Archival geolocators have transformed the study of small, migratory organisms but analysis of data from these devices requires bias correction because tags are only recovered from individuals that survive and are re-captured at their tagging location. We show that integrating geolocator recovery data and mark–resight data enables unbiased estimates of both migratory connectivity between breeding and nonbreeding populations and region-specific survival probabilities for wintering locations. Using simulations, we first demonstrate that an integrated Bayesian model returns unbiased estimates of transition probabilities between seasonal ranges. We also used simulations to determine how different sampling designs influence the estimability of transition probabilities. We then parameterized the model with tracking data and mark–resight data from declining Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) populations breeding in the eastern United States, hypothesized to be threatened by the illegal pet trade in parts of their Caribbean, nonbreeding range. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that male buntings wintering in Cuba were 20% less likely to return to the breeding grounds than birds wintering elsewhere in their range. Improving inferences from archival tags through proper data collection and further development of integrated models will advance our understanding of the full annual cycle ecology of migratory species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duab010","usgsCitation":"Rushing, C.S., Van Tatenhove, A.M., Sharp, A., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Freeman, M., Sykes, P.W., Given, A.M., and Sillett, T., 2021, Integrating tracking and resight data enables unbiased inferences about migratory connectivity and winter range survival from archival tags: Ornithological Applications, v. 123, no. 2, duab010, https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duab010.","productDescription":"duab010","ipdsId":"IP-118948","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duab010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rushing, Clark S","contributorId":237020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rushing","given":"Clark","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Tatenhove, Aimee M","contributorId":261211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Tatenhove","given":"Aimee","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharp, Andrew","contributorId":261213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharp","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruiz-Gutierrez, Viviana","contributorId":261212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz-Gutierrez","given":"Viviana","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freeman, Mary 0000-0001-7615-6923 mcfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":3528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"mcfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sykes, Paul W.","contributorId":214917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sykes","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Given, Aaron M.","contributorId":49474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Given","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sillett, T. Scott","contributorId":80788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sillett","given":"T. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70222459,"text":"70222459 - 2021 - Stock composition of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) encountered in marine and estuarine environments on the U.S. Atlantic Coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-14T16:40:31.75938","indexId":"70222459","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-16T08:54:57","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Stock composition of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) encountered in marine and estuarine environments on the U.S. Atlantic Coast","title":"Stock composition of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) encountered in marine and estuarine environments on the U.S. Atlantic Coast","docAbstract":"Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) is a large, anadromous fish native to the Atlantic Coast of North America. Although this species once supported important fisheries, centuries of exploitation and habitat degradation have resulted in dramatic declines, presumed extirpation in some rivers, and ultimately listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Under the ESA, Atlantic sturgeon are listed as five separate Distinct Population Segments (DPSs), which form the basis for federal management. Despite state and federal protections Atlantic sturgeon still face significant threats to their recovery, including fisheries bycatch mortality, marine construction, dredging, dams, and vessel strikes. However, because subadult and adult Atlantic sturgeon migrate extensively across estuarine and marine environments and frequently form mixed-stock aggregations in non-natal habitats, it can be difficult to determine how these threats impact specific populations and DPSs. To better understand ontogenetic shifts in habitat use and stock-specific exposure to anthropogenic threats, we performed a mixed-stock analysis of 1704 Atlantic sturgeon encountered across the U.S. Atlantic Coast. Collections made north of Cape Cod, MA and south of Cape Hatteras, NC were dominated by individuals from regional stocks; however, we found extensive stock mixing in the mid-Atlantic region, particularly in coastal environments where individuals from all five DPSs were commonly observed. Subadults and adults that were encountered in offshore environments had moved, on average, 277 km from their natal source; however, 23% were sampled over 500 km from their natal river suggesting long-distance movements are relatively common in these age classes. Overall, our work highlights that Atlantic sturgeon populations are vulnerable to threats over vast areas and emphasizes the need for continued genetic monitoring to track recovery progress.
The location and timing of spawning play a critical role in pelagic fish survival during early life stages and can affect subsequent recruitment. Spawning patterns of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) were examined in Prince William Sound (1973–2019) where the population has failed to recover since its collapse in 1993. Abrupt shifts in spawn distribution preceded the rapid increase in population size in the 1980s and later its collapse by one and two years, respectively. Following the population collapse, spawning contracted away from historical regions towards southeastern areas of the Sound, and the proportion of occupied spawning areas declined from 65% to <9%. Spatial differences in spawn timing variation were also apparent, as the median spawn date shifted earlier by 26 days in eastern and 15 days in western areas of Prince William Sound between 1980 and 2006, and then shifted later by 25 (eastern) and 19 (western) days over a 7-year period. Effects of contracted spawning areas and timing shifts on first-year survival and recruitment are uncertain and require future investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047","usgsCitation":"McGowan, D.W., Branch, T., Haught, S., and Scheuerell, M.D., 2021, Multi-decadal shifts in the distribution and timing of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) spawning in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, no. 11, p. 1611-1627, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1611","endPage":"1627","ipdsId":"IP-127966","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":429890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 61.38445317402528\n ],\n [\n -148.81364721566212,\n 61.38445317402528\n ],\n [\n -148.81364721566212,\n 59.67390576743358\n ],\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 59.67390576743358\n ],\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 61.38445317402528\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Branch, Trevor A.","contributorId":337665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Branch","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12729,"text":"UW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"McGowan, David W.","contributorId":337661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGowan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12729,"text":"UW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Branch, Trevor A.","contributorId":172088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Branch","given":"Trevor A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":903139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haught, Stormy","contributorId":337663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haught","given":"Stormy","affiliations":[{"id":56329,"text":"akfg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheuerell, Mark David 0000-0002-8284-1254","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-1254","contributorId":288621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheuerell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219581,"text":"sim3469 - 2021 - Three-dimensional geologic map of the Brady geothermal area, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T11:42:18.673461","indexId":"sim3469","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-15T06:46:43","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3469","displayTitle":"Three-Dimensional Geologic Map of the Brady Geothermal Area, Nevada","title":"Three-dimensional geologic map of the Brady geothermal area, Nevada","docAbstract":"The three-dimensional (3D) geologic map characterizes the subsurface in the Brady geothermal area in the northern Hot Springs Mountains of northwestern Nevada. We built the 3D map by integrating the results from detailed geologic mapping, seismic-reflection, potential-field-geophysical, and lithologic well-logging investigations completed in the study area. This effort was undertaken to investigate the geologic structure in the geothermal field and geologic controls on hydrothermal circulation. This characterization of the controls on hydrothermal circulation is applicable to the assessment, exploration, and development of analogous geothermal resources. The 3D map area is 4 kilometers (km) wide along the west-northwest-to-east-southeast axis and 6 km wide along the north-northeast-to-south-southwest axis and extends to 1.0 km below sea level, approximately 2.5 km below the land surface. We describe the geologic units and structures in the map area, discuss the methods used to integrate the geologic and geophysical information into the 3D geologic interpretation, and calculate several geologic factors that may aid in our understanding of hydrothermal circulation. Map sheet 1 provides horizontal and vertical section views and oblique perspective views from several angles of the 3D geologic map. Map sheet 2 provides views of derivative calculations based on the 3D geologic data, 3D density of faults, 3D density of fault intersections and terminations, slip tendency on 3D faults, and dilation tendency on 3D faults. We provide digital data for all elements of the map, such as individual 3D fault and stratigraphic surfaces, 3D fault density, 3D fault intersection density, 3D slip tendency on fault surfaces, and 3D dilation tendency on fault surfaces. A brief movie displaying the 3D map is available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3469.
Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
Menlo Park, California
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
Accidental spills of chemicals and other pollutants can decimate populations of stream-dwelling species. Recovery from such accidents can be relatively fast and complete when the affected stream reaches can be recolonized from upstream and downstream sources. However, faunal recoveries from accidental spills that extirpate populations from entire headwater streams have not been extensively documented, and understanding resilience of headwater-stream biota is relevant for assessing threats to at-risk species. We assessed recovery of fish populations in a 5.7-km long headwater stream in the southeastern United States following a complete, or nearly complete, fish-kill caused by a chemical spill near the source of the stream. We sampled for fishes at five stream locations, two downstream and three upstream from a perched, culverted road-crossing located 2.4 km upstream from the stream mouth, over a period of 18.5 months following the poisoning event. We observed 11 fish species, representing <65% of the fish species expected based on occurrences in nearby tributary streams. In post-poisoning sampling, only three of these taxa were observed upstream of the culvert; all 11 species, including the federally threatened Cherokee Darter Etheostoma scotti, were found downstream of the culvert but were mostly represented by a few, large individuals. In contrast, dead individuals of at least eight taxa including the Cherokee Darter were observed upstream of the culvert at the time of the fish-kill. These observations provide evidence of slow recovery of a headwater fish fauna, and especially upstream of a barrier to fish movement, where the recolonization sources are primarily downstream. Additional case studies may reveal whether this result applies generally to headwater streams. Slow recovery could make species that primarily inhabit or maintain greatest abundances in headwaters, including multiple at-risk fishes, particularly vulnerable to the threat of accidental spills that result in local population extirpation.
Researchers have increasingly used autonomous monitoring units to record animal sounds, track phenology with timed photographs, and snap images when triggered by motion. We piloted the use of smartphones to monitor wildlife in the Riverside East Solar Energy Zone (California) and at Indiana Dunes National Park (Indiana). For both efforts, we established remote autonomous monitoring stations in which we housed an Android smartphone in a weather-proof box mounted to a pole and powered by solar panels. We connected each smartphone to a Google account, and the smartphone received its recording/photo schedule daily via a Google Calendar connection when in data transmission mode. Phones were automated by Tasker, an Android application for automating cell phone tasks. We describe a simple approach that could be adopted by others who wish to use nonproprietary methods of data collection and analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-20-071","usgsCitation":"Donovan, T.M., Balantic, C., Katz, J., Massar, M., Knutson, R., Duh, K., Jones, P., Epstein, K., Lacasse-Roger, J., and Dias, J., 2021, Remote ecological monitoring with smartphones and tasker: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 12, no. 1, p. 163-173, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-20-071.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"173","ipdsId":"IP-122817","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-071","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Park, Riverside East Solar Energy Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.18612670898438,\n 41.61287552704954\n ],\n [\n -86.97738647460938,\n 41.63597302844412\n ],\n [\n -86.84967041015625,\n 41.71956803760863\n ],\n [\n -86.82907104492188,\n 41.759019938155404\n ],\n [\n -87.22457885742188,\n 41.62724827814965\n ],\n [\n -87.18612670898438,\n 41.61287552704954\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.344970703125,\n 33.747180448149855\n ],\n [\n -116.78466796875,\n 33.747180448149855\n ],\n [\n -116.78466796875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -117.344970703125,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -117.344970703125,\n 33.747180448149855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, Therese M. 0000-0001-8124-9251 tdonovan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-9251","contributorId":204296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Therese","email":"tdonovan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balantic, Cathleen","contributorId":287246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balantic","given":"Cathleen","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katz, Jonathan","contributorId":287247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Katz","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Massar, Mark","contributorId":287248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Massar","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knutson, Randy","contributorId":287249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"Randy","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duh, Kara","contributorId":287250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duh","given":"Kara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jones, Peter","contributorId":287251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Epstein, Keith","contributorId":287252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epstein","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":61509,"text":"Forecast LLC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lacasse-Roger, Julien","contributorId":287253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lacasse-Roger","given":"Julien","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":61510,"text":"Digipom, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dias, João","contributorId":287254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dias","given":"João","affiliations":[{"id":61511,"text":"Kitxoo, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70711,"text":"pp1666 - 2021 - Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21736,"text":"ofr98219B - 1999 - Digital geologic map database of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho","indexId":"ofr98219B","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Digital geologic map database of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70711,"text":"pp1666 - 2021 - Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","indexId":"pp1666","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":65714,"text":"i2599 - 1997 - Geologic map of the western Salmon River Mountains, Valley and Idaho counties, west-central Idaho","indexId":"i2599","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the western Salmon River Mountains, Valley and Idaho counties, west-central Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70711,"text":"pp1666 - 2021 - Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","indexId":"pp1666","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-14T11:23:11.316012","indexId":"pp1666","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-13T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1666","title":"Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","docAbstract":"Before the Late Cretaceous, the eastern and western parts of the geologically complex Payette National Forest, as divided by the Salmon River suture, had fundamentally different geologic histories. The eastern part is underlain by Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian(?) rocks of the Laurentian (Precambrian North American) continent. Thick Mesoproterozoic units, which are at least in part equivalent in age to the Belt Supergroup of northern Idaho and western Montana, under-went Mesoproterozoic metamorphic and deformational events, including intrusion of Mesoproterozoic plutons. During the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic, the western edge of Laurentia was rifted. This event included magmatism and resulted in deposition of rift-related Neoproterozoic to Lower Cambrian(?) volcanic and sedimentary rocks above Mesoproterozoic rocks. The western part of the forest is underlain by upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic island-arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks. These rocks comprise four recognized island-arc terranes that were amalgamated and intruded by intermediate-composition plutons, probably in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and then sutured to Laurentia along the Salmon River suture in the Late Cretaceous.
The Salmon River suture formed as a right-lateral, transpressive fault. The metamorphic grade and structural complexity of the rocks increase toward the suture from both sides, and geochemical signatures in crosscutting plutonic rocks abruptly differ across the crustal boundary. Having been reactivated by younger structures, the Salmon River suture forms a north-trending topographic depression along Long Valley, through McCall, to the Goose Creek and French Creek drainages.
During the last stages of metamorphism and deformation related to the suture event, voluminous plutons of the Idaho batholith were intruded east of the suture. An older plutonic series is intermediate in composition and preserved as elongated and deformed bodies near the suture and as parts of roof pendants to younger intrusions to the east. A younger magma series consists of undeformed, marginally peraluminous plutons that formed east of the suture after accretion.
After suture-related compression, crustal extension resulted in voluminous volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Eocene Challis magmatic complex on the east side of the forest. Extension, from the Late Cretaceous to post-Miocene, uplifted the area of the Idaho batholith relative to the western part of the forest and formed dominant highlands along the Snake River. Extensional basins also formed such that, in the Miocene, the Columbia River Basalt Group and related basaltic lavas flowed over most of the lower elevations on the western side of the forest and redirected erosional debris into north-trending, fault-controlled drainages and young sedimentary basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1666","usgsCitation":"Lund, K., 2004, Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho (ver. 1.1, April 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1666–A, –B, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1666. [Supersedes USGS Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I–2599 and the GIS data in USGS Open-File Report 98–219–B.]","productDescription":"Report: viii, 89 p.; 2 Plates: 38.00 x 54.50 inches and 57.00 x 42.00 inches; Read Me; Downloads Directory; Version History","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436409,"rank":13,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W9WKAD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS Data for Geology of the Payette National Forest and Vicinity, West-Central Idaho"},{"id":379058,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1666"},{"id":384896,"rank":11,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Professional Paper 1666 version history"},{"id":385022,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666_bases.zip","text":"Base maps (zip format)","size":"36.3","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"PP 1666 Base Maps zip format"},{"id":385023,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666_bases.tar.gz","text":"Base maps (tar.gzip format)","size":"36.4","description":"PP 1666 Base Maps tar.gip format"},{"id":385024,"rank":9,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666.tar.gz","text":"Databases, metadata, projection and aml files (tar.gzip format)","size":"1.55 MB","description":"PP 1666 Databases, metadata, projection and aml files (tar.gzip format)"},{"id":385025,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666.zip","text":"Databases, metadata, projection and aml files (zip format)","size":"1.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"PP 1666 Databases, metadata, projection and aml files (zip format)"},{"id":110567,"rank":12,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_71684.htm","text":"Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"National Geologic Map Database Index Page","linkHelpText":"National Geologic Map Database Index Page"},{"id":192682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":379055,"rank":10,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666_ReadMe.txt","size":"3.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"PP 1666 Read Me"},{"id":379056,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"6.53 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1666 Plate 1"},{"id":379057,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1666/pp1666_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"7.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1666 Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Payette National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.25,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 44.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: April 13, 2021","contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-973
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The Golden Eagle inhabits a wide range of latitudes and habitats throughout the Palearctic and into northern Africa, where it is largely resident. In North America, its breeding distribution includes most of Canada and Alaska, as well as the western half of the United States and northern and western Mexico. Most eagles that nest in northern Canada and interior and northern Alaska migrate thousands of kilometers to wintering grounds. Southern eagles tend to be resident year-round, but some make northward, latitudinal, or altitudinal migrations when not on territory. During the non-breeding season, Golden Eagle occurs in Mexico, every U.S. state, and in the southern parts of Canada. It is most common in western North America, especially near open spaces that provide hunting habitat with ample prey, near cliffs or trees that supply nesting sites, and topography that creates updrafts essential for flight. Recent research has shown that the Golden Eagle is more common than once thought in eastern North America as well as in forested areas continent-wide, and that young individuals may summer in large numbers in the vast and productive wetlands of northernmost North America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Birds of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birds of the World","doi":"10.2173/bow.goleag.02","usgsCitation":"Katzner, T., Kochert, M.N., Steenhof, K., McIntyre, C.L., Craig, E.H., and Miller, T., 2021, Golden Eagle, chap. of Birds of the world, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.goleag.02.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-117754","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":813989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIntyre, Carol L.","contributorId":94642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Craig, Erica H.","contributorId":176469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Craig","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Tricia A.","contributorId":64790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tricia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70229985,"text":"70229985 - 2021 - Nitrogen biogeochemistry in a boreal headwater stream network in interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-22T14:28:15.083341","indexId":"70229985","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-10T08:58:54","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen biogeochemistry in a boreal headwater stream network in interior Alaska","docAbstract":"High latitude, boreal watersheds are nitrogen (N)-limited ecosystems that export large amounts of organic carbon (C). Key controls on C cycling in these environments are the biogeochemical processes affecting the N cycle. A study was conducted in Nome Creek, an upland headwater tributary of the Yukon River, and two first-order tributaries to Nome Creek, to examine the relation between seasonal and transport-associated changes in C and N pools and N-cycling processes across varying hydrologic gradients using laboratory bioassays of water and sediment samples and in-stream tracer tests. DON exceeded dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in Nome Creek except late in the summer season, with little variation in organic C:N ratios with time or transport distance. DIN was dominant in the 1st order tributaries. Rates of organic N mineralization and denitrification in laboratory incubations were related to sediment organic C content, while nitrification rates differed greatly between two 1st order tributaries with similar drainages. Additions of DIN or urea did not stimulate microbial activity. In-stream tracer tests with nitrate and urea indicated that uptake rates were slow relative to transport rates; simulated rates of uptake in stream storage zones were higher than rates assessed in the laboratory bioassays. In general, N-cycle processes were more active and had a greater overall impact in the 1st order tributaries and were minimized in Nome Creek, the larger, higher velocity, transport-dominated stream. Understanding key controls on N-cycling processes in these watersheds has important implications for DIN speciation and down-stream impacts of potential increased N loads in response to climate warming.","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142906","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Repert, D.A., and Koch, J.C., 2021, Nitrogen biogeochemistry in a boreal headwater stream network in interior Alaska: Science of the Total Environment, v. 764, 142906, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142906.","productDescription":"142906, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-098998","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142906","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9K61317","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Nitrogen biogeochemistry in a boreal headwater stream network in Interior Alaska, 2008 to 2011"},{"id":397395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"East Twin Creek, Nome Creek, West Twin Creek, White Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.14040756225586,\n 65.35946624333435\n ],\n [\n -147.03432083129883,\n 65.35946624333435\n ],\n [\n -147.03432083129883,\n 65.39429760005945\n ],\n [\n -147.14040756225586,\n 65.39429760005945\n ],\n [\n -147.14040756225586,\n 65.35946624333435\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"764","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repert, Deborah A. 0000-0001-7284-1456 darepert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-1456","contributorId":2578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repert","given":"Deborah","email":"darepert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70219514,"text":"70219514 - 2021 - Remote sensing analysis to quantify change in woodland canopy cover on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona (1935 vs. 2017)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-13T12:02:06.318473","indexId":"70219514","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-09T12:00:01","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2596,"text":"Land","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing analysis to quantify change in woodland canopy cover on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona (1935 vs. 2017)","docAbstract":"Since the late 1800s, pinyon–juniper woodland across the western U.S. has increased in density and areal extent and encroached into former grassland areas. The San Carlos Apache Tribe wants to gain qualitative and quantitative information on the historical conditions of their tribal woodlands to use as a baseline for restoration efforts. At the San Carlos Apache Reservation, in east-central Arizona, large swaths of woodlands containing varying mixtures of juniper (Juniperus spp.), pinyon (Pinus spp.) and evergreen oak (Quercus spp.) are culturally important to the Tribe and are a focus for restoration. To determine changes in canopy cover, we developed image analysis techniques to monitor tree and large shrub cover using 1935 and 2017 aerial imagery and compared results over the 82-year interval. Results showed a substantial increase in the canopy cover of the former savannas, and encroachment (mostly juniper) into the former grasslands of Big Prairie. The Tribe is currently engaged in converting juniper woodland back into an open savanna, more characteristic of assumed pre-reservation conditions for that area. Our analysis shows areas on Bee Flat that, under the Tribe’s active restoration efforts, have returned woodland canopy cover to levels roughly analogous to that measured in 1935.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/land10040393","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.R., and Norman, L., 2021, Remote sensing analysis to quantify change in woodland canopy cover on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona (1935 vs. 2017): Land, v. 10, no. 4, 393, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040393.","productDescription":"393, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-115039","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040393","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"San Carlos Apache Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.950927734375,\n 32.87036022808352\n ],\n [\n -109.30847167968749,\n 32.87036022808352\n ],\n [\n -109.30847167968749,\n 34.07996230865873\n ],\n [\n -110.950927734375,\n 34.07996230865873\n ],\n [\n -110.950927734375,\n 32.87036022808352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Barry R. 0000-0001-8924-4121 bmiddleton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8924-4121","contributorId":3947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Barry","email":"bmiddleton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":203300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70219526,"text":"70219526 - 2021 - Reconstructing the dynamics of the highly similar May 2016 and June 2019 Iliamna Volcano, Alaska ice–rock avalanches from seismoacoustic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-12T13:21:07.805475","indexId":"70219526","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-08T08:08:15","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7942,"text":"Earth Surface Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing the dynamics of the highly similar May 2016 and June 2019 Iliamna Volcano, Alaska ice–rock avalanches from seismoacoustic data","docAbstract":"Surficial mass wasting events are a hazard worldwide. Seismic and acoustic signals from these often remote processes, combined with other geophysical observations, can provide key information for monitoring and rapid response efforts and enhance our understanding of event dynamics. Here, we present seismoacoustic data and analyses for two very large ice–rock avalanches occurring on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska (USA), on 22 May 2016 and 21 June 2019. Iliamna is a glacier-mantled stratovolcano located in the Cook Inlet, ∼200 km from Anchorage, Alaska. The volcano experiences massive, quasi-annual slope failures due to glacial instabilities and hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks near its summit. The May 2016 and June 2019 avalanches were particularly large and generated energetic seismic and infrasound signals which were recorded at numerous stations at ranges from ∼9 to over 600 km. Both avalanches initiated in the same location near the head of Iliamna's east-facing Red Glacier, and their ∼8 km long runout shapes are nearly identical. This repeatability – which is rare for large and rapid mass movements – provides an excellent opportunity for comparison and validation of seismoacoustic source characteristics. For both events, we invert long-period (15–80 s) seismic signals to obtain a force-time representation of the source. We model the avalanche as a sliding block which exerts a spatially static point force on the Earth. We use this force-time function to derive constraints on avalanche acceleration, velocity, and directionality, which are compatible with satellite imagery and observed terrain features. Our inversion results suggest that the avalanches reached speeds exceeding 70 m s−1, consistent with numerical modeling from previous Iliamna studies. We lack sufficient local infrasound data to test an acoustic source model for these processes. However, the acoustic data suggest that infrasound from these avalanches is produced after the mass movement regime transitions from cohesive block-type failure to granular and turbulent flow – little to no infrasound is generated by the initial failure. At Iliamna, synthesis of advanced numerical flow models and more detailed ground observations combined with increased geophysical station coverage could yield significant gains in our understanding of these events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus","doi":"10.5194/esurf-9-271-2021","usgsCitation":"Toney, L., Fee, D., Allstadt, K.E., Haney, M.M., and Matoza, R.S., 2021, Reconstructing the dynamics of the highly similar May 2016 and June 2019 Iliamna Volcano, Alaska ice–rock avalanches from seismoacoustic data: Earth Surface Dynamics, v. 9, p. 271-293, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-271-2021.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"293","ipdsId":"IP-122705","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-271-2021","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Iliamna Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -144.8876953125,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -144.8876953125,\n 63.31268278043484\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 63.31268278043484\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 59.712097173322924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toney, Liam 0000-0003-0167-9433","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0167-9433","contributorId":257264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toney","given":"Liam","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fee, David","contributorId":251816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fee","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allstadt, Kate E. 0000-0003-4977-5248","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4977-5248","contributorId":138704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstadt","given":"Kate","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haney, Matthew M. 0000-0003-3317-7884 mhaney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884","contributorId":172948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","email":"mhaney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matoza, Robin S.","contributorId":257265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matoza","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36524,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70262781,"text":"70262781 - 2021 - Roads less travelled by— Pleistocene piracy in Washington’s northwestern Channeled Scabland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-23T21:56:18.680423","indexId":"70262781","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-07T15:54:55","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Roads less travelled by— Pleistocene piracy in Washington’s northwestern Channeled Scabland","docAbstract":"The Pleistocene Okanogan lobe of Cordilleran ice in north-central Washington State dammed Columbia River to pond glacial Lake Columbia and divert the river south across one or another low spot along a 230-km-long drainage divide. When enormous Missoula floods from the east briefly engulfed the lake, water poured across a few such divide saddles. The grandest such spillway into the Channeled Scabland became upper Grand Coulee.
By cutting headward to Columbia valley, upper Grand Coulee’s flood cataract opened a valve that then kept glacial Lake Columbia low and limited later floods into nearby Moses Coulee. Indeed few of the scores of last-glacial Missoula floods managed to reach it. Headward cutting of an inferred smaller cataract (Foster Coulee) had earlier lowered glacial Lake Columbia’s outlet. Such Scabland piracies explain a variety of field evidence assembled here: apparently successive outlets of glacial Lake Columbia, and certain megaflood features downcurrent to Wenatchee and Quincy basin.
Ice-rafted erratics and the Pangborn bar of foreset gravel near Wenatchee record late Wisconsin flood(s) down Columbia valley as deep as 320 m. Fancher bar, 45 m higher than Pangborn bar, also has tall foreset beds—but its gravel is partly rotted and capped by thick calcrete, thus pre-Wisconsin age, perhaps greatly so. In western Quincy basin foreset beds of basaltic gravel dip east from Columbia valley into the basin—gravel also partly rotted and capped by thick calcrete, also pre-Wisconsin. Yet evidence of late Wisconsin eastward flow to Quincy basin is sparse. This sequence suggests that upper Grand Coulee had largely opened before down-Columbia megaflood(s) early in late Wisconsin time.
A drift-obscured area of the Waterville Plateau near Badger Wells is the inconspicuous divide saddle between Columbia tributary Foster Creek drainage and Moses Coulee drainage. Before flood cataracts had opened upper Grand Coulee or Foster Coulee, and while Okanogan ice blocked the Columbia but not Foster Creek, glacial Lake Columbia (diverted Columbia River) drained over this saddle at about 654 m and down Moses Coulee. When glacial Lake Columbia stood at this high level so far west, Missoula floods swelling the lake could easily and deeply flood Moses Coulee.
Once eastern Foster Coulee cataract had been cut through, and especially once upper Grand Coulee’s great cataract receded to Columbia valley, glacial Lake Columbia stood lower, and Moses Coulee became harder to flood. During the late Wisconsin (marine isotope stage [MIS] 2), only when Okanogan-lobe ice blocked the Columbia near Brewster to form a high lake could Missoula floodwater from glacial Lake Missoula rise enough to overflow into Moses Coulee—and then only in a few very largest Missoula floods. Moses Coulee’s main excavation must lie with pre-Wisconsin outburst floods (MIS 6 or much earlier)—before upper Grand Coulee’s cataract had receded to Columbia valley.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Untangling the Quaternary period—A legacy of Stephen C. Porter","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2021.2548(18)","usgsCitation":"Waitt, R.B., 2021, Roads less travelled by— Pleistocene piracy in Washington’s northwestern Channeled Scabland, chap. of Untangling the Quaternary period—A legacy of Stephen C. Porter, v. 548, p. 351-384, https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2548(18).","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"384","ipdsId":"IP-106447","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.95459021337109,\n 48.24790940711324\n ],\n [\n -119.95459021337109,\n 47.27955471812251\n ],\n [\n -118.82360732853044,\n 47.27955471812251\n ],\n [\n -118.82360732853044,\n 48.24790940711324\n ],\n [\n -119.95459021337109,\n 48.24790940711324\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"548","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Waitt, Richard B. 0000-0002-6392-5604 waitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-5604","contributorId":2343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"Richard","email":"waitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924927,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thackray, Glenn D.","contributorId":266203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thackray","given":"Glenn D.","affiliations":[{"id":54945,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924928,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillespie, Alan R.","contributorId":147607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":924929,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Waitt, Richard B. 0000-0002-6392-5604 waitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-5604","contributorId":2343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"Richard","email":"waitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70228404,"text":"70228404 - 2021 - The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) genoscape: Implications for monitoring, management, and subspecies boundaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-10T16:55:34.103523","indexId":"70228404","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-06T10:35:03","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10109,"text":"Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) genoscape: Implications for monitoring, management, and subspecies boundaries","title":"The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) genoscape: Implications for monitoring, management, and subspecies boundaries","docAbstract":"Identifying population genetic structure is useful for inferring evolutionary process and comparing the resulting structure with subspecies boundaries can aid in species management. The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) is a widespread and highly diverse species with 17 total subspecies, only 2 of which are found north of U.S./Mexico border (F. s. paulus is restricted to southeastern United States, while F. s. sparverius breeds across the remainder of the U.S. and Canadian distribution). In many parts of their U.S. and Canadian range, American Kestrels have been declining, but it has been difficult to interpret demographic trends without a clearer understanding of gene flow among populations. Here we sequence the first American Kestrel genome and scan the genome of 197 individuals from 12 sampling locations across the United States and Canada in order to identify population structure. To validate signatures of population structure and fill in sampling gaps across the U.S. and Canadian range, we screened 192 outlier loci in an additional 376 samples from 34 sampling locations. Overall, our analyses support the existence of 5 genetically distinct populations of American Kestrels—eastern, western, Texas, Florida, and Alaska. Interestingly, we found that while our genome-wide genetic data support the existence of previously described subspecies boundaries in the United States and Canada, genetic differences across the sampled range correlate more with putative migratory phenotypes (resident, long-distance, and short-distance migrants) rather than a priori described subspecies boundaries per se. Based on our results, we suggest the resulting 5 genetically distinct populations serve as the foundation for American Kestrel conservation and management in the face of future threats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa051","usgsCitation":"Ruegg, K.C., Brinkmeyer, M., Bossu, C.M., Bay, R., Anderson, E.C., Boal, C.W., Dawson, R.D., Eschenbauch, A., McClure, C.J., Miller, K.E., Morrow, L., Morrow, J.R., Oleyar, M.D., Ralph, B., Schulwitz, S., Swem, T., Therrien, J.F., Van Buskirk, R., Smith, T.B., and Heath, J.A., 2021, The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) genoscape: Implications for monitoring, management, and subspecies boundaries: Ornithology, v. 138, no. 2, ukaa051, https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa051.","productDescription":"ukaa051","ipdsId":"IP-115588","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa051","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","volume":"138","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Therrien, J-F.","contributorId":275699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Therrien","given":"J-F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51980,"text":"Hawk Mountain Sanctuary","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834226,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":16}],"authors":[{"text":"Ruegg, K. C.","contributorId":275671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruegg","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brinkmeyer, M.","contributorId":275672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brinkmeyer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bossu, C. M.","contributorId":275674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bossu","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bay, R.","contributorId":275673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bay","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36629,"text":"University of California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, E. C.","contributorId":275675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36612,"text":"National Marine Fisheries Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":834213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dawson, R. D.","contributorId":275676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":49840,"text":"University of Northern British Columbia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eschenbauch, A.","contributorId":275681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eschenbauch","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56878,"text":"Central Wisconsin Kestrel Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McClure, C. J. W.","contributorId":275685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClure","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. W.","affiliations":[{"id":56879,"text":"The Pergrine Fund","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, K. E.","contributorId":275688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Morrow, L.","contributorId":275692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrow","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56880,"text":"Shenandoah Valley Raptor Study Area","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Morrow, J. R.","contributorId":58716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":834219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Oleyar, M. D.","contributorId":275693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oleyar","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35596,"text":"HawkWatch International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ralph, B.","contributorId":275694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ralph","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56883,"text":"Yosemite Area Audubon Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Schulwitz, S.","contributorId":275695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schulwitz","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36583,"text":"The Peregrine Fund","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Swem, T.","contributorId":275696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swem","given":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Therrien, J. F.","contributorId":243502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Therrien","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":834316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Van Buskirk, Rich","contributorId":275812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Buskirk","given":"Rich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":834317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Smith, T. B.","contributorId":275697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36629,"text":"University of California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Heath, J. A.","contributorId":275698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heath","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70220413,"text":"70220413 - 2021 - Prevalence of neonicotinoids and sulfoxaflor in alluvial aquifers in a high corn and soybean producing region of the Midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-13T12:51:05.599137","indexId":"70220413","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-06T07:46:35","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prevalence of neonicotinoids and sulfoxaflor in alluvial aquifers in a high corn and soybean producing region of the Midwestern United States","docAbstract":"Neonicotinoids have been previously detected in Iowa surface waters, but less is known regarding their occurrence in groundwater. To help fill this research gap, a groundwater study was conducted in eastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota, a corn and soybean producing area with known heavy neonicotinoid use. Neonicotinoids were studied in alluvial aquifers, a hydrogeologic setting known to be vulnerable to surface-applied contaminants. Groundwater samples were analyzed from 40 wells for six neonicotinoid compounds (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam), and sulfoxaflor. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with both direct aqueous injection and solid phase extraction methods. Neonicotinoids were prevalent in the alluvial aquifers with 73% of the wells having at least one neonicotinoid detection. Clothianidin (68%, max: 391.7 ng/L) was the most commonly detected, followed by imidacloprid (43%, max: 6.7 ng/L) and thiamethoxam (3%, max: 0.2 ng/L). Acetamiprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor, and thiacloprid were not detected during the study. The solid phase extraction method was more sensitive than direct aqueous injection, where only clothianidin detected in 23% of samples. SPE is the preferred method for detecting low concentrations of hydrophilic pesticides in water. This study documented that the combination of heavy chemical use overlying a hydrogeologic setting vulnerable to surface applied contaminants leads to transport of neonicotinoids into an important groundwater resource.
Emergent late Pliocene and Pleistocene shoreline deposits, morphologically identifiable Pleistocene shoreline units, and seaward-facing scarps characterize the easternmost Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP) of the United States of America. In some areas of the ACP, these deposits, units, and scarps have been studied in detail. Within these areas, temporal and spatial data are sufficient for time-depositional frameworks for shoreline-evolution to have been developed and published. For other areas, such as the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain (SEACP), available data are conflicting and (or) insufficient to develop such a framework, or to make shoreline correlations. Differential epeirogenic uplift and shoreline deformation, resulting from mantle-flow and climate-induced isostatic adjustments, complicate regional shoreline correlations. In the SEACP, the topographically prominent Orangeburg Scarp (hereafter, the Scarp) rises tens of meters in elevation from southeastern Georgia to southeastern North Carolina. The degree to which the Scarp and shoreline units seaward of the Scarp are deformed continues to be debated, but there is general agreement that the lower Savannah River area (LSRA) of Georgia and South Carolina is the least deformed area of the SEACP.
This paper synthesizes published and previously unpublished numerical age and stratigraphic data for emergent Pliocene and younger shoreline deposits in the LSRA in Georgia. Age data are applied to these shoreline deposits as they are delineated (map units) on the 1976 geologic map of Georgia by Lawton and others. Age assignments are based on stratigraphic position, fossil content, soil and weathering diagnostic properties, and numerical ages as determined by meteoric Beryllium‑10 paleosol residence time (10BePRT), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), uranium disequilibrium series (U-series), amino acid racemization (AAR), and radiocarbon (14C) analyses. These data provide a preliminary Pliocene-Pleistocene geochronology for the Orangeburg Scarp and shoreline deposits seaward of the Scarp in the LSRA of Georgia. Minimum ages and age ranges indicate the following:
Director, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 21092
The tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) occurs throughout the eastern United States, from Canada to south Florida and westward to eastern New Mexico, central Colorado, and western Texas. In this study, we document the first record of P. subflavus for both Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Culberson County, Texas. Our record extends the range of P. subflavus into the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. We also examined the diet of this individual and observed that it consisted of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera. Our observations of the diet of P. subflavus correspond with results of previous studies from more eastern portions of the species' range.
The State of Texas has the largest land area of any in the contiguous United States, and its sprawling landscapes show rich geographic diversity. The Lone Star State has cactus flats in the high plains of its far western panhandle, rolling hills in its western Trans-Pecos region, farms and ranchlands stretching across central Texas, thick forests and swamplands spread through the east, and 3,359 miles of Gulf of America coastline. The consistent, reliable, and historically unique Landsat data archive provides an important tool for Texans to track landscape changes and enhance their economy and environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20213017","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2021, Texas and Landsat (ver. 1.2, March 2025): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021–3017, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213017.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-126698","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408400,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3017/fs20213017.XML"},{"id":384731,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3017/coverthb4.jpg"},{"id":408398,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3017/fs20213017.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2021–3017"},{"id":408399,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3017/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"5 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":408411,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs20213017/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":408401,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3017/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.276425,26.521729],[-97.31073,26.556558],[-97.345822,26.700589],[-97.370438,26.723896],[-97.368343,26.795649],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.390078,27.156512],[-97.359963,27.304732],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-97.317277,27.46369],[-97.236882,27.598293],[-97.231383,27.632336],[-97.214099,27.631551],[-97.200743,27.650144],[-97.203474,27.684533],[-97.103326,27.789068],[-97.098874,27.82285],[-97.134489,27.825206],[-97.056713,27.842294],[-96.985745,27.954048],[-96.967807,28.020041],[-96.952618,28.01644],[-96.906004,28.076147],[-96.886233,28.084396],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.84538,28.108881],[-96.83003,28.111842],[-96.81042,28.126034],[-96.816443,28.174808],[-96.791958,28.188687],[-96.703838,28.198246],[-96.702659,28.211208],[-96.662462,28.227314],[-96.651856,28.251275],[-96.592934,28.296972],[-96.450998,28.337039],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.397846,28.343513],[-96.4137,28.327343],[-96.547774,28.270798],[-96.694666,28.18212],[-96.849624,28.064939],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.166682,27.676583],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.350398,27.268105],[-97.370941,27.161166],[-97.37913,27.047996],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.333028,26.736479],[-97.194644,26.306513],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.169842,26.077853],[-97.194458,26.27164],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-94.886539,29.510724],[-94.894747,29.52697],[-94.87675,29.507922],[-94.886539,29.510724]]],[[[-97.868235,26.056656],[-97.88653,26.066339],[-97.967358,26.051718],[-97.981335,26.067182],[-98.028759,26.06647],[-98.039239,26.041275],[-98.070021,26.047992],[-98.084755,26.070808],[-98.091038,26.059169],[-98.105505,26.067537],[-98.146622,26.049412],[-98.177897,26.074672],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.220673,26.076467],[-98.248806,26.073101],[-98.264514,26.085507],[-98.277218,26.098802],[-98.265698,26.12037],[-98.296195,26.120321],[-98.302979,26.11005],[-98.323828,26.121249],[-98.336837,26.166432],[-98.354645,26.15304],[-98.386694,26.157872],[-98.404433,26.182564],[-98.442536,26.199151],[-98.450976,26.219904],[-98.496684,26.212853],[-98.543852,26.234492],[-98.576188,26.235221],[-98.599154,26.257612],[-98.669397,26.23632],[-98.681167,26.26271],[-98.745272,26.303096],[-98.755242,26.3251],[-98.789822,26.331575],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-98.890965,26.357569],[-98.921277,26.381426],[-98.950186,26.380303],[-98.967587,26.398266],[-99.008003,26.395459],[-99.032316,26.412082],[-99.082002,26.39651],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.091635,26.476977],[-99.127782,26.525199],[-99.166742,26.536079],[-99.178064,26.620547],[-99.209948,26.693938],[-99.208907,26.724761],[-99.240023,26.745851],[-99.242444,26.788262],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.295146,26.86544],[-99.316753,26.865831],[-99.3289,26.879761],[-99.324684,26.915973],[-99.379149,26.93449],[-99.393748,26.96073],[-99.377312,26.973819],[-99.415476,27.01724],[-99.42938,27.010833],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.452316,27.062669],[-99.429209,27.090982],[-99.442123,27.106839],[-99.426348,27.176262],[-99.441549,27.24992],[-99.463309,27.268437],[-99.492407,27.264118],[-99.494604,27.303542],[-99.536443,27.312538],[-99.504837,27.338289],[-99.487521,27.412396],[-99.495104,27.451518],[-99.480419,27.481596],[-99.497519,27.500496],[-99.52582,27.496696],[-99.515978,27.572131],[-99.55495,27.614454],[-99.580006,27.602251],[-99.578099,27.619196],[-99.594038,27.638573],[-99.638929,27.626758],[-99.665948,27.635968],[-99.668942,27.659974],[-99.711511,27.658365],[-99.77074,27.732134],[-99.796342,27.735586],[-99.813086,27.773952],[-99.835127,27.762881],[-99.850877,27.793974],[-99.877677,27.799427],[-99.876003,27.837968],[-99.904385,27.875284],[-99.895828,27.904178],[-99.937142,27.940537],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-99.991447,27.99456],[-100.017914,28.064787],[-100.053123,28.08473],[-100.083393,28.144035],[-100.208059,28.190383],[-100.22363,28.235224],[-100.2462,28.234092],[-100.289384,28.273491],[-100.286471,28.312296],[-100.341869,28.384953],[-100.349586,28.402604],[-100.337797,28.44296],[-100.368288,28.477196],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.38886,28.515748],[-100.411414,28.551899],[-100.398385,28.584884],[-100.44732,28.609325],[-100.445529,28.637144],[-100.495863,28.658569],[-100.510055,28.690723],[-100.507613,28.740599],[-100.533017,28.76328],[-100.53583,28.805888],[-100.547324,28.825817],[-100.57051,28.826317],[-100.602054,28.901944],[-100.640568,28.914212],[-100.651512,28.943432],[-100.645894,28.986421],[-100.674656,29.099777],[-100.772649,29.168492],[-100.767059,29.195287],[-100.785521,29.228137],[-100.795681,29.22773],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-100.876049,29.279585],[-100.886842,29.307848],[-100.948972,29.347246],[-101.004207,29.364772],[-101.060151,29.458661],[-101.151877,29.477005],[-101.173821,29.514566],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.242023,29.592512],[-101.259127,29.607284],[-101.307332,29.587847],[-101.311219,29.648491],[-101.361756,29.657821],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-101.441059,29.753451],[-101.475269,29.780663],[-101.522695,29.759671],[-101.546797,29.796991],[-101.582562,29.771334],[-101.625958,29.771063],[-101.646418,29.754304],[-101.662453,29.77128],[-101.706636,29.762737],[-101.852604,29.801895],[-101.922585,29.790161],[-101.974548,29.810276],[-101.987539,29.801057],[-102.034759,29.804028],[-102.050044,29.78507],[-102.115682,29.79239],[-102.159601,29.814356],[-102.181894,29.846034],[-102.227553,29.843534],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.364542,29.845387],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.508313,29.783219],[-102.513381,29.76576],[-102.539417,29.751629],[-102.559343,29.760377],[-102.630151,29.734315],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.698347,29.695591],[-102.693466,29.676507],[-102.742031,29.632142],[-102.739991,29.599041],[-102.768341,29.594734],[-102.771429,29.548546],[-102.808692,29.522319],[-102.807327,29.494009],[-102.832539,29.433109],[-102.824564,29.399558],[-102.843021,29.357988],[-102.879534,29.353327],[-102.888328,29.291947],[-102.906296,29.260011],[-102.871347,29.241625],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-102.890064,29.208814],[-102.915866,29.215878],[-102.917805,29.190697],[-102.944911,29.18882],[-102.953475,29.176308],[-102.989432,29.183174],[-103.015028,29.12577],[-103.035683,29.103029],[-103.074407,29.088534],[-103.100266,29.0577],[-103.113922,28.988547],[-103.156646,28.972831],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-103.239109,28.981651],[-103.260308,28.989731],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-103.341463,29.041224],[-103.355428,29.021529],[-103.427754,29.042334],[-103.471265,29.073115],[-103.503236,29.11911],[-103.524613,29.120998],[-103.523384,29.133389],[-103.558679,29.154962],[-103.645635,29.159286],[-103.71377,29.185008],[-103.816642,29.270927],[-103.975235,29.296017],[-104.038282,29.320156],[-104.106467,29.373127],[-104.166563,29.399352],[-104.233487,29.492734],[-104.318074,29.527938],[-104.334811,29.519463],[-104.381041,29.543406],[-104.399591,29.572319],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.539761,29.676074],[-104.565688,29.770462],[-104.679772,29.924659],[-104.679661,29.975272],[-104.706874,30.050685],[-104.685003,30.085643],[-104.695366,30.13213],[-104.687296,30.179464],[-104.713166,30.237957],[-104.733822,30.261221],[-104.749664,30.26126],[-104.761634,30.301148],[-104.809794,30.334926],[-104.824314,30.370466],[-104.859521,30.390413],[-104.85242,30.418792],[-104.876787,30.511004],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-104.967167,30.608107],[-105.002057,30.680972],[-105.062334,30.686303],[-105.113816,30.746001],[-105.152362,30.751452],[-105.195144,30.792138],[-105.255416,30.797029],[-105.287238,30.822206],[-105.314863,30.816961],[-105.360672,30.847384],[-105.394242,30.852979],[-105.399609,30.888941],[-105.533088,30.984859],[-105.55743,30.990229],[-105.60333,31.082625],[-105.64189,31.098322],[-105.646731,31.113908],[-105.709491,31.136375],[-105.742678,31.164897],[-105.773257,31.166897],[-105.779725,31.191283],[-105.869353,31.288634],[-105.938452,31.318735],[-105.953943,31.364749],[-106.004926,31.392458],[-106.080258,31.398702],[-106.203969,31.465378],[-106.246203,31.541153],[-106.280811,31.562062],[-106.303536,31.620413],[-106.378039,31.72831],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-106.484642,31.747809],[-106.542097,31.802146],[-106.602727,31.825024],[-106.605845,31.846305],[-106.635926,31.866235],[-106.629197,31.883717],[-106.645296,31.894859],[-106.614346,31.918003],[-106.623933,31.925335],[-106.614702,31.956],[-106.622819,31.952891],[-106.618745,31.966955],[-106.638186,31.97682],[-106.618486,32.000495],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-103.064625,32.999899],[-103.043531,34.018014],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-100.003762,36.499699],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-99.929334,34.576714],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.399603,34.375079],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.318363,34.408296],[-99.289922,34.414731],[-99.264167,34.405149],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.273958,34.38756],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.233274,34.344101],[-99.210716,34.336304],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.19457,34.272424],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.048792,34.198209],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.952513,34.21265],[-98.909349,34.177499],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.8579,34.159627],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.749291,34.124238],[-98.735471,34.135208],[-98.696518,34.133521],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.603978,34.160249],[-98.577136,34.148962],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.384381,34.146317],[-98.367494,34.156191],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.114506,34.154727],[-98.09066,34.12198],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.099096,34.048639],[-98.104022,34.036233],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-97.978243,34.005387],[-97.947572,33.991053],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.955511,33.938186],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.877387,33.850236],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.76377,33.914241],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.589254,33.903922],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.365507,33.823763],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.315913,33.865838],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.24618,33.900344],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.179609,33.89225],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.203514,33.821825],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.087999,33.808747],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.052209,33.841737],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.979415,33.956178],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.85609,33.84749],[-96.837413,33.871349],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.704457,33.835021],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.630117,33.895422],[-96.592948,33.895616],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.625399,33.856542],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.523863,33.818114],[-96.502286,33.77346],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.309964,33.710489],[-96.294867,33.764771],[-96.277269,33.769735],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.162757,33.788769],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.138905,33.839159],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.101349,33.845721],[-96.005296,33.845505],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.951609,33.857017],[-95.936132,33.886826],[-95.831948,33.835161],[-95.821666,33.856633],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.776255,33.845145],[-95.75431,33.853992],[-95.761916,33.883402],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.669978,33.905844],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.556915,33.92702],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.461499,33.883686],[-95.464211,33.873372],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.334523,33.885788],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.280351,33.896751],[-95.255747,33.902939],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.093929,33.895963],[-95.061065,33.895292],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-94.983303,33.851354],[-94.976208,33.859847],[-94.948716,33.818023],[-94.91945,33.810176],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.762961,33.731787],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.714865,33.707261],[-94.710725,33.691654],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.659167,33.692138],[-94.646113,33.6693],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.468086,33.599436],[-94.430039,33.591124],[-94.413155,33.569368],[-94.378076,33.577019],[-94.397398,33.562314],[-94.389515,33.546778],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.345513,33.567313],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.289129,33.582144],[-94.280849,33.577187],[-94.290901,33.558872],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.245932,33.589114],[-94.237975,33.577757],[-94.250197,33.556765],[-94.226392,33.552912],[-94.205634,33.567229],[-94.193248,33.556154],[-94.192483,33.570425],[-94.217408,33.57926],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.152626,33.575923],[-94.146048,33.581975],[-94.14852,33.565678],[-94.136864,33.571],[-94.128658,33.550952],[-94.088943,33.575322],[-94.061283,33.568805],[-94.055663,33.561887],[-94.073744,33.558285],[-94.06548,33.550909],[-94.04604,33.551321],[-94.04272,31.999265],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-93.923929,31.88985],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.827451,31.777741],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.802694,31.697783],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.834924,31.586211],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.743376,31.525196],[-93.725925,31.504092],[-93.74987,31.475276],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.704879,31.410881],[-93.674117,31.397681],[-93.665052,31.363886],[-93.687851,31.309835],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.535097,31.185614],[-93.551693,31.097258],[-93.52301,31.065241],[-93.516943,31.032584],[-93.539526,31.008498],[-93.566017,31.004567],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.561666,30.807739],[-93.584265,30.796663],[-93.592828,30.763986],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.611192,30.718053],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.684329,30.592586],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.729195,30.544842],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.697828,30.443838],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.708645,30.288317],[-93.705083,30.242752],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.701252,30.137376],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.732485,30.088914],[-93.70082,30.056274],[-93.720805,30.053043],[-93.739734,30.023987],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.89847,29.771577],[-93.891637,29.744618],[-93.873941,29.73777],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.866981,29.673085],[-94.001406,29.681486],[-94.132577,29.646217],[-94.594853,29.467903],[-94.694158,29.415632],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.783131,29.375642],[-94.766848,29.393489],[-94.6724,29.476843],[-94.608557,29.483345],[-94.566674,29.531988],[-94.532348,29.5178],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.503429,29.54325],[-94.522421,29.545672],[-94.553988,29.573882],[-94.740699,29.525858],[-94.783296,29.535314],[-94.78954,29.546494],[-94.755237,29.562782],[-94.708741,29.625226],[-94.693154,29.694453],[-94.695317,29.723052],[-94.735271,29.785433],[-94.816085,29.75671],[-94.851108,29.721373],[-94.872551,29.67125],[-94.893107,29.661336],[-94.915413,29.656614],[-94.936089,29.692704],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.015636,29.639457],[-94.982936,29.60167],[-95.016889,29.548303],[-94.981916,29.511141],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.930861,29.450504],[-94.8908,29.433432],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-94.921593,29.281556],[-94.952526,29.290122],[-95.099101,29.173529],[-95.151925,29.151162],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-95.136221,29.084537],[-94.879239,29.285839],[-94.824953,29.306005],[-94.822307,29.344254],[-94.810696,29.353435],[-94.784895,29.335535],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.081773,29.111222],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-95.439594,28.859022],[-95.812504,28.664942],[-96.220376,28.491966],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-96.37596,28.401682],[-96.335119,28.437795],[-96.223825,28.495067],[-96.21505,28.509679],[-95.98616,28.606319],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-95.996338,28.658736],[-96.006516,28.648049],[-96.047737,28.649067],[-96.221784,28.580364],[-96.233998,28.596649],[-96.212624,28.622604],[-96.230944,28.641433],[-96.192267,28.687744],[-96.19583,28.69894],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.304227,28.671459],[-96.303718,28.644996],[-96.373439,28.626675],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.485907,28.607845],[-96.510844,28.61497],[-96.499648,28.635835],[-96.563262,28.644487],[-96.572931,28.667897],[-96.561226,28.696395],[-96.584091,28.722798],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.61059,28.638889],[-96.61975,28.627693],[-96.611099,28.585962],[-96.565297,28.5824],[-96.561226,28.570695],[-96.526111,28.557972],[-96.505755,28.525911],[-96.402446,28.449066],[-96.59176,28.357462],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.705247,28.348811],[-96.710336,28.406827],[-96.772209,28.408074],[-96.794554,28.365688],[-96.791761,28.31217],[-96.809573,28.290287],[-96.787181,28.255681],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-96.962755,28.123365],[-97.027014,28.148408],[-97.021303,28.1841],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.153601,28.13318],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.21535,28.076575],[-97.176444,28.059892],[-97.137421,28.057037],[-97.025693,28.11216],[-97.035528,28.084688],[-97.025859,28.041939],[-97.129168,27.919801],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.219738,27.823939],[-97.250797,27.876035],[-97.272253,27.881427],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.393291,27.782905],[-97.368355,27.741683],[-97.316446,27.712676],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.296598,27.613947],[-97.294054,27.5941],[-97.321535,27.571199],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.508304,27.275014],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.544437,27.284175],[-97.498126,27.308602],[-97.502706,27.322343],[-97.483877,27.338628],[-97.48693,27.358984],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.609068,27.285193],[-97.63146,27.28621],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.628916,27.242953],[-97.54291,27.229213],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.443673,27.116235],[-97.45665,27.099695],[-97.495836,27.094098],[-97.477515,27.066108],[-97.48693,27.057711],[-97.486676,27.03481],[-97.473444,27.02285],[-97.478533,26.999186],[-97.555378,26.99028],[-97.555378,26.93888],[-97.540874,26.90631],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.509831,26.803511],[-97.468609,26.740915],[-97.445708,26.609362],[-97.416955,26.553637],[-97.441383,26.455418],[-97.41721,26.44982],[-97.42179,26.417249],[-97.382485,26.411326],[-97.369627,26.394603],[-97.388965,26.36585],[-97.387947,26.330481],[-97.358176,26.356435],[-97.335275,26.355672],[-97.336802,26.331753],[-97.352833,26.318521],[-97.343927,26.267376],[-97.311866,26.273737],[-97.307031,26.253126],[-97.32128,26.236078],[-97.296598,26.200709],[-97.306776,26.159487],[-97.282094,26.120301],[-97.294054,26.11394],[-97.270898,26.086459],[-97.199651,26.077044],[-97.195071,26.04193],[-97.224842,26.027426],[-97.219244,25.996128],[-97.208557,25.991802],[-97.167208,26.007069],[-97.162628,26.023482],[-97.18273,26.053126],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.146294,25.955606],[-97.276707,25.952147],[-97.277163,25.935438],[-97.350398,25.925241],[-97.37443,25.907444],[-97.360082,25.868874],[-97.372864,25.840117],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.445113,25.850026],[-97.454727,25.879337],[-97.521762,25.886458],[-97.546421,25.934077],[-97.582565,25.937857],[-97.583044,25.955443],[-97.598043,25.957556],[-97.643708,26.016943],[-97.758838,26.032131],[-97.789823,26.04246],[-97.801344,26.060017],[-97.868235,26.056656]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Texas\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: March 30, 2021; Version 1.1: October 17, 2022; Version 1.2: March 19, 2025","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The role of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in the global carbon cycle is still incompletely characterized. Much work has been done to characterize PyC on landforms and in soils where it originates or in “terminal” reservoirs such as marine sediments. Less is known about intermediate reservoirs such as streams and rivers, and few studies have characterized hillslope and in-stream erosion control structures (ECS) designed to capture soils and sediments destabilized by wildfire. In this preliminary study, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (N), and stable isotope parameters, δ13C and δ15N, were compared to assess opportunities for carbon and nitrogen sequestration in postwildfire sediments (fluvents) deposited upgradient of ECS in ephemeral- and intermittent-stream channels. The variability of OC, N, δ13C, and δ15N were analyzed in conjunction with fire history, age of captured sediments, topographic position, and land cover. Comparison of samples in 2 watersheds indicates higher OC and N in ECS with more recently captured sediments located downstream of areas with higher burn severity. This is likely a consequence of (1) higher burn severity causing greater runoff, erosion, and transport of OC (organic matter) to ECS and (2) greater cumulative loss of OC and N in older sediments stored behind older ECS. In addition, C/N, δ13C, and δ15N results suggest that organic matter in sediments stored at older ECS are enriched in microbially processed biomass relative to those at newer ECS. We conservatively estimated the potential mean annual capture of OC by ECS, using values from the watershed with lower levels of OC, to be 3 to 4 metric tons, with a total potential storage of 293 to 368 metric tons in a watershed of 7.7 km2 and total area of 2000 ECS estimated at 2.6 ha (203-255 metric tons/ha). We extrapolated the OC results to the regional level (southwest USA) to estimate the potential for carbon sequestration using these practices. We estimated a potential of 0.01 Pg, which is significant in terms of ecosystem services and regional efforts to promote carbon storage.
This study investigates sedimentary and geomorphic processes in eastern Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County, California, a region of arid, basin-and-range terrain where extensive solar-energy development is planned. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure local weather parameters and use them to model aeolian sediment-transport potential; (2) identify surface sedimentary characteristics in representative localities; and (3) evaluate long-term landscape evolution rates and processes by analyzing stratigraphy in combination with luminescence geochronology.
The new stratigraphic and geochronologic data presented in this report demonstrate the varying local significance of aeolian, alluvial fan, lacustrine (playa), and possibly Colorado River influence over a range of time scales. The dominant sand-transport direction in eastern Chuckwalla Valley is toward the northeast, consistent with the recognized regional west-to-east wind direction. However, occasional strong wind events from the north can transport large quantities of sand southward and temporarily reshape local geomorphic features. Influence of a northwest wind direction is also locally dominant around mountain ranges and controls the modern morphology of the Palen dune field. Modeled sand fluxes are on the order of 105 kilograms per meter width per year at the site of weather monitoring, 5 kilometers northwest of the Mule Mountains. Aeolian dunes are locally well developed and actively migrating. Their location and activity are determined largely by sediment supply from playa surfaces and ephemeral stream channels, which also control the dunes’ spatial extent and migration potential; stream channels act as both source and sink for aeolian sediment in this environment.
Excavations at five sites along a northwest-to-southeast transect reveal that playa deposits formed around 266–226 thousand years ago south of the McCoy Mountains and immediately north of the present location of Interstate 10. The playa material is overlain by late Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial fan deposits. To the southeast (south of Interstate 10, but north of the Mule Mountains), we identified rapid accumulation of alluvial sediment around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (23–20 thousand years ago), unconformably overlain by a locally varying assemblage of recent aeolian material or Holocene alluvial fan sediment. We have used stratigraphic characteristics and luminescence ages to calculate accumulation rates for sites in eastern Chuckwalla Valley, and thereby to identify spatial variation in landscape stability over decadal and longer time scales.
If future solar-energy development plans are to include natural sand-transport corridors, plans would entail retaining the ability for sand to be transported eastward from the ephemeral stream channels and playas that supply sediment to the dunes, sand sheets, and sand ramps of Chuckwalla Valley, and also to allow for southward transport during episodic strong weather events several times per year. The aeolian sediment-transport corridors are dynamic spatially and temporally, reorganizing on the basis of seasonal changes to wind drift potential. Future landscape stability also will be determined by climate-driven changes to vegetation and thereby to aeolian sediment availability. In a warmer, drier climate, aeolian sediment activity is expected to increase, owing to a decrease in stabilizing vegetation cover and more extreme rain that supplies sediment to ephemeral stream channels and playas from which it is remobilized by wind.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"East, A.E., Gray, H.J., Redsteer, M.H., and Ballmer, M., 2021, Landscape evolution in eastern Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5017, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215017.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 46 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-124276","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384720,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5017/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":384721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5017/sir20215017.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384722,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LZ02E4","linkHelpText":"Luminescence, weather, and grain-size data from eastern Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Chuckwalla Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-114.4331,34.0856],[-114.4341,34.0815],[-114.4345,34.0798],[-114.4365,34.0714],[-114.4373,34.0635],[-114.4371,34.0573],[-114.4358,34.051],[-114.4341,34.0451],[-114.434,34.0429],[-114.4338,34.0401],[-114.4342,34.0333],[-114.4362,34.0269],[-114.4389,34.0226],[-114.4459,34.0176],[-114.4492,34.0157],[-114.4521,34.0154],[-114.458,34.016],[-114.4603,34.0164],[-114.463,34.014],[-114.4656,34.0119],[-114.4651,34.0098],[-114.4631,34.0077],[-114.46,34.0053],[-114.456,34.0033],[-114.4546,34.0019],[-114.4553,34.0001],[-114.4582,33.9989],[-114.4604,33.9985],[-114.4644,33.9968],[-114.4667,33.9947],[-114.4695,33.9921],[-114.4706,33.9904],[-114.471,33.9898],[-114.4727,33.9879],[-114.4756,33.9864],[-114.4779,33.9844],[-114.4785,33.9838],[-114.4803,33.9825],[-114.4818,33.981],[-114.4845,33.9781],[-114.4904,33.9716],[-114.4952,33.9663],[-114.4974,33.9647],[-114.5023,33.9632],[-114.5056,33.9623],[-114.5106,33.9617],[-114.5122,33.9614],[-114.5139,33.961],[-114.5178,33.96],[-114.5221,33.9573],[-114.5254,33.9531],[-114.5279,33.9481],[-114.5315,33.9407],[-114.5331,33.9353],[-114.5333,33.9338],[-114.5329,33.9316],[-114.5306,33.9294],[-114.5288,33.9283],[-114.526,33.9269],[-114.5195,33.9237],[-114.5137,33.9193],[-114.5091,33.9141],[-114.5055,33.9085],[-114.5071,33.9053],[-114.5087,33.9032],[-114.516,33.9032],[-114.5191,33.905],[-114.5215,33.9051],[-114.5232,33.9041],[-114.5237,33.9016],[-114.5207,33.8973],[-114.5165,33.893],[-114.5102,33.8878],[-114.5031,33.8822],[-114.5002,33.8796],[-114.4994,33.8745],[-114.501,33.8704],[-114.5033,33.8671],[-114.5059,33.8654],[-114.5067,33.865],[-114.5107,33.863],[-114.5152,33.862],[-114.5196,33.8622],[-114.5224,33.8627],[-114.5257,33.8631],[-114.5273,33.8621],[-114.5284,33.8598],[-114.5283,33.8562],[-114.5269,33.8517],[-114.5244,33.8455],[-114.5241,33.8446],[-114.5215,33.8372],[-114.5193,33.8322],[-114.5185,33.8287],[-114.5191,33.8262],[-114.5221,33.8236],[-114.5238,33.8219],[-114.5245,33.8205],[-114.5253,33.816],[-114.5235,33.8122],[-114.5204,33.8058],[-114.5176,33.7979],[-114.5127,33.7877],[-114.511,33.7843],[-114.5092,33.7807],[-114.5049,33.7719],[-114.5039,33.7696],[-114.5022,33.7637],[-114.5009,33.7558],[-114.5032,33.749],[-114.5058,33.7444],[-114.508,33.7411],[-114.5079,33.7384],[-114.5062,33.7346],[-114.5032,33.7321],[-114.4993,33.7298],[-114.4964,33.7254],[-114.4938,33.7204],[-114.491,33.711],[-114.4908,33.7062],[-114.494,33.7004],[-114.4984,33.6983],[-114.5003,33.6977],[-114.5042,33.6963],[-114.5059,33.6957],[-114.5103,33.6942],[-114.516,33.6922],[-114.5186,33.6909],[-114.5199,33.6903],[-114.5206,33.6898],[-114.5221,33.6888],[-114.5239,33.6875],[-114.5266,33.6831],[-114.5285,33.6782],[-114.5295,33.6742],[-114.5283,33.6706],[-114.526,33.6684],[-114.522,33.6679],[-114.5172,33.6672],[-114.5139,33.6653],[-114.5132,33.6646],[-114.513,33.6628],[-114.5159,33.6613],[-114.5191,33.6604],[-114.5226,33.6588],[-114.5262,33.657],[-114.5278,33.6554],[-114.5279,33.6531],[-114.5271,33.6502],[-114.5247,33.6465],[-114.5225,33.6438],[-114.5218,33.6407],[-114.5223,33.638],[-114.523,33.6372],[-114.5252,33.6348],[-114.5259,33.6325],[-114.5275,33.6288],[-114.5275,33.6258],[-114.5265,33.6235],[-114.5244,33.6211],[-114.5228,33.6184],[-114.5216,33.6162],[-114.5221,33.6134],[-114.525,33.6095],[-114.5259,33.6085],[-114.5316,33.6023],[-114.5365,33.5966],[-114.5386,33.5949],[-114.539,33.5935],[-114.5384,33.5917],[-114.5375,33.5889],[-114.5383,33.5862],[-114.5387,33.5826],[-114.5381,33.5803],[-114.5363,33.5772],[-114.534,33.5746],[-114.5337,33.5714],[-114.5328,33.5677],[-114.53,33.5656],[-114.5294,33.565],[-114.5275,33.5634],[-114.5249,33.561],[-114.5247,33.5579],[-114.5267,33.5554],[-114.5274,33.5546],[-114.5304,33.5522],[-114.5331,33.5498],[-114.5369,33.5465],[-114.5435,33.5438],[-114.5483,33.5401],[-114.554,33.5368],[-114.555,33.5347],[-114.5585,33.5312],[-114.559,33.528],[-114.5594,33.5243],[-114.56,33.5211],[-114.5608,33.5193],[-114.5614,33.5179],[-114.5637,33.5153],[-114.5671,33.5132],[-114.5679,33.5128],[-114.5701,33.5116],[-114.5732,33.5098],[-114.574,33.5094],[-114.5761,33.5089],[-114.5776,33.5084],[-114.5784,33.5081],[-114.5825,33.5065],[-114.587,33.504],[-114.5917,33.5004],[-114.5953,33.4953],[-114.5994,33.4848],[-114.601,33.4825],[-114.6036,33.4794],[-114.6042,33.4788],[-114.6059,33.477],[-114.6087,33.474],[-114.6143,33.4681],[-114.6158,33.4661],[-114.6174,33.4639],[-114.6195,33.4597],[-114.6208,33.4563],[-114.6206,33.4529],[-114.6206,33.4517],[-114.6214,33.4467],[-114.6223,33.4413],[-114.6243,33.4368],[-114.6386,33.437],[-114.6677,33.4373],[-114.7388,33.4371],[-114.7944,33.4371],[-114.8291,33.4371],[-114.8288,33.4326],[-114.847,33.4328],[-114.8717,33.4329],[-114.891,33.4333],[-114.9174,33.4334],[-114.9329,33.4327],[-114.9367,33.4328],[-114.9505,33.4329],[-114.9544,33.4326],[-114.9714,33.4328],[-114.9891,33.4326],[-115.0061,33.4324],[-115.026,33.4322],[-115.0381,33.4318],[-115.0458,33.4321],[-115.0557,33.432],[-115.0618,33.4318],[-115.0634,33.4323],[-115.081,33.4325],[-115.0981,33.4323],[-115.1157,33.4325],[-115.1294,33.4335],[-115.151,33.4325],[-115.2033,33.4322],[-115.206,33.4323],[-115.2291,33.4322],[-115.2468,33.432],[-115.4659,33.4326],[-115.4666,33.429],[-115.6747,33.4293],[-115.7116,33.4291],[-115.7165,33.4288],[-115.7286,33.4288],[-115.733,33.4289],[-115.7463,33.4284],[-115.7507,33.4286],[-115.7633,33.4285],[-115.7677,33.4287],[-115.7853,33.4283],[-115.8024,33.428],[-115.8667,33.43],[-115.9951,33.4277],[-116.0127,33.4273],[-116.0237,33.4276],[-116.0303,33.4278],[-116.0402,33.4277],[-116.0474,33.4274],[-116.0595,33.4273],[-116.0656,33.4271],[-116.0771,33.4269],[-116.0826,33.4271],[-116.0931,33.4274],[-116.1107,33.4275],[-116.1629,33.4286],[-116.1805,33.4291],[-116.197,33.4296],[-116.284,33.4284],[-116.3016,33.4284],[-116.3198,33.428],[-116.3897,33.4277],[-116.3929,33.4282],[-116.4457,33.428],[-116.4964,33.4277],[-116.5822,33.4277],[-116.6158,33.4277],[-116.6328,33.4277],[-116.651,33.4277],[-116.6665,33.4272],[-116.6686,33.4271],[-116.6802,33.4269],[-116.7,33.427],[-116.7209,33.427],[-116.7823,33.4269],[-116.7908,33.4269],[-116.7931,33.4269],[-116.8068,33.4268],[-116.8579,33.4266],[-116.8827,33.4272],[-116.9465,33.4273],[-116.9484,33.4271],[-116.9515,33.4269],[-116.9962,33.4269],[-117.0307,33.4269],[-117.0301,33.4314],[-117.03,33.4315],[-117.052,33.4315],[-117.0822,33.4321],[-117.1121,33.4319],[-117.1202,33.4319],[-117.1246,33.4319],[-117.1372,33.4319],[-117.2412,33.4317],[-117.2419,33.4477],[-117.3656,33.4895],[-117.3711,33.4919],[-117.3652,33.5045],[-117.3653,33.5045],[-117.3655,33.5045],[-117.3796,33.5048],[-117.4523,33.5047],[-117.476,33.5042],[-117.4886,33.5045],[-117.5101,33.5053],[-117.5104,33.5344],[-117.499,33.5506],[-117.4768,33.5789],[-117.414,33.6592],[-117.473,33.703],[-117.5358,33.7113],[-117.5363,33.7568],[-117.5813,33.7676],[-117.6642,33.8604],[-117.6744,33.8737],[-117.6687,33.8809],[-117.6757,33.8887],[-117.6564,33.888],[-117.6566,33.9244],[-117.6112,33.9254],[-117.6117,33.9718],[-117.5592,33.9887],[-117.5598,34.0328],[-117.3774,34.0328],[-117.3767,34.0191],[-117.227,34.0186],[-117.2269,34.0045],[-116.9303,34.0051],[-116.9299,34.0346],[-116.8556,34.0357],[-116.8251,34.0354],[-116.717,34.0338],[-116.6156,34.0336],[-116.5817,34.0332],[-116.564,34.0332],[-116.5462,34.0337],[-116.5285,34.0332],[-116.5113,34.0341],[-116.493,34.0341],[-116.4753,34.0341],[-116.4581,34.0336],[-116.3532,34.0345],[-116.3006,34.033],[-116.301,34.0367],[-116.2611,34.0369],[-116.2123,34.0369],[-116.2045,34.0367],[-116.159,34.0368],[-116.1391,34.0367],[-116.0681,34.0364],[-116.0375,34.0373],[-116.0009,34.0367],[-115.9832,34.0366],[-115.9755,34.0363],[-115.9316,34.0368],[-115.8955,34.0371],[-115.8773,34.0369],[-115.8761,34.0369],[-115.8207,34.037],[-115.7902,34.0369],[-115.7718,34.0372],[-115.6842,34.0367],[-115.6659,34.037],[-115.6315,34.0376],[-115.5954,34.0373],[-115.5605,34.0375],[-115.526,34.0382],[-115.4761,34.0383],[-115.4578,34.0381],[-115.3674,34.0381],[-115.3152,34.038],[-115.3162,34.0708],[-115.3157,34.0813],[-115.2979,34.0811],[-115.2107,34.0815],[-115.193,34.0813],[-115.1928,34.084],[-115.1229,34.0837],[-115.094,34.084],[-114.9969,34.0834],[-114.9791,34.0832],[-114.9436,34.0831],[-114.8637,34.0827],[-114.8225,34.0833],[-114.787,34.0828],[-114.6809,34.0834],[-114.6637,34.0836],[-114.5593,34.0838],[-114.5415,34.0839],[-114.5054,34.0842],[-114.4698,34.0845],[-114.447,34.0849],[-114.4331,34.0856]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Riverside\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","contact":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Brittle fragmentation, generating small pyroclasts from magma, is a key process determining eruptive style. How low-viscosity magma fragments within a rising fountain in a brittle manner, however, is not well understood. Here we describe a fragmentation process in Hawaiian fountains on the basis of observations from the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. The dominant fragmentation mechanism is inertia driven and produces a population of large fluidal pyroclasts. However, when sufficient volcanic gas is released in the fountain, a subpopulation of smaller and more vesicular pyroclasts is generated and entrained into the gas-dominant convective plume. The size distribution of these pyroclasts is similar to that of brittlely fragmented solid materials. The erupted high-vesicularity pyroclasts sometimes preserve a deformed shape. These observations suggest that late-stage rapid expansion lowers the gas temperature adiabatically and cools the outer surface of liquid pyroclasts below the glass transition temperature. The rigid crust fragments as the hot interior attempts to expand due to further volatile diffusion from the melt into bubbles. Adiabatic expansion of volcanic gas occurs in all eruptions. Brittle fragmentation induced by rapid adiabatic cooling may be a widespread process, although of varying importance, in explosive eruptions.
Spatiotemporally continuous estimates of the hydrologic cycle are often generated through hydrologic modeling, reanalysis, or remote sensing (RS) methods and are commonly applied as a supplement to, or a substitute for, in situ measurements when observational data are sparse or unavailable. This study compares estimates of precipitation (P), actual evapotranspiration (ET), runoff (R), snow water equivalent (SWE), and soil moisture (SM) from 87 unique data sets generated by 47 hydrologic models, reanalysis data sets, and remote sensing products across the conterminous United States (CONUS). Uncertainty between hydrologic component estimates was shown to be high in the western CONUS, with median uncertainty (measured as the coefficient of variation) ranging from 11 % to 21 % for P, 14 % to 26 % for ET, 28 % to 82 % for R, 76 % to 84 % for SWE, and 36 % to 96 % for SM. Uncertainty between estimates was lower in the eastern CONUS, with medians ranging from 5 % to 14 % for P, 13 % to 22 % for ET, 28 % to 82 % for R, 53 % to 63 % for SWE, and 42 % to 83 % for SM. Interannual trends in estimates from 1982 to 2010 show common disagreement in R, SWE, and SM. Correlating fluxes and stores against remote-sensing-derived products show poor overall correlation in the western CONUS for ET and SM estimates. Study results show that disagreement between estimates can be substantial, sometimes exceeding the magnitude of the measurements themselves. The authors conclude that multimodel ensembles are not only useful but are in fact a necessity for accurately representing uncertainty in research results. Spatial biases of model disagreement values in the western United States show that targeted research efforts in arid and semiarid water-limited regions are warranted, with the greatest emphasis on storage and runoff components, to better describe complexities of the terrestrial hydrologic system and reconcile model disagreement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus","doi":"10.5194/hess-25-1529-2021","usgsCitation":"Saxe, S., Farmer, W., Driscoll, J.M., and Hogue, T.S., 2021, Implications of model selection: A comparison of publicly available, conterminous US-extent hydrologic component estimates: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 25, p. 1529-1598, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1529-2021.","productDescription":"70 p.","startPage":"1529","endPage":"1598","ipdsId":"IP-117307","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1529-2021","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9588YM2","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Collection of Hydrologic Models, Reanalysis Datasets, and Remote Sensing Products Aggregated by Ecoregion over the CONUS from 1900 to 2018"},{"id":385353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saxe, Samuel 0000-0003-1151-8908","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-8908","contributorId":215753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saxe","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, William H. 0000-0002-2865-2196","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2865-2196","contributorId":223181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"William H.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, Jessica M. 0000-0003-3097-9603 jdriscoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3097-9603","contributorId":167585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Jessica","email":"jdriscoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hogue, Terri S.","contributorId":205175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hogue","given":"Terri","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219125,"text":"sir20205140 - 2021 - Evaluation and application of the Purge Analyzer Tool (PAT) to determine in-well flow and purge criteria for sampling monitoring wells at the Stringfellow Superfund site in Jurupa Valley, California, in 2017","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T15:53:32.129298","indexId":"sir20205140","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-25T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5140","displayTitle":"Evaluation and Application of the Purge Analyzer Tool (PAT) To Determine In-Well Flow and Purge Criteria for Sampling Monitoring Wells at the Stringfellow Superfund Site in Jurupa Valley, California, in 2017","title":"Evaluation and application of the Purge Analyzer Tool (PAT) to determine in-well flow and purge criteria for sampling monitoring wells at the Stringfellow Superfund site in Jurupa Valley, California, in 2017","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are developing analytical tools to assess the representativeness of groundwater samples from fractured-rock aquifers. As part of this effort, monitoring wells from the Stringfellow Superfund site in Jurupa Valley in Riverside County, California, approximately 50 miles east of Los Angeles, were field tested to collect information to assist in the evaluation and application of in-well flow as computed by the analytical model called the Purge Analyzer Tool, which computes in-well groundwater travel times for simple piston transport of inflowing groundwater from open intervals of a monitoring well to the pump intake and can provide insight into optimal purging parameters (duration, rate, and pump position) needed for the collection of representative groundwater samples. Field testing of wells included hydraulic, chemistry, and dye tracer analysis to investigate travel times in wells under pumping conditions. The Purge Analyzer Tool was able to replicate dye velocities (travel times) for one of three wells that had appreciable inflow from the aquifer but not the other two wells, which are screened in low-permeability sediments and rock, where flow was dominated by borehole storage. A set of criteria was established to help assess the ability to collect representative groundwater chemistry from monitoring wells; criteria included understanding the height of the static well water column and relative exchange rate between the aquifer and the well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., Perina, T., Becher, K., Levine, H., Rojas-Mickelson, D., Walther, L., and Brown, A., 2021, Evaluation and application of the Purge Analyzer Tool (PAT) to determine in-well flow and purge criteria for sampling monitoring wells at the Stringfellow Superfund site in Jurupa Valley, California, in 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5140, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205140.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 54 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-103064","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384640,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191104","text":"Open-File Report 2019–1104","linkHelpText":"- Instructions for Running the Analytical Code PAT (Purge Analyzer Tool) for Computation of In-Well Time of Travel of Groundwater under Pumping Conditions"},{"id":384639,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CGINH0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data associated with the evaluation of the PAT (Purge Analyzer Tool), Stringfellow Superfund site, Jurupa Valley, California, 2017"},{"id":384641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5140/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":384642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5140/sir20205140.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5140"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Jurupa Valley","otherGeospatial":"Stringfellow Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.47066974639893,\n 34.019585556900935\n ],\n [\n -117.45178699493408,\n 34.019585556900935\n ],\n [\n -117.45178699493408,\n 34.03078943899101\n ],\n [\n -117.47066974639893,\n 34.03078943899101\n ],\n [\n -117.47066974639893,\n 34.019585556900935\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
The San Andreas fault has the highest calculated time-dependent probability for large-magnitude earthquakes in southern California. However, where the fault is multistranded east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, it has been uncertain which strand has the fastest slip rate and, therefore, which has the highest probability of a destructive earthquake. Reconstruction of offset Pleistocene-Holocene landforms dated using the uranium-thorium soil carbonate and beryllium-10 surface exposure techniques indicates slip rates of 24.1 ± 3 millimeter per year for the San Andreas fault, with 21.6 ± 2 and 2.5 ± 1 millimeters per year for the Mission Creek and Banning strands, respectively. These data establish the Mission Creek strand as the primary fault bounding the Pacific and North American plates at this latitude and imply that 6 to 9 meters of elastic strain has accumulated along the fault since the most recent surface-rupturing earthquake, highlighting the potential for large earthquakes along this strand.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aaz5691","usgsCitation":"Blisniuk, K., Scharer, K., Sharp, W., Burgmann, R., Amos, C., and Rymer, M., 2021, A revised position for the primary strand of the Pleistocene-Holocene San Andreas fault in southern California: Science Advances, v. 7, eaaz5691, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5691.","productDescription":"eaaz5691, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-111194","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5691","text":"External Repository"},{"id":406838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.21612548828124,\n 33.527658137677335\n ],\n [\n -116.004638671875,\n 33.71748624018193\n ],\n [\n -116.8011474609375,\n 34.21634468843463\n ],\n [\n -116.971435546875,\n 33.93880275084578\n ],\n [\n -116.21612548828124,\n 33.527658137677335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blisniuk, Kim","contributorId":296614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blisniuk","given":"Kim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24620,"text":"San Jose State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scharer, Katherine M. 0000-0003-2811-2496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-2496","contributorId":217361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharer","given":"Katherine M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":851988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharp, Warren","contributorId":295386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharp","given":"Warren","affiliations":[{"id":38176,"text":"Berkeley Geochronology Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burgmann, Roland 0000-0002-3560-044X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-044X","contributorId":264610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgmann","given":"Roland","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54514,"text":"Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amos, Colin","contributorId":196408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amos","given":"Colin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rymer, Michael 0000-0002-5429-5073 mrymer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-5073","contributorId":220757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":851992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}