We have developed an observational scheme for the detection and discrimination of Mars atmospheric H2O and CO2 clouds using ground-based instruments in the near infrared. We report the results of our cloud detection and characterization study using Mars near IR images obtained during the 1990 and 1993 oppositions. We focused on specific wavelengths that have the potential, based on previous laboratory studies of H2O and CO2 ices, of yielding the greatest degree of cloud detectability and compositional discriminability. We have detected and mapped absorption features at some of these wavelengths in both the northern and southern polar regions of Mars. Compositional information on the nature of these absorption features was derived from comparisons with laboratory ice spectra and with a simplified radiative transfer model of a CO2 ice cloud overlying a bright surface. Our results indicate that both H2O and CO2 ices can be detected and distinguished in the polar hood clouds. The region near 3.00 μm is most useful for the detection of water ice clouds because there is a strong H2O ice absorption at this wavelength but only a weak CO2 ice band. The region near 3.33 μm is most useful for the detection of CO2 ice clouds because there is a strong, relatively narrow CO2 ice band at this wavelength but only broad “continuum” H2O ice absorption. Weaker features near 2.30 μm could arise from CO2 ice at coarse grain sizes, or surface/dust minerals. Narrow features near 2.00 μm, which could potentially be very diagnostic of CO2 ice clouds, suffer from contamination by Mars atmospheric CO2 absorptions and are difficult to interpret because of the rather poor knowledge of surface elevation at high latitudes. These results indicate that future ground-based, Earth-orbital, and spacecraft studies over a more extended span of the seasonal cycle should yield substantial information on the style and timing of volatile transport on Mars, as well as a more detailed understanding of the role of CO2 condensation in the polar heat budget.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JE00689","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bell, J., Calvin, W.M., Ockert-Bell, M.E., Crisp, D., Pollack, J.B., and Spencer, J., 1996, Detection and monitoring of H2O and CO2 ice clouds on Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 101, no. E4, p. 9227-9237, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JE00689.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"9227","endPage":"9237","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"101","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff67e4b0c8380cd4f184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ockert-Bell, M. E.","contributorId":19317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockert-Bell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crisp, D.","contributorId":25718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crisp","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pollack, James B.","contributorId":12616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spencer, J.","contributorId":92816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017852,"text":"70017852 - 1996 - Genesis of the Silsilah tin deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-30T15:16:46","indexId":"70017852","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genesis of the Silsilah tin deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Silsilah tin deposit (lat 25 degrees 06' N, long 42 degrees 40' E) consists of a group of pervasively greisenized, flat-topped granite cupolas within a 12-km-diam ring complex. The greisens contain varying amounts of disseminated cassiterite and wolframite. Several types of quartz veins are peripheral to the greisens; some of these contain minor wolframite. The deposit is genetically associated with a highly differentiated, peraluminous alkali-feldspar granite (587 + or - 8 Ma) that is part of a mostly peralkaline, igneous ring complex intruded into Late Proterozoic, immature sandstones of the Murdama Group. We recognize four distinct phases of the peraluminous granite. Only the smallest, most highly differentiated cupolas contain significant tin greisen mineralization. Greisens developed beneath aplitic carapaces that overlie the granite and created impermeable barriers to rising volatiles. The geometry of a cupola correlates strongly with the intensity of alteration; cupolas with the smallest cross sectional areas and steepest marginal contacts have the most intensely greisenized apexes. The paragenetic sequence can be divided into five stages: pegmatite formation, locally pervasive albitization, locally pervasive greisenization and deposition of cassiterite, deposition of quartz-wolframite veins, and deposition of quartz veins with minor base metal sulfides. Pressure-corrected fluid inclusion filling temperatures indicate that the hydrothermal system generally cooled as it evolved and that the delta 18O values of the hydrothermal quartz increased from 10.8 to 15.7 per mil. Calculated delta 18O values of the hydrothermal fluid varied concomitantly from the pegmatite stage (delta 18O fluid approximately 8.6ppm; T [asymp] 550 degrees C) to the greisen stage (5.4 and 5.6[ppm; T [asymp] 360 degrees C), the quartz-wolframite vein stage (6.3 and 7.5ppm; T [asymp] 390 degrees C), and the late vein stage (4.0 and 5.1ppm; T [asymp] 270 degrees C). This evolution probably reflects the admixture of generally increasing amounts of meteoric or formation water having a lower delta 18 O value into the cooling magmatic hydrothermal system. In delta 18O-delta 18O plots for mineral separates from fresh to altered samples of the peraluminous granite the values for quartz and feldspar conform to a steep, positive-sloped disequilibrium trend that indicates interaction with high 18O hydrothermal fluid, mirrored by a negative-sloped disequilibrium trend for quartz and mica. These complementary trends suggest strongly that individual granite cupolas were essentially closed systems during alteration. To our knowledge, this is the first oxygen isotope demonstration of a closed-system, hydrothermal metal deposit. The sandstone country rock has whole-rock delta 18O values of 12.4 + or - 2.0 per mil. The highest values (>13ppm) form a approximately 3-km-wide high delta 18O annulus immediately peripheral to the ring complex. The data suggest that the country rocks were pervasively exchanged with an outward-migrating, high delta 18O fluid moving down a temperature gradient. This fluid was probably formation water that flowed radially inward toward the pluton at a deeper level, forming a largely horizontal, unicellular flow system that had fluid-flow lines nearly vertical next to the intrusion, and directed upward and outward at higher levels. Low delta 18O fluids that formed quartz associated with the tin-tungsten mineralization and later veins are inferred to be the result of a subsequent and distinct phase of the hydrothermal system. Almost all the geologic processes necessary for the formation of an economically viable tin deposit occurred at Silsilah, but the lack of a strong localizing mechanism for cassiterite mineralization resulted in an economically marginal deposit. If the greisenized cupolas had been vertically stacked, as are the intrusions and ore zones in Climax-type molybdenum deposits, or if the mineralizing fluids had been channeled into veins, as in the tin deposits in Cornwall, England, a higher grade deposit might have formed. The generally closed-system behavior of the hydrothermal system at Silsilah may have prevented additional scavenging of metals and the formation of a larger, richer deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Economic Geology Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.8.1414","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kamilli, R.J., and Criss, R., 1996, Genesis of the Silsilah tin deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 8, p. 1414-1434, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.8.1414.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1434","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42.5,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 42.5,\n 25.5\n ],\n [\n 43,\n 25.5\n ],\n [\n 43,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 42.5,\n 25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a155ee4b0c8380cd54da3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamilli, Robert J. bkamilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":5795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamilli","given":"Robert","email":"bkamilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018073,"text":"70018073 - 1996 - Effect of surface area and chemisorbed oxygen on the SO2 adsorption capacity of activated char","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70018073","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of surface area and chemisorbed oxygen on the SO2 adsorption capacity of activated char","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to determine whether activated char produced from Illinois coal could be used effectively to remove sulfur dioxide from coal combustion flue gas. Chars were prepared from a high-volatile Illinois bituminous coal under a wide range of pyrolysis and activation conditions. A novel char preparation technique was developed to prepare chars with SO2 adsorption capacities significantly greater than that of a commercial activated carbon. In general, there was no correlation between SO2 adsorption capacity and surface area. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) was used to determine the nature and extent of carbon-oxygen (C-O) complexes formed on the char surface. TPD data revealed that SO2 adsorption was inversely proportional to the amount of C-O complex. The formation of a stable C-O complex during char preparation may have served only to occupy carbon sites that were otherwise reactive towards SO2 adsorption. A fleeting C(O) complex formed during SO2 adsorption is postulated to be the reaction intermediate necessary for conversion of SO2 to H2SO4. Copyright ?? 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(96)00127-5","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Lizzio, A., and DeBarr, J., 1996, Effect of surface area and chemisorbed oxygen on the SO2 adsorption capacity of activated char: Fuel, v. 75, no. 13, p. 1515-1522, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)00127-5.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1522","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206121,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)00127-5"},{"id":228503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a060fe4b0c8380cd510d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lizzio, A.A.","contributorId":70937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizzio","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBarr, J.A.","contributorId":20078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBarr","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018090,"text":"70018090 - 1996 - Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T01:41:46.464107","indexId":"70018090","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA)","docAbstract":"The structures and textures of the rhyolite in the Mule Creek vent (New Mexico, USA) indicate mechanisms by which volatiles escape from silicic magma during eruption. The vent outcrop is a 300-m-high canyon wall comprising a section through the top of a feeder conduit, vent and the base of an extrusive lava dome. Field relations show that eruption began with an explosive phase and ended with lava extrusion. Analyses of glass inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from the lava indicate that the magma had a pre-eruptive dissolved water content of 2.5-3.0 wt% and, during eruption, the magma would have been water-saturated over the vertical extent of the present outcrop. However, the vesicularity of the rhyolite is substantially lower than that predicted from closed-system models of vesiculation under equilibrium conditions. At a given elevation in the vent, the volume fraction of primary vesicles in the rhyolite increases from zero close to the vent margin to values of 20-40 vol.% in the central part. In the centre the vesicularity increases upward from approximately 20 vol.% at 300 m below the canyon rim to approximately 40 vol.% at 200 m, above which it shows little increase. To account for the discrepancy between observed vesicularity and measured water content, we conclude that gas escaped during ascent, probably beginning at depths greater than exposed, by flow through the vesicular magma. Gas escape was most efficient near the vent margin, and we postulate that this is due both to the slow ascent of magma there, giving the most time for gas to escape, and to shear, favouring bubble coalescence. Such shear-related permeability in erupting magma is supported by the preserved distribution of textures and vesicularity in the rhyolite: Vesicles are flattened and overlapping near the dense margins and become progressively more isolated and less deformed toward the porous centre. Local zones have textures which suggest the coalescence of bubbles to form permeable, collapsing foams, implying the former existence of channels for gas migration. Local channelling of gas into the country rocks is suggested by the presence of sub-horizontal syn-eruptive rhyolitic tuffisite veins which depart from the vent margin and invade the adjacent country rock. In the central part of the vent, similar local channelling of gas is indicated by steep syn-eruption tuffisite veins which cut the rhyolite itself. We conclude that the suppression of explosive eruption resulted from gas separation from the ascending magma and vent structure by shear-related porous flow and channelling of gas through tuffisite veins. These mechanisms of gas loss may be responsible for the commonly observed transition from explosive to effusive behaviour during the eruption of silicic magma.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050130","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Stasiuk, M., Barclay, J., Carroll, M., Jaupart, C., Ratte, J., Sparks, R.S., and Tait, S., 1996, Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA): Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 58, no. 2-3, p. 117-130, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050130.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228836,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.7428107733331,\n 34.53146847515252\n ],\n [\n -109.7428107733331,\n 32.53988632780053\n ],\n [\n -108.39698557802087,\n 32.53988632780053\n ],\n [\n -108.39698557802087,\n 34.53146847515252\n ],\n [\n -109.7428107733331,\n 34.53146847515252\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe50e4b0c8380cd4ec75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stasiuk, M.V.","contributorId":107055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stasiuk","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barclay, J.","contributorId":41168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carroll, M.R.","contributorId":10181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaupart, Claude","contributorId":73361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaupart","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ratte, J.C.","contributorId":10416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratte","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tait, S.R.","contributorId":39961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tait","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018100,"text":"70018100 - 1996 - Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T14:17:39","indexId":"70018100","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan","docAbstract":"This study investigates 31 years of fumarole gas and condensate (trace elements) data from Showa-Shinzan, a dacitic dome-cryptodome complex that formed during the 1943-1945 eruption of Usu volcano. Forty-two gas samples were collected from the highest-temperature fumarole, named A-1, from 1954 (800??C) to 1985 (336??C), and from lower-temperature vents. Condensates were collected contemporaneously with the gas samples, and we reanalyzed ten of these samples, mostly from the A-1 vent, for 32 cations and three anions. Modeling using the thermochemical equilibrium program, SOLVGAS, shows that the gas samples are mild disequilibrium mixtures because they: (a) contain unequilibrated sedimentary CH4 and NH3; (b) have unequilibrated meteoric water; or (c) lost CO, either by air oxidation or by absorption by the sodium hydroxide sampling solution. SOLVGAS also enabled us to restore the samples by removing these disequilibrium effects, and to estimate their equilibrium oxygen fugacities and amounts of S2 and CH4. The restored compositions contain > 98% H2O with minor to trace amounts of CO2, H2, HCl, SO2, HF, H2S, CO, S2 and CH4. We used the restored gas and condensate data to test the hypotheses that these time-series compositional data from the dome's fumaroles provide: (1) sufficient major-gas data to analyze long-term degassing trends of the dome's magma-hydrothermal system without the influence of sampling or contamination effects; (2) independent oxygen fugacity-versus-temperature estimates of the Showa-Shinzan dacite; (3) the order of release of trace elements, especially metals, from magma; and (4) useful information for assessing volcanic hazards. The 1954-1985 restored A-1 gas compositions confirm the first hypothesis because they are sufficient to reveal three long-term degassing trends: (1) they became increasingly H2O-rich with time due to the progressive influx of meteoric water into the dome; (2) their C/S and S/Cl ratios decreased dramatically while their Cl/F ratios stayed roughly constant, indicating the progressive outgassing of less soluble components (F ??? Cl > S > C) from the magma reservoir; and (3) their H2O/H2, CO2/CO and H2S/SO2 ratios increased significantly in concert with equilibrium changes expected for the ??? 500??C temperature drop. When plotted against reciprocal temperature, the restored-gas log oxygen fugacities follow a tight linear trend from < NNO + 0.5 at > 800??C to NNO + 2.5 at ??? 400??C. This trend largely disproves the second hypothesis because the oxygen fugacities for the < 800??C restored gases can only be explained by mixing of hot magmatic gases with ??? 350??C steam from superheated meteoric water. But above 800??C this trend intersects the opposing linear trend for other Usu eruptive products, implying a log oxygen fugacity of -11.45 at 902??C for the Showa-Shinzan magma. The time-series trace-element data also disprove the third hypothesis because rock- and incrustation-particle contaminants in the condensates account for most of the trace-element variation. Nonetheless, highly volatile elements like B and As are relatively unaffected by this particle contamination, and they show similar time-series trends as Cl and F. Finally, except for infrequent sampling around the 1977 Usu eruption, the results generally confirm the fourth hypothesis, since the time-series trends for the major gases and selected trace elements indicate that, with time, the system cooled, degassed and was infiltrated by meteoric water, all of which are positive signs that volcanic activity declined over the 31-year history. This study also suggests that second boiling of shallow magma within and possibly beneath the cryptodome sustained magmatic degassing for at least 20 years after emplacement.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Symonds, R., Mizutani, Y., and Briggs, P., 1996, Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 177-211.","startPage":"177","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4990e4b0c8380cd68706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symonds, R.B.","contributorId":31011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mizutani, Y.","contributorId":78609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizutani","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018141,"text":"70018141 - 1996 - Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:46:48","indexId":"70018141","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"Cores and cuttings of lamproite sills and host sedimentary country rocks in southeastern Kansas from up to 312 m depth were analyzed for major elements in whole rocks and minerals, certain trace elements in whole rocks (including the REE) and Sr isotopic composition of the whole rocks. The lamproites are ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O = 2.0-19.9), alkalic [molecular (K2O/Na2O)/Al2O3 = 1.3-2.8], enriched in mantle-incompatible elements (light REE, Ba, Rb, Sr, Th, Hf, Ta) and have nearly homogeneous initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.707764-0.708114). These lamproites could have formed by variable degrees of partial melting of harzburgite country rock and cross-cutting veins composed of phlogopite, K-Ti richterite, titanite, diopside, K-Ti silicates, or K-Ba-phosphate under high H2O/CO2 ratios and reducing conditions. Variability in melting of veins and wall rock and variable composition of the metasomatized veins could explain the significantly different composition of the Kansas lamproites. Least squares fractionation models preclude the derivation of the Kansas lamproites by fractional crystallization from magmas similar in composition to higher silica phlogopite-sanidine lamproites some believe to be primary lamproite melts found elsewhere. In all but one case, least squares fractionation models also preclude the derivation of magmas similar in composition to any of the Kansas lamproites from one another. A magma similar in composition to the average composition of the higher SiO2 Ecco Ranch lamproite (237.5-247.5 m depth) could, however, have marginally crystallized about 12% richterite, 12% sanidine, 7% diopside and 6% phlogopite to produce the average composition of the Guess lamproite (305-312 m depth). Lamproite from the Ecco Ranch core is internally fractionated in K2O, Al2O3, Ba, MgO, Fe2O3, Co and Cr most likely by crystal accumulation-removal of ferromagnesian minerals and sanidine. In contrast, the Guess core (305-312 m depth) has little fractionation throughout most of the sill except in several narrow zones. Lamproite in the Guess core has large enrichments in TiO2, Ba, REE, Th, Ta and Sc and depletions in MgO, Cr, Co and Rb possibly concentrated in these narrow zones during the last dregs of crystallization of this magma. The Ecco Ranch sill did not show any evidence of loss of volatiles or soluble elements into the country rock. This contrasts to the previously studied, shallow Silver City lamproite which did apparently lose H2O-rich fluid to the country rock. Perhaps a greater confining pressure and lesser amount of H2O-rich fluid prevented it from escaping.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Cullers, R., Dorais, M., Berendsen, P., and Chaudhuri, S., 1996, Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA: LITHOS, v. 38, no. 3-4, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267971,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ac5e4b0c8380cd6f100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cullers, R.L.","contributorId":103007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullers","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorais, M. J.","contributorId":27209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorais","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chaudhuri, Sambhudas","contributorId":21708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaudhuri","given":"Sambhudas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018461,"text":"70018461 - 1996 - Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:45:28","indexId":"70018461","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"The distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the unsaturated zone provides a geochemical signature of aerobic hydrocarbon degradation at petroleum product spill sites. The fluxes of these gases are proportional to the rate of aerobic biodegradation and are quantified by calibrating a mathematical transport model to the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data. Reaction stoichiometry is assumed to convert the gas fluxes to a corresponding rate of hydrocarbon degradation. The method is applied at a gasoline spill site in Galloway Township, New Jersey, to determine the rate of aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons associated with passive and bioventing remediation field experiments. At the site, microbial degradation of hydrocarbons near the water table limits the migration of hydrocarbon solutes in groundwater and prevents hydrocarbon volatilization into the unsaturated zone. In the passive remediation experiment a site-wide degradation rate estimate of 34,400 g yr−1 (11.7 gal. yr−1) of hydrocarbon was obtained by model calibration to carbon dioxide gas concentration data collected in December 1989. In the bioventing experiment, degradation rate estimates of 46.0 and 47.9 g m−2 yr−1(1.45 × 10−3 and 1.51 × 10−3 gal. ft.−2yr−1) of hydrocarbon were obtained by model calibration to oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data, respectively. Method application was successful in quantifying the significance of a naturally occurring process that can effectively contribute to plume stabilization.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00805","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1996, Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 7, p. 2231-2249, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00805.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2231","endPage":"2249","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba3e4b0c8380cd527f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018472,"text":"70018472 - 1996 - Depositional controls on coal distribution and quality in the Eocene Brunner Coal Measures, Buller Coalfield, South Island, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018472","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional controls on coal distribution and quality in the Eocene Brunner Coal Measures, Buller Coalfield, South Island, New Zealand","docAbstract":"The Buller Coalfield on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand, contains the Eocene Brunner Coal Measures. The coal measures unconformably overlie Paleozoic-Cretaceous basement rocks and are conformably overlain by, and laterally interfinger with, the Eocene marine Kaiata Formation. This study examines the lithofacies frameworks of the coal measures in order to interpret their depositional environments. The lower part of the coal measures is dominated by conglomeratic lithofacies that rest on a basal erosional surface and thicken in paleovalleys incised into an undulating peneplain surface. These lithofacies are overlain by sandstone, mudstone and organic-rich lithofacies of the upper part of the coal measures. The main coal seam of the organic-rich lithofacies is thick (10-20 m), extensive, locally split, and locally absent. This seam and associated coal seams in the Buller Coalfield are of low- to high-volatile bituminous rank (vitrinite reflectance between 0.65% and 1.75%). The main seam contains a variable percentage of ash and sulphur. These values are related to the thickening and areal distribution of the seam, which in turn, were controlled by the nature of clastic deposition and peat-forming mire systems, marine transgression and local tidal incursion. The conglomeratic lithofacies represent deposits of trunk and tributary braided streams that rapidly aggraded incised paleovalleys during sea-level stillstands. The main seam represents a deposit of raised mires that initially developed as topogenous mires on abandoned margins of inactive braidbelts. Peat accumulated in mires as a response to a rise in the water table, probably initially due to gradual sea-level rise and climate, and the resulting raised topography served as protection from floods. The upper part of the coal measures consists of sandstone lithofacies of flu vial origin and bioturbated sandstone, mudstone and organic-rich lithofacies, which represent deposits of paralic (deltaic, barrier shoreface, tidal and mire) and marine environments. The fluvial sandstone lithofacies accumulated in channels during a sea-level stillstand. The channels were infilled by coeval braided and meandering streams prior to transgression. Continued transgression, ranging from tidal channel-estuarine incursions to widespread but uneven paleoshoreline encroachment, accompanied by moderate basin subsidence, is marked by a stacked, back-stepping geometry of bioturbated sandstone and marine mudstone lithofacies. Final retrogradation (sea-level highstand) is marked by backfilling of estuaries and by rapid landward deposition of the marine Kaiata Formation in the late Eocene.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(95)00028-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., and Sykes, R., 1996, Depositional controls on coal distribution and quality in the Eocene Brunner Coal Measures, Buller Coalfield, South Island, New Zealand: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 29, no. 4, p. 291-336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00028-3.","startPage":"291","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205895,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00028-3"},{"id":227341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059febbe4b0c8380cd4eec8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sykes, R.","contributorId":51930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018502,"text":"70018502 - 1996 - A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018502","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Optical and chemical studies of maceral concentrates from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene high-volatile bituminous C coal from southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia were undertaken using pyro-Lysis, optical, electron microprobe and FTIR techniques Pyrolysis products of vitrinite from bituminous coal were dominated by straight-chain aliphatics and phenols. The huminite of the Miocene lignite produced mostly phenolic compounds upon pyrolysis. Differences in the pyrolysis products between the huminite and vitrinite samples reflect both maturation related and paleobotanical differences. An undefined aliphatic source and/or bacterial biomass were the likely contributors of n-alkyl moieties to the vitrinite. The resinite fraction in the lignite yielded dammar-derived pyrolysis products, as well as aliphatics and phenols as the products of admixed huminite and other liptinites. The optically defined resinite-rich fraction of the bituminous coal from Kalimantan produced abundant n-aliphatic moieties upon pyrolysis, but only two major resin markers (cadalene and 1,6-dimethylnaphthalene). This phenomenon is likely due to the fact that Eocene resins were not dammar-related. Data from the electron microprobe and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry strongly support the results obtained by Py GC MS and microscopy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00038-1","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Stankiewicz, B., Kruge, M., and Mastalerz, M., 1996, A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 5, p. 531-545, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00038-1.","startPage":"531","endPage":"545","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00038-1"},{"id":227253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f7e4b0c8380cd46317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stankiewicz, B.A.","contributorId":83676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stankiewicz","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kruge, M.A.","contributorId":55579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruge","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018571,"text":"70018571 - 1996 - Locating VOC contamination in a fractured-rock aquifer at the ground-water/surface-water interface using passive vapor collectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:21:17.075693","indexId":"70018571","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Locating VOC contamination in a fractured-rock aquifer at the ground-water/surface-water interface using passive vapor collectors","docAbstract":"Chlorinated organic solvents introduced to unlined lagoons at an industrial waste-water treatment plant in the Inner Piedmont of South Carolina resulted in ground-water contamination of a fractured-rock aquifer. Part of the ground-water contamination discharges to Little Rocky Creek, downgradient from the waste-water treatment plant. Passive vapor collectors were buried in the bottom sediment of the creek to locate areas where ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds was discharging to the creek. High concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found in passive vapor collectors in an area where VOCs were known to be discharging from ground water to surface water. This area was also a site where very low frequency electromagnetic anomalies (interpreted as fracture zones) intersected the creek or converged near the creek. The data show that passive vapor collectors in bottom sediment of Little Rocky Creek provided information on the location of fractures that were discharging contaminated ground water to surface water.
Understanding relationships between cationic metals such as cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc, and amorphous iron sulfides, measured as acid volatile sulfide (AVS), is key to predicting metal bioavailability and toxicity insediments. The objective of the present study was to assess seasonal and spatial variations of AVS in freshwater sediments contaminated with zinc. Sediments were sampled from three streams with varying levels of zinc contamination at two different times, March and June of 1995, representing cold- and warm-weather situations. Interstitial (pore) water concentrations of zinc, and solid phase concentrations of AVS and zinc were measured in surficial and deep sediment horizons. Toxicity tests (10-d) with the amphipodHyalella azteca were conducted using intact cores. Sediment zinc concentrations from six sites within the primary test stream differed by about five-fold, and also varied seasonally. Acid volatile sulfide concentrations were generally lower than those of zinc, and pore water zinc concentrations typically were elevated. There was a positive correlation between solid-phase AVS and zinc concentrations, suggesting that the system was dominated by zinc, as opposed to iron sulfides. In contrast to expectations arising from some studies of seasonal variations of AVS in iron-dominated systems, AVS concentrations were smaller in June than in March. However, this was likely due to a major storm event and associated sediment scouring before the June sampling, rather than to seasonal processes related to variations in temperature and dissolved oxygen. Based upon an indirect analysis of depth variations in AVS, there was some indication that zinc sulfide might be less prone to oxidation than iron sulfide. There was a strong correlation between toxicity of the sediment samples toH. azteca and interstitial water concentrations of zinc; however, the possible contribution of other contaminants to sediment toxicity cannot be dismissed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00662186","usgsCitation":"Ankley, G., Liber, K., Call, D.J., Markee, T.P., Canfield, T., and Ingersoll, C.G., 1996, A field investigation of the relationship between zinc and acid volatile sulfide concentrations in freshwater sediments: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 5, no. 4, p. 255-264, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00662186.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"264","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eebfe4b0824b2d18c437","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ankley, Gerald T.","contributorId":67382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankley","given":"Gerald T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liber, Karsten","contributorId":175394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liber","given":"Karsten","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Call, Daniel J.","contributorId":175395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Call","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markee, Thomas P.","contributorId":175396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Markee","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70194940,"text":"70194940 - 1996 - Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194940,"text":"70194940 - 1996 - Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","indexId":"70194940","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","title":"Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":27920,"text":"wri954015 - 1996 - Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings","indexId":"wri954015","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":27920,"text":"wri954015 - 1996 - Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings","indexId":"wri954015","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T18:12:21","indexId":"70194940","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"displayTitle":"Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","title":"Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","docAbstract":"Infiltration into and drainage from facilities for the disposal of low-level radioactive wastes is considered the major process by which non-volatile contaminants are transported away from the facilities. The session included 10 papers related to the processes of infiltration and drainage, and to the simulation of flow and transport through the unsaturated zone. The first paper, presented by David Stonestrom, was an overview regarding the application of unsaturated flow theory to infiltration and drainage. Stonestrom posed three basic questions, which are:
The other nine papers presented during the session gave some insight to these questions. Topics included: laboratory measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at low water contents, by John Nimmo; use of environmental tracers to identify preferential flow through fractured media and to quantify drainage, by Edmund Prych and Edwin Weeks; field experiments to evaluate relevant processes affecting infiltration and drainage, by Brian Andraski, Glendon Gee, and Peter Wierenga; and the use of determinist'c and stochastic models for simulating flow and transport through heterogeneous sediments, by Richard Hills, Lynn Gelhar, and Shlomo Neuman.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal","conferenceDate":" May 4-6, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Reston, VA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Gee, G., 1996, Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015), 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350821,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4015/report.pdf#page=20"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a8e4b0a9a2e9dbe030","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stevens, Peter R.","contributorId":66239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726223,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Thomas J.","contributorId":77790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726224,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, Glendon","contributorId":195328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"Glendon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24383,"text":"ofr96139 - 1996 - Ground-Water Quality in the Caguas-Juncos Valley, Puerto Rico, April to October 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr96139","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-139","title":"Ground-Water Quality in the Caguas-Juncos Valley, Puerto Rico, April to October 1990","docAbstract":"Ground water from 48 wells and 1 spring in the Caguas-Juncos Valley was sampled and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace metals, and volatile synthetic organic chemicals from April to October 1990. This report presents the results of physical and chemical analyses made on these water samples.\r\n\r\nDissolved-solids concentrations exceeded 500 milligrams per liter in 28 percent of the samples. Concentrations of trace metals were below the maximum contaminant levels set by Federal and Commonwealth agencies. Volatile synthetic organic chemicals were detected in water from five wells, four of which were located in urban and industrial areas. Concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene detected in samples from one observation well exceeded the maximum contaminant levels set be Federal and Commonwealth agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96139","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J.M., and Puig, J., 1996, Ground-Water Quality in the Caguas-Juncos Valley, Puerto Rico, April to October 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-139, 21 p. **PUBLICATION PAGES ARE IN INCORRECT ORDER**, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96139.","productDescription":"21 p. **PUBLICATION PAGES ARE IN INCORRECT ORDER**","temporalStart":"1990-04-01","temporalEnd":"1990-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53480,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.25,18 ], [ -66.25,18.5 ], [ -65.75,18.5 ], [ -65.75,18 ], [ -66.25,18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Jose M. 0000-0002-4430-9929 jmrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-9929","contributorId":1318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Jose","email":"jmrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puig, Juan C.","contributorId":88394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puig","given":"Juan C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29776,"text":"wri954220 - 1995 - Geohydrology and vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site, Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T10:30:56","indexId":"wri954220","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4220","title":"Geohydrology and vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site, Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Upper Triassic Stockton Formation, which consists of interbedded siltstone, very-fine grained to coarse-grained sandstone, and conglomerate in crudely defined, upward fining cycles. These rocks form a complex, heterogeneous, leaky, multiaquifer system comprised of a series of gently dipping lithologic units with different hydraulic properties. Ground water is unconfined in the shallower part of the aquifer and confined or semiconfined in the deeper part of the aquifer. Water levels measured in monitor well clusters and borehole-flow measurements made in open boreholes show a downward hydraulic head gradient at the site, caused in part by the pumping of nearby, deep public-supply wells and the Fischer and Porter treatment system extraction wells. Downward borehole flow was measured at rates up to 9 gallons per minute. Aquifer-isolation tests were run in the six boreholes to obtain depth-discrete specific-capacity and water-quality data. On the basis of specific-capacity data for 27 isolated intervals, specific capacity is not related to depth.
Water levels in monitor wells at the Fischer and Porter Site are greatly affected by the pumping of nearby public-supply wells, as well as the pumping of the Fischer and Porter treatment system extraction wells. Pumping of the public-supply wells causes daily water-level fluctuations in wells at the site as great as 5.3 feet. The shutdown of the Fischer and Porter treatment system extraction wells caused a rise in water level in all wells screened in the intermediate and deep zones. The rise in water level was as great as 4.3 feet in the intermediate zone and as great as 5.9 feet in the deep zone. The direction of ground-water flow is toward the north in the shallow and intermediate zones and toward the west and west-southwest in the deep zone. Ground-water discharge probably is to the unnamed tributary to Pennypack Creek north and west of the site.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC's) were detected in most depth-discrete water samples. No general trend of increasing or decreasing concentrations of VOC's with depth were observed, and none of the isolated intervals had highly elevated concentrations of VOC's. Observed fairly constant concentrations of VOC's with depth are the result of the downward head gradient and the former presence of open boreholes on the site. The downward head gradient and pumping of nearby, deep public-supply wells caused the vertical migration and outward movement of VOC's into the aquifer through former supply and monitor wells of open-hole construction in the main area of contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954220","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Macchiaroli, P., and Conger, R.W., 1995, Geohydrology and vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site, Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4220, Report: xii, 137 p.; 3 Plates: 26.95 x 13.94 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954220.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 137 p.; 3 Plates: 26.95 x 13.94 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58578,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358465,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358466,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County","city":"Warminster","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.16666\n ],\n [\n -75.05,\n 40.16666\n ],\n [\n -75.05,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.16666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8be0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macchiaroli, Paola","contributorId":96309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macchiaroli","given":"Paola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conger, Randall W. rwconger@usgs.gov","contributorId":2086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conger","given":"Randall","email":"rwconger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25941,"text":"wri954216 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin– Volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water, 1978-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T20:48:25.061877","indexId":"wri954216","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4216","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin– Volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water, 1978-94","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey compiled and summarized analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in surface and ground water from water-quality data bases maintained by-Federal, State, and local agencies as part of a retrospective analysis of water-quality data for the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National WaterQuality Assessment Program. The retrospective analysis focused on a study area that encompasses 19,500 mi2 of the eastern portion of the study unit. Major river basins in the study area include the part of the Upper Mississippi River drainage from Lake Pepin upstream to sampling stations on the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers where long-term water-quality data are available and the entire drainage basin of the St. Croix River. The Twin Cities metropolitan area, with a population of 2.4 million people, is located in the south-central part of the study area. Water-quality data collected in the study area from 1978 through 1994 by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Minnesota Department of Health, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Metropolitan Council Environmental Services, and the city of Minneapolis were included in the retrospective analysis.
\nIn this report, assessment of the presence and distribution of VOC's in surface and ground water in the study area is restricted to two groups of VOC's: target VOC's, and trihalomethane compounds (THM's). Target VOC's, the most commonly detected non-trihalomethane VOC's in surface and ground water in the study area, include 1,1- dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, meta+para-xylene, and ortho-xylene. Trihalomethane compounds described in this report include chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane, bromoform, and fluorodichloromethane.
\nExamination of water-quality data from widely distributed sampling networks of river sites and wells in the study area led to the following conclusions: 1) trace amounts of chlorinated VOC's were detected sporadically in waters of the Mississippi, Minnesota, St. Croix, and Vermillion Rivers; 2) benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and meta+paraxylene were detected sporadically in waters sampled from the chain of lakes used as the municipal supply for St. Paul, Minnesota; 3) the target VOC's were detected in less than five percent of ground-water samples at relatively low concentrations, generally near detection limits which ranged from 1 to 5 micrograms per liter; 4) VOC's were generally detected at similar frequencies, but at higher concentrations, in water samples from wells completed in sand and gravel aquifers than in water samples from wells completed in bedrock aquifers; 5) VOC's were most commonly detected in ground water in the vicinity of identifiable emission sites of VOC's, such as landfills, dumps, or major industries; 6) trichloroethene, a commonly used degreasing agent in dry cleaning, metal cleaning and cleaning septic lines, was the most frequently detected target VOC in ground water sampled from wells completed in both sand and gravel and bedrock aquifers; 7) wells producing water with detectable concentrations of the target VOC's tended to be shallower than wells producing water with no detectable concentrations of those compounds, but the differences in well depths were not statistically significant at a 95 percent confidence level; and 8) chlorination of water substantially increased the frequency of detection of trihalomethane compounds. The low frequencies of detection of the target VOC's and THM's in surface and ground water sampled from widely distributed sampling networks in the study area indicate that, although there are thousands of sites which can potentially emit these compounds to water, soil, and the atmosphere, these compounds have not had a widespread measurable effect on the quality of surface and ground water in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954216","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., and Kroening, S., 1995, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin– Volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water, 1978-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4216, vii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954216.","productDescription":"vii, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392466,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23618,"text":"ofr95130 - 1995 - Location and site characteristics of the ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr95130","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-130","title":"Location and site characteristics of the ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network in West Virginia","docAbstract":"Ground-water-quality-monitoring sites have been established in compliance with the 1991 West Virginia "Groundwater Protection Act." One of the provisions of the "Groundwater Protection Act" is to conduct ground-water sampling, data collection, analyses, and evaluation with sufficient frequency so as to ascertain the characteristics and quality of ground water and the sufficiency of the ground- water protection programs established pursuant to the act (Chapter 20 of the code of West Virginia, 1991, Article 5-M). Information for 26 monitoring sites (wells and springs) which comprise the Statewide ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network is presented. Areas in which monitoring sites were needed were determined by the West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection, Office of Water Resources in consultation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Initial sites were chosen on the basis of recent hydrogeologic investigations conducted by the USGS and from data stored in the USGS Ground Water Site Inventory database. Land use, aquifer setting, and areal coverage of the State are three of the more important criteria used in site selection. A field reconnaissance was conducted to locate and evaluate the adequacy of selected wells and springs. Descriptive information consisting of site, geologic, well construction, and aquifer-test data has been compiled. The 26 sites will be sampled periodically for iron, manganese, most common ions (for example, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate), volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (for example, pesticides and industrial solvents), and fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria. Background information explaining ground-water systems and water quality within the State has been included.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section (distributor),","doi":"10.3133/ofr95130","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kozar, M., and Brown, D., 1995, Location and site characteristics of the ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-130, iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95130.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63bc0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kozar, M.D.","contributorId":67544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, D.P.","contributorId":95881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23955,"text":"ofr95339 - 1995 - Chemical quality of bottom sediments in selected streams, Jefferson County, Kentucky, April-July 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr95339","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-339","title":"Chemical quality of bottom sediments in selected streams, Jefferson County, Kentucky, April-July 1992","docAbstract":"Bottom sediments from 25 stream sites in Jefferson County, Ky., were analyzed for percent volatile solids and concentrations of nutrients, major metals, trace elements, miscellaneous inorganic compounds, and selected organic compounds. Statistical high outliers of the constituent concentrations analyzed for in the bottom sediments were defined as a measure of possible elevated concentrations. Statistical high outliers were determined for at least 1 constituent at each of 12 sampling sites in Jefferson County. Of the 10 stream basins sampled in Jefferson County, the Middle Fork Beargrass Basin, Cedar Creek Basin, and Harrods Creek Basin were the only three basins where a statistical high outlier was not found for any of the measured constituents. In the Pennsylvania Run Basin, total volatile solids, nitrate plus nitrite, and endrin constituents were statistical high outliers. Pond Creek was the only basin where five constituents were statistical high outliers-barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and silver. Nitrate plus nitrite and copper constituents were the only statistical high outliers found in the Mill Creek Basin. In the Floyds Fork Basin, nitrate plus nitrite, phosphorus, mercury, and silver constituents were the only statistical high outliers. Ammonia was the only statistical high outlier found in the South Fork Beargrass Basin. In the Goose Creek Basin, mercury and silver constituents were the only statistical high outliers. Cyanide was the only statistical high outlier in the Muddy Fork Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95339","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moore, B., and Evaldi, R., 1995, Chemical quality of bottom sediments in selected streams, Jefferson County, Kentucky, April-July 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-339, iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95339.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0339/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53153,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3d66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, B.L.","contributorId":96281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evaldi, R. D.","contributorId":93909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evaldi","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23780,"text":"ofr95465 - 1995 - Design of monitor wells, hydrogeology, and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr95465","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-465","title":"Design of monitor wells, hydrogeology, and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Ten monitoring well were installed in May 1993 to collect data on the hydrogeology and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, in Kingston, New Hampshire. Monitoring wells were installed 4 to 48 feet beneath the pond surface in stratified drift that was up to 40 feet thick. The stratified drift is overlain by up to 35 feet of fine-grained, predominantly organic, lake-bottom sediment. The potentiometric head in the aquifer was at or above the pond surface and up to 0.8 foot above the pond surface at one location. Water-quality analyses detected numerous volatile organic compounds including chloroethane, benzene, dichlorobenzenes, and 1,1-dichloroethane at maximum concentrations of 110, 43, 54, and 92 mg/L, respectively. The maximum concentration of total volatile organic compounds detected in ground water from a monitoring well was 550 mg/L in November 1993. Ground-water samples with high concentrations of volatile organic compounds also had elevated specific conductances indicating the presence of other non-organic contaminants. Water-quality analyses indicate that a plume of contaminated ground water extends at least 300 feet in a northeast direction beneath the pond.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95465","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1995, Design of monitor wells, hydrogeology, and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-465, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95465.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0465/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53010,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0465/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667dc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22027,"text":"ofr95456 - 1995 - A preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in ground water of the United States, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr95456","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-456","title":"A preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in ground water of the United States, 1993-94","docAbstract":"The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require fuel oxygenates to be added to gasoline used in some metropolitan areas to reduce atmospheric concen- trations of carbon monoxide or ozone. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), is the most commonly used fuel oxygenate and is a relatively new gasoline additive. Nevertheless, out of 60 volatile organic chemicals analyzed, MTBE was the second most frequently detected chemical in samples of shallow ambient ground water from urban areas that were collected during 1993-94 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program. Samples were collected from 5 drinking-water wells, 12 springs, and 193 monitoring wells in urban areas. No MTBE was detected in drinking-water wells. At a reporting level of 0.2 ug/L (micrograms per liter), MTBE was detected most frequently in shallow ground water from urban areas (27 percent of 210 wells and springs sampled in 8 areas) as compared to shallow ground water from agricultural areas (1.3 percent of 549 wells sampled in 21 areas) or deeper ground water from major aquifers (1 percent of 412 wells sampled in 9 areas). Only 3 percent of the shallow wells sampled in urban areas had concentrations of MTBE that exceed 20 ug/L, which is the estimated lower limit of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency draft drinking-water health advisory. Because MTBE is persistent and mobile in ground water, it can move from shallow to deeper aquifers with time. In shallow urban ground water, MTBE generally was not found with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylenes (BTEX) compounds which commonly are associated with gasoline spills. This disassociation causes uncertainty as to the source of MTBE. Possible sources of MTBE in ground water include point sources, such as leaking storage tanks, and nonpoint sources, such as recharge of precipitation and storm-water runoff.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95456","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., 1995, A preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in ground water of the United States, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-456, v, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95456.","productDescription":"v, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0456/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51493,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0456/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab381","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squillace, P. J.","contributorId":8878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}