The development of models to elucidate the transmission pathways and dynamics of wildlife diseases remains challenging. Sylvatic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (Yp), is an infectious zoonotic disease that primarily affects wild rodents, including prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) in North America. Proposed transmission pathways for Yp include flea bites, direct contacts between hosts, and environmental reservoirs (e.g. soil, carcasses). We developed a spatially explicit, agent-based model of Yp transmission to explore the effects of alternative transmission pathways, different disease initiation mechanisms (host or fleas), parameter uncertainty, and spatial structure of hosts. A particularly novel aspect of our model was the integration of ecological models with traditional disease models. Specifically, we used estimates from spatial capture-recapture models to generate data-driven spatial distributions, densities, and contact rates to capture the spatial structure of prairie dogs. We simulated ~9 million scenarios across a wide range of parameter values and conducted sensitivity analyses to determine the most influential parameters on the number of flea-days (sum of the mean number of fleas on hosts each day of the simulation), number of newly infected hosts per day, the time to depopulation (<20 prairie dogs remaining), and the proportion of the prairie dog population remaining at the end of the simulation (after 150 days). When including spatial structure, we found the probability of transmission via environmental sources of Yp (i.e. carcasses) had the greatest influence on model results when Yp infection was initiated in prairie dog hosts, rather than in fleas. Conversely, the mechanism of transmission by fleas to prairie dogs had the greatest influence on model results when Yp infection was initiated in fleas (i.e. via introduction by carnivores, a migrant prairie dog, or other mammalian host). Uncertainty in parameter estimates, particularly those related to the transmission pathways of Yp, continue to hamper efforts to realistically model plague dynamics in wild rodents. Our results elucidate the complexity of the flea-plague-prairie dog system and reiterate the importance of research on Yp transmission mechanisms to provide a full understanding of this disease. Our results also emphasize the importance of realistic estimates of spatial structure for exploring transmission dynamics of wildlife diseases and provide a framework for generating a data-driven description of spatial structure.
Although both laboratory and field studies are needed to effectively assess effects and risk of contaminants to free-living organisms, the limitations of each must be understood. The objectives of this paper are to examine information on field studies of reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances (PFASs) on bird populations, discuss the differences among field studies, and then place those results in context with laboratory studies. Hypotheses to explain the divergences between field studies and between laboratory and field studies will be discussed. Those differences include mixture issues, misattribution of the mechanism or the specific PFAS causing impairments, as well as other possible reasons. Finally, suggestions to better link laboratory and field studies will be presented. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:690–696. Published 2021. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/ieam.4394","usgsCitation":"Custer, C.M., 2021, Linking field and laboratory studies: Reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances on avian populations: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 17, no. 4, p. 690-696, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4394.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"696","ipdsId":"IP-122352","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582 ccuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":1143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"ccuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70217721,"text":"70217721 - 2021 - Neither microcystin, nor nodularin, nor cylindrospermopsin directly interact with human toll-like receptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-01T14:17:31.597996","indexId":"70217721","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T07:02:43","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neither microcystin, nor nodularin, nor cylindrospermopsin directly interact with human toll-like receptors","docAbstract":"Various stressors including temperature, environmental chemicals, and toxins can have profound impacts on immunity to pathogens. Increased eutrophication near rivers and lakes coupled with climate change are predicted to lead to increased algal blooms. Currently, the effects of cyanobacterial toxins on disease resistance in mammals is a largely unexplored area of research. Recent studies have suggested that freshwater cyanotoxins can elicit immunomodulation through interaction with specific components of innate immunity, thus potentially altering disease susceptibility parameters for fish, wildlife, and human health owing to the conserved nature of the vertebrate immune system. In this study, we investigated the effects of three microcystin congeners (LR, LA, and RR), nodularin-R, and cylindrospermopsin for their ability to directly interact with nine different human Toll-like receptors (TLRs)—key pathogen recognition receptors for innate immunity. Toxin concentrations were verified by LC/MS/MS prior to use. Using an established HEK293-hTLR NF-κB reporter assay, we concluded that none of the tested toxins (29–90 nM final concentration) directly interacted with human TLRs in either an agonistic or antagonistic manner. These results suggest that earlier reports of cyanotoxin-induced NF-κB responses likely occur through different surface receptors to mediate inflammation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129623","usgsCitation":"Hansen, J.D., Loftin, K.A., Laughrey, Z.R., and Adamovsky, O., 2021, Neither microcystin, nor nodularin, nor cylindrospermopsin directly interact with human toll-like receptors: Chemosphere, v. 274, 129623, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129623.","productDescription":"129623, 5 p.","ipdsId":"IP-119944","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XM4ELB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Cyanobacterial toxin effects on inflammatory response of human toll-like receptors (TLRs)"},{"id":382781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"274","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, John D. 0000-0002-3006-2734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-2734","contributorId":220725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"John","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftin, Keith A. 0000-0001-5291-876X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-876X","contributorId":221964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Keith","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laughrey, Zachary R. 0000-0002-7630-2078 zlaughrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7630-2078","contributorId":198516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laughrey","given":"Zachary","email":"zlaughrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adamovsky, Ondrei","contributorId":248561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adamovsky","given":"Ondrei","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49941,"text":"Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Czech Republic","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220131,"text":"70220131 - 2021 - Coseismic surface displacement in the 2019 ridgecrest earthquakes: Comparison of field measurements and optical image correlation results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T11:39:04.221652","indexId":"70220131","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T06:33:04","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic surface displacement in the 2019 ridgecrest earthquakes: Comparison of field measurements and optical image correlation results","docAbstract":"A fundamental topic in earthquake studies is understanding the extent to which fault rupture at the surface is localized on primary fault strands as opposed to distributed tens to hundreds of meters away from primary ruptures through off‐fault deformation (OFD) via a combination of discrete secondary faulting and bulk deformation. The 2019 Ridgecrest, CA Mw6.4 and Mw7.1 earthquakes provide an opportunity to explore this problem via comparison of published field‐based and mostly on‐fault offset measurements, with new lateral displacement measurements made over length scales of hundreds of meters across the primary rupture using WorldView satellite images collected before and after the earthquakes. A mean fit to the field observations underestimates net slip (pixel‐correlation results) by an average of 0.4 m along the Mw6.4 rupture (∼41% of net left‐lateral displacement) and 0.7 m along the Mw7.1 rupture (∼65% of net right‐lateral displacement). We attribute these differences to substantial OFD along the lengths of the Mw6.4 (∼59%) and Mw7.1 (∼35%) ruptures. A maximum fit to the field observations provides an improved match to the pixel correlation results (difference of 0.1–0.2 m or ∼76%–98% of net displacement). OFD may in part depend on displacement magnitude, where locations along the rupture with smaller displacements (<2 m) are characterized by a greater percentage of OFD. Furthermore, OFD increases with rupture zone width, especially at the scale of individual rupture strands (hundreds of meters). These findings contribute to a growing understanding of the important role of OFD in accommodating deformation near the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GC009326","usgsCitation":"Gold, R.D., DuRoss, C., and Barnhart, W., 2021, Coseismic surface displacement in the 2019 ridgecrest earthquakes: Comparison of field measurements and optical image correlation results: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 22, no. 3, e2020GC009326, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009326.","productDescription":"e2020GC009326, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123288","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/f024e2ec5f1d47b0b47485baef3d5759","text":"External Repository"},{"id":436551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DNJCK7","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Coseismic surface displacement and fault zone width measurements in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes from WorldView optical image correlation"},{"id":385239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Ridgecrest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.11950683593749,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -117.5372314453125,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -117.5372314453125,\n 35.951329861522666\n ],\n [\n -118.11950683593749,\n 35.951329861522666\n ],\n [\n -118.11950683593749,\n 35.39800594715108\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gold, Ryan D. 0000-0002-4464-6394 rgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6394","contributorId":3883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","email":"rgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DuRoss, Christopher 0000-0002-6963-7451 cduross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-7451","contributorId":152321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"Christopher","email":"cduross@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhart, William D. 0000-0003-0498-1697","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-1697","contributorId":192730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnhart","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217434,"text":"sir20205130 - 2021 - Water-quality trends of urban streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-21T12:48:49.595303","indexId":"sir20205130","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5130","displayTitle":"Water-Quality Trends of Urban Streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18","title":"Water-quality trends of urban streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the city of Independence, Missouri, Water Pollution Control Department has studied the water quality and ecological condition of urban streams within Independence since 2005. Selected physical properties, nutrients, chloride, fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and total coliform), total dissolved solids, and suspended-sediment concentration data for base-flow and stormflow samples were used to document temporal trends in concentrations and flow-weighted concentrations; and annual loads were computed and investigated for selected nutrients, chloride, and suspended sediment. The six study sites included in this report are located on five urban streams: Rock Creek, a tributary in the city that drains to the Missouri River; three tributaries of the Little Blue River within the city (East Fork Little Blue River, Adair Creek, and Spring Branch Creek); and two sites on the main stem of the Little Blue River (one upstream from the city and one downstream from the three tributaries).
Many factors such as population, land use, and climate, and combinations of these factors contributed to the significant changes in the concentrations and transport of nutrients, chloride, fecal indicator bacteria, and suspended sediment in the urban streams within Independence. The population of Independence and the amount of developed land in the urban watersheds remained unchanged during the 2005–18 study. Differences were noted in precipitation and in streamflow during the study. Annual precipitation and streamflow were separated into two time periods within the study—period 1 (2006–10), having greater annual streamflow and precipitation, and period 2 (2011–18), having about 30 percent lower annual streamflow and less precipitation. Streamflow was an important factor in the transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, chloride, and suspended sediment from the urban watersheds. Changes in data collection methodology during the study period and improvements to the city stormwater and wastewater infrastructure also could have contributed to some of the trends. Between 2009 and 2015, more than 35 million dollars of improvements were made to stormwater and wastewater infrastructure within the city. These improvements, such as additional sewage overflow holding tanks, removal of septic tanks, and improved and expanded sanitary sewer lines and storm overflows, also could have affected the decreased nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria trends among the urban streams in the study area.
Models were used for analyzing streamflow-related variability in constituent concentrations and loads to determine if the water quality changed significantly during the study period. Trends in concentration data at four sites were analyzed using a statistical package called R–QWTREND and trends in load data were analyzed at six sites using a statistical package called Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season-Kalman filter (WRTDS–K); both developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and publicly available for use.
Statistically significant trends in flow-weighted nutrient concentrations and loads generally were downward during the study period. The only nutrient compound with a statistically significant upward trend in flow-weighted concentration was dissolved orthophosphate as phosphorus at the Rock Creek site and the upstream site on the Little Blue River. A statistically significant downward trend in annual dissolved ammonia load was identified at the downstream Little Blue River site. A significant upward linear trend in annual orthophosphate as phosphorus load was identified on Adair Creek.
A statistically significant upward trend in dissolved chloride concentrations was identified at the downstream Little Blue River site. Road salt application near the site during the winter could have resulted in higher concentrated runoff during wet weather conditions. Annual chloride loads significantly decreased in Adair Creek and Spring Branch Creek. The mean annual chloride load transported in the drier (2011–18) period 2 was significantly less than during the wetter (2006–10) period 1, indicating that trends in precipitation runoff are an important factor in trends in annual transport of chloride.
Statistically significant downward trends in flow-weighted fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) population densities were noted for Rock Creek and the down-stream site on the Little Blue River. However, no trend was identified in E. coli population density at the upstream Little Blue River site. The downward trend in E. coli population density at the downstream site could be a result of decreased streamflow and precipitation over the study period, storage of fecal indicator bacteria in the Little Blue River streambed within the study area, die-off of fecal indicator bacteria during travel from upstream to downstream, changes in the sample collection methodology, improvements to the city’s storm-water and wastewater infrastructures, or a combination of these factors.
The statistically significant downward trend in suspended-sediment concentration identified at the upstream Little Blue River site could be affected by the decreased streamflow and precipitation during the study period, by changes in sampling methods within the study period, and by the decrease in construction and urban land development upstream from the city.
No statistically significant change was indicated in the annual suspended-sediment load transported from Independence to the Little Blue River during the study period. More than one-half the suspended sediment transported in the Little Blue River originated in the watershed upstream from Independence.
The Little Blue River and many of its tributaries that drain Independence have been designated as recreational waters classified for whole-body contact class B and secondary contact recreation, and some have been listed as impaired for E. coli by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources from urban runoff and storm sewers. Observations were made among the available E. coli population density data for both Little Blue River sites to further understand water-quality conditions over the study period. Both Little Blue River sites had similar medians and geometric means for the recreational season (April through October) and during the full study period, both of which are greater than the regulatory population density for both recreational classes. The Little Blue River drainage area nearly doubles in size from the upstream to downstream site; therefore, the consistent geometric mean and median of E. coli population densities at the upstream and downstream Little Blue River sites could be primarily due to the larger volume of streamflow creating a dilution effect. Other possible factors could be storage of fecal indicator bacteria in stream bed sediments, die-off of fecal indicator bacteria during transport, improvements to the city’s wastewater and stormwater infrastructure, changes to sampling methodology, or a combination of these factors. Specific sources of the E. coli are currently (2019) unknown.
Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Stream habitat changes affecting primary consumers often indirectly impact secondary consumers such as fishes. Blooms of the benthic algae Didymosphenia geminata (Didymo) are known to affect stream macroinvertebrates, but the potential indirect trophic impacts on fish consumers are poorly understood. In streams of the Kootenai River basin, we quantified the diet, condition, and growth rate of species of trout, char, and sculpin. In 2018, macroinvertebrate taxa composition was different between a stream with Didymo and a stream without, but trout diets, energy demand, and growth rates were similar. Trout abundance was higher in the stream with Didymo, but the amount of drifting invertebrates was higher in the stream without. In 2019, we surveyed 28 streams with a gradient of coverage. Didymo abundance was correlated only with the percentage of aquatic invertebrates in trout diets and was not related to diets of char or sculpin or condition of any species. Thus, we found no evidence for a trophic link between Didymo blooms and the condition or growth of trout, char, or sculpin in mountainous headwater streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2020-0121","usgsCitation":"Clancy, N., Brahney, J., Dunnigan, J., and Budy, P., 2021, Effects of a diatom ecosystem engineer (Didymosphenia geminata) on stream food webs: Implications for native fishes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, no. 2, p. 154-164, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0121.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"164","ipdsId":"IP-118864","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Kootenai River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.412109375,\n 47.21956811231547\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 49.866316729538674\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 53.199451902831555\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 54.749990970226925\n ],\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 55.25407706707272\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 55.1286490684888\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 54.16243396806779\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 52.669720383688166\n ],\n [\n -119.17968749999999,\n 49.5822260446217\n ],\n [\n -116.630859375,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -113.64257812499999,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -111.796875,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -112.412109375,\n 47.21956811231547\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clancy, Niall G.","contributorId":279957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clancy","given":"Niall G.","affiliations":[{"id":28050,"text":"USU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brahney, Janice","contributorId":269810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brahney","given":"Janice","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunnigan, James","contributorId":279960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunnigan","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":48633,"text":"MT FWP","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budy, Phaedra E. 0000-0002-9918-1678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-1678","contributorId":228930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"Phaedra E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219527,"text":"70219527 - 2021 - Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-12T14:14:33.133968","indexId":"70219527","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T09:12:45","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines","docAbstract":"Coral reefs are widely recognised for providing a natural breakwater effect that modulates erosion and flooding hazards on low‐lying sedimentary reef islands. Increased water depth across reef platforms due sea‐level rise (SLR) can compromise this breakwater effect and enhance island exposure to these hazards, but reef accretion in response to SLR may positively contribute to island resilience. Morphodynamic studies suggest that reef islands can adjust to SLR by maintaining freeboard (island crest elevation above still water level) through overwash deposition and island accretion, but the impact of different future reef accretion trajectories on the morphological response of islands remain unknown. Here we show, using a process‐based morphodynamic model, that, although reef growth significantly affects wave transformation processes and island morphology, it does not lead to decreased coastal flooding and island inundation. According to the model, reef islands evolve during SLR by attuning their elevation to the maximum wave runup and islands fronted by a growing reef platform attain lower elevations than those without reef growth, but have similar overwash regimes. The mean overwash discharge Qover across the island crest plays a key role in the ability of islands to keep up with SLR and maintain freeboard, with a Qover value of O(10 l m‐1 s‐1) separating island construction from destruction. Islands, therefore, can grow vertically to keep up with SLR via flooding and overwash if specific forcing and sediment supply conditions are met, offering hope for uninhabited and sparely populated islands. However, this physical island response will negatively impact infrastructure and assets on developed islands.
Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self‐selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth‐century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English‐language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data‐collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
Aquatic insects link food web dynamics across freshwater-terrestrial boundaries and subsidize terrestrial consumer populations. Contaminants that accumulate in larval aquatic insects and are retained across metamorphosis can increase dietary exposure for riparian insectivores. To better understand potential exposure of terrestrial insectivores to aquatically-derived trace metals, metal concentrations in water and tissues were analyzed from different components of streams and riparian food webs across a large (2–3 orders of magnitude) metal gradient (e.g., Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the Rocky Mountains (USA). Our research indicates that the trace metal concentration gradient present among streams was lost during metamorphosis of aquatic larval insects into terrestrially flying adults, decoupling terrestrial exposures from aquatic concentrations. This pattern was caused by declines in 1) among-stream variation in trace metal concentrations, 2) relationships between metal concentrations in paired water and food web components, and 3) mean metal concentrations within aquatic food webs and across the aquatic-terrestrial boundary. Specifically, among-stream variation in trace metal concentrations was highest for water and aquatic vegetation, intermediate for aquatic insect larvae (~30% lower than water) and lowest for adult aquatic insects and riparian spiders (~65% lower). Metal concentrations in paired water and food web components ranged from highly related across the stream-metal gradient (slopes ~1) for water and aquatic vegetation, to less related (slopes closer to 0) for aquatic vegetation and aquatic insect larvae, to unrelated (slopes ~0) for aquatic larval and adult insects. Finally, mean metal concentrations were highest in aquatic vegetation and lowest in adult aquatic insects emerging from streams (~50% lower than aquatic vegetation). Our results indicate less efficient trophic transfer and higher metamorphic loss of trace metals from high metal streams (i.e., exposure-dependent transfer). For many trace metals, aquatic-terrestrial dietary transfer is unlikely to be an important source of exposure for terrestrial insectivores of adult aquatic insects.
Many questions relevant to conservation decision making are characterized by extreme uncertainty due to lack of empirical data and complexity of the underlying ecological processes, leading to a rapid increase in the use of structured protocols to elicit expert knowledge. Published ecological applications often employ a modified Delphi method, where experts provide judgments anonymously and mathematical aggregation techniques are used to combine judgments. The Sheffield Elicitation Framework (SHELF) differs in its behavioral approach to synthesizing individual judgments into a fully specified probability distribution for an unknown quantity. This study demonstrates the remote use of the SHELF protocol for an extinction risk assessment of three subterranean aquatic species petitioned for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. Experts were provided an empirical threat assessment for each known locality using video conferencing and asked for judgments on the probability of population persistence over four generations using online submission forms and R‐shiny apps available through the SHELF package. Despite large uncertainty for all populations, results reveal key differences between species’ risk of extirpation based on spatial variation in dominant threats, local land use and management practices, and microhabitat use. The resulting probability distributions provide decision makers with a full picture of uncertainty that is consistent with the probabilistic nature of risk assessments, and discussions during the behavioral aggregation stage clearly document dominant threats (e.g., development, timber harvest, animal agriculture, and cave visitation) and their interactions with local cave geology and species’ habitat preferences. Our virtual implementation of the SHELF protocol demonstrates the flexibility of this approach for conservation applications operating on budgets and timelines that can limit in‐person meetings of geographically dispersed experts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/cobi.13694","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, D.B., Smith, D.R., Culver, D.C., Feller, D., Fong, D.W., Hajenga, J., Niemiller, M.L., Nolfi, D.C., Orndorff, W.D., Douglas, B., Maloney, K.O., and Young, J.A., 2021, Using expert knowledge to support Endangered Species Act decision‐making for data‐deficient species: Conservation Biology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1627-1638, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13694.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1627","endPage":"1638","ipdsId":"IP-124137","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Using_expert_knowledge_to_support_Endangered_Species_Act_decision-making_for_data-deficient_species/23894598","text":"External Repository"},{"id":382655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzgerald, Daniel Bruce 0000-0002-3254-7428","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-7428","contributorId":245718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Culver, David C.","contributorId":172695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culver","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27084,"text":"Department of Environmental Science, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feller, Daniel","contributorId":248443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feller","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":33964,"text":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fong, Daniel 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Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Maloney, Kelly O. 0000-0003-2304-0745 kmaloney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":4636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"Kelly","email":"kmaloney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Young, John A. 0000-0002-4500-3673 jyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":3777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","email":"jyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70218789,"text":"70218789 - 2021 - Stoichiometric ecotoxicology for a multisubstance world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-12T13:42:18.215754","indexId":"70218789","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T07:36:44","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stoichiometric ecotoxicology for a multisubstance world","docAbstract":"Nutritional and contaminant stressors influence organismal physiology, trophic interactions, community structure, and ecosystem-level processes; however, the interactions between toxicity and elemental imbalance in food resources have been examined in only a few ecotoxicity studies. Integrating well-developed ecological theories that cross all levels of biological organization can enhance our understanding of ecotoxicology. In the present article, we underline the opportunity to couple concepts and approaches used in the theory of ecological stoichiometry (ES) to ask ecotoxicological questions and introduce stoichiometric ecotoxicology, a subfield in ecology that examines how contaminant stress, nutrient supply, and elemental constraints interact throughout all levels of biological organization. This conceptual framework unifying ecotoxicology with ES offers potential for both empirical and theoretical studies to deepen our mechanistic understanding of the adverse outcomes of chemicals across ecological scales and improve the predictive powers of ecotoxicology.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biaa160","usgsCitation":"Peace, A., Frost, P., Wagner, N.D., Danger, M., Accolla, C., Antczak, P., Brooks, B.W., Costello, D.M., Everett, R.A., Flores, K.B., Heggerud, C.M., Karimi, R., Kang, Y., Kuang, Y., Larson, J.H., Mathews, T., Mayer, G.D., Murdock, J.N., Murphy, C.A., Nisbet, R.M., Pecquerie, L., Pollesch, N., Rutter, E.M., Schultz, K.L., Scott, J.T., Stevenson, L., and Wang, H., 2021, Stoichiometric ecotoxicology for a multisubstance world: BioScience, v. 72, no. 2, p. 132-147, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa160.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"147","ipdsId":"IP-118072","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa160","text":"Publisher Index 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Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Scott, J. Thad","contributorId":91406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thad","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Stevenson, Louise 0000-0003-4967-9897","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-9897","contributorId":255159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13587,"text":"Bowling Green State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Wang, Hao","contributorId":255160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Hao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36696,"text":"University of Alberta","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70218015,"text":"70218015 - 2021 - Trends in precipitation chemistry across the U.S. 1985–2017: Quantifying the benefits from 30 years of Clean Air Act amendment regulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T13:30:36.619989","indexId":"70218015","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T07:22:50","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in precipitation chemistry across the U.S. 1985–2017: Quantifying the benefits from 30 years of Clean Air Act amendment regulation","docAbstract":"Acid rain was first recognized in the 1970s in North America and Europe as an atmospheric pollutant that was causing harm to ecosystems. In response, the U.S. Congress enacted Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAA) in 1990 to reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants. This study reports trends in wet-precipitation chemistry in response to emissions reductions implemented as part of the CAA. Trends were calculated for sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4) from 1985 to 2017 at 168 stations operated by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP); stations were divided into 9 regions across the United States. Trend analyses were conducted for three time periods: Period 1 (1985–1999), Period 2 (2000–2017), and the entire study period (1985–2017). Seasonal and regional Kendall trend analyses reveal significant decreasing trends in mean wet-precipitation SO4 concentrations in all 9 regions during the entire study period. The largest decreasing trends in monthly mean SO4 precipitation-weighted concentrations were measured in the Mid-Atlantic (−1.29 μeq/l/yr), Midwest (−1.15 μeq/l/yr), and Northeast regions (−1.10 μeq/l/yr). The trends in monthly mean NO3 concentrations were not as strong as those for SO4, but all of the regions had significant decreasing trends in NO3 and again the Mid-Atlantic (−0.53 μeq/l/yr), Midwest (−0.44 μeq/l/yr), and Northeast regions (−0.50 μeq/l/yr) had the strongest trends. Trends were steepest during Period 2 for SO4 and NO3, in fact for NO3 86% of the stations had significant decreasing trends during Period 2 while only 8% of the stations had significant decreasing trends during Period 1. The stations with the highest concentrations of SO4 and NO3 at the beginning of the study had the strongest decreasing trends and the relations were stronger during Period 2 than Period 1. For NH4, 22% of the stations had statistically significant increasing trends in concentration during Period 1. The largest increasing trends in wet-precipitation NH4 concentration occurred in the North-Central region during Period 1, Period 2 and throughout the entire study. By comparison, NH4 trends in the Rocky-North and Rocky-South regions were about half as steep and trends in the South-Central and Midwest regions were about one-third as steep.
We compared trends in SO4 and NO3 concentrations from NADP stations to emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, respectively to determine whether there was a relation between emissions and wet-precipitation concentration trends within proximity to NADP stations. There was a statistically significant relation (r2 = 0.62–0.69, p < 0.01) between the trend in SO4 concentrations at individual NADP stations and total and mean sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from power plants within a range of 750 km and 1000 km from each station. There were also significant relations between NO3 concentration trends at NADP stations and power plant emissions of nitrogen oxides, but they were not nearly as strong (r2 = 0.18–0.36, p < 0.01) as those for SO4 and were strongest for emissions within a range of 1000 km and 1500 km from each NADP station. Decreases in wet-precipitation SO4 concentrations were more consistent across regions and through time than decreases in NO3 and SO4 trends were more closely linked to stationary emissions sources than NO3 trends. There were statistically significant increases in NH4 wet-precipitation concentrations, as have been reported in previous studies, but this study found that those increases were strongest during Period 1 and were not consistent across the United States. During the first 3 years of the study period, wet-precipitation acidity was dominated by SO4 in 8 of the 9 regions; by 2017 NO3 dominated the acidity of wet-precipitation in 7 of the 9 regions. There has also been a downward shift in the NO3:NH4 ratio of wet-precipitation as the emissions of nitrogen oxides have declined while ammonia emissions have remained essentially constant. This shift has resulted in an increase in wet-precipitation total nitrogen concentrations in 7 of the 9 regions and indicate that efforts to control NH3 emissions will become increasingly important as emissions of nitrogen oxides continue to decline.
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mmchale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-1816","contributorId":177292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"Michael","email":"mmchale@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludtke, Amy 0000-0002-5532-8391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5532-8391","contributorId":250681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludtke","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50221,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey - Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetherbee, Gregory A. 0000-0002-6720-2294","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-2294","contributorId":215100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherbee","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":202943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas A.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nilles, Mark A. 0000-0001-7978-9451","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-9451","contributorId":250682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nilles","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[{"id":50221,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey - Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finkelstein, Jason S. 0000-0002-7496-7236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-7236","contributorId":202452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelstein","given":"Jason S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70236990,"text":"70236990 - 2021 - Zircon surface crystallization ages for the extremely reduced magmatic products of the Millennium Eruption, Changbaishan Volcano (China/North Korea)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T11:59:26.646696","indexId":"70236990","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T06:55:19","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1848,"text":"Gondwana Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zircon surface crystallization ages for the extremely reduced magmatic products of the Millennium Eruption, Changbaishan Volcano (China/North Korea)","docAbstract":"The Millennium Eruption (ME) of Changbaishan volcano (Baitoushan, Paektu) at 946 CE (Common Era) is one of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth during Holocene times. We date unpolished zircon crystal faces from diverse ME products collected from the southern side of Changbaishan volcano where the ME pumice and welded and non-welded pyroclastic flow deposits (PFD) are better exposed. All zircons from a pumice sample of the southern caldera rim and the youngest (Group 1) zircons from a welded pumiceous PFD sample yield an isochron crystallization age of 0.7 ± 1.8 ka (2σ). Zircons from the welded pumiceous PFD sample yield additional two age groups at ~10 ka and ~ 100 ka. Zircons from a non-welded charcoal-containing PFD have only one age population at 100 ka. Our work shows that different eruption products from ME have different zircon surface age distributions and may tap different levels of a zoned felsic magma chamber. In addition, the results indicate that ion microprobe U-Th dating of zircon crystal surfaces from ME pumices can effectively date the Millennium eruption age. Previously reported zircon U-series ages for Qixangzhan eruption (12.2 ± 1.1 ka, 2σ) and Yuanchi eruption (7.3 ± 1.8 ka, 2σ) at Changbaishan are also likely to date their respective eruption ages. The occurrence of 100 ka zircons in welded and non-welded PFDs reveals an important magmatic event for the Changbaishan volcano. Zircon and Fe-rich clinopyroxene crystallized at similar temperature at 770–750 °C, indicative of early zircon crystallization in peralkaline magmas. Another important result is the extremely low oxygen fugacity (fO2 = ΔFMQ-2) of the Changbaishan samples. Minerals in ME magmas were crystallized under some of the most reducing magmatic environments on Earth. Highly reducing conditions of magmas from Changbaishan supports a continental rift setting and argues against significant involvements of subduction-related oxidizing fluids during magma genesis.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with university, Federal, Tribal, and independent partners, conducts fundamental research on the distribution, vulnerability, and importance of permafrost in arctic and boreal ecosystems. Scientists, land managers, and policy makers use USGS data to help make decisions for development, wildlife habitat, and other needs. Native villages and cities can forecast landscape change and where soils are vulnerable to thaw with more certainty. The scientific community can use USGS data to develop scenarios of future permafrost change.
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Regional Director
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
907–786–7091
Today’s Earth system challenges are far more complex and urgent than those that existed in 1879 when the USGS was established. Society’s greatest challenges are directly or indirectly linked to major areas of USGS science. Increased pressures on natural resources continue with consequences for national security, food and water availability, natural disasters, human health, and biodiversity loss. As we look forward 10, 20, and 30 years, our mission will be more important than ever before. A broad but coherent view is required for stewardship of the Nation’s land, water, mineral, energy, and ecosystem resources, which involves complex tradeoffs among multiple, often competing objectives. Increasingly, resource managers and decision makers need “the whole USGS”:
This Science Strategy defines a vision and mission for how we will continue to evolve USGS Science to address these Earth system challenges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1476","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2021, U.S. Geological Survey 21st-Century Science Strategy 2020–2030: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1476, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1476.","productDescription":"v, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-125591","costCenters":[{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1476/cir1476.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Circular 1476"},{"id":382281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1476/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Send email to ask@usgs.gov
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Individuals living in every region of the world are increasingly vulnerable to negative health outcomes due to extreme heat exposure. Children, in particular, may face long-term consequences associated with heat stress that affect their educational attainment and later life health and well-being. Retrospective individual-level analyses are useful for determining the effects of extreme heat exposure on health outcomes. Typically, future risk is inferred by extrapolating these effects using future warming scenarios that are applied uniformly over space and time without consideration of topographical or climatological gradients. We propose an alternative approach using a stochastic weather generator. This approach employs a 1 °C warming scenario to produce an ensemble of plausible future weather scenarios, and subsequently a distribution of future health risks. We focus on the effect of global warming on fetal development as measured by birth weight in Ethiopia. We demonstrate that predicted changes in birth weight are sensitive to the evolution of temperatures not quantified in a uniform warming scenario. Distributions of predicted changes in birth weight vary in magnitude and variability depending on geographic and socioeconomic region. We present these distributions alongside results from the uniform warming scenario and discuss the spatiotemporal variability of these predicted changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-021-02974-9","usgsCitation":"Verdin, A., Grace, K., Davenport, F., Funk, C., and Husak, G., 2021, Can we advance individual-level heat-health research through the application of stochastic weather generators?: Climatic Change, v. 164, 7, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-02974-9.","productDescription":"7, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120288","costCenters":[{"id":80849,"text":"Climate Hazards Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, Andrew","contributorId":145812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verdin","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":6713,"text":"University of Colorado, Boulder CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, Kathryn","contributorId":145815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grace","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7215,"text":"University of Utah Dept. of Geography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davenport, Frank","contributorId":145816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davenport","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7168,"text":"UCSB","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Funk, Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":167070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Chris","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":883267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Husak, Gregory","contributorId":145811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Husak","given":"Gregory","affiliations":[{"id":16236,"text":"UCSB Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228723,"text":"70228723 - 2021 - Aural and visual detection of greater sage-grouse leks: Implications for population trend estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-17T15:36:42.580927","indexId":"70228723","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T09:28:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aural and visual detection of greater sage-grouse leks: Implications for population trend estimates","docAbstract":"Counts of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) at leks have been used in harvest management, Endangered Species Act listing decisions, and land management policies for over half a century. Lek count sampling methods focus on counting male sage-grouse at known leks, primarily those observed visually from roads or vantage points, but leks are likely missed that are unknown prior to the survey and are difficult to detect while driving between known lek sites. One way to ameliorate this shortfall may be to conduct short point-count surveys at multiple stops along lek-survey routes or while driving between lek counts, thereby detecting newly established or unknown leks. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we estimated aural and visual detection probability of active sage-grouse leks during 1-minute point-count surveys at known distances and examined the effects of environmental factors on aural lek detection in southern Idaho, USA, 2016–2017. Our results demonstrate that field observers can aurally detect sage-grouse leks at approximately 3 times greater distances compared to detecting leks visually. The probability of hearing an active lek was highest near the peak of male and female attendance (8 Apr), within an hour of sunrise, on relatively calm and cold days, when the observer was at a higher elevation relative to the lek, and during conditions with no background noise. Detection probability declined with distance and the probability of aural detection was 0.59 at 1 km from a lek when other variables were held at their means. Hence, conducting ≥3 1-minute surveys along a lek route would be expected to detect ≥93% of all leks within 1.5 km of each survey under the average environmental conditions in our study. Our results suggest that surveys could greatly improve detection of unknown or newly established leks and can facilitate a more accurate assessment of sage-grouse population trends through lek counts. Moreover, our results demonstrate how environmental factors influence the detection of leks during surveys, and therefore which variables should be considered for inclusion in any future revisions of lek count protocols or in analyses of lek count data.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.21991","usgsCitation":"Riley, I., Conway, C.J., Stevens, B., and Roberts, S., 2021, Aural and visual detection of greater sage-grouse leks: Implications for population trend estimates: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 85, no. 3, p. 508-519, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21991.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"519","ipdsId":"IP-113780","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Bingham County, Blaine County, Butte County","otherGeospatial":"Big Desert area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.2855224609375,\n 43.04681263770761\n ],\n [\n -112.78839111328125,\n 43.04681263770761\n ],\n [\n -112.78839111328125,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -113.2855224609375,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -113.2855224609375,\n 43.04681263770761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riley, Ian P.","contributorId":279604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"Ian P.","affiliations":[{"id":39599,"text":"ui","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, Courtney J. 0000-0003-0492-2953 cconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-2953","contributorId":2951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Courtney","email":"cconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, Bryan S.","contributorId":275853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevens","given":"Bryan S.","affiliations":[{"id":39599,"text":"ui","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, Shane","contributorId":279606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Shane","affiliations":[{"id":56023,"text":"idfg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219430,"text":"70219430 - 2021 - Influence of pre-existing structure on pluton emplacement and geomorphology: The Merrimac plutons, northern Sierra Nevada, California (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-05T13:02:15.756133","indexId":"70219430","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T07:58:23","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of pre-existing structure on pluton emplacement and geomorphology: The Merrimac plutons, northern Sierra Nevada, California (USA)","docAbstract":"In much of the western Cordillera of North America, the geologic framework of crustal structure generated in the Mesozoic leaves an imprint on later plutonic emplacement, subsequent structural setting, and present landscape morphology. The Merrimac plutons in the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) are a good example of the influence of pre-existing structure at a larger scale. This paper updates and refines earlier studies of the Merrimac plutons, with the addition of analysis of gravity and magnetic data and new 206Pb/238U zircon dates. The gravity and magnetic data not only confirm the presence of two different neighboring plutons, but also (1) support the presence of a third pluton, (2) refine the nature of the contact between the Merrimac plutons as being structurally controlled, and (3) estimate the depth extent of the plutons to be ∼4–5 km. The zircon 206Pb/238U dates indicate that the two main plutons have statistically different crystallization ages nearly 4 m.y. apart. Geomorphic analyses, including estimates of relief, roughness and drainage density and generation of chi plots, indicate that the two main plutons are characterized by different elevations with large longitudinal channel knickpoints that we speculatively attribute to possible reactivation of pre-existing structure in addition to lithologic variations influencing relative erosion susceptibility in response to prior accelerated surface uplift.
Tropical montane forests are being lost at an alarming rate but harbor some of the globe’s most unique biodiversity. The Hawaiian archipelago is a prime example of the importance of high elevation forests to species conservation and persistence as they serve as the last refugia for Hawaiian birds. Yet these forests have been converted to invasive dominated pastures, and efforts to restore them have been met with limited success. Unsuccessful forest restoration may be due to freezing temperatures acting as a demographic bottleneck by killing seedlings recruiting into pastures. We determined freezing tolerances of eight common native woody plants at a high-elevation forest on Hawaiʻi Island and compared these freezing tolerances to two years of site-specific winter temperatures and 17 years of regional temperature records. Low temperature extremes were more severe and common in pastures than under nearby 30-year-old canopy trees. Freezing temperatures over two years were severe enough to damage leaf tissues of six of eight species tested. Those species that displayed the greatest freezing tolerance were also those found naturally recruiting into open pastures. Temperature trends over the past 17 years show monthly minimum temperatures are not increasing as predicted by climate change. Persistent severe freezing events may limit seedling recruitment in the pasture, slowing native woody plant expansion into these abandoned pastures. The species-level differences in freezing tolerance show that current management actions are using species that are at high risk to freezing damage outside of the forest canopy and that alternative species may warrant consideration.
Ash and surface water samples collected after wildfires in four different geographical locations (California, Colorado, Kansas and Alberta) were analyzed. The ash samples were leached with deionized water, and leachates were concentrated by solid phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, three surface water samples and a lysimeter water sample were collected from watersheds recently affected by fire in California and Colorado, and analyzed in similar fashion. A suite of benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs), with two and three carboxyl groups and their corresponding isomers were identified for the first time in both ash leachates and water samples. Also found was a pyridine carboxylic acid (PCA), 3,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid. Furthermore, putative identifications were made for other carboxylated aromatic acids: quinolinic, naphthalenic, and benzofuranoic acid carboxylates. The wildfire ashes, a controlled wood ash, and post-fire surface water samples suggest that burned woody material, along with surface plant-material and heated o-horizon soil organic matter, contribute to both BPCAs and PCAs in runoff. This study is the first of its kind to identify this suite of aromatic acids in wildfire ash and surface water samples. These data make an important contribution to the nature of dissolved organic matter from wildfire and are useful to better understand the impact of wildfire on water quality and drinking water sources.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.125982","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., Yongjun, J., Pu, J., and Martin, J., 2021, Editorial: Advances in hydrology and the water environment in the karst critical zone under the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities: Journal of Hydrology, v. 595, 125982, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.125982.","productDescription":"125982, 6 p.","ipdsId":"IP-125436","costCenters":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"595","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yongjun, Jiang 0000-0002-9936-698X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-698X","contributorId":254975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yongjun","given":"Jiang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51378,"text":"Southwest University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pu, Junbing 0000-0003-0418-4719","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0418-4719","contributorId":254976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pu","given":"Junbing","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51380,"text":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Jonathan 0000-0001-7047-0321","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7047-0321","contributorId":254977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70217346,"text":"70217346 - 2021 - An integrated geochemical approach for defining sources of groundwater salinity in the southern Rio Grande Valley of the Mesilla Basin, New Mexico and west Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-19T13:37:25.734666","indexId":"70217346","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T07:31:35","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"TM-388","displayTitle":"An Integrated Geochemical Approach for Defining Sources of Groundwater Salinity in the Southern Rio Grande Valley of the Mesilla Basin, New Mexico and West Texas, USA","title":"An integrated geochemical approach for defining sources of groundwater salinity in the southern Rio Grande Valley of the Mesilla Basin, New Mexico and west Texas, USA","docAbstract":"A significantly elevated groundwater salinity zone was identified in the southern part of the Mesilla Valley. This investigation characterized the occurrence, spatial extent, and source of the plume of elevated groundwater salinity using a wide range of geochemical and geophysical data and methods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute Technical Reports","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute","collaboration":"New Mexico State University","usgsCitation":"Kubicki, C., Carroll, K.C., Witcher, J.C., and Robertson, A.J., 2021, An integrated geochemical approach for defining sources of groundwater salinity in the southern Rio Grande Valley of the Mesilla Basin, New Mexico and west Texas, USA, x, 69 p.","productDescription":"x, 69 p.","ipdsId":"IP-116521","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nmwrri.nmsu.edu/tr-388/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.4737548828125,\n 31.774877618507386\n ],\n [\n -105.2435302734375,\n 31.774877618507386\n ],\n [\n -105.2435302734375,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -107.4737548828125,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -107.4737548828125,\n 31.774877618507386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kubicki, Christopher","contributorId":247825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubicki","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12628,"text":"New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carroll, Kenneth C. 0000-0003-2097-9589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2097-9589","contributorId":247827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12628,"text":"New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witcher, James C.","contributorId":247828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witcher","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12628,"text":"New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robertson, Andrew J. 0000-0003-2130-0347 ajrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-0347","contributorId":4129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Andrew","email":"ajrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220272,"text":"70220272 - 2021 - The Coyote Mountains’ desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis), a lazarus species With the first documentation of live individuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-29T12:21:43.181512","indexId":"70220272","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T07:18:45","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1136,"text":"Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Coyote Mountains’ desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis), a lazarus species With the first documentation of live individuals","docAbstract":"The Coyote Mountain desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis) was described in 1937 from 30 dry shells collected the previous year. We reviewed the literature and museum records and found two additional shell collections for this subspecies from the type locality one from 1958, and one from an adjacent mountain range in 1938. There is no evidence previously of any live snails being collected from the Coyote Mountains, Imperial County, California. All shell collections of S. harperi carrizoensis have the same locality data as the type series, which is Painted Gorge, Coyote Mountains except for one recorded collection of shells from the Vallecito Mountains from 1938. Using geological maps and other data sources, a potential mesic habitat was identified in the Coyote Mountains. During recent field work for salamanders at this location we detected two live specimens of S. harperi carrizoensis approximately 2 km north of its type location. This new data confirms this subspecies is still extant and has occurred at least at two sites historically in these mountains. Despite the presence of mesic habitats (i.e., mosses, liverworts and ferns) at the type locality, we found no evidence of S. harperi carrizoensis or salamanders.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southern California Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.3160/0038-3872-119.2.49","usgsCitation":"Fisher, R.N., and Fisher, S.R., 2021, The Coyote Mountains’ desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis), a lazarus species With the first documentation of live individuals: Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, v. 119, no. 2, p. 49-54, https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-119.2.49.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"54","ipdsId":"IP-123899","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial 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