Positioned in the intertidal zone, mangrove forests are a key model ecosystem with which to observe and test biogeomorphological concepts. Understanding how mangroves interact with their intertidal environment, particularly tidal inundation, is important if we are to assess their vulnerability or resilience to accelerated sea-level rise. While various biogeomorphological processes are now well studied in mangroves, these are not new concepts, and researchers often do not adequately describe their historical origins. This chapter discusses the historical context of two key paradigms in mangrove biogeomorphology: (1) the distribution of mangroves across the intertidal zone is controlled primarily by tidal inundation and (2) mangroves can adjust their elevation relative to the tidal frame through a combination of minerogenic and biogenic processes. The first paradigm had been noted as early as 350 BC, and studied quantitatively since at least the 1920s in Malaysia. The concept of “Inundation Classes” introduced at that time is still used by mangrove restoration practitioners today. The second paradigm has its roots in debates over whether mangroves are “land builders” or “land consolidators” in the early 20th century, and our view of this paradigm is strongly influenced by the geomorphic setting in which we work. It is important for us to understand the historical underpinnings of mangrove science and how they have shaped the paradigms that we use today. At a time when the mangrove research field is rapidly expanding, it is also important to acknowledge the intellectual contribution of researchers upon which we build today's science.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dynamic sedimentary environments of mangrove coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-816437-2.00007-0","usgsCitation":"Friess, D., and McKee, K.L., 2021, The history of surface-elevation paradigms in mangrove biogeomorphology, chap. 7 of Dynamic sedimentary environments of mangrove coasts, p. 179-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816437-2.00007-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"198","ipdsId":"IP-099892","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382563,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friess, Daniel A.","contributorId":35454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friess","given":"Daniel A.","affiliations":[{"id":25407,"text":"Department of Geography, National University of Singapore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":798485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Karen L. 0000-0001-7042-670X mckeek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Karen","email":"mckeek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216925,"text":"70216925 - 2021 - Does geomorphology determine vulnerability of mangrove coasts to sea-level rise?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-25T16:39:18.344893","indexId":"70216925","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-22T10:36:57","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Does geomorphology determine vulnerability of mangrove coasts to sea-level rise?","docAbstract":"The greatest climate-based threat to coastlines worldwide is sea-level rise. We tested the hypothesis that tropical coasts fringed by mangroves and receiving high inputs of terrigenous sediment are less vulnerable to sea-level rise than biogenic systems dependent upon peat formation for vertical land development. An analysis of published data spanning a range of geomorphic settings showed that mineral accretion was a poor predictor of vulnerability to rising sea level. We additionally compared two oceanic island systems representing two extremes along this sediment gradient to further examine controls on elevation dynamics in minerogenic versus biogenic mangrove systems. Minerogenic systems characterized by intermediate to high rates of mineral sedimentation (Pacific high islands in Micronesia) were not better buffered against sea-level rise because of high subsidence rates. Peat-forming systems (Caribbean low islands in Belize) kept pace with relative sea-level rise (combined ocean and land movements) because of subsurface expansion driven by root matter accumulation. The data were not consistent with the paradigm that tropical coastlines characterized by peat-forming mangroves are generally more vulnerable to sea-level rise compared to minerogenic systems; however, they are not necessarily equally sensitive to the same external and internal forces controlling soil elevations. Our findings demonstrate that reliance on surface accretion data alone can lead to an inaccurate evaluation of coastal vulnerability and why all surface and subsurface land movements must be considered in relation to local sea-level trends to assess risk of submergence. Recognition of such differences is essential to proper management of tropical coastlines to ensure their resilience in the face of future sea-level rise.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dynamic Sedimentary Environments of Mangrove Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-816437-2.00005-7","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"McKee, K., Krauss, K., and Cahoon, D., 2021, Does geomorphology determine vulnerability of mangrove coasts to sea-level rise?, chap. 11 of Dynamic Sedimentary Environments of Mangrove Coasts, p. 255-272, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816437-2.00005-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"272","ipdsId":"IP-101764","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Karen L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":245747,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKee","given":"Karen L.","affiliations":[{"id":49309,"text":"USGS Emeritus - Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, Ken 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":219804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":219657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70229446,"text":"70229446 - 2021 - Presence of microplastics in the food web of the largest high-elevation lake in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-09T16:02:06.757099","indexId":"70229446","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-22T09:56:20","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence of microplastics in the food web of the largest high-elevation lake in North America","docAbstract":"Microplastics have been documented in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world. However, few studies have investigated microplastics in freshwater fish diets. In this study, water samples and three trophic levels of a freshwater food web were investigated for microplastic presence: amphipods (Gammarus lacustris), Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Microplastics and other anthropogenic materials were documented in water samples, amphipods, and fish, then confirmed using FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) and Raman spectroscopy. Our findings confirmed the presence of microplastics and other anthropogenic materials in three trophic levels of a freshwater food web in a high-elevation lake in a national park, which corroborates recent studies implicating the global distribution of microplastics. This study further illustrates the need for global action regarding the appropriate manufacturing, use, and disposal of plastics to minimize the effects of plastics on the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w13030264","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, S.C., Glassic, H., Guy, C.S., and Koel, T.M., 2021, Presence of microplastics in the food web of the largest high-elevation lake in North America: Water, v. 13, no. 3, 264, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030264.","productDescription":"264, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124967","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030264","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.599365234375,\n 44.270771508583536\n ],\n [\n -110.17364501953124,\n 44.270771508583536\n ],\n [\n -110.17364501953124,\n 44.561120394347185\n ],\n [\n -110.599365234375,\n 44.561120394347185\n ],\n [\n -110.599365234375,\n 44.270771508583536\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driscoll, Stephanie C.","contributorId":288128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36244,"text":"MSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassic, Hayley C.","contributorId":288129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glassic","given":"Hayley C.","affiliations":[{"id":36244,"text":"MSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guy, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9936-4781 cguy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-4781","contributorId":2876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Christopher","email":"cguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koel, Todd. M.","contributorId":288130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koel","given":"Todd.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36245,"text":"NPS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70227706,"text":"70227706 - 2021 - Drivers of site fidelity in ungulates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-27T14:48:07.844313","indexId":"70227706","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-22T08:31:48","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drivers of site fidelity in ungulates","docAbstract":"The 1755 CE Lisbon earthquake triggered the largest historical tsunami ever impacting the Atlantic coasts of Europe. Despite recent efforts to better understand this event, there are still unanswered questions about the location of its epicenter and whether physical and historical evidences are in agreement.
Inverse modeling using tsunami sediments can be applied to quantify onshore flow characteristics. Forward numerical modeling is also a powerful tool capable of simulating tsunami hydrodynamics and the induced sediment transport. This work presents novel results from a combination of inverse and forward modeling to assess tsunami characteristics onshore. The study site is located on the Portuguese southern coast, at the Salgados lowland where inverse modeling was performed using TsuSedMod (Jaffe and Gelfenbaum, 2007) based on data retrieved from sediment samples. Forward modeling, including tsunami generation and propagation, was performed using the FLOW module of Delft3D suite model. Onshore topography was corrected for the 1755 CE scenario based on extensive tsunami sedimentary deposit thickness data. The tsunami source was chosen based on recent results from the authors that pointed to a good correlation between modeled and field tsunami data for the Marques de Pombal Fault (MPF), Horseshoe Fault (HSF) and a hypothetical scenario represented by a simple combination between Gorringe Bank and Horseshoe Fault (Scenario 1 - SC1).
Results from inverse model show tsunami onshore average speed varying from 7.3 up to 9.3 m/s and shear velocities from 0.52 up to 0.66 m/s. Forward modeling results show a wide variation according to the seismic source and tsunami onshore velocities can range from around 7 m/s when considering MPF to even an absence of inundation (SC1). The good agreement between both modeling approaches estimating tsunami velocity confirms the potential of numerical modeling coupled with geological records to improve the understanding of historical events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106432","usgsCitation":"Bosnic, I., Costa, P.J., Dourado, F., La Selle, S., and Gelfenbaum, G.R., 2021, Onshore flow characteristics of the 1755 CE Lisbon tsunami: Linking forward and inverse numerical modeling: Marine Geology, v. 434, 106432, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106432.","productDescription":"106432, 6 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124318","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Portugal","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-9.03482,41.88057],[-8.67195,42.13469],[-8.26386,42.28047],[-8.01317,41.79089],[-7.42251,41.79207],[-7.25131,41.91835],[-6.66861,41.88339],[-6.38909,41.38182],[-6.85113,41.11108],[-6.86402,40.33087],[-7.02641,40.18452],[-7.06659,39.71189],[-7.49863,39.62957],[-7.09804,39.03007],[-7.37409,38.37306],[-7.02928,38.07576],[-7.16651,37.80389],[-7.53711,37.4289],[-7.45373,37.09779],[-7.85561,36.83827],[-8.38282,36.97888],[-8.89886,36.86881],[-8.7461,37.65135],[-8.84,38.26624],[-9.28746,38.35849],[-9.52657,38.73743],[-9.44699,39.39207],[-9.04831,39.75509],[-8.97735,40.15931],[-8.76868,40.76064],[-8.79085,41.18433],[-8.99079,41.54346],[-9.03482,41.88057]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Portugal\"}}]}","volume":"434","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bosnic, Ivana 0000-0003-3977-6116","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-6116","contributorId":255091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bosnic","given":"Ivana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51417,"text":"Instituto Dom Luiz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costa, Pedro JM 0000-0001-6573-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-0539","contributorId":255092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Costa","given":"Pedro","email":"","middleInitial":"JM","affiliations":[{"id":51417,"text":"Instituto Dom Luiz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dourado, Francisco 0000-0002-0872-9715","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0872-9715","contributorId":255093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dourado","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51419,"text":"Rio de Janeiro State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"La Selle, SeanPaul 0000-0002-4500-7885 slaselle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-7885","contributorId":181565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Selle","given":"SeanPaul","email":"slaselle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy R. 0000-0003-1291-6107 ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-6107","contributorId":742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","email":"ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228921,"text":"70228921 - 2021 - Morphology and composition of Goldeye (Hiodontidae; Hiodon alosoides) otoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-25T12:05:39.356088","indexId":"70228921","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T14:41:13","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2394,"text":"Journal of Morphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Morphology and composition of Goldeye (Hiodontidae; Hiodon alosoides) otoliths","title":"Morphology and composition of Goldeye (Hiodontidae; Hiodon alosoides) otoliths","docAbstract":"We provide up-to-date morphological and compositional data on otoliths of the osteoglossomorph Goldeye (Hiodon alosoides). Using computed tomography (CT) X-ray, we documented the location of each of the three pairs of otoliths (lapilli, sagittae, and asterisci) in relation to the swim bladder, which extended forward in close proximity to the sagittae and asterisci. The lappili were the largest otoliths in terms of surface area and volume, but the sagittae were highly modified, appearing spiral in shape when viewed dorsally, with a surface area to volume ratio more than double that of the lapilli. Using scanning electron microscopy, the surface of each otolith was viewable in great detail, and small otoconia (~10.5 μm diameter) were observed on each, but were most numerous on the sagittae. On scanning electron micrographs, the sagittae appeared to be bi-lobed, with asymmetrical lobes each oriented in the same general direction. Using neutron and X-ray diffraction methods, we found three polymorphs of calcium carbonate crystals (aragonite, vaterite, and calcite), sometimes all within the same otolith. However, in general, lapilli and sagittae were composed predominately of aragonite whereas asterisci were composed chiefly of vaterite. With these results, we provide information on a unique species, whose inclusion in future studies would benefit our understanding of fish hearing, fish evolution, and fisheries ecology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21324","usgsCitation":"Long, J.M., Snow, R., Pracheil, B., and Chakaoumakous, B.C., 2021, Morphology and composition of Goldeye (Hiodontidae; Hiodon alosoides) otoliths: Journal of Morphology, v. 282, no. 4, p. 511-519, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21324.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"519","ipdsId":"IP-119139","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1767877","text":"External Repository"},{"id":396454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"282","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, James M. 0000-0002-8658-9949 jmlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-9949","contributorId":3453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"James","email":"jmlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snow, Richard A.","contributorId":280026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snow","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[{"id":57412,"text":"2. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pracheil, Brenda M.","contributorId":280027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pracheil","given":"Brenda M.","affiliations":[{"id":37070,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chakaoumakous, Bryan C.","contributorId":280028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chakaoumakous","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37070,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70217563,"text":"fs20203071 - 2021 - Microplastics in the Delaware River, northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T19:23:52.9025","indexId":"fs20203071","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T13:50:04","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-3071","displayTitle":"Microplastics in the Delaware River, Northeastern United States","title":"Microplastics in the Delaware River, northeastern United States","docAbstract":"Microplastics are a contaminant of increasing concern in aquatic environments. Our understanding of microplastics in freshwater environments has increased dramatically over the past decade, but we still lack information on microplastic occurrence and biological uptake in National Park Service (NPS) waters. During 2015–19, the U.S. Geological Survey and the NPS conducted a three-phase study of microplastic occurrence and biological uptake in NPS waters. This fact sheet summarizes results from Phase 3 in which microplastics were sampled at nine locations spanning various land uses on the Upper Delaware, Middle Delaware, and Lower Delaware Scenic and Recreational River and its tributaries in the northeastern United States. Water and sediment samples were collected during baseflow conditions at each location to assess microplastic occurrence, and fish and mussels were collected at a subset of locations to assess potential biological uptake of microplastics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20203071","usgsCitation":"Baldwin, A.K., Spanjer, A.R., Hayhurst, B., and Hamilton, D., 2021, Microplastics in the Delaware River, northeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2020-3071, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203071.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-123343","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382420,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2020/3071/fs20203071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2020-3071"},{"id":382421,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QVIVX3","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Microplastics in the Delaware River, 2018"},{"id":382419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2020/3071/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n\"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n\"name\": \"studyArea\",\n\"features\": [\n{ \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { }, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.145953853336692, 39.982971745023178 ], [ -74.894607857117023, 39.942150954225419 ], [ -74.656267436266774, 40.043069871162011 ], [ -74.619140625, 40.17047886718111 ], [ -74.703506078237083, 40.289999136006863 ], [ -74.821602683162894, 40.367298731958293 ], [ -74.93969928808869, 40.558400510838219 ], [ -74.94873046875, 40.838749137964591 ], [ -74.871826171874986, 40.971603532799115 ], [ -74.608154296875, 41.228249015185291 ], [ -74.601472036523404, 41.440288708654442 ], [ -74.878918707864372, 41.776350873940686 ], [ -75.094298479991522, 41.994884668935654 ], [ -75.289694680868749, 41.96052929295724 ], [ -75.371288698817494, 41.773721936074615 ], [ -75.197786874357107, 41.533849764447694 ], [ -75.149880333849921, 41.424971263295028 ], [ -75.18907659426489, 41.324803042234571 ], [ -75.38818359375, 41.054501963290505 ], [ -75.4541015625, 40.680638025214563 ], [ -75.421142578125, 40.34654412118006 ], [ -75.344095044001946, 40.187048079036536 ], [ -75.26487426784621, 40.069683966213226 ], [ -75.145953853336692, 39.982971745023178 ] ] ] } }\n]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
Understanding the location, intensity, and likely duration of volcanic hazards is key to reducing risk from volcanic eruptions. Here, we use a novel near-real-time dataset comprising Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued over 10 years to investigate global rates and durations of explosive volcanic activity. The VAAs were collected from the nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) worldwide. Information extracted allowed analysis of the frequency and type of explosive behaviour, including analysis of key eruption source parameters (ESPs) such as volcanic cloud height and duration. The results reflect changes in the VAA reporting process, data sources, and volcanic activity through time. The data show an increase in the number of VAAs issued since 2015 that cannot be directly correlated to an increase in volcanic activity. Instead, many represent increased observations, including improved capability to detect low- to mid-level volcanic clouds (FL101–FL200, 3–6 km asl), by higher temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution satellite sensors. Comparison of ESP data extracted from the VAAs with the Mastin et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186:10–21, 2009a) database shows that traditional assumptions used in the classification of volcanoes could be much simplified for operational use. The analysis highlights the VAA data as an exceptional resource documenting global volcanic activity on timescales that complement more widely used eruption datasets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-020-01419-y","usgsCitation":"Engwell, S., Mastin, L.G., Tupper, A.C., Kibler, J., Acethorpe, P., Lord, G., and Filgueira, R., 2021, Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: Insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 83, no. 2, 9, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01419-y.","productDescription":"9, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-117586","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01419-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":383387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engwell, Samantha 0000-0001-7719-6257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7719-6257","contributorId":251719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engwell","given":"Samantha","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25567,"text":"British Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tupper, Andrew C.","contributorId":189115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tupper","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kibler, Jamie","contributorId":251721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kibler","given":"Jamie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38436,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Acethorpe, Paula","contributorId":251722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acethorpe","given":"Paula","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50378,"text":"Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lord, G.","contributorId":251725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lord","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38436,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Filgueira, R.","contributorId":204578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Filgueira","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70217752,"text":"70217752 - 2021 - Predictors of invertebrate biomass and rate of advancement of invertebrate phenology across eight sites in the North American Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-27T16:57:30.693028","indexId":"70217752","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T10:33:44","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictors of invertebrate biomass and rate of advancement of invertebrate phenology across eight sites in the North American Arctic","docAbstract":"Average annual temperatures in the Arctic increased by 2–3 °C during the second half of the twentieth century. Because shorebirds initiate northward migration to Arctic nesting sites based on cues at distant wintering grounds, climate-driven changes in the phenology of Arctic invertebrates may lead to a mismatch between the nutritional demands of shorebirds and the invertebrate prey essential for egg formation and subsequent chick survival. To explore the environmental drivers affecting invertebrate availability, we modeled the biomass of invertebrates captured in modified Malaise-pitfall traps over three summers at eight Arctic Shorebird Demographics Network sites as a function of accumulated degree-days and other weather variables. To assess climate-driven changes in invertebrate phenology, we used data from the nearest long-term weather stations to hindcast invertebrate availability over 63 summers, 1950–2012. Our results confirmed the importance of both accumulated and daily temperatures as predictors of invertebrate availability while also showing that wind speed negatively affected invertebrate availability at the majority of sites. Additionally, our results suggest that seasonal prey availability for Arctic shorebirds is occurring earlier and that the potential for trophic mismatch is greatest at the northernmost sites, where hindcast invertebrate phenology advanced by approximately 1–2.5 days per decade. Phenological mismatch could have long-term population-level effects on shorebird species that are unable to adjust their breeding schedules to the increasingly earlier invertebrate phenologies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00300-020-02781-5","usgsCitation":"Shaftel, R., Rinella, D.J., Kwon, E., Brown, S.C., Gates, H., Kendall, S., Lank, D.B., Liebezeit, J.R., Payer, D.C., Rausch, J., Saalfeld, S., Sandercock, B., Smith, P., Ward, D.H., and Lanctot, R., 2021, Predictors of invertebrate biomass and rate of advancement of invertebrate phenology across eight sites in the North American Arctic: Polar Biology, v. 44, p. 237-257, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02781-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"257","ipdsId":"IP-114811","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453760,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02781-5","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories","otherGeospatial":"North American Arctic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 64.32087157990324\n ],\n [\n -158.73046875,\n 66.72254132270653\n ],\n [\n -163.125,\n 68.33437594128185\n ],\n [\n -151.34765625,\n 68.39918004344189\n ],\n [\n -132.5390625,\n 66.99884379185184\n ],\n [\n -123.57421875,\n 68.52823492039876\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 70.90226826757711\n ],\n [\n -135.35156249999997,\n 69.96043926902489\n ],\n [\n -151.171875,\n 71.85622888185527\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -169.98046875,\n 65.2198939361321\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 64.32087157990324\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -56.25,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -52.734375,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -52.734375,\n 49.724479188712984\n ],\n [\n -56.25,\n 49.724479188712984\n ],\n [\n -56.25,\n 46.31658418182218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaftel, Rebecca 0000-0002-4789-4211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4789-4211","contributorId":248594,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaftel","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37194,"text":"University of Alaska Anchorage","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinella, Daniel J.","contributorId":69048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwon, Eunbi","contributorId":169349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kwon","given":"Eunbi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Stephen C.","contributorId":38457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gates, H. River","contributorId":84256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"H. River","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, Steve","contributorId":213517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kendall","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lank, David B.","contributorId":42533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lank","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":29801,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Liebezeit, Joseph R.","contributorId":127693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liebezeit","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Payer, David C.","contributorId":7495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Payer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rausch, Jennie","contributorId":203672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rausch","given":"Jennie","affiliations":[{"id":36681,"text":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Saalfeld, Sarah T.","contributorId":41721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saalfeld","given":"Sarah T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sandercock, Brett K.","contributorId":223926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sandercock","given":"Brett K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Smith, Paul A.","contributorId":73477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Paul A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":77879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70237877,"text":"70237877 - 2021 - Evaluating the use of marine protected areas by endangered species: A habitat selection approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-14T16:55:05.946982","indexId":"70237877","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T09:18:23","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9977,"text":"Ecological Solutions and Evidence","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the use of marine protected areas by endangered species: A habitat selection approach","docAbstract":"1. Optimizing the design of marine protected area (MPA) networks for the conservation of migratory marine species and their habitats involves a suite of important considerations, such as appropriate scale requirements and the distribution of anthropogenic impacts. Often, a fundamental component of the conservation planning process is delineating areas of high use or high biodiversity within a region of interest.
2. However, basing conservation strategies off merely the number of individuals in an ecosystem is outdated and potentially subject to arbitrary thresholds. To be effective at protecting marine megafauna, MPAs would ideally encompass habitats used by focal species. Through satellite-tracking studies, evidence of whether species actually use protected areas is emerging.
3. Here, we present a multispecies perspective on habitat selection within existing MPAs throughout the Floridian ecoregion, which encompasses coastal Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Using an 11-year satellite-tracking dataset on 235 marine turtles, we used integrated step selection analysis to quantify the effects of sea turtle behavioural state (identified by a switching state-space model), protected area status, chlorophyll and bathymetry on habitat selection.
4. Our results show that sea turtles do select for existing protected areas, specifically multi-use zones, while controlling for the effects of depth and primary productivity. However, our analysis revealed that turtles showed no selection for the no-take zones within MPAs, during either transiting or foraging.
5. These findings contribute to the existing literature base of MPA use for highly mobile, imperilled species and could inform management of existing MPAs or changes to zoning, specifically multi-use to no-take. Our use of a robust spatial modelling framework to evaluate habitat selection relative to MPAs could be incorporated into conservation planning to build MPA networks designed to accommodate migratory species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2688-8319.12035","usgsCitation":"Roberts, K.E., Smith, B., Burkholder, D.A., and Hart, K., 2021, Evaluating the use of marine protected areas by endangered species: A habitat selection approach: Ecological Solutions and Evidence, v. 2, no. 1, e12035, 10 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12035.","productDescription":"e12035, 10 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-116564","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453762,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12035","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":408857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415792,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UZU4GG","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.55389682044014,\n 26.141125121136838\n ],\n [\n -82.55389682044014,\n 24.4670519782689\n ],\n [\n -79.75556154192874,\n 24.4670519782689\n ],\n [\n -79.75556154192874,\n 26.141125121136838\n ],\n [\n -82.55389682044014,\n 26.141125121136838\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Kelsey E. 0000-0001-8422-632X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8422-632X","contributorId":296892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Kelsey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Brian J. 0000-0002-0531-0492","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0531-0492","contributorId":139672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Brian J.","affiliations":[{"id":12876,"text":"Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burkholder, Derek A. 0000-0001-6315-6932","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6315-6932","contributorId":289783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burkholder","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":62249,"text":"Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hart, Kristen 0000-0002-5257-7974","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-7974","contributorId":220333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Kristen","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70217613,"text":"70217613 - 2021 - Valleys of fire: Historical fire regimes of forest-grassland ecotones across the montane landscape of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T14:25:19.390912","indexId":"70217613","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T08:40:03","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Valleys of fire: Historical fire regimes of forest-grassland ecotones across the montane landscape of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"Montane grasslands and forest-grassland ecotones are unique and dynamic components of many landscapes, but the processes that regulate their dynamics are difficult to observe over ecologically relevant time spans.
We aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of using grassland-forest ecotone trees to reconstruct spatial and temporal properties of the historical fire regime in a complex landscape of montane forests and adjacent grasslands.
We sampled and crossdated fire-scarred trees along ecotones and compared variations in historical fire occurrence within and among nine adjoining valle basins in a 10,158 ha landscape. We analyzed fire year extensiveness, climate regulation, and the occurrence of consecutive fire years.
The resulting tree-ring record covers 1240–2005 AD, with 296 trees recording 125 replicated fire years during the analysis period 1601–1902 AD. Mean fire intervals for all events recorded on two or more trees ranged from 4.7 to 13.6 years in individual valles, and a mean of 2.4 ± 1.7 (SD) years at the landscape scale. Between 1660 and 1902, extensive fires occurring in six or more valles occurred 15 times, on average at ~ 17-year intervals; 29 moderately widespread fires (3–5 valles) occurred during this period, at 8.7 year intervals on average. Widespread events occurred in years with a significantly lower Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) preceded by years of significantly positive PDSI, indicating conditions favorable for fine fuel production. Spatial reconstruction of fire extent revealed multiple occurrences of consecutive-year fires burning non-overlapping areas, associated with persistent low PDSI anomalies preceded by positive conditions in antecedent years.
A landscape spatiotemporal approach to reconstructing fire regimes of montane forest-grassland complexes provides a valuable baseline for guiding prescribed and natural fire management at large spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10980-020-01101-w","usgsCitation":"Dewar, J.J., Falk, D.A., Swetnam, T.W., Baisan, C.H., Allen, C.D., Parmenter, R.R., and Margolis, E.Q., 2021, Valleys of fire: Historical fire regimes of forest-grassland ecotones across the montane landscape of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, USA: Landscape Ecology, v. 36, p. 331-352, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01101-w.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"352","ipdsId":"IP-099759","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Valles Caldera National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.67861938476562,\n 35.79553849799263\n ],\n [\n -106.33804321289061,\n 35.79553849799263\n ],\n [\n -106.33804321289061,\n 36.01800375871416\n ],\n [\n -106.67861938476562,\n 36.01800375871416\n ],\n [\n -106.67861938476562,\n 35.79553849799263\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewar, J. J.","contributorId":248334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dewar","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falk, Donald A.","contributorId":197570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Falk","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swetnam, T. W.","contributorId":248335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swetnam","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baisan, C. H.","contributorId":248336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baisan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parmenter, R. R.","contributorId":248337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parmenter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Margolis, Ellis Q. 0000-0002-0595-9005 emargolis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-9005","contributorId":173538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margolis","given":"Ellis","email":"emargolis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70218659,"text":"70218659 - 2021 - A metapopulation model of social group dynamics and disease applied to Yellowstone wolves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T13:44:08.699721","indexId":"70218659","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T07:42:12","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A metapopulation model of social group dynamics and disease applied to Yellowstone wolves","docAbstract":"The population structure of social species has important consequences for both their demography and transmission of their pathogens. We develop a metapopulation model that tracks two key components of a species’ social system: average group size and number of groups within a population. While the model is general, we parameterize it to mimic the dynamics of the Yellowstone wolf population and two associated pathogens: sarcoptic mange and canine distemper. In the initial absence of disease, we show that group size is mainly determined by the birth and death rates and the rates at which groups fission to form new groups. The total number of groups is determined by rates of fission and fusion, as well as environmental resources and rates of intergroup aggression. Incorporating pathogens into the models reduces the size of the host population, predominantly by reducing the number of social groups. Average group size responds in more subtle ways: infected groups decrease in size, but uninfected groups may increase when disease reduces the number of groups and thereby reduces intraspecific aggression. Our modeling approach allows for easy calculation of prevalence at multiple scales (within group, across groups, and population level), illustrating that aggregate population-level prevalence can be misleading for group-living species. The model structure is general, can be applied to other social species, and allows for a dynamic assessment of how pathogens can affect social structure and vice versa.
Mechanisms of runoff generation in the humid tropics are poorly understood, particularly in the context of land-use/land cover change. This study analyzed the results of 124 storm hydrographs from three humid tropical catchments of markedly different vegetation cover and land-use history in central Panama during the 2017 wet season: actively grazed pasture, young secondary succession, and near-mature forest. We used electrical conductivity to separate baseflow (old water) from storm-event water (new-water). In all three land covers, new-water dominated storm runoff generation in 44% of the sampled storm events, indicating the dominance of fast shallow flow paths in the landscape. Activation of these flow paths was found to depend on a combination of maximum rainfall intensity and total storm rainfall, which, in turn, relates to markedly contrasting hydrograph separation results among land covers. Relationships between these rainfall characteristics and storm runoff generation were nonlinear, producing a threshold response with the exceedance of specific rainfall volumes and/or intensities. The pastoral catchment delivered order of magnitude more new-water during storm events than the two forested catchments. Although new-water contributed minimally (<10%) to total wet season runoff in the forested catchments, 43% of runoff generation in the pasture came from five large rainfall events where a threshold response produced substantial increases in total runoff and new-runoff efficiency. Based on our results, we propose a conceptual model of hydrologic flow paths in humid tropical systems that can explain previously observed disparities in seasonal storage and runoff with respect to land use/land cover.
The development of models to elucidate the transmission pathways and dynamics of wildlife diseases remains challenging. Sylvatic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (Yp), is an infectious zoonotic disease that primarily affects wild rodents, including prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) in North America. Proposed transmission pathways for Yp include flea bites, direct contacts between hosts, and environmental reservoirs (e.g. soil, carcasses). We developed a spatially explicit, agent-based model of Yp transmission to explore the effects of alternative transmission pathways, different disease initiation mechanisms (host or fleas), parameter uncertainty, and spatial structure of hosts. A particularly novel aspect of our model was the integration of ecological models with traditional disease models. Specifically, we used estimates from spatial capture-recapture models to generate data-driven spatial distributions, densities, and contact rates to capture the spatial structure of prairie dogs. We simulated ~9 million scenarios across a wide range of parameter values and conducted sensitivity analyses to determine the most influential parameters on the number of flea-days (sum of the mean number of fleas on hosts each day of the simulation), number of newly infected hosts per day, the time to depopulation (<20 prairie dogs remaining), and the proportion of the prairie dog population remaining at the end of the simulation (after 150 days). When including spatial structure, we found the probability of transmission via environmental sources of Yp (i.e. carcasses) had the greatest influence on model results when Yp infection was initiated in prairie dog hosts, rather than in fleas. Conversely, the mechanism of transmission by fleas to prairie dogs had the greatest influence on model results when Yp infection was initiated in fleas (i.e. via introduction by carnivores, a migrant prairie dog, or other mammalian host). Uncertainty in parameter estimates, particularly those related to the transmission pathways of Yp, continue to hamper efforts to realistically model plague dynamics in wild rodents. Our results elucidate the complexity of the flea-plague-prairie dog system and reiterate the importance of research on Yp transmission mechanisms to provide a full understanding of this disease. Our results also emphasize the importance of realistic estimates of spatial structure for exploring transmission dynamics of wildlife diseases and provide a framework for generating a data-driven description of spatial structure.
Although both laboratory and field studies are needed to effectively assess effects and risk of contaminants to free-living organisms, the limitations of each must be understood. The objectives of this paper are to examine information on field studies of reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances (PFASs) on bird populations, discuss the differences among field studies, and then place those results in context with laboratory studies. Hypotheses to explain the divergences between field studies and between laboratory and field studies will be discussed. Those differences include mixture issues, misattribution of the mechanism or the specific PFAS causing impairments, as well as other possible reasons. Finally, suggestions to better link laboratory and field studies will be presented. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:690–696. Published 2021. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/ieam.4394","usgsCitation":"Custer, C.M., 2021, Linking field and laboratory studies: Reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances on avian populations: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 17, no. 4, p. 690-696, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4394.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"696","ipdsId":"IP-122352","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582 ccuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":1143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"ccuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70217721,"text":"70217721 - 2021 - Neither microcystin, nor nodularin, nor cylindrospermopsin directly interact with human toll-like receptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-01T14:17:31.597996","indexId":"70217721","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T07:02:43","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neither microcystin, nor nodularin, nor cylindrospermopsin directly interact with human toll-like receptors","docAbstract":"Various stressors including temperature, environmental chemicals, and toxins can have profound impacts on immunity to pathogens. Increased eutrophication near rivers and lakes coupled with climate change are predicted to lead to increased algal blooms. Currently, the effects of cyanobacterial toxins on disease resistance in mammals is a largely unexplored area of research. Recent studies have suggested that freshwater cyanotoxins can elicit immunomodulation through interaction with specific components of innate immunity, thus potentially altering disease susceptibility parameters for fish, wildlife, and human health owing to the conserved nature of the vertebrate immune system. In this study, we investigated the effects of three microcystin congeners (LR, LA, and RR), nodularin-R, and cylindrospermopsin for their ability to directly interact with nine different human Toll-like receptors (TLRs)—key pathogen recognition receptors for innate immunity. Toxin concentrations were verified by LC/MS/MS prior to use. Using an established HEK293-hTLR NF-κB reporter assay, we concluded that none of the tested toxins (29–90 nM final concentration) directly interacted with human TLRs in either an agonistic or antagonistic manner. These results suggest that earlier reports of cyanotoxin-induced NF-κB responses likely occur through different surface receptors to mediate inflammation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129623","usgsCitation":"Hansen, J.D., Loftin, K.A., Laughrey, Z.R., and Adamovsky, O., 2021, Neither microcystin, nor nodularin, nor cylindrospermopsin directly interact with human toll-like receptors: Chemosphere, v. 274, 129623, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129623.","productDescription":"129623, 5 p.","ipdsId":"IP-119944","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XM4ELB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Cyanobacterial toxin effects on inflammatory response of human toll-like receptors (TLRs)"},{"id":382781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"274","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, John D. 0000-0002-3006-2734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-2734","contributorId":220725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"John","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftin, Keith A. 0000-0001-5291-876X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-876X","contributorId":221964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Keith","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laughrey, Zachary R. 0000-0002-7630-2078 zlaughrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7630-2078","contributorId":198516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laughrey","given":"Zachary","email":"zlaughrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adamovsky, Ondrei","contributorId":248561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adamovsky","given":"Ondrei","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49941,"text":"Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Czech Republic","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220131,"text":"70220131 - 2021 - Coseismic surface displacement in the 2019 ridgecrest earthquakes: Comparison of field measurements and optical image correlation results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T11:39:04.221652","indexId":"70220131","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-21T06:33:04","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic surface displacement in the 2019 ridgecrest earthquakes: Comparison of field measurements and optical image correlation results","docAbstract":"A fundamental topic in earthquake studies is understanding the extent to which fault rupture at the surface is localized on primary fault strands as opposed to distributed tens to hundreds of meters away from primary ruptures through off‐fault deformation (OFD) via a combination of discrete secondary faulting and bulk deformation. The 2019 Ridgecrest, CA Mw6.4 and Mw7.1 earthquakes provide an opportunity to explore this problem via comparison of published field‐based and mostly on‐fault offset measurements, with new lateral displacement measurements made over length scales of hundreds of meters across the primary rupture using WorldView satellite images collected before and after the earthquakes. A mean fit to the field observations underestimates net slip (pixel‐correlation results) by an average of 0.4 m along the Mw6.4 rupture (∼41% of net left‐lateral displacement) and 0.7 m along the Mw7.1 rupture (∼65% of net right‐lateral displacement). We attribute these differences to substantial OFD along the lengths of the Mw6.4 (∼59%) and Mw7.1 (∼35%) ruptures. A maximum fit to the field observations provides an improved match to the pixel correlation results (difference of 0.1–0.2 m or ∼76%–98% of net displacement). OFD may in part depend on displacement magnitude, where locations along the rupture with smaller displacements (<2 m) are characterized by a greater percentage of OFD. Furthermore, OFD increases with rupture zone width, especially at the scale of individual rupture strands (hundreds of meters). These findings contribute to a growing understanding of the important role of OFD in accommodating deformation near the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GC009326","usgsCitation":"Gold, R.D., DuRoss, C., and Barnhart, W., 2021, Coseismic surface displacement in the 2019 ridgecrest earthquakes: Comparison of field measurements and optical image correlation results: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 22, no. 3, e2020GC009326, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009326.","productDescription":"e2020GC009326, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123288","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/f024e2ec5f1d47b0b47485baef3d5759","text":"External Repository"},{"id":436551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DNJCK7","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Coseismic surface displacement and fault zone width measurements in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes from WorldView optical image correlation"},{"id":385239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Ridgecrest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.11950683593749,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -117.5372314453125,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -117.5372314453125,\n 35.951329861522666\n ],\n [\n -118.11950683593749,\n 35.951329861522666\n ],\n [\n -118.11950683593749,\n 35.39800594715108\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gold, Ryan D. 0000-0002-4464-6394 rgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6394","contributorId":3883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","email":"rgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DuRoss, Christopher B. 0000-0002-6963-7451 cduross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-7451","contributorId":152321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"Christopher","email":"cduross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhart, William D. 0000-0003-0498-1697","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-1697","contributorId":192730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnhart","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217434,"text":"sir20205130 - 2021 - Water-quality trends of urban streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-21T12:48:49.595303","indexId":"sir20205130","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5130","displayTitle":"Water-Quality Trends of Urban Streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18","title":"Water-quality trends of urban streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the city of Independence, Missouri, Water Pollution Control Department has studied the water quality and ecological condition of urban streams within Independence since 2005. Selected physical properties, nutrients, chloride, fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and total coliform), total dissolved solids, and suspended-sediment concentration data for base-flow and stormflow samples were used to document temporal trends in concentrations and flow-weighted concentrations; and annual loads were computed and investigated for selected nutrients, chloride, and suspended sediment. The six study sites included in this report are located on five urban streams: Rock Creek, a tributary in the city that drains to the Missouri River; three tributaries of the Little Blue River within the city (East Fork Little Blue River, Adair Creek, and Spring Branch Creek); and two sites on the main stem of the Little Blue River (one upstream from the city and one downstream from the three tributaries).
Many factors such as population, land use, and climate, and combinations of these factors contributed to the significant changes in the concentrations and transport of nutrients, chloride, fecal indicator bacteria, and suspended sediment in the urban streams within Independence. The population of Independence and the amount of developed land in the urban watersheds remained unchanged during the 2005–18 study. Differences were noted in precipitation and in streamflow during the study. Annual precipitation and streamflow were separated into two time periods within the study—period 1 (2006–10), having greater annual streamflow and precipitation, and period 2 (2011–18), having about 30 percent lower annual streamflow and less precipitation. Streamflow was an important factor in the transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, chloride, and suspended sediment from the urban watersheds. Changes in data collection methodology during the study period and improvements to the city stormwater and wastewater infrastructure also could have contributed to some of the trends. Between 2009 and 2015, more than 35 million dollars of improvements were made to stormwater and wastewater infrastructure within the city. These improvements, such as additional sewage overflow holding tanks, removal of septic tanks, and improved and expanded sanitary sewer lines and storm overflows, also could have affected the decreased nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria trends among the urban streams in the study area.
Models were used for analyzing streamflow-related variability in constituent concentrations and loads to determine if the water quality changed significantly during the study period. Trends in concentration data at four sites were analyzed using a statistical package called R–QWTREND and trends in load data were analyzed at six sites using a statistical package called Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season-Kalman filter (WRTDS–K); both developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and publicly available for use.
Statistically significant trends in flow-weighted nutrient concentrations and loads generally were downward during the study period. The only nutrient compound with a statistically significant upward trend in flow-weighted concentration was dissolved orthophosphate as phosphorus at the Rock Creek site and the upstream site on the Little Blue River. A statistically significant downward trend in annual dissolved ammonia load was identified at the downstream Little Blue River site. A significant upward linear trend in annual orthophosphate as phosphorus load was identified on Adair Creek.
A statistically significant upward trend in dissolved chloride concentrations was identified at the downstream Little Blue River site. Road salt application near the site during the winter could have resulted in higher concentrated runoff during wet weather conditions. Annual chloride loads significantly decreased in Adair Creek and Spring Branch Creek. The mean annual chloride load transported in the drier (2011–18) period 2 was significantly less than during the wetter (2006–10) period 1, indicating that trends in precipitation runoff are an important factor in trends in annual transport of chloride.
Statistically significant downward trends in flow-weighted fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) population densities were noted for Rock Creek and the down-stream site on the Little Blue River. However, no trend was identified in E. coli population density at the upstream Little Blue River site. The downward trend in E. coli population density at the downstream site could be a result of decreased streamflow and precipitation over the study period, storage of fecal indicator bacteria in the Little Blue River streambed within the study area, die-off of fecal indicator bacteria during travel from upstream to downstream, changes in the sample collection methodology, improvements to the city’s storm-water and wastewater infrastructures, or a combination of these factors.
The statistically significant downward trend in suspended-sediment concentration identified at the upstream Little Blue River site could be affected by the decreased streamflow and precipitation during the study period, by changes in sampling methods within the study period, and by the decrease in construction and urban land development upstream from the city.
No statistically significant change was indicated in the annual suspended-sediment load transported from Independence to the Little Blue River during the study period. More than one-half the suspended sediment transported in the Little Blue River originated in the watershed upstream from Independence.
The Little Blue River and many of its tributaries that drain Independence have been designated as recreational waters classified for whole-body contact class B and secondary contact recreation, and some have been listed as impaired for E. coli by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources from urban runoff and storm sewers. Observations were made among the available E. coli population density data for both Little Blue River sites to further understand water-quality conditions over the study period. Both Little Blue River sites had similar medians and geometric means for the recreational season (April through October) and during the full study period, both of which are greater than the regulatory population density for both recreational classes. The Little Blue River drainage area nearly doubles in size from the upstream to downstream site; therefore, the consistent geometric mean and median of E. coli population densities at the upstream and downstream Little Blue River sites could be primarily due to the larger volume of streamflow creating a dilution effect. Other possible factors could be storage of fecal indicator bacteria in stream bed sediments, die-off of fecal indicator bacteria during transport, improvements to the city’s wastewater and stormwater infrastructure, changes to sampling methodology, or a combination of these factors. Specific sources of the E. coli are currently (2019) unknown.
Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Stream habitat changes affecting primary consumers often indirectly impact secondary consumers such as fishes. Blooms of the benthic algae Didymosphenia geminata (Didymo) are known to affect stream macroinvertebrates, but the potential indirect trophic impacts on fish consumers are poorly understood. In streams of the Kootenai River basin, we quantified the diet, condition, and growth rate of species of trout, char, and sculpin. In 2018, macroinvertebrate taxa composition was different between a stream with Didymo and a stream without, but trout diets, energy demand, and growth rates were similar. Trout abundance was higher in the stream with Didymo, but the amount of drifting invertebrates was higher in the stream without. In 2019, we surveyed 28 streams with a gradient of coverage. Didymo abundance was correlated only with the percentage of aquatic invertebrates in trout diets and was not related to diets of char or sculpin or condition of any species. Thus, we found no evidence for a trophic link between Didymo blooms and the condition or growth of trout, char, or sculpin in mountainous headwater streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2020-0121","usgsCitation":"Clancy, N., Brahney, J., Dunnigan, J., and Budy, P., 2021, Effects of a diatom ecosystem engineer (Didymosphenia geminata) on stream food webs: Implications for native fishes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, no. 2, p. 154-164, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0121.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"164","ipdsId":"IP-118864","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Kootenai River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.412109375,\n 47.21956811231547\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 49.866316729538674\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 53.199451902831555\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 54.749990970226925\n ],\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 55.25407706707272\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 55.1286490684888\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 54.16243396806779\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 52.669720383688166\n ],\n [\n -119.17968749999999,\n 49.5822260446217\n ],\n [\n -116.630859375,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -113.64257812499999,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -111.796875,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -112.412109375,\n 47.21956811231547\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clancy, Niall G.","contributorId":279957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clancy","given":"Niall G.","affiliations":[{"id":28050,"text":"USU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brahney, Janice","contributorId":269810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brahney","given":"Janice","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunnigan, James","contributorId":279960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunnigan","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":48633,"text":"MT FWP","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budy, Phaedra E. 0000-0002-9918-1678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-1678","contributorId":228930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"Phaedra E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219527,"text":"70219527 - 2021 - Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-12T14:14:33.133968","indexId":"70219527","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T09:12:45","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines","docAbstract":"Coral reefs are widely recognised for providing a natural breakwater effect that modulates erosion and flooding hazards on low‐lying sedimentary reef islands. Increased water depth across reef platforms due sea‐level rise (SLR) can compromise this breakwater effect and enhance island exposure to these hazards, but reef accretion in response to SLR may positively contribute to island resilience. Morphodynamic studies suggest that reef islands can adjust to SLR by maintaining freeboard (island crest elevation above still water level) through overwash deposition and island accretion, but the impact of different future reef accretion trajectories on the morphological response of islands remain unknown. Here we show, using a process‐based morphodynamic model, that, although reef growth significantly affects wave transformation processes and island morphology, it does not lead to decreased coastal flooding and island inundation. According to the model, reef islands evolve during SLR by attuning their elevation to the maximum wave runup and islands fronted by a growing reef platform attain lower elevations than those without reef growth, but have similar overwash regimes. The mean overwash discharge Qover across the island crest plays a key role in the ability of islands to keep up with SLR and maintain freeboard, with a Qover value of O(10 l m‐1 s‐1) separating island construction from destruction. Islands, therefore, can grow vertically to keep up with SLR via flooding and overwash if specific forcing and sediment supply conditions are met, offering hope for uninhabited and sparely populated islands. However, this physical island response will negatively impact infrastructure and assets on developed islands.
Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self‐selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth‐century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English‐language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data‐collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
Aquatic insects link food web dynamics across freshwater-terrestrial boundaries and subsidize terrestrial consumer populations. Contaminants that accumulate in larval aquatic insects and are retained across metamorphosis can increase dietary exposure for riparian insectivores. To better understand potential exposure of terrestrial insectivores to aquatically-derived trace metals, metal concentrations in water and tissues were analyzed from different components of streams and riparian food webs across a large (2–3 orders of magnitude) metal gradient (e.g., Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the Rocky Mountains (USA). Our research indicates that the trace metal concentration gradient present among streams was lost during metamorphosis of aquatic larval insects into terrestrially flying adults, decoupling terrestrial exposures from aquatic concentrations. This pattern was caused by declines in 1) among-stream variation in trace metal concentrations, 2) relationships between metal concentrations in paired water and food web components, and 3) mean metal concentrations within aquatic food webs and across the aquatic-terrestrial boundary. Specifically, among-stream variation in trace metal concentrations was highest for water and aquatic vegetation, intermediate for aquatic insect larvae (~30% lower than water) and lowest for adult aquatic insects and riparian spiders (~65% lower). Metal concentrations in paired water and food web components ranged from highly related across the stream-metal gradient (slopes ~1) for water and aquatic vegetation, to less related (slopes closer to 0) for aquatic vegetation and aquatic insect larvae, to unrelated (slopes ~0) for aquatic larval and adult insects. Finally, mean metal concentrations were highest in aquatic vegetation and lowest in adult aquatic insects emerging from streams (~50% lower than aquatic vegetation). Our results indicate less efficient trophic transfer and higher metamorphic loss of trace metals from high metal streams (i.e., exposure-dependent transfer). For many trace metals, aquatic-terrestrial dietary transfer is unlikely to be an important source of exposure for terrestrial insectivores of adult aquatic insects.
Many questions relevant to conservation decision making are characterized by extreme uncertainty due to lack of empirical data and complexity of the underlying ecological processes, leading to a rapid increase in the use of structured protocols to elicit expert knowledge. Published ecological applications often employ a modified Delphi method, where experts provide judgments anonymously and mathematical aggregation techniques are used to combine judgments. The Sheffield Elicitation Framework (SHELF) differs in its behavioral approach to synthesizing individual judgments into a fully specified probability distribution for an unknown quantity. This study demonstrates the remote use of the SHELF protocol for an extinction risk assessment of three subterranean aquatic species petitioned for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. Experts were provided an empirical threat assessment for each known locality using video conferencing and asked for judgments on the probability of population persistence over four generations using online submission forms and R‐shiny apps available through the SHELF package. Despite large uncertainty for all populations, results reveal key differences between species’ risk of extirpation based on spatial variation in dominant threats, local land use and management practices, and microhabitat use. The resulting probability distributions provide decision makers with a full picture of uncertainty that is consistent with the probabilistic nature of risk assessments, and discussions during the behavioral aggregation stage clearly document dominant threats (e.g., development, timber harvest, animal agriculture, and cave visitation) and their interactions with local cave geology and species’ habitat preferences. Our virtual implementation of the SHELF protocol demonstrates the flexibility of this approach for conservation applications operating on budgets and timelines that can limit in‐person meetings of geographically dispersed experts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/cobi.13694","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, D.B., Smith, D.R., Culver, D.C., Feller, D., Fong, D.W., Hajenga, J., Niemiller, M.L., Nolfi, D.C., Orndorff, W.D., Douglas, B., Maloney, K.O., and Young, J.A., 2021, Using expert knowledge to support Endangered Species Act decision‐making for data‐deficient species: Conservation Biology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1627-1638, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13694.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1627","endPage":"1638","ipdsId":"IP-124137","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Using_expert_knowledge_to_support_Endangered_Species_Act_decision-making_for_data-deficient_species/23894598","text":"External 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