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We directly observed responses to worst case stimulus loads: responses to extremely frequent and extremely nearby jet aircraft were often minimal, seldom significant and never associated with reproductive failure. Likewise, responses to real and simulated sonic booms were often minimal and never productivity limiting. In addition to directly observing behavioral responses, in 1981 we invited jet passes at four Prairie Falcon eyries during courtship and incubation when the adults were most likely to abandon, on an ad libitum basis. All four eyries fledged young. Nesting success and site reoccupancy rates were high for all eyries. In tests of two relatively naive captive Peregrine Falcons, we failed to detect significantly negative responses. Typically the birds either quickly resumed feeding or other activities within a few seconds following a pass or boom. The female falcon repeatedly made hunting forays as jets swept overhead. From heart rate (HR) data taken via a telemetering egg during incubation at a wild Prairie Falcon eyrie, we determined that stimulus induced HR alterations were comparable to rate changes of the birds settling to incubate following flight. No significant long term responses were identified. The falcons successfully fledged two young even with the more disruptive activities associated with entering the eyrie three times to position and recover the telemetering eggs. Significantly, birds ofprey of several genera commonly nest in the supersonic military operations areas in southern Arizona. In addition, raptor eyries are frequently found at locations where low level jet traffic naturally concentrates. For example, Prairie Falcon Site 11 is directly on the approach path to strafing and bombing targets. Prairie Falcon Site 1 is in a narrow canyon through which A-10 aircraft naturally funnel while flying low altitude tactical navigation (LATN) missions. Both sites successfully fledged young both years of the study. In summary, while the birds observed for this study were often noticeably alarmed by the subject stimuli, the negative responses were brief and never productivity limiting. In general, the birds were incredibly tolerant of stimulus loads which would likely be unacceptable to humans. It is significant that the endangered species recovery plan for the Peregrine Falcon in the southwest (USFWS 1977) fails to mention military jet operations as a likely factor in the falcon's decrease or that military jet operations should be taken into account in the species recovery.","language":"English","publisher":"Institute for Raptor Studies","publisherLocation":"Oracle, Arizona","collaboration":"available from NTIS, order No. ADA-108-778/2","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 1981, Responses of Raptorial Birds to Low Level Military Jets and Sonic Booms: Results of the 1980-1981 Joint U.S. Air Force-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Study, 59.","productDescription":"59","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6275a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. 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Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 21
Interagency Report 321

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Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 17
Interagency Report 316

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Saudi Arabian Mission

\n

Miscellaneous Map 16

\n

Interagency Report 315

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Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 14
Interagency Report 313

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Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 18
Interagency Report 317

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Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 20
Interagency Report 319

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Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 19
Interagency Report 318

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Miscellaneous Map 22

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Interagency Report 321

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Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 23
Interagency Report 322

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, and Saudi Arabia. Mudīrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah, 1981, Landsat image map of the Wādī Ar Rikā' quadrangle, sheet 22G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 21.26 x 33.46 inches.","productDescription":"21.26 x 33.46 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 45,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 23\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 23\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 22\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b45e4b0a04ef4925b74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":147999,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":583544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saudi Arabia. Mudīrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah","contributorId":147334,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Saudi Arabia. Mudīrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah","id":583545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160686,"text":"70160686 - 1981 - Landsat image map of the Al Mulayḩ quadrangle, sheet 22H, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-28T20:32:48","indexId":"70160686","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Landsat image map of the Al Mulayḩ quadrangle, sheet 22H, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"

Saudi Arabian Mission
Miscellaneous Map 24
Interagency Report 323

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, and Saudi Arabia. Mudīrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah, 1981, Landsat image map of the Al Mulayḩ quadrangle, sheet 22H, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 21.26 x 33.46 inches.","productDescription":"21.26 x 33.46 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 45,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 23\n ],\n [\n 46.5,\n 23\n ],\n [\n 46.5,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 22\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b43e4b0a04ef4925b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128240,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":583559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saudi Arabia. Mudīrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah","contributorId":147334,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Saudi Arabia. Mudīrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah","id":583560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039528,"text":"70039528 - 1981 - Map accuracy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:51","indexId":"70039528","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-16T15:39:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Map accuracy","docAbstract":"An inaccurate map is not a reliable map. \"X\" may mark the spot where the treasure is buried, but unless the seeker can locate \"X\" in relation to known landmarks or positions, the map is not very useful.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039528","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Map accuracy, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039528.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261656,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039528/report.pdf"},{"id":261657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039528/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cf2e4b0c8380cd69ffb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128215,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":535340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039431,"text":"70039431 - 1981 - APSRS state-base graphics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:51","indexId":"70039431","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-15T12:11:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"APSRS state-base graphics","docAbstract":"The National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC) is the information branch of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Mapping Division. In order to organize and distribute information about U.S. aerial photography coverage and to help eliminate aerial mapping duplication by tracking individual aerial projects, NCIC developed the Aerial Photography Summary Record System (APSRS). APSRS's principal products are State-Base Graphics (SBG), graphic indexes that show the coverage of conventional aerial photography projects over each State.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039431","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Mapping Division","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, APSRS state-base graphics, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039431.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261570,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039431/report.pdf"},{"id":261571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039431/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,16.916666666666668 ], [ -162,23 ], [ -154.66666666666666,23 ], [ -154.66666666666666,16.916666666666668 ], [ -162,16.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e632e4b0c8380cd47239","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":78994,"text":"wdrKY811 - 1981 - Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"wdrKY811","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"KY-81-1","title":"Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wdrKY811","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report KY-81-1, 675 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrKY811.","productDescription":"675 p.","temporalStart":"1980-10-01","temporalEnd":"1981-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011738,"text":"70011738 - 1981 - Canyon Creek: A late Pleistocene vertebrate locality in interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T16:29:25.653401","indexId":"70011738","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Canyon Creek: A late Pleistocene vertebrate locality in interior Alaska","docAbstract":"

The Canyon Creek vertebrate-fossil locality is an extensive road cut near Fairbanks that exposes sediments that range in age from early Wisconsin to late Holocene. Tanana River gravel at the base of the section evidently formed during the Delta Glaciation of the north-central Alaska Range. Younger layers and lenses of fluvial sand are interbedded with arkosic gravel from Canyon Creek that contains tephra as well as fossil bones of an interstadial fauna about 40,000 years old. Solifluction deposits containing ventifacts, wedge casts, and rodent burrows formed during a subsequent period of periglacial activity that took place during the maximum phase of Donnelly Glaciation about 25,000–17,000 years ago. Overlying sheets of eolian sand are separated by a 9500-year-old paleosol that may correlate with a phase of early Holocene spruce expansion through central Alaska. The Pleistocene fauna from Canyon Creek consists of rodents (indicated by burrows), Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth), Equus lambei (Yukon wild ass), Camelops hesternus (western camel), Bison sp. cf. B. crassicornis (large-horned bison), Ovis sp. cf.O. dalli (mountain sheep), Canis sp. cf. C. lupus (wolf), Lepus sp. cf. L. othus or L. arcticus (tundra hare), and Rangifer sp. (caribou). This assemblage suggests an open landscape in which trees and tall shrubs were either absent or confined to sheltered and moist sites. Camelops evidently was present in eastern Beringia during the middle Wisconsin interstadial interval but may have disappeared during the following glacial episode. The stratigraphic section at Canyon Creek appears to demonstrate that the Delta Glaciation of the north-central Alaska Range is at least in part of early Wisconsin age and was separated from the succeeding Donnelly Glaciation by an interstadial rather than interglacial episode.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90043-0","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Weber, F.R., Hamilton, T.D., Hopkins, D., Repenning, C., and Haas, H., 1981, Canyon Creek: A late Pleistocene vertebrate locality in interior Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 16, no. 2, p. 167-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90043-0.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220787,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"north-central Alaska Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.32186007264718,\n 65.94098893598314\n ],\n [\n -150.32186007264718,\n 64.33338352969466\n ],\n [\n -145.35284620275706,\n 64.33338352969466\n ],\n [\n -145.35284620275706,\n 65.94098893598314\n ],\n [\n -150.32186007264718,\n 65.94098893598314\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f347e4b0c8380cd4b6eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, F. R.","contributorId":105303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Repenning, C.A.","contributorId":56700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repenning","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haas, H.","contributorId":27192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012109,"text":"70012109 - 1981 - Dated wood from Alaska and the Yukon: Implications for forest refugia in Beringia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-11T13:25:38.335813","indexId":"70012109","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dated wood from Alaska and the Yukon: Implications for forest refugia in Beringia","docAbstract":"

Postulations on the existence of forest refugia in parts of Beringia during the last glacial have been, in large part, based on ambiguous evidence. Existing data on radiocarbon-dated and identified fossil wood and macrofossils from Alaska and northwest Canada are synthesized here and are augmented by results of palynological studies in an effort to show the persistence of some, and total extinction of other, tree and large shrub species. Possible dispersal routes taken by species that reinvaded Beringia in postglacial times are also reconstructed from the fossil record. Macrofossil and pollen evidence, when combined with climatic factors, makes cottonwood a good candidate for survival during the last glacial. Larch and aspen are also candidates, though the evidence for them is less positive. Pollen and macrofossils of alder are very scarce in deposits of the last glacial age, and if it survived at all, it was probably in very isolated vegetatively reproducing clones. Shrub birch may have been present in Beringia, but tree birch probably was reintroduced during the Holocene. Spruce also appears to have been absent in Alaska from about 30,000 to 11,500 yr ago and probably reinvaded Beringia from a refugium south of the Laurentide ice sheet. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90028-4","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., Smith, P., and Matthews, J., 1981, Dated wood from Alaska and the Yukon: Implications for forest refugia in Beringia: Quaternary Research, v. 15, no. 3, p. 217-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90028-4.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.99,\n 70.56085858763808\n ],\n [\n -179.99,\n 61.24556255904437\n ],\n [\n -139.71319537741883,\n 61.24556255904437\n ],\n [\n -139.71319537741883,\n 70.56085858763808\n ],\n [\n -179.99,\n 70.56085858763808\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fddde4b0c8380cd4e996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, P.A.","contributorId":86795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matthews, J.V. Jr.","contributorId":72931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"J.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012122,"text":"70012122 - 1981 - Rock-weathering rates as functions of time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T15:51:36.787099","indexId":"70012122","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock-weathering rates as functions of time","docAbstract":"

The scarcity of documented numerical relations between rock weathering and time has led to a common assumption that rates of weathering are linear. This assumption has been strengthened by studies that have calculated long-term average rates. However, little theoretical or empirical evidence exists to support linear rates for most chemical-weathering processes, with the exception of congruent dissolution processes. The few previous studies of rock-weathering rates that contain quantitative documentation of the relation between chemical weathering and time suggest that the rates of most weathering processes decrease with time. Recent studies of weathering rinds on basaltic and andesitic stones in glacial deposits in the western United States also clearly demonstrate that rock-weathering processes slow with time. Some weathering processes appear to conform to exponential functions of time, such as the square-root time function for hydration of volcanic glass, which conforms to the theoretical predictions of diffusion kinetics. However, weathering of mineralogically heterogeneous rocks involves complex physical and chemical processes that generally can be expressed only empirically, commonly by way of logarithmic time functions. Incongruent dissolution and other weathering processes produce residues, which are commonly used as measures of weathering. These residues appear to slow movement of water to unaltered material and impede chemical transport away from it. If weathering residues impede weathering processes then rates of weathering and rates of residue production are inversely proportional to some function of the residue thickness. This results in simple mathematical analogs for weathering that imply nonlinear time functions. The rate of weathering becomes constant only when an equilibrium thickness of the residue is reached. Because weathering residues are relatively stable chemically, and because physical removal of residues below the ground surface is slight, many weathering features require considerable time to reach constant rates of change. For weathering rinds on volcanic stones in the western United States, this time is at least 0.5 my.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90029-6","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., 1981, Rock-weathering rates as functions of time: Quaternary Research, v. 15, no. 3, p. 250-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90029-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"264","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae0de4b0c8380cd87001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012044,"text":"70012044 - 1981 - Geologic evidence for age of deposits at Hueyatlaco archeological site, Vasequillo, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T16:09:41.203229","indexId":"70012044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evidence for age of deposits at Hueyatlaco archeological site, Vasequillo, Mexico","docAbstract":"

Direct tracing of beds during excavation in May 1973, confirmed that the artifact-bearing layers at Hueyatlaco underlie 10 m of fine-grained, water-laid deposits that constitute part of the wide-spread Valsequillo gravels. Dissection of these deposits by the adjacent Río Atoyac has reached a depth of 50 m. The stratigraphic section at Hueyatlaco includes four distinctive tephra units. The oldest one occupies a small channel in a series of cut-and-fill stream deposits that have yielded bifacial tools. It lies more than a meter above flat-lying, fine-grained beds from which edge-retouched tools have been recovered. The three other tephra units occur higher in the section.

Fission-track ages on zircon phenocrysts from two of the younger tephra layers (370,000 ± 200,000 and 600,000 ± 340,000 yr, 2σ) agree with concordant uranium-series dates for a camel pelvis that was found associated with bifacial tools at Hueyatlaco (245,000 ± 40,000 yr by 230Th and > 180,000 yr by 231Pa). These dates are compatible with the depth of burial and subsequent dissection of the Hueyatlaco deposits, as well as with the degree of hydration of volcanic glass shards and with the extent of etching of heavy-mineral phenocrysts from within the tephra layers.

These findings suggest to us that further search for archaeological remains in deposits as old as those at Hueyatlaco would be warranted.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90124-1","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Steen-McIntyre, V., Fryxell, R., and Malde, H., 1981, Geologic evidence for age of deposits at Hueyatlaco archeological site, Vasequillo, Mexico: Quaternary Research, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90124-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Vasequillo Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.29516517583532,\n 18.987841319589492\n ],\n [\n -98.29516517583532,\n 18.91375802729796\n ],\n [\n -98.18568714858003,\n 18.91375802729796\n ],\n [\n -98.18568714858003,\n 18.987841319589492\n ],\n [\n -98.29516517583532,\n 18.987841319589492\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1959e4b0c8380cd5596c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steen-McIntyre, V.","contributorId":75019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen-McIntyre","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryxell, R.","contributorId":28369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryxell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malde, H.E.","contributorId":65863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malde","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012031,"text":"70012031 - 1981 - Obsidian hydration dating of volcanic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T16:18:43.958814","indexId":"70012031","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Obsidian hydration dating of volcanic events","docAbstract":"

Obsidian hydration dating of volcanic events had been compared with ages of the same events determined by the 14C and K-Ar methods at several localities. The localities, ranging in age from 1200 to over 1 million yr, include Newberry Craters, Oregon; Coso Hot Springs, California; Salton Sea, California; Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming; and Mineral Range, Utah. In most cases the agreement is quite good. A number of factors including volcanic glass composition and exposure-temperature history must be known in order to relate hydration thickness to age. The effect of composition can be determined from chemical analysis or the refractive index of the glass. Exposure-temperature history requires a number of considerations enumerated in this paper. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90126-5","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Obradovich, J., 1981, Obsidian hydration dating of volcanic events: Quaternary Research, v. 16, no. 1, p. 37-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90126-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.6475160525464,\n 46.20771992929792\n ],\n [\n -125.1003791369465,\n 40.17349401689333\n ],\n [\n -122.29600040357937,\n 34.82675722442707\n ],\n [\n -116.74416409105484,\n 32.3984406460912\n ],\n [\n -114.57430674803186,\n 32.944375104035416\n ],\n [\n -114.78200635517106,\n 36.4861323329432\n ],\n [\n -108.61253629515322,\n 37.15955344593477\n ],\n [\n -108.66922526809813,\n 40.843670668884684\n ],\n [\n -104.26862126283552,\n 41.09844303976675\n ],\n [\n -103.98990367317387,\n 44.97956854547027\n ],\n [\n -111.0309803408683,\n 44.86850389437278\n ],\n [\n -111.21537759882554,\n 42.146710134492714\n ],\n [\n -114.11252686220469,\n 41.93536025488858\n ],\n [\n -114.8348805138175,\n 35.70503682526824\n ],\n [\n -119.66879055671411,\n 39.084468849710476\n ],\n [\n -120.27217606595909,\n 41.93688186236618\n ],\n [\n -117.01575185687031,\n 41.93878648474629\n ],\n [\n -116.56102846133165,\n 45.94050702489267\n ],\n [\n -124.6475160525464,\n 46.20771992929792\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b03e4b0c8380cd74492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Obradovich, J.","contributorId":53953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012046,"text":"70012046 - 1981 - The sedimentary framework of the southern basin of Lake George, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T16:02:22.249868","indexId":"70012046","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The sedimentary framework of the southern basin of Lake George, New York","docAbstract":"

Information from 240 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles has been analyzed to show the bathymetric and subsurface configuration of southern Lake George in the southeastern corner of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Three units have been identified and sampled in 13 piston cores as long as 7 m and 4 grab samples; they are glacial drift, glaciolacustrine nonorganic clay, and Holocene lake mud rich in organic material. Three deep bedrock basins controlled glacial, glaciolacustrine, and postglacial deposition within the lake. Glaciolacustrine clay is more than 30 m thick in these basins but is generally absent in water depths less than 20 m. An unconformity separates glaciolacustrine clay from overlying Holocene mud in water depths less than 30 m, but the contact is conformable and transitional in deeper water. The unconformity may have originated from subaqueous or subaerial erosion during a low stage of lake level which probably occurred between 10,000 and 700 yr B.P. Holocene lake mud is thin to absent in the shallower waters separating the three basins, but reaches 15-m thickness near the entrance to The Narrows. A new radiocarbon date of 6950 ?? 60 yr B.P. was obtained from a wood fragment which was found in the Holocene lake mud. We found no clear evidence of postglacial tectonic disturbances of the lake sediments although recent releveling profiles suggest that the Adirondack Mountains are undergoing contemporary uplift. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90113-7","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Ferrebee, W., Knebel, H., Wold, R.J., and Isachsen, Y., 1981, The sedimentary framework of the southern basin of Lake George, New York: Quaternary Research, v. 15, no. 1, p. 44-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90113-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Lake George","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.58110291869816,\n 43.64789990422335\n ],\n [\n -73.65171439763611,\n 43.59794917156913\n ],\n [\n -73.73046377244945,\n 43.4200697402982\n ],\n [\n -73.68460262645145,\n 43.41015708936362\n ],\n [\n -73.6220769860821,\n 43.43945453274753\n ],\n [\n -73.5869490296089,\n 43.54116883508024\n ],\n [\n -73.46973033302903,\n 43.67093261922244\n ],\n [\n -73.41074368762041,\n 43.816434774484236\n ],\n [\n -73.43157011614562,\n 43.85257349011786\n ],\n [\n -73.48697151047823,\n 43.78925842675548\n ],\n [\n -73.58110291869816,\n 43.64789990422335\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb004e4b08c986b324b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrebee, W.M.","contributorId":45312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrebee","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wold, R. J.","contributorId":59503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wold","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Isachsen, Y.W.","contributorId":100528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isachsen","given":"Y.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011753,"text":"70011753 - 1981 - The terminal Eocene event and the Polish connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T23:14:42.593139","indexId":"70011753","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The terminal Eocene event and the Polish connection","docAbstract":"

The Eocene/Oligocene boundary in Europe is marked by major discontinuities in all environments: the “Grande Coupure” in continental mammals; the elimination of semitropical elements from high-latitude floras; the virtually complete replacement of the shallow-marine malacofauna; and an extraordinary downslope excursion of carbonate deposition in deep-ocean basins (drop in the CCD). These phenomena collectively represent the “Terminal Eocene Event” (TEE). In the Carpathian Mountains, the TEE is manifested in the thin but regionally persistent Globigerina Marl, a calcareous unit containing abundant cool-water microplankton that occurs within very thick, siliceous, bathyal flysch sequences. In southern Poland, the marl is of very latest Eocene age, within planktonic foraminifera zone P17, calcareous nannoplankton zone NP19/20, and the zone of the dinoflagellate Rhomdodinium perforatum. Zircons from bentonites bracketing the marl are dated by fission-track analysis; at Polany, two underlying bentonites are 41.7 and 39.8 Ma, and at Znamirowice two overlying bentonites are 34.6 and 28.9 Ma, in sequence. This accords with glauconite K/Ar ages in Western Europe by which the Eo/Oligocene boundary age is estimated at 37–38 Ma. Global correlations indicate that the TEE corresponds to a major glacio-eustatic regression with a duration of about 0.5 Ma, in which a large Antarctic ice cap was formed, the ocean circulation was permanently changed to the psychrospheric condition, and world climate shifted irreversibly towards the modern state.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(81)90111-5","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Van Couvering, J.A., Aubry, M., Berggren, W., Bujak, J., Naeser, C.W., and Wieser, T., 1981, The terminal Eocene event and the Polish connection: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 321-362, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90111-5.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"362","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221251,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Poland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 14.337657367927704,\n 54.012571323156635\n ],\n [\n 14.337657367927704,\n 49.28513872073813\n ],\n [\n 24.006473984938538,\n 49.28513872073813\n ],\n [\n 24.006473984938538,\n 54.012571323156635\n ],\n [\n 14.337657367927704,\n 54.012571323156635\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0eee4b08c986b325132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Couvering, J. A.","contributorId":78469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Couvering","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aubry, M.-P.","contributorId":100121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubry","given":"M.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berggren, W.A.","contributorId":65601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berggren","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bujak, J.P.","contributorId":49928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bujak","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wieser, T.","contributorId":107430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieser","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70011929,"text":"70011929 - 1981 - Aftershocks of the June 20, 1978, Greece earthquake: A multimode faulting sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-28T16:43:12.995589","indexId":"70011929","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershocks of the June 20, 1978, Greece earthquake: A multimode faulting sequence","docAbstract":"

A 10-station portable seismograph network was deployed in northern Greece to study aftershocks of the magnitude (mb) 6.4 earthquake of June 20, 1978. The main shock occurred (in a graben) about 25 km northeast of the city of Thessaloniki and caused an east-west zone of surface rupturing 14 km long that splayed to 7 km wide at the west end. The hypocenters for 116 aftershocks in the magnitude range from 2.5 to 4.5 were determined. The epicenters for these events cover an area 30 km (east-west) by 18 km (north-south), and focal depths ranges from 4 to 12 km. Most of the aftershocks in the east half of the aftershock zone are north of the surface rupture and north of the graben. Those in the west half are located within the boundaries of the graben. Composite focalmechanism solutions for selected aftershocks indicate reactivation of geologically mapped normal faults in the area. Also, strike-slip and dip-slip faults that splay off the western end of the zone of surface ruptures may have been activated.

The epicenters for four large (M ≯  4.8) foreshocks and the main shock were relocated using the method of joint epicenter determination. Collectively, those five epicenters form an arcuate pattern convex southward, that is north of and 5 km distant from the surface rupturing. The 5-km separation, along with a focal depth of 8 km (average aftershock depth) or 16 km (NEIS main-shock depth), implies that the fault plane dips northward 58° or 73°, respectively. A preferred nodal-plane dip of 36° was determined by B.C. Papazachos and his colleagues in 1979 from a focal-mechanism solution for the main shock. If this dip is valid for the causal fault and that fault projects to the zone of surface rupturing, a decrease of dip with depth is required.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(81)90222-5","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Carver, D., and Bollinger, G.A., 1981, Aftershocks of the June 20, 1978, Greece earthquake: A multimode faulting sequence: Tectonophysics, v. 73, no. 4, p. 343-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90222-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"363","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greece","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 19.603655068347535,\n 41.173821485620664\n ],\n [\n 19.603655068347535,\n 34.8323066303216\n ],\n [\n 30.50271328108795,\n 34.8323066303216\n ],\n [\n 30.50271328108795,\n 41.173821485620664\n ],\n [\n 19.603655068347535,\n 41.173821485620664\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d3e4b0c8380cd47ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carver, David","contributorId":55867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bollinger, G. A.","contributorId":55809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012140,"text":"70012140 - 1981 - Monoclinal bending of strata over laccolithic intrusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-28T16:05:58.647293","indexId":"70012140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monoclinal bending of strata over laccolithic intrusions","docAbstract":"

Sedimentary strata on top of some laccolithic intrusions are nearly horizontal and little deformed, but are bent into steeply dipping monoclinal flexures over the peripheries of these intrusions. This form of bending is not explained by previous theories of laccolithic intrusion, which predict either horizontal undeformed strata over the center and faulted strata around the periphery, or strata bent continuously into a dome. However, a slight generalization of these theories accomodates the observed form and contains the previous forms as special cases. A critical assumption is that the strength of contacts within a multilayered overburden is overcome locally by layer-parallel shear. If this strength is less than the strength of the layers themselves, then layers over the center remain bonded together and display negligible bending, whereas layers over the periphery slip over one another and are readily bent into a monoclinal flexure. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(81)90189-X","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Koch, F., Johnson, A., and Pollard, D.D., 1981, Monoclinal bending of strata over laccolithic intrusions: Tectonophysics, v. 74, no. 3-4, p. T21-T31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90189-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"T21","endPage":"T31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.17491498728086,\n 48.9300297085812\n ],\n [\n -112.95751598788759,\n 44.41755548853673\n ],\n [\n -114.07822001812934,\n 36.917553018566466\n ],\n [\n -108.84171548483499,\n 37.02156091708791\n ],\n [\n -109.06142031682796,\n 40.952898801320174\n ],\n [\n -111.17810860385198,\n 41.064834275515466\n ],\n [\n -111.04695625836439,\n 42.00274969440763\n ],\n [\n -111.11329314135119,\n 44.665083717871184\n ],\n [\n -104.12181366847273,\n 45.05841955531777\n ],\n [\n -102.93005817792101,\n 49.08533992232094\n ],\n [\n -116.17491498728086,\n 48.9300297085812\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e01e4b0c8380cd70741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, F.G.","contributorId":65992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A. M.","contributorId":48903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollard, D. D.","contributorId":72914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}