgO ratios of olivine and coexisting melt indicate that the average temperature of eruption was 40 ° C higher for the primitive melts (types 1 and 2). Aside from major elements trends, the higher temperature character of the primitive basalts is shown by their common content of chrome spinel.
\nThe thickness of manganese oxide and palagonite on glassy lava provide an estimate of age. In a general fashion the relative age of the various volcanic events follow the compositional zoning observed in the explored area. Most of the youngest samples are olivine basalt of the axial hills. Most older samples occur in the margins of the rift valley (West and N.E. part of explored area) but are significantly younger than the spreading age of the crust on which they are erupted. Intermediate lava types occur mainly east of the rift valley axis and in other areas where plagioclase—olivine—pyroxene basalt and aphyric basalt are present.
\nThe above relations indicate that the diverse lava types were erupted from a shallow, zoned magma chamber from fissures distributed over the width of the inner rift valley and elongate parallel to it. Differentiation was accomplished by cooling and crystallization of plagioclase, olivine, and clinopyroxene toward the margins of the chamber. The centrally located hills were built by the piling up of frequent eruption of mainly primitive lavas which also are the youngest flows. In contrast smaller and less frequent eruptions of more differentiated lavas were exposed on both sides of the rift valley axis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00384746","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Hekinian, R., Moore, J., and Bryan, W., 1976, Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 ° 49′ N: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 58, no. 1, p. 83-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384746.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384746"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hekinian, R.","contributorId":44273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hekinian","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryan, W.B.","contributorId":100412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001200,"text":"70001200 - 1976 - Strontium isotopic geochemistry of the volcanic rocks and associated megacrysts and inclusions from Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-03T14:08:39.457238","indexId":"70001200","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotopic geochemistry of the volcanic rocks and associated megacrysts and inclusions from Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Twelve whole-rock samples of volcanic rocks and a composite of 11 basanitoid samples from Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica show a narrow range of 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.70305 to 0.70339. This range is consistent with a model of differentiation from a single parent magma, but the data allow a 30% variation in the 87Rb/86Sr ratio in the source region if the average ratio is less than 0.057 and if the source region has existed as a closed system for 1.5 b.y. Megacrysts of titaniferous augite, kaersutite, and anorthoclase are isotopically indistinguishable from the host volcanic rocks and therefore are probably cogenetic with the volcanic sequence. A single trachyte sample is isotopically distinct from the rest of the volcanic rocks and probably was contaminated with crustal strontium.
Ultramafic and mafic nodules found in association with basanitoids and trachybasalts have 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70275 to 0.70575. Several of these nodules exhibit evidence of reaction with the melt and are isotopically indistinguishable from their hosts, but data for seven granulite-facies nodules show an apparent isochronal relationship. Although this isochron may be fortuitous, the resulting age of 158±22 m.y. is similar to ages reported for the voluminous Ferrar Dolerites, and suggests isotopic re-equilibration within the lower crust and upper mantle. These nodules are not genetically related to the Ferrar Dolerites, as evidenced by their lower initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios.
Three ultramafic nodules are texturally and isotopically distinct from the rest of the analyzed nodules. These are friable, have larger 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and may represent a deeper sampling of mantle rock than the granulite-facies nodules. They were, however, derived at a shallower depth than the alkalic magma. Thus they are not genetically related to either the magma or the granulite-facies nodules.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00382180","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and Ericksen, R., 1976, Strontium isotopic geochemistry of the volcanic rocks and associated megacrysts and inclusions from Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 58, no. 2, p. 111-126, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382180.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"126","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ericksen, R.L.","contributorId":30335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001203,"text":"70001203 - 1976 - Equilibrium-disequilibrium relations in the Monte Rosa Granite, Western Alps: Petrological, Rb-Sr and stable isotope data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-02T14:02:28.135473","indexId":"70001203","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equilibrium-disequilibrium relations in the Monte Rosa Granite, Western Alps: Petrological, Rb-Sr and stable isotope data","docAbstract":"Nine samples from the Monte Rosa Granite have been investigated by microscopic, X-ray, wet chemical, electron microprobe, stable isotope and Rb-Sr and K-Ar methods. Two mineral assemblages have been distinguished by optical methods and dated as Permian and mid-Tertiary by means of Rb-Sr age determinations. The Permian assemblage comprises quartz, orthoclase, oligoclase, biotite, and muscovite whereas the Alpine assemblage comprises quartz, microcline, albite+epidote or oligoclase, biotite, and phengite.
Disequilibrium between the Permian and Alpine mineral assemblages is documented by the following facts: (i) Two texturally distinguishable generations of white K-mica are 2 M muscovite (Si=3.1–3.2) and 2 M or 3 T phengite (Si=3.3–3.4). Five muscovites show Permian Rb-Sr ages and oxygen isotope fractionations indicating temperatures between 520 and 560 ° C; however, K-Ar ages are mixed or rejuvenated. Phengite always shows mid-Tertiary Rb-Sr ages, (ii) Two biotite generations can be recognized, although textural evidence is often ambiguous. Three out of four texturally old biotites show mid-Tertiary Rb-Sr cooling ages while the oxygen isotopic fractionations point to Permian, mixed or Alpine temperatures, (iii) Comparison of radiogenic and stable isotope relations indicates that the radiogenic isotopes in the interlayer positions of the micas were mobilized during Alpine time without recrystallization, that is, without breaking Al-O or Si-O bonds. High Ti contents in young muscovites and biotites also indicate that the octahedral (and tetrahedral) sites remained undisturbed during rejuvenation. (iv) “Isotopic reversals” in the order of O18 enrichment between K-feldspar and albite exist.
Arguments for equilibrium during Permian time are meagre because of Alpine overprinting effects. Texturally old muscovites show high temperatures and Permian Rb-Sr ages in concordancy with Rb-Sr whole rock ages. For the tectonically least affected samples, excellent concordance between quartz-muscovite and quartz-biotite “Permian temperatures” implies oxygen isotope equilibrium in Permian time which was undisturbed during Alpine metamorphism.
Arguments for equilibrium during the mid-Tertiary metamorphism are as follows: (i) Mid-Tertiary Rb-Sr mineral isochrons of up to six minerals exist, (ii) Oxygen isotope temperatures of coexisting Alpine phengites and biotites are concordant.
The major factor for the adjustment of the Permian assemblages to Alpine conditions was the degree of Alpine tectonic overprinting rather than the maximum temperatures reached during the mid-Tertiary Alpine metamorphism. The lack of exchange with externally introduced fluid phases in the samples least affected by tectonism indicates that the Monte Rosa Granite “stewed in its own juices”. This seems to be the major cause for the persistence of Permian ages and corresponding temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00372224","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Frey, M., Hunziker, J., O’Neil, J.R., and Schwander, H., 1976, Equilibrium-disequilibrium relations in the Monte Rosa Granite, Western Alps: Petrological, Rb-Sr and stable isotope data: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 55, no. 2, p. 147-179, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372224.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"179","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frey, M.","contributorId":26797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunziker, J.C.","contributorId":28723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunziker","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwander, H.W.","contributorId":69693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwander","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70001165,"text":"70001165 - 1976 - Leasing policies for the extractive resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-10T14:24:30.078512","indexId":"70001165","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3543,"text":"The Annals of Regional Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leasing policies for the extractive resources","docAbstract":"Much of the available analysis of policies for the disposal of publicly held resources is based on comparatively straightforward extensions of the neoclassical pricing and allocation theory. As such, these analyses have to a large extent not fully incorporated the fact that firms normally acquire rights to these resources in sealed tender markets. In this paper, a simple bidding model is used to show that the choice of disposal policies can influence the firm's bid and also the public revenues obtained from the sale of the resource. It is additionally shown that the implications of such policy choices are conditioned by the firm's attitudes towards risk. Finally, it is argued that a modification of existing prescriptions may be necessary if a more realistic specification of the disposal problem taking account of the sealed tender market in which rights are obtained, is considered.
Exclusive photoproduction cross sections have been measured for the processes γp→π+n, γp→π0p, γp→π−Δ++, γp→ρ0p, γp→K+Λ, and γp→K+Σ0 at large t and u values at several energies for each process between 4 and 7.5 GeV. These measurements taken together with past data taken at small values of t and u provide complete angular distributions. The data show the usual small t and u peaks and a central region in which the cross section decreases approximately as s−7. The results are discussed within the context of parton or constituent models.
","language":"English","publisher":"APS Physics","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevD.14.679","issn":"05562821","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Gustavson, D., Ritson, D., Weitsch, G., Halpern, H., Prepost, R., Tompkins, D.H., and Wiser, D., 1976, Measurements of exclusive photoproduction processes at large values of t and u from 4 to 7.5 GeV: Physical Review D, v. 14, no. 3, p. 679-697, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.14.679.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"697","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1976-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.L.","contributorId":45045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gustavson, D.B.","contributorId":47068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustavson","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritson, D.M.","contributorId":83245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weitsch, G.A.","contributorId":34638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weitsch","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Halpern, H.J.","contributorId":53508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halpern","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Prepost, R.","contributorId":100512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prepost","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tompkins, Donald H.","contributorId":13231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tompkins","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wiser, D.E.","contributorId":54331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiser","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70001187,"text":"70001187 - 1976 - Relative influence upon microwave emissivity of fine-scale stratigraphy, internal scattering, and dielectric properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-10T14:28:11.203058","indexId":"70001187","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:32","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative influence upon microwave emissivity of fine-scale stratigraphy, internal scattering, and dielectric properties","docAbstract":"The microwave emissivity of relatively low-loss media such as snow, ice, frozen ground, and lunar soil is strongly influenced by fine-scale layering and by internal scattering. Radiometric data, however, are commonly interpreted using a model of emission from a homogeneous, dielectric halfspace whose emissivity derives exclusively from dielectric properties. Conclusions based upon these simple interpretations can be erroneous. Examples are presented showing that the emission from fresh or hardpacked snow over either frozen or moist soil is governed dominantly by the size distribution of ice grains in the snowpack. Similarly, the thickness of seasonally frozen soil and the concentration of rock clasts in lunar soil noticeably affect, respectively, the emissivities of northern latitude soils in winter and of the lunar regolith. Petrophysical data accumulated in support of the geophysical interpretation of microwave data must include measurements of not only dielectric properties, but also of geometric factors such as finescale layering and size distributions of grains, inclusions, and voids.
Some of the olivine cumulates of the Ultramafic zone of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, are progressively altered to serpentine minerals and thompsonite. Lizardite and chrysotile developed in the cumulus olivine and postcumulus pyroxenes; thompsonite developed in postcumulus plagioclase. The detailed mineralogy, petrology, and chemistry indicate that olivine and plagioclase react to form the alteration products, except for H2O, without changes in the bulk composition of the rocks.
THE installation of an array of tiltmeters along the San Andreas Fault1 has provided an excellent opportunity to study the amplitude and spatial scale of the tilt fields associated with fault creep. We report here preliminary results from, and some implications of, a search for interrelated surface tilts and creep event observations at four pairs of tiltmeters and creepmeters along an active 20-km stretch of the San Andreas Fault. We have observed clear creep-related tilts above the instrument resolution (10−8 rad) only on a tiltmeter less than 0.5 km from the fault. The tilt events always preceded surface creep observations by 2–12 min, and were not purely transient in character.
Disposal of solid low-level wastes containing radionuclides by burial in shallow trenches was initiated during World War II at several sites as a method of protecting personnel from radiation and isolating the radionuclides from the hydrosphere and biosphere. Today, there are 11 principal shallow-land burial sites in the United States that contain a total of more than 1.4 million cubic meters of solid wastes contaminated with a wide variety of radionuclides. Criteria for burial sites have been few and generalized and have contained only minimal hydrogeologic considerations. Waste-management practices have included the burial of small quantities of long-lived radionuclides with large volumes of wastes contaminated with shorter-lived nuclides at the same site, thereby requiring an assurance of extremely long-time containment for the entire disposal site.
Studies at 4 of the 11 sites have documented the migration of radionuclides. Other sites are being studied for evidence of containment failure. Conditions at the 4 sites are summarized. In each documented instance of containment failure, ground water has probably been the medium of transport. Migrating radionuclides that have been identified include90Sr,137Cs,106Ru,239Pu,125Sb,60Co, and3H.
Shallow land burial of solid wastes containing radionuclides can be a viable practice only if a specific site satisfies adequate hydrogeologic criteria. Suggested hydrogeologic criteria and the types of hydrogeologic data necessary for an adequate evaluation of proposed burial sites are given. It is mandatory that a concomitant inventory and classification be made of the longevity, and the physical and chemical form of the waste nuclides to be buried, in order that the anticipated waste types can be matched to the containment capability of the proposed sites.
Ongoing field investigations at existing sites will provide data needed to improve containment at these sites and help develop hydrogeologic criteria for new sites. These studies have necessitated the development of special drilling, sampling, well construction, and testing techniques. A recent development in borehole geophysical techniques is downhole spectral gammaray analysis which not only locates but identifies specific radionuclides in the subsurface.
Field investigations are being supplemented by laboratory studies of the hydrochemistry of the transuranic elements, the kinetics of solid-liquid phase interactions, and the potential complexing of radionuclides with organic compounds and solvents which mobilize normally highly sorbable nuclides. Theoretical studies of digital predictive solute transport models are being implemented to assure their availability for application to problems and processes identified in the field and laboratory.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02634782","issn":"14359529","usgsCitation":"Stevens, P.R., and DeBuchananne, G., 1976, Problems in shallow land disposal of solid low-level radioactive waste in the united states: Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 161-171, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02634782.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, P. R.","contributorId":90289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBuchananne, G.D.","contributorId":91166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBuchananne","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}