Bovine tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis in livestock and wildlife with hosts that include Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Risk-assessment efforts in Michigan have been initiated on farms to minimize interactions of cattle with wildlife hosts but research onM. bovis on cattle farms has not investigated the spatial context of disease epidemiology. To incorporate spatially explicit data, initial likelihood of infection probabilities for cattle farms tested for M. bovis, prevalence of M. bovis in white-tailed deer, deer density, and environmental variables for each farm were modeled in a Bayesian hierarchical framework. We used geo-referenced locations of 762 cattle farms that have been tested for M. bovis, white-tailed deer prevalence, and several environmental variables that may lead to long-term survival and viability of M. bovis on farms and surrounding habitats (i.e., soil type, habitat type). Bayesian hierarchical analyses identified deer prevalence and proportion of sandy soil within our sampling grid as the most supported model. Analysis of cattle farms tested for M. bovisidentified that for every 1% increase in sandy soil resulted in an increase in odds of infection by 4%. Our analysis revealed that the influence of prevalence of M. bovis in white-tailed deer was still a concern even after considerable efforts to prevent cattle interactions with white-tailed deer through on-farm mitigation and reduction in the deer population. Cattle farms test positive for M. bovis annually in our study area suggesting that the potential for an environmental source either on farms or in the surrounding landscape may contributing to new or re-infections with M. bovis. Our research provides an initial assessment of potential environmental factors that could be incorporated into additional modeling efforts as more knowledge of deer herd factors and cattle farm prevalence is documented.
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This episode was remarkable both because no explosion followed, and because seismicity abruptly stopped following the episode. This sequence motivated us to consider a model for volcanic tremor that does not involve energetic gas release from magma but does involve movement of conduit magma through extension on its way toward the surface. We found that the tremor signal was composed entirely of Love and Rayleigh waves and that its spectral bandwidth increased and decreased with signal amplitude, with broader bandwidth signals containing both higher and lower frequencies. Our modeling results demonstrate that the forces giving rise to this tremor were largely normal to conduit walls, generating hybrid head waves along conduit walls that are coupled to internally reflected waves. Together these form a crucial part of conduit resonance, giving tremor wavefields that are largely a function of waveguide geometry and velocity. We find that the mechanism of tremor generation fundamentally masks the nature of the seismogenic source giving rise to resonance. Thus multiple models can be invoked to explain volcanic tremor, requiring that information from other sources (such as visual observations, geodesy, geology, and gas geochemistry) be used to constrain source models. With concurrent GPS and field data supporting rapid rise of magma, we infer that tremor resulted from drag of nearly solid magma along rough conduit walls as magma was forced toward the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2013JB010698","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R.P., and Moran, S.C., 2014, Volcanic tremor masks its seismogenic source: Results from a study of noneruptive tremor recorded at Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 119, no. 3, p. 2230-2251, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010698.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2230","endPage":"2251","ipdsId":"IP-051670","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jb010698","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.29362487792969,\n 46.13845231463026\n ],\n [\n -122.10617065429688,\n 46.13845231463026\n ],\n [\n -122.10617065429688,\n 46.26771487683375\n ],\n [\n -122.29362487792969,\n 46.26771487683375\n ],\n [\n -122.29362487792969,\n 46.13845231463026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eabe4b0531197b27fae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, Seth C. 0000-0001-7308-9649 smoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Seth","email":"smoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187418,"text":"70187418 - 2014 - Productivity and linkages of the food web of the southern region of the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-02T13:18:55","indexId":"70187418","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3194,"text":"Progress in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity and linkages of the food web of the southern region of the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf","docAbstract":"The productivity and linkages in the food web of the southern region of the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf were investigated using a multi-trophic level mass balance model. Data collected during the Southern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics field program were combined with data from the literature on the abundance and diet composition of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals to calculate energy flows in the food web and to infer the overall food web structure at the annual level. Sensitivity analyses investigated the effects of variability in growth and biomass of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and in the biomass of Antarctic krill predators on the structure and energy fluxes in the food web. Scenario simulations provided insights into the potential responses of the food web to a reduced contribution of large phytoplankton (diatom) production to total primary production, and to reduced consumption of primary production by Antarctic krill and mesozooplankton coincident with increased consumption by microzooplankton and salps. Model-derived estimates of primary production were 187–207 g C m−2 y−1, which are consistent with observed values (47–351 g C m−2 y−1). Simulations showed that Antarctic krill provide the majority of energy needed to sustain seabird and marine mammal production, thereby exerting a bottom-up control on higher trophic level predators. Energy transfer to top predators via mesozooplanton was a less efficient pathway, and salps were a production loss pathway because little of the primary production they consumed was passed to higher trophic levels. Increased predominance of small phytoplankton (nanoflagellates and cryptophytes) reduced the production of Antarctic krill and of its predators, including seabirds and seals.
Liming has been used extensively in Scandinavia and elsewhere since the 1970s to counteract the negative effects of acidification. Communities in limed lakes usually return to acidified conditions once liming is discontinued, suggesting that liming is unlikely to shift acidified lakes to a state equivalent to pre-acidification conditions that requires no further management intervention. While this suggests a low resilience of limed lakes, attributes that confer resilience have not been assessed, limiting our understanding of the efficiency of costly management programs. In this study, we assessed community metrics (diversity, richness, evenness, biovolume), multivariate community structure and the relative resilience of phytoplankton in limed, acidified and circum-neutral lakes from 1997 to 2009, using multivariate time series modeling. We identified dominant temporal frequencies in the data, allowing us to track community change at distinct temporal scales. We assessed two attributes of relative resilience (cross-scale and within-scale structure) of the phytoplankton communities, based on the fluctuation frequency patterns identified. We also assessed species with stochastic temporal dynamics. Liming increased phytoplankton diversity and richness; however, multivariate community structure differed in limed relative to acidified and circum-neutral lakes. Cross-scale and within-scale attributes of resilience were similar across all lakes studied but the contribution of those species exhibiting stochastic dynamics was higher in the acidified and limed compared to circum-neutral lakes. From a resilience perspective, our results suggest that limed lakes comprise a particular condition of an acidified lake state. This explains why liming does not move acidified lakes out of a “degraded” basin of attraction. In addition, our study demonstrates the potential of time series modeling to assess the efficiency of restoration and management outcomes through quantification of the attributes contributing to resilience in ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0091881","usgsCitation":"Baho, D.L., Drakare, S., Johnson, R.K., Allen, C.R., and Angeler, D., 2014, Similar resilience attributes in lakes with different management practices: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 3, e91881: 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091881.","productDescription":"e91881: 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054485","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091881","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":317958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Sweden","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[22.18317,65.72374],[21.21352,65.02601],[21.36963,64.41359],[19.77888,63.60955],[17.84778,62.7494],[17.11955,61.34117],[17.83135,60.63658],[18.78772,60.08191],[17.86922,58.95377],[16.82919,58.71983],[16.44771,57.04112],[15.87979,56.1043],[14.66668,56.20089],[14.10072,55.40778],[12.94291,55.36174],[12.6251,56.30708],[11.78794,57.44182],[11.02737,58.85615],[11.46827,59.43239],[12.30037,60.11793],[12.63115,61.29357],[11.99206,61.80036],[11.93057,63.12832],[12.57994,64.06622],[13.57192,64.04911],[13.91991,64.44542],[13.55569,64.78703],[15.10841,66.19387],[16.10871,67.30246],[16.76888,68.01394],[17.72918,68.01055],[17.99387,68.56739],[19.87856,68.40719],[20.02527,69.06514],[20.64559,69.10625],[21.97853,68.61685],[23.53947,67.93601],[23.56588,66.39605],[23.90338,66.00693],[22.18317,65.72374]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Sweden\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bdbecbe4b06458514aeee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baho, Didier L.","contributorId":166724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baho","given":"Didier","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drakare, Stina","contributorId":166738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drakare","given":"Stina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Richard K.","contributorId":21810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Angeler, David G.","contributorId":25027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeler","given":"David G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70190469,"text":"70190469 - 2014 - Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-01T10:10:41","indexId":"70190469","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index","title":"Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index","docAbstract":"Knickpoints in fluvial channel longitudinal profiles and channel steepness index values derived from digital elevation data can be used to detect tectonic structures and infer spatial patterns of uplift. However, changes in lithologic resistance to channel incision can also influence the morphology of longitudinal profiles. We compare the spatial patterns of both channel steepness index and cosmogenic 10Be-determined erosion rates from four landscapes in Italy, where the geology and tectonics are well constrained, to four theoretical predictions of channel morphologies, which can be interpreted as the result of primarily tectonic or lithologic controls. These data indicate that longitudinal profile forms controlled by unsteady or nonuniform tectonics can be distinguished from those controlled by nonuniform lithologic resistance. In each landscape the distribution of channel steepness index and erosion rates is consistent with model predictions and demonstrates that cosmogenic nuclide methods can be applied to distinguish between these two controlling factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.010","usgsCitation":"Cyr, A.J., Granger, D., Olivetti, V., and Molin, P., 2014, Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index: Geomorphology, v. 209, p. 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.010.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"38","ipdsId":"IP-025041","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59aa71dae4b0e9bde130cff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cyr, Andrew J. 0000-0003-2293-5395 acyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-5395","contributorId":3539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cyr","given":"Andrew","email":"acyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granger, Darryl E.","contributorId":40137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granger","given":"Darryl E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Olivetti, Valerio","contributorId":191611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olivetti","given":"Valerio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Molin, Paola","contributorId":196097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molin","given":"Paola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70148689,"text":"70148689 - 2014 - Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico: extent, methods and outcomes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-24T10:26:13","indexId":"70148689","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2926,"text":"Ocean and Coastal Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico: extent, methods and outcomes","docAbstract":"Shellfish reef restoration to support ecological services has become more common in recent decades, driven by increasing awareness of the functional decline of shellfish systems. Maximizing restoration benefits and increasing efficiency of shellfish restoration activities would greatly benefit from understanding and measurement of system responses to management activities. This project (1) compiles a database of northern Gulf of Mexico inshore artificial oyster reefs created for restoration purposes, and (2) quantitatively assesses a subset of reefs to determine project outcomes. We documented 259 artificial inshore reefs created for ecological restoration. Information on reef material, reef design and monitoring was located for 94, 43 and 20% of the reefs identified. To quantify restoration success, we used diver surveys to quantitatively sample oyster density and substrate volume of 11 created reefs across the coast (7 with rock; 4 with shell), paired with 7 historic reefs. Reefs were defined as fully successful if there were live oysters, and partially successful if there was hard substrate. Of these created reefs, 73% were fully successful, while 82% were partially successful. These data highlight that critical information related to reef design, cost, and success remain difficult to find and are generally inaccessible or lost, ultimately hindering efforts to maximize restoration success rates. Maintenance of reef creation information data, development of standard reef performance measures, and inclusion of material and reef design testing within reef creation projects would be highly beneficial in implementing adaptive management. Adaptive management protocols seek specifically to maximize short and long-term restoration success, but are critically dependent on tracking and measuring system responses to management activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.002","usgsCitation":"LaPeyre, M.K., Furlong, J.N., Brown, L.A., Piazza, B.P., and Brown, K., 2014, Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico: extent, methods and outcomes: Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 89, p. 20-28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-046200","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 31.005862904624205\n ],\n [\n -84.847412109375,\n 31.005862904624205\n ],\n [\n -84.847412109375,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b361b6e4b09a3b01b5dab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaPeyre, Megan K. 0000-0001-9936-2252 mlapeyre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-2252","contributorId":585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPeyre","given":"Megan","email":"mlapeyre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":549056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Jessica N.","contributorId":145458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furlong","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Laura A.","contributorId":145457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piazza, Bryan P.","contributorId":11022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piazza","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Ken","contributorId":145926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70182175,"text":"70182175 - 2014 - CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake-rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:36:33","indexId":"70182175","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake-rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance","docAbstract":"Aquatic ecosystems are important components of landscape carbon budgets. In lake-rich landscapes, both lakes and streams may be important sources of carbon gases (CO2 and CH4) to the atmosphere, but the processes that control gas concentrations and emissions in these interconnected landscapes have not been adequately addressed. We use multiple data sets that vary in their spatial and temporal extent during 2001–2012 to investigate the carbon gas source strength of streams in a lake-rich landscape and to determine the contribution of lakes, metabolism, and groundwater to stream CO2 and CH4. We show that streams emit roughly the same mass of CO2 (23.4 Gg C yr−1; 0.49 mol CO2 m−2 d−1) as lakes at a regional scale (27 Gg C yr−1) and that stream CH4 emissions (189 Mg C yr−1; 8.46 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1) are an important component of the regional greenhouse gas balance. Gas transfer velocity variability (range = 0.34 to 13.5 m d−1) contributed to the variability of gas flux in this landscape. Groundwater inputs and in-stream metabolism control stream gas supersaturation at the landscape scale, while carbon cycling in lakes and deep groundwaters does not control downstream gas emissions. Our results indicate the need to consider connectivity of all aquatic ecosystems (lakes, streams, wetlands, and groundwater) in lake-rich landscapes and their connections with the terrestrial environment in order to understand the full nature of the carbon cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2013GB004661","usgsCitation":"Crawford, J.T., Lottig, N.R., Stanley, E.H., Walker, J.F., Hanson, P.C., Finlay, J.C., and Striegl, R.G., 2014, CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake-rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 28, no. 3, p. 197-210, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004661.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"210","ipdsId":"IP-046128","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e31e4b0ce4410e7d604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, John T. 0000-0003-4440-6945 jtcrawford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-6945","contributorId":4081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"John","email":"jtcrawford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lottig, Noah R.","contributorId":172031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lottig","given":"Noah","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, Emily H.","contributorId":55725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanley","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hanson, Paul C.","contributorId":35634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finlay, Jacques C.","contributorId":19695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlay","given":"Jacques","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":669882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70176216,"text":"70176216 - 2014 - Geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Aptian carbonates, onshore northern Gulf of Mexico Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-01T15:40:50","indexId":"70176216","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Aptian carbonates, onshore northern Gulf of Mexico Basin, United States","docAbstract":"Carbonate lithofacies of the Lower Cretaceous Sligo Formation and James Limestone were regionally evaluated using established U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessment methodology for undiscovered conventional hydrocarbon resources. The assessed area is within the Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous–Tertiary Composite total petroleum system, which was defined for the assessment. Hydrocarbons reservoired in carbonate platform Sligo-James oil and gas accumulations are interpreted to originate primarily from the Jurassic Smackover Formation. Emplacement of hydrocarbons occurred via vertical migration along fault systems; long-range lateral migration also may have occurred in some locations. Primary reservoir facies include porous patch reefs developed over paleostructural salt highs, carbonate shoals, and stacked linear reefs at the carbonate shelf margin. Hydrocarbon traps dominantly are combination structural-stratigraphic. Sealing lithologies include micrite, calcareous shale, and argillaceous lime mudstone. A geologic model, supported by discovery history analysis of petroleum geology data, was used to define a single regional assessment unit (AU) for conventional reservoirs in carbonate facies of the Sligo Formation and James Limestone. The AU is formally entitled Sligo-James Carbonate Platform Oil and Gas (50490121). A fully risked mean undiscovered technically recoverable resource in the AU of 50 million barrels of oil (MMBO), 791 billion cubic feet of natural gas (BCFG), and 26 million barrels of natural gas liquids was estimated. Substantial new development through horizontal drilling has occurred since the time of this assessment (2010), resulting in cumulative production of >200 BCFG and >1 MMBO.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2013.12.005","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., and Karlsen, A.W., 2014, Geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Aptian carbonates, onshore northern Gulf of Mexico Basin, United States: Cretaceous Research, v. 48, p. 225-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.12.005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"234","ipdsId":"IP-051557","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c9512de4b0f2f0cec15be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander W.","contributorId":105382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70143405,"text":"70143405 - 2014 - Optical sensors for water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-19T09:29:10","indexId":"70143405","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2593,"text":"Lakeline","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optical sensors for water quality","docAbstract":"Shifts in land use, population, and climate have altered hydrologic systems in the United States in ways that affect water quality and ecosystem function. Water diversions, detention in reservoirs, increased channelization, and changes in rainfall and snowmelt are major causes, but there are also more subtle causes such as changes in soil temperature, atmospheric deposition, and shifting vegetation patterns. The effects on water quality are complex and interconnected, and occur at timeframes of minutes (e.g., flash floods) to decades (e.g., evolving management practices).
\nHowever, water-quality monitoring has historically focused on discrete samples collected weekly or monthly, and laboratory analyses that can take days or weeks to complete. Low-frequency data and delayed access hampers a timely response during events, limits the ability to identify specific causes or actions, and may result in poorly quantified effects on ecosystems and human health at local to regional scales.
\n\n
Recent advancements in commercially available in situ sensors, data platforms, and new techniques for data analysis provide an opportunity to monitor water quality in rivers, lakes, and estuaries on the time scales in which changes occur. For example, measurements that capture the variability in freshwater systems over time help to assess how shifts in seasonal runoff, changes in precipitation intensity, and increased frequencies of disturbances (such as fire and insect outbreaks) affect the storage, production, and transport of carbon and nitrogen in watersheds. Transmitting these data in real-time also provides information that can be used for early trend detection, help identify monitoring gaps, and provide sciencebased decision support across a range of issues related to water quality, freshwater ecosystems, and human health.
","language":"English","publisher":"North American Lake Management Society","usgsCitation":"Pellerin, B.A., and Bergamaschi, B., 2014, Optical sensors for water quality: Lakeline, no. Spring, p. 13-17.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033523","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Spring","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550bf333e4b02e76d759cdf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pellerin, Brian A. bpeller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Brian","email":"bpeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":1448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187195,"text":"70187195 - 2014 - Reconstructing suspended sediment mercury contamination of a steep, gravel-bed river using reservoir theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T10:34:42","indexId":"70187195","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1541,"text":"Environmental Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing suspended sediment mercury contamination of a steep, gravel-bed river using reservoir theory","docAbstract":"We use sediment ages and mercury (Hg) concentrations to estimate past and future concentrations in the South River, Virginia, where Hg was released between 1930 and 1950 from a manufacturing process related to nylon production. In a previous study, along a 40 km (25 mi) reach, samples were collected from 26 of 54 fine-grained deposits that formed in the lee of large wood obstructions in the channel and analyzed for grain size, Hg concentration, and organic content. We also obtained radiometric dates from six deposits. To create a history that reflects the full concentration distribution (which contains concentrations as high as 900 mg/kg [900 ppm]), here, we treat the deposits as a single reservoir exchanging contaminated sediments with the overlying water column, and assume that the total sediment mass in storage and the distribution of sediment ages are time invariant. We use reservoir theory to reconstruct the annual history of Hg concentration on suspended sediment using data from our previous study and new results presented here. Many different reconstructed histories fit our data. To constrain results, we use information from a well-preserved core (and our estimate of the total mass of Hg stored in 2007) to specify the years associated with the peak concentration of 900 mg/kg. Our results indicate that around 850 kg (1874 lb) of Hg was stored in the deposits between 1955 and 1961, compared to only 80 kg (176 lb) today. Simulations of future Hg remediation suggest that 100-yr timescales will be needed for the South River to remove Hg-contaminated sediments from the channel perimeter through natural processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/eg.08151313007","usgsCitation":"Skalak, K., and Pizzuto, J., 2014, Reconstructing suspended sediment mercury contamination of a steep, gravel-bed river using reservoir theory: Environmental Geosciences, v. 20, no. 1, p. 17-35, https://doi.org/10.1306/eg.08151313007.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"35","ipdsId":"IP-045487","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c0e4b0c2e071a99bb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skalak, Katherine 0000-0003-4122-1240 kskalak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4122-1240","contributorId":3990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalak","given":"Katherine","email":"kskalak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pizzuto, James","contributorId":12366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzuto","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70194142,"text":"70194142 - 2014 - Mercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T15:08:25","indexId":"70194142","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi","docAbstract":"We evaluated the influence of groundwater–seawater interaction on mercury dynamics in Maunalua Bay, a coral reef ecosystem located on the south shore of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, by combining geochemical data with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) rates. During a rising tide, unfiltered total mercury (U-HgT) concentrations in seawater increased from ∼6 to 20 pM at Black Point (west Bay) and from ∼2.5 to 8 pM at Niu (central Bay). We attribute this change to an increase in suspended particulate matter at high tide. Approximately 90% of mercury in groundwater at Niu was in the filtered (<0.45 μm) fraction, with a concentration of ∼4 pM. Groundwater discharge during a period of amplified SGD at Niu appeared to contribute to an increase in total mercury concentrations in filtered seawater (F-HgT; 1.2 to 2.4 pM) and in unfiltered seawater (U-HgT; 2.5 to 3.2 pM). The larger magnitude of change in F-HgT relative to U-HgT suggests mercury complexation and/or solubility dynamics in seawater were altered by the addition of groundwater. We used site specific 222Rn derived SGD flux estimates and groundwater F-HgT concentrations to calculate mercury loadings at Black Point (∼3 nmol m−2 d−1) and at Niu (∼1 nmol m−2 d−1). We calculated a weighted average Maunalua Bay groundwater mercury flux of 0.68 ± 0.67 mol yr−1 by combining the proportional flux of F-HgT from three distinct SGD zones, and place these results into a broader context by comparing and contrasting flux estimates from locations around the world. Results from existing SGD studies should be evaluated to develop future sampling strategies that address more targeted questions about mercury biogeochemical cycling at the groundwater–seawater interface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.012","usgsCitation":"Ganguli, P.M., Swarzenski, P.W., Dulaiova, H., Glenn, C.R., and Flegal, A.R., 2014, Mercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 140, p. 52-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"65","ipdsId":"IP-051822","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Maunalua Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.36517333984375,\n 21.160080508753136\n ],\n [\n -157.57278442382812,\n 21.160080508753136\n ],\n [\n -157.57278442382812,\n 21.783731071583155\n ],\n [\n -158.36517333984375,\n 21.783731071583155\n ],\n [\n -158.36517333984375,\n 21.160080508753136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"140","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afeedebe4b0da30c1bfc73a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganguli, Priya M.","contributorId":147439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ganguli","given":"Priya","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6948,"text":"UC Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":722337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dulaiova, Henrieta","contributorId":184206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dulaiova","given":"Henrieta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glenn, Craig R.","contributorId":200438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flegal, A. Russell","contributorId":200439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Russell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70068744,"text":"sir20105090I - 2014 - Porphyry copper assessment of Central America and the Caribbean Basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70068744,"text":"sir20105090I - 2014 - Porphyry copper assessment of Central America and the Caribbean Basin","indexId":"sir20105090I","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Porphyry copper assessment of Central America and the Caribbean Basin"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T17:03:35.638028","indexId":"sir20105090I","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T14:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"I","title":"Porphyry copper assessment of Central America and the Caribbean Basin","docAbstract":"Mineral resource assessments provide a synthesis of available information about distributions of mineral deposits in the Earth’s crust. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared a probabilistic mineral resource assessment of undiscovered resources in porphyry copper deposits in Central America and the Caribbean Basin in collaboration with geoscientists from academia and the minerals industry. The purpose of the study was to (1) delineate permissive areas (tracts) for undiscovered porphyry copper deposits within 1 kilometer of the surface at a scale of 1:1,000,000; (2) provide a database of known porphyry copper deposits and significant prospects; (3) estimate numbers of undiscovered deposits within the permissive tracts; and (4) provide probabilistic estimates of amounts of copper, molybdenum, gold, and silver that could be contained in undiscovered deposits. The assessment was done using a three-part mineral resource assessment based on established mineral deposit models. Permissive tracts were delineated based primarily on distributions of mapped igneous rocks related to magmatic arcs that formed in tectonic settings associated with convergent plate margins. Five permissive tracts were delineated: the Early Cretaceous through Eocene Santiago tract, the Late Cretaceous through Oligocene Chortis tract, the Paleocene through Oligocene Darién tract, the Miocene and Pliocene Cocos tract, and the Eocene to Holocene Lesser Antilles tract. These tracts range in size from about 3,000 to about 204,000 square kilometers.
\nProbabilistic estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits were made for all tracts. To estimate the number of undiscovered porphyry copper deposits, data on known mineral deposits, prospects, and occurrences were considered along with mapped alteration zones, local stream-sediment geochemistry, exploration history, descriptive deposit models, and grade and tonnage models.
\nMost porphyry copper exploration in Central America and the Caribbean Basin has focused on Panama and on the exposed Cretaceous to Eocene central Cordilleran arc that extends from Cuba and Jamaica through Haiti and the Dominican Republic to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Interest in gold has prompted exploration of historical precious-metal prospects and small mines, some of which may represent high-sulfidation epithermal systems or skarns overlying, or adjacent to, porphyry copper systems.
\nThis assessment estimated a total mean of 37 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits within the assessed permissive tracts in Central America and the Caribbean Basin. This represents more than five times the seven known deposits. Predicted mean (arithmetic) resources that could be associated with these undiscovered deposits are about 130 million metric tons of copper and about 5,200 metric tons of gold, as well as byproduct molybdenum and silver. The reported identified resources for the seven known deposits total about 39 million metric tons of copper and about 930 metric tons of gold. The assessment area is estimated to contain nearly four times as much copper and six times as much gold in undiscovered porphyry copper deposits as has been identified to date.
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Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":488101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Robert J. rjmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":2516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"rjmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Moring, Barry C. 0000-0001-6797-9258 moring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9258","contributorId":2794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"Barry","email":"moring@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70093901,"text":"ofr20141030 - 2014 - 2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:38:53","indexId":"ofr20141030","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T09:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1030","title":"2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"On March 24, 1989, the tanker vessel Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling an estimated 42 million liters of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Oil spread in a southwesterly direction and was deposited on shores and waters in western Prince William Sound (WPWS). The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) was one of more than 20 nearshore species considered to have been injured by the spill. Since 1989, the U.S. Geological Survey has led a research program to evaluate effects of the spill on sea otters and assess progress toward recovery, as defined by demographic and biochemical indicators. Here, we provide an update on the status of sea otter populations in WPWS, presenting findings through 2013. To assess recovery based on demographic indicators, we used aerial surveys to estimate abundance and annual collections of sea otter carcasses to evaluate patterns in ages-at-death. To assess recovery based on biochemical indicators, we quantified transcription rates for a suite of genes selected as potential indicators of oil exposure in sea otters based on laboratory studies of a related species, the mink (Mustela vison). In our most recent assessment of sea otter recovery, which incorporated results from a subset of studies through 2009, we concluded that recovery of sea otters in WPWS was underway. This conclusion was based on increasing abundance throughout WPWS, including increasing numbers at northern Knight Island, an area that was heavily oiled in 1989 and where the local sea otter population had previously shown protracted injury and lack of recovery. However, we did not conclude that the WPWS sea otter population had fully recovered, due to indications of continuing reduced survival and exposure to lingering oil in sea otters at Knight Island, at least through 2009. Based on data available through 2013, we now conclude that the status of sea otters—at all spatial scales within WPWS—is consistent with the designation of recovery from the spill as defined by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. The support for this conclusion is based primarily on demographic data, including (1) a return to estimated pre-spill abundance of sea otters at northern Knight Island, and (2) a return to pre-spill mortality patterns. Gene transcription rates in 2012 were similar in sea otters from oiled, moderately oiled and unoiled areas, suggesting abatement of exposure effects in 2012. However, because 2012 gene transcription rates generally were low for sea otters from all areas relative to 2008, we cannot fully interpret these observations without data from a wider panel of genes. This slight uncertainty with respect to the data from the biochemical indicator is outweighed by the strength of the data for the demographic indicators. The return to pre-spill numbers and mortality patterns suggests a gradual dissipation of lingering oil over the past two decades, to the point where continuing exposure is no longer of biological significance to the WPWS sea otter population.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141030","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Ballachey, B.E., Monson, D., Esslinger, G.G., Kloecker, K.A., Bodkin, J.L., Bowen, L., and Miles, A.K., 2014, 2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1030, iv, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141030.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051870","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141030.jpg"},{"id":282938,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1030/pdf/ofr2014-1030.pdf"},{"id":282937,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1030/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -148.5,60.0 ], [ -148.5,61.0 ], [ -146.5,61.0 ], [ -146.5,60.0 ], [ -148.5,60.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4928e4b0b290850eeec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esslinger, George G. 0000-0002-3459-0083 gesslinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-0083","contributorId":131009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esslinger","given":"George","email":"gesslinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kloecker, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-2461-968X kkloecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-968X","contributorId":3442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloecker","given":"Kimberly","email":"kkloecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bowen, Lizabeth 0000-0001-9115-4336 lbowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4336","contributorId":4539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Lizabeth","email":"lbowen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miles, A. Keith 0000-0002-3108-808X keith_miles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.","email":"keith_miles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70093443,"text":"tm6A49 - 2014 - Modifications made to ModelMuse to add support for the Saturated-Unsaturated Transport model (SUTRA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-07T10:05:38","indexId":"tm6A49","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T08:28:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A49","title":"Modifications made to ModelMuse to add support for the Saturated-Unsaturated Transport model (SUTRA)","docAbstract":"This report (1) describes modifications to ModelMuse,as described in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Techniques and Methods (TM) 6–A29 (Winston, 2009), to add support for the Saturated-Unsaturated Transport model (SUTRA) (Voss and Provost, 2002; version of September 22, 2010) and (2) supplements USGS TM 6–A29. Modifications include changes to the main ModelMuse window where the model is designed, addition of methods for generating a finite-element mesh suitable for SUTRA, defining how some functions shouldapply when using a finite-element mesh rather than a finite-difference grid (as originally programmed in ModelMuse), and applying spatial interpolation to angles. In addition, the report describes ways of handling objects on the front view of the model and displaying data. A tabulation contains a summary of the new or modified dialog boxes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Ground water in Book 6 Modeling Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A49","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 49 of Section A: Ground water in Book 6 Modeling Techniques. This Techniques and Methods report supplements USGS Techniques and Methods 6-A29.","usgsCitation":"Winston, R.B., 2014, Modifications made to ModelMuse to add support for the Saturated-Unsaturated Transport model (SUTRA): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A49, iii, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A49.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052670","costCenters":[{"id":434,"text":"National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm6a49.jpg"},{"id":282932,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a49/"},{"id":282933,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a49/pdf/tm6-a49.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd67fde4b0b29085101bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winston, Richard B. 0000-0002-6287-8834 rbwinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-8834","contributorId":3567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"Richard","email":"rbwinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70094491,"text":"ofr20141033 - 2014 - Logs and data from trenches across the Berryessa Fault at the Jerd Creek site, northeastern Napa County, California, 2011-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T08:25:10","indexId":"ofr20141033","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1033","title":"Logs and data from trenches across the Berryessa Fault at the Jerd Creek site, northeastern Napa County, California, 2011-2012","docAbstract":"The primary purpose of this report is to provide drafted field logs of exploratory trenches excavated across the Berryessa Fault section of the northern Green Valley Fault (Lienkaemper, 2012; Lienkaemper and others, 2013) in 2011 and 2012 that show evidence for at least one surface-rupturing earthquake in the past few centuries. The site location and site detail are shown on sheet 1. The trench logs are shown on sheets 1, 2, 3 and 4. We also provide radiocarbon ages used for chronological modeling of the earthquake history and a field description of a soil profile in one trench. A formal report based on these logs and data is in preparation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Rosa, C.M., Cappelle, I.J., Wolf, E.M., Knepprath, N.E., Piety, L.A., Derouin, S.A., Reidy, L.M., Redwine, J.L., and Sickler, R.R., 2014, Logs and data from trenches across the Berryessa Fault at the Jerd Creek site, northeastern Napa County, California, 2011-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1033, Sheets 1-4: 40.0 x 18.0 inches or smaller; Pamphlet: iii, 6 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141033.","productDescription":"Sheets 1-4: 40.0 x 18.0 inches or smaller; Pamphlet: iii, 6 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-046261","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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2014 - Assessment of undiscovered sandstone copper deposits of the Kodar-Udokan area, Russia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70094933,"text":"sir20105090M - 2014 - Assessment of undiscovered sandstone copper deposits of the Kodar-Udokan area, Russia","indexId":"sir20105090M","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Assessment of undiscovered sandstone copper deposits of the Kodar-Udokan area, Russia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T17:05:12.920879","indexId":"sir20105090M","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T07:40:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"M","title":"Assessment of undiscovered sandstone copper deposits of the Kodar-Udokan area, Russia","docAbstract":"Mineral resource assessments integrate and synthesize available information as a basis for estimating the location, quality, and quantity of undiscovered mineral resources. This probabilistic mineral resource assessment of undiscovered sandstone copper deposits within Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Kodar-Udokan area in Russia is a contribution to a global assessment led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The purposes of this study are to (1) delineate permissive areas (tracts) to indicate where undiscovered sandstone-hosted copper deposits may occur within 2 km of the surface, (2) provide a database of known sandstone copper deposits and significant prospects, (3) estimate numbers of undiscovered deposits within these permissive tracts at several levels of confidence, and (4) provide probabilistic estimates of amounts of copper (Cu) and mineralized rock that could be contained in undiscovered deposits within each tract. The workshop for the assessment, held in October 2009, used a three-part form of mineral resource assessment as described by Singer (1993) and Singer and Menzie (2010).
\nPermissive tracts were delineated by estimating the volume of rock that contains the stratigraphic section ranging from the Chitkanda to the Sakukan Formations of the Udokan Complex to a depth of 2 km and then projecting this rock volume to the surface. The six permissive tracts delineated in this assessment occur in several domains, referred to as troughs in Russian literature, which represent remnants of a much larger basin that likely covered the Kodar-Udokan region. Tracts range in size from about 100 km2 to 800 km2. The mapped distributions of rocks as shown on 1:200,000-scale geologic maps, supplemented in some areas by prospect mapping and drilling, were used to delineate the tracts.
\nIn this study area, data are insufficient to constrain the original basin geometry or the structural or stratigraphic traps that would have localized copper mineralization. Some alteration is described, and the types of sandstone cements vary; however, no patterns are known that provide evidence for regional flow paths of metal-bearing brines that could localize deposits.
\nThis probabilistic assessment indicates that a significant amount of undiscovered copper is associated with sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Kodar-Udokan Trough. In the assessment, a mean of 21 undiscovered deposits is estimated to occur within the Kodar-Udokan area. There are two known deposits in the area that contain drill-identified resources of 19.6 million metric tons of copper. Using Monte Carlo simulation, probabilistic estimates of the numbers of undiscovered sandstone copper deposits for these tracts were combined with tonnage and grade distributions of sandstone copper deposits to forecast an arithmetic mean of 20.6 million metric tons of undiscovered copper. Significant value can be expected from associated metals, particularly silver.
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Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T13:48:39","indexId":"ofr20141006","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-27T13:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1006","title":"Precipitation variability of the Grand Canyon region, 1893 through 2009, and its implications for studying effects of gullying of Holocene terraces and associated archeological sites in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"A daily precipitation dataset covering a large part of the American Southwest was compiled for online electronic distribution (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/). The dataset contains 10.8 million observations spanning January 1893 through January 2009 from 846 weather stations in six states and 13 climate divisions. In addition to processing the data for distribution, water-year totals and other statistical parameters were calculated for each station with more than 2 years of observations. Division-wide total precipitation, expressed as the average deviation from the individual station means of a climate division, shows that the region—including the Grand Canyon, Arizona, area—has been affected by alternating multidecadal episodes of drought and wet conditions.
\nIn addition to compiling and analyzing the long-term regional precipitation data, a second dataset consisting of high-temporal-resolution precipitation measurements collected between November 2003 and January 2009 from 10 localities along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon was compiled. An exploratory study of these high-temporal-resolution precipitation measurements suggests that on a daily basis precipitation patterns are generally similar to those at a long-term weather station in the canyon, which in turn resembles the patterns at other long-term stations on the canyon rims; however, precipitation amounts recorded by the individual inner canyon weather stations can vary substantially from station to station. Daily and seasonal rainfall patterns apparent in these data are not random. For example, the inner canyon record, although short and fragmented, reveals three episodes of widespread, heavy precipitation in late summer 2004, early winter 2005, and summer 2007. The 2004 event and several others had sufficient rainfall to initiate potentially pervasive erosion of the late Holocene terraces and related archeological features located along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141006","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., Bennett, G., and Fairley, H., 2014, Precipitation variability of the Grand Canyon region, 1893 through 2009, and its implications for studying effects of gullying of Holocene terraces and associated archeological sites in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1006, Report: iii, 23 p.; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141006.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 23 p.; Database","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1893-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-025450","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282905,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/downloads/ofr2014-1006_Database.zip"},{"id":282903,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/"},{"id":282904,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/pdf/ofr2014-1006.pdf"},{"id":282906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141006.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.01,32.0 ], [ -119.01,41.01 ], [ -103.77,41.01 ], [ -103.77,32.0 ], [ -119.01,32.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6c54e4b0b290851047c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Glenn E. gbennett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Glenn E.","email":"gbennett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairley, Helen C.","contributorId":10506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"Helen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70093635,"text":"sir20145006 - 2014 - Mean annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation and runoff in Arkansas, 1951-2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T11:03:37","indexId":"sir20145006","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-27T10:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5006","title":"Mean annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation and runoff in Arkansas, 1951-2011","docAbstract":"This report describes long-term annual, seasonal, and monthly means for precipitation and runoff in Arkansas for the period from 1951 through 2011. Precipitation means were estimated using data from the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model database; while total runoff, groundwater runoff, and surface runoff means were estimated using data from 123 active and inactive U.S. Geological Survey continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations located in Arkansas and surrounding States. Annual precipitation in Arkansas for the period from 1951 through 2011 had a mean of 49.8 inches. Of the six physiographic sections in Arkansas, the Ouachita Mountains had the largest mean annual precipitation at 53.0 inches, while the Springfield-Salem plateaus had the smallest mean annual precipitation at 45.5 inches. The mean annual total runoff for Arkansas was 17.8 inches. The Ouachita Mountains had the largest mean annual total runoff at 20.4 inches, while the Springfield-Salem plateaus had the smallest mean annual total runoff at 15.0 inches. Runoff is diminished during the dry season, which is attributed to increased losses from evapotranspiration, consumptive uses including irrigation, and increased withdrawals for public and private water supplies. The decline in runoff during the dry season is observed across the State in all physiographic sections. Spatial results for precipitation and runoff are presented in a series of maps that are available for download from the publication Web page in georeferenced raster formats.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Pugh, A., and Westerman, D.A., 2014, Mean annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation and runoff in Arkansas, 1951-2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5006, Report: v, 40 p.; Downloads Directory: Appendixes 1-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145006.","productDescription":"Report: v, 40 p.; Downloads Directory: Appendixes 1-3","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1951-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-053322","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145006.jpg"},{"id":282884,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5006/"},{"id":282885,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5006/pdf/sir2014-5006.pdf"},{"id":282886,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5006/downloads/"}],"projection":"USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic USGS version","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Ouachita Mountains;Springfield-salem Plateaus","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.75,32.0 ], [ -95.75,38.0 ], [ -88.9,38.0 ], [ -88.9,32.0 ], [ -95.75,32.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd666be4b0b29085100bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugh, Aaron L. apugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":2480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugh","given":"Aaron L.","email":"apugh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westerman, Drew A. 0000-0002-8522-776X dawester@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-776X","contributorId":4526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerman","given":"Drew","email":"dawester@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70060514,"text":"ofr20141002 - 2014 - Photomosaics and event evidence from the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site, trench 1, cuts 1–4, San Andreas Fault Zone, southern California (2007–2009)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T11:30:01","indexId":"ofr20141002","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-27T07:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1002","title":"Photomosaics and event evidence from the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site, trench 1, cuts 1–4, San Andreas Fault Zone, southern California (2007–2009)","docAbstract":"The Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site is located at the northwest end of the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault, in a small, closed depression at the base of Frazier Mountain near Tejon Pass, California (lat 34.8122° N., long 118.9034° W.). The site was known to contain a good record of earthquakes due to previous excavations by Lindvall and others (2002). This report provides data resulting from four nested excavations, or cuts, along trench 1 (T1) in 2007 and 2009 at the Frazier Mountain site. The four cuts were excavated progressively deeper and wider in an orientation perpendicular to the San Andreas Fault, exposing distal fan and marsh sediments deposited since ca. A.D. 1200. The results of the trenching show that earthquakes that ruptured the site have repeatedly produced a small depression or sag on the surface, which is subsequently infilled with sand and silt deposits. This report provides high-resolution photomosaics and logs for the T1 cuts, a detailed stratigraphic column for the deposits, and a table summarizing all of the evidence for ground rupturing paleoearthquakes logged in the trenches.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141002","usgsCitation":"Scharer, K.M., Fumal, T.E., Weldon, R.J., and Streig, A.R., 2014, Photomosaics and event evidence from the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site, trench 1, cuts 1–4, San Andreas Fault Zone, southern California (2007–2009): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1002, Report: ii, 24 p.; Plate 1: 89.25 x 36 inches; Plate 2: 81.05 x 36 inches; Plate 3: 67.77 x 36 inches; Plate 4: 83.63 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141002.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 24 p.; Plate 1: 89.25 x 36 inches; Plate 2: 81.05 x 36 inches; Plate 3: 67.77 x 36 inches; Plate 4: 83.63 x 36 inches","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044918","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282876,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141002.PNG"},{"id":282870,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/"},{"id":282873,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":282874,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":282875,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":282871,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":282872,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Frazier Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,34.0 ], [ -120.0,36.0 ], [ -118.0,36.0 ], [ -118.0,34.0 ], [ -120.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b61e4b0b29085103e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scharer, Katherine M. 0000-0003-2811-2496 kscharer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-2496","contributorId":3385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharer","given":"Katherine","email":"kscharer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fumal, Tom E.","contributorId":73090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Streig, Ashley R.","contributorId":103569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Streig","given":"Ashley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70068441,"text":"ofr20131298 - 2014 - Groundwater quality at Alabama Plating and Vincent Spring, Vincent, Alabama, 2007–2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-26T14:56:57","indexId":"ofr20131298","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-26T14:43:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1298","title":"Groundwater quality at Alabama Plating and Vincent Spring, Vincent, Alabama, 2007–2008","docAbstract":"The former Alabama Plating site in Vincent, Alabama, includes the location where the Alabama Plating Company operated an electroplating facility from 1956 until 1986. The operation of the facility generated waste containing cyanide, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, and other heavy metals. Contamination resulting from the site operations was identified in groundwater, soil, and sediment. Vincent Spring, used as a public water supply by the city of Vincent, Alabama, is located about ½ mile southwest of the site. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, conducted an investigation at Vincent Spring and the Alabama Plating site, Vincent, Alabama, during 2007–2008 to evaluate the groundwater quality and evaluate the potential effect of contaminated groundwater on the water quality of Vincent Spring. The results of the investigation will provide scientific data and information on the occurrence, fate, and transport of contaminants in the water resources of the area and aid in the evaluation of the vulnerability of the public water supply to contamination.
\nSamples were analyzed to evaluate the water quality at the former plating site, investigate the presence of possible contaminant indicators at Vincent Spring, and determine the usefulness of stable isotopes and geochemical properties in understanding groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the area. Samples collected from 16 monitor wells near the plating site and Vincent Spring were analyzed for major constituents, trace metals, nutrients, and the stable isotopes for hydrogen (2H/H) and oxygen (18O/16O).
\nGroundwater collected from Vincent Spring was characterized as a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water type with total dissolved solids concentrations ranging from 110 to 120 milligrams per liter and pH ranging from about 7.5 to 7.9 units. Groundwater chemistry at the monitor wells at the Alabama Plating site was highly variable by location and depth. Dissolved solids concentrations ranged from 28 to 2,880 milligrams per liter, and the water types varied from calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate-chloride, to calcium-sulfate or calcium-magnesium-sulfate, to sodium-chloride water types. The stable isotope ratios for hydrogen (2H/H) and oxygen (18O/16O) for water from the monitor wells and from Vincent Spring, based on a single sampling event, can be separated into three groups: (1) Vincent Spring, (2) monitor wells MW03 and MW28, and (3) the remaining Alabama Plating monitor wells.
\nThe geochemical and stable isotope analyses indicate that water from Vincent Spring is distinct from water from the Alabama Plating monitor wells; however, this evaluation is based on a single sampling event. Although the water from Vincent Spring, for this sampling event, is different and does not seem to be affected by contaminated groundwater from the Alabama Plating site, additional hydrologic and water-quality data are needed to fully identify flow paths, the potential for contaminant transport, and water-quality changes through time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131298","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4","usgsCitation":"Bradley, M., and Gill, A.C., 2014, Groundwater quality at Alabama Plating and Vincent Spring, Vincent, Alabama, 2007–2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1298, Report: iv, 20 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 20 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043797","costCenters":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282860,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131298.jpg"},{"id":282855,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1298/pdf/of2013-1298_Al_plating_plate_1.pdf"},{"id":282853,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1298/"},{"id":282858,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1298/pdf/of2013-1298.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Vincent","otherGeospatial":"Vincent Spring","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.456545,33.349857 ], [ -86.456545,33.422296 ], [ -86.368698,33.422296 ], [ -86.368698,33.349857 ], [ -86.456545,33.349857 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5fe9e4b0b290850fc98b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Mike 0000-0002-2979-265X mbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-265X","contributorId":582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Mike","email":"mbradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Amy C. 0000-0002-5738-9390 acgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-9390","contributorId":220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Amy","email":"acgill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074398,"text":"sir20145008 - 2014 - Water movement through the unsaturated zone of the High Plains Aquifer in the Central Platte Natural Resources District, Nebraska, 2008-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-26T09:13:23","indexId":"sir20145008","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-26T07:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5008","title":"Water movement through the unsaturated zone of the High Plains Aquifer in the Central Platte Natural Resources District, Nebraska, 2008-12","docAbstract":"Uncertainty about the effects of land use and climate on water movement in the unsaturated zone and on groundwater recharge rates can lead to uncertainty in water budgets used for groundwater-flow models. To better understand these effects, a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Central Platte Natural Resources District was initiated in 2007 to determine field-based estimates of recharge rates in selected land-use areas of the Central Platte Natural Resources District in Nebraska. Measured total water potential and unsaturated-zone profiles of tritium, chloride, nitrate as nitrogen, and bromide, along with groundwater-age dates, were used to evaluate water movement in the unsaturated zone and groundwater recharge rates in the central Platte River study area. Eight study sites represented an east-west precipitation contrast across the study area—four beneath groundwater-irrigated cropland (sites 2, 5, and 6 were irrigated corn and site 7 was irrigated alfalfa/corn rotation), three beneath rangeland (sites 1, 4, and 8), and one beneath nonirrigated cropland, or dryland (site 3).
\nMeasurements of transient vertical gradients in total water potential indicated that periodic wetting fronts reached greater mean maximum depths beneath the irrigated sites than beneath the rangeland sites, in part, because of the presence of greater and constant antecedent moisture. Beneath the rangeland sites, greater temporal variation in antecedent moisture and total water potential existed and was, in part, likely a result of local precipitation and evapotranspiration. Moreover, greater variability was noticed in the total water potential profiles beneath the western sites than the corresponding eastern sites, which was attributed to less mean annual precipitation in the west.
\nThe depth of the peak post-bomb tritium concentration or the interface between the pre-bomb/post-bomb tritium, along with a tritium mass balance, within sampled soil profiles were used to estimate water fluxes in the unsaturated zone at three of the eight study sites: site 2 (irrigated), site 3 (dryland), and site 8 (rangeland). Estimates for recharge were about 68 millimeters per year [(mm/yr), post-bomb peak], 133 to 159 mm/yr (tritium interface), and 137 mm/yr (mass balance) at site 2 (irrigated); about 63 mm/yr (tritium interface) and 12 mm/yr (mass balance) at site 3 (dryland); and about 53 mm/yr (tritium interface) and 10 mm/yr (mass balance) at site 8 (rangeland). Recharge values from the mass balance at site 2 were more than an order of magnitude greater than recharge values at site 3, suggesting irrigation is an important control on water movement through the unsaturated zone. For the remaining five sites, the post-bomb tritium had flushed through the system and recharge was considered modern (within 10 years of sampling).
\nThe chloride mass-balance method was used to determine water fluxes below the root zone (less than 2 meters below land surface) at the rangeland sites: sites 1, 4, and 8. At these rangeland sites, water fluxes ranged from 1.8 to 96 mm/yr at site 1, 1.1 to 9.6 mm/yr at site 4, and 1.1 to 68 mm/yr at site 8, with mean rates of 21, 4.3, and 13 mm/yr, respectively. Site 1 had a greater mean water flux, which was consistent with the greater precipitation in the east than at site 8 in the west. Chloride mass balance was not calculated at the irrigated and dryland sites because of uncertainty about additional sources of chloride.
\nConcentrations of nitrate as nitrogen in pore water in the unsaturated zone were larger beneath the irrigated and dryland (agricultural) sites compared with the rangeland sites. The larger concentrations at the agricultural sites are consistent with the application of nitrogen fertilizer at the agricultural sites and no substantial accumulation at the rangeland sites.\nThe shape of the nitrate as nitrogen and chloride concentration\nprofiles at site 1 (rangeland) indicate a reasonably larger and\nmore consistent water flux in the UZ than beneath the other\ntwo rangeland sites (sites 4 or 8). Excluding site 7, the general\nshape of the nitrate as nitrogen profiles was similar beneath\nthe agricultural sites and supports the estimates of water\nmovement and recharge rates determined from the tritium and\nchloride methods.
\nMovement of bromide through the unsaturated zone\nindicated greater water fluxes are found beneath irrigated lands\nthan beneath rangeland. Bromide profiles in the unsaturated\nzone, determined from center of mass and peak displacement\nmethods, document water fluxes ranged from 58\nto 394\nmm/yr beneath irrigated sites and 9 to 201 mm/yr beneath rangeland\nsites. Water-flux estimates from the potassium bromide tests at\nmost sites did not represent overall recharge rates because the\nbromide remained primarily in the root zone.
\nApparent groundwater age was used to determine the\ngroundwater residence time at the eight sites and to estimate recharge rates. Groundwater ages in the study area\nranged from old water (defined here as groundwater that was\nrecharged more than 50 years ago) to modern (defined here\nas groundwater that has recharged within the past 10 years).\nGroundwater ages indicated that the shallow monitoring wells\ngenerally had younger residence times, whereas the deeper\nmonitoring wells generally had the older residence times.\nGroundwater dates from the shallowest monitoring wells were\nused to determine recharge rates at the water table. These\nrates generally were similar to recharge rates determined from\ntritium and chloride mass-balance methods. Groundwater\nrecharge rates generally increased with well depth, and the\ndeeper monitoring wells likely do not represent local recharge\nconditions but recharge from a regional flow system that\nreceives recharge from distant sources.
\nOverall, these data generally indicate that water movement within the unsaturated zone primarily is affected by spatial contrasts in mean annual precipitation and by the land use\nor land cover. The eight unsaturated-zone sites each generated\nunique, valuable datasets that likely will improve the understanding of water movement and recharge rates in the central\nPlatte River valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145008","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District","usgsCitation":"Steele, G.V., Gurdak, J., and Hobza, C.M., 2014, Water movement through the unsaturated zone of the High Plains Aquifer in the Central Platte Natural Resources District, Nebraska, 2008-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5008, Report: x, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145008.","productDescription":"Report: x, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045594","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282796,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5008/pdf/sir2014-5008.pdf"},{"id":282797,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5008/downloads/Tables.xlsx"},{"id":282798,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145008.jpg"},{"id":282791,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5008/"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Central Platte Natural Resources District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,40.5 ], [ -100.0,41.0 ], [ -98.5,41.0 ], [ -98.5,40.5 ], [ -100.0,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7c15e4b0b2908510e880","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, Gregory V. gvsteele@usgs.gov","contributorId":783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Gregory","email":"gvsteele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurdak, Jason J.","contributorId":65125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurdak","given":"Jason J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hobza, Christopher M. 0000-0002-6239-934X cmhobza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-934X","contributorId":2393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobza","given":"Christopher","email":"cmhobza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073492,"text":"ofr20141007 - 2014 - Capacitively coupled and direct-current resistivity surveys of selected reaches of Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals in Nebraska, 2012-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-26T09:11:38","indexId":"ofr20141007","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-26T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1007","title":"Capacitively coupled and direct-current resistivity surveys of selected reaches of Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals in Nebraska, 2012-13","docAbstract":"Understanding the spatial characteristics of leakage from canals is critical to effectively managing and utilizing water resources for irrigation and hydroelectric purposes. Canal leakage in some parts of Nebraska is the primary source of water for groundwater recharge and helps maintain the base flow of streams. Because surface-water supplies depend on the streamflow of the Platte River and the available water stored in upstream reservoirs, water managers seek to minimize conveyance losses, which can include canal leakage. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District and Nebraska Public Power District, used capacitively coupled (CC) and direct-current (DC) resistivity techniques for continuous resistivity profiling to map near-surface lithologies near and underlying the Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals. Approximately 84 kilometers (km) of CC-resistivity data were collected along the five canals.
\nThe CC-resistivity data were compared with results from continuous sediment cores and electrical conductivity logs. Generally, the highest resistivities were recorded at the upstream reaches of the Cozad, Thirty-Mile, and Orchard-Alfalfa canals where flood-plain deposits of silt and clay mantle coarser channel deposits of sand and gravel. The finer grained deposits gradually thicken with increasing distance away from the Platte River. Consequently, for many surveyed reaches the thickness of fine-grained deposits exceeded the 8-meter depth of investigation.
\nA detailed geophysical investigation along a 5-km reach of the Outlet Canal southwest of North Platte, Nebraska, used CC and DC resistivity to examine the condition of a compacted-core bank structure and characterized other potential controls on areas of focused seepage. CC-resistivity data, collected along the 5-km study reach, were compared with continuous sediment cores and DC-resistivity data collected near a selected seep near Outlet Canal mile post 15.55 along 5 separate profiles. DC-resistivity results were compared to a schematic cross section of the Outlet Canal north embankment that include the original surfaces and modifications to the compacted-core bank structure.
\nAlong the canal road south line, there is a transition from high resistivity at land surface to much lower resistivity near the estimated depth of the northern slope of the original compacted-core bank; however, the surveyed elevation of the water surface in the canal also is at this elevation. Along the canal road north line, there is a transition from high resistivity near land surface to lower resistivity at depth. Although the transition is rapid near the estimated depth of the first-modified bank slope, it also is coincident with the groundwater level measured in piezometer PZ-4. Currently (2013), it is unknown if the indicated changes in resistivity at these elevations was the effect of saturation of the underlying sediments or caused by the compacted-core bank.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District and Nebraska Public Power District","usgsCitation":"Hobza, C.M., Burton, B., Lucius, J.E., and Tompkins, R.E., 2014, Capacitively coupled and direct-current resistivity surveys of selected reaches of Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals in Nebraska, 2012-13: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1007, Report: vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141007.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045699","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141007.jpg"},{"id":282794,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1007/downloads/"},{"id":282790,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1007/"},{"id":282793,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1007/pdf/of2014-1007.pdf"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","city":"Cozad;Kearney","otherGeospatial":"Orchard Alfalfa Canal;Thirty Mile Canal","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101.0,40.5 ], [ -101.0,41.3 ], [ -99.0,41.3 ], [ -99.0,40.5 ], [ -101.0,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5023e4b0b290850f3273","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobza, Christopher M. 0000-0002-6239-934X cmhobza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-934X","contributorId":2393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobza","given":"Christopher","email":"cmhobza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":1341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany L.","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":488803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucius, Jeffrey E. lucius@usgs.gov","contributorId":817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucius","given":"Jeffrey","email":"lucius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tompkins, Ryan E.","contributorId":20851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tompkins","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074472,"text":"sim3287 - 2014 - Geologic and geophysical maps of the eastern three-fourths of the Cambria 30' x 60' quadrangle, central California Coast Ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T13:44:29.25989","indexId":"sim3287","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-25T12:49:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3287","title":"Geologic and geophysical maps of the eastern three-fourths of the Cambria 30' x 60' quadrangle, central California Coast Ranges","docAbstract":"The Cambria 30´ x 60´ quadrangle comprises southwestern Monterey County and northwestern San Luis Obispo County. The land area includes rugged mountains of the Santa Lucia Range extending from the northwest to the southeast part of the map; the southern part of the Big Sur coast in the northwest; broad marine terraces along the southwest coast; and broadvalleys, rolling hills, and modest mountains in the northeast.
\nThis report contains geologic, gravity anomaly, and aeromagnetic anomaly maps of the eastern three-fourths of the 1:100,000-scale Cambria quadrangle and the associated geologic and geophysical databases (ArcMap databases), as well as complete descriptions of the geologic map units and the structural relations in the mapped area. A cross section is based on both the geologic map and potential-field geophysical data.
\nThe maps are presented as an interactive, multilayer PDF, rather than more traditional pre-formatted map-sheet PDFs. Various geologic, geophysical, paleontological, and base map elements are placed on separate layers, which allows the user to combine elements interactively to create map views beyond the traditional map sheets. Four traditional map sheets (geologic map, gravity map, aeromagnetic map, paleontological locality map) are easily compiled by choosing the associated data layers or by choosing the desired map under Bookmarks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3287","usgsCitation":"Graymer, R., Langenheim, V., Roberts, M.A., and McDougall, K., 2014, Geologic and geophysical maps of the eastern three-fourths of the Cambria 30' x 60' quadrangle, central California Coast Ranges: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3287, Pamphlet: iii, 47 p.; 1 Plate: 44.0 x 32.0 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3287.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iii, 47 p.; 1 Plate: 44.0 x 32.0 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040960","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282774,"rank":7,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":398951,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99614.htm"},{"id":282768,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3287/"},{"id":282769,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3287/pdf/SIM3287_map.pdf"},{"id":282771,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3287/pdf/SIM3287_readme.pdf"},{"id":282770,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3287/pdf/SIM3287_pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":282772,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3287/downloads/SIM3287_metadata.txt"},{"id":282773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3287/downloads/SIM3287_database.zip"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Monterey County, San Luis Obispo County","otherGeospatial":"Big Sur, California Coast Ranges","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.625,35.5 ], [ -121.625,36.0 ], [ -121.0,36.0 ], [ -121.0,35.5 ], [ -121.625,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5b98e4b0b290850fa008","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, M. A.","contributorId":63720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDougall, Kristin 0000-0002-8788-3664","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-3664","contributorId":85610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall","given":"Kristin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074485,"text":"ofr20141013 - 2014 - Investigations into near-real-time surveying for geophysical data collection using an autonomous ground vehicle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T13:59:21.176192","indexId":"ofr20141013","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-24T07:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1013","title":"Investigations into near-real-time surveying for geophysical data collection using an autonomous ground vehicle","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are cooperatively investigating the utility of unmanned vehicles for near-real-time autonomous surveys of geophysical data collection. Initially focused on unmanned ground vehicle collection of magnetic data, this cooperative effort has brought unmanned surveying, precision guidance, near-real-time communication, on-the-fly data processing, and near-real-time data interpretation into the realm of ground geophysical surveying, all of which offer advantages over current methods of manned collection of ground magnetic data. An unmanned ground vehicle mission has demonstrated that these vehicles can successfully complete missions to collect geophysical data, and add advantages in data collection, processing, and interpretation. We view the current experiment as an initial phase in further unmanned vehicle data-collection missions, including aerial surveying.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, GA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141013","collaboration":"In cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.A., Ippolito, C., Lee, R., Spritzer, R., and Yeh, Y., 2014, Investigations into near-real-time surveying for geophysical data collection using an autonomous ground vehicle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1013, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141013.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044480","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282658,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141013.jpg"},{"id":282657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1013/pdf/ofr2014-1013.pdf"},{"id":282652,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1013/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Menlo Park","otherGeospatial":"Flood Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.1751655,37.4732472 ], [ -122.1751655,37.4768635 ], [ -122.1690321,37.4768635 ], [ -122.1690321,37.4732472 ], [ -122.1751655,37.4732472 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6322e4b0b290850fe9c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey A. gphelps@usgs.gov","contributorId":1179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gphelps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ippolito, C.","contributorId":47686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ippolito","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, R.","contributorId":97153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spritzer, R.","contributorId":85497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spritzer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yeh, Y.","contributorId":59345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeh","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175910,"text":"70175910 - 2014 - Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan fault based on airborne LiDAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-20T16:14:44","indexId":"70175910","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-22T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1235,"text":"Chinese Science Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan fault based on airborne LiDAR","docAbstract":"High-precision and high-resolution topography are the fundamental data for active fault research. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) presents a new approach to build detailed digital elevation models effectively. We take the Haiyuan fault in Gansu Province as an example of how LiDAR data may be used to improve the study of active faults and the risk assessment of related hazards. In the eastern segment of the Haiyuan fault, the Shaomayin site has been comprehensively investigated in previous research because of its exemplary tectonic topographic features. Based on unprecedented LiDAR data, the horizontal and vertical coseismic offsets at the Shaomayin site are described. The measured horizontal value is about 8.6 m, and the vertical value is about 0.8 m. Using prior dating ages sampled from the same location, we estimate the horizontal slip rate as 4.0 ± 1.0 mm/a with high confidence and define that the lower bound of the vertical slip rate is 0.4 ± 0.1 mm/a since the Holocene. LiDAR data can repeat the measurements of field work on quantifying offsets of tectonic landform features quite well. The offset landforms are visualized on an office computer workstation easily, and specialized software may be used to obtain displacement quantitatively. By combining precious chronological results, the fundamental link between fault activity and large earthquakes is better recognized, as well as the potential risk for future earthquake hazards.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s11434-014-0199-4","usgsCitation":"Chen, T., Zhang, P., Liu, J., Li, C.Y., Ren, Z.K., and Hudnut, K.W., 2014, Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan fault based on airborne LiDAR: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 59, no. 20, p. 2396-2409, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0199-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2396","endPage":"2409","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064507","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327124,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","state":"Gansu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 91.845703125,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n 91.845703125,\n 42.908160071960566\n ],\n [\n 108.369140625,\n 42.908160071960566\n ],\n [\n 108.369140625,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n 91.845703125,\n 30.56226095049944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b97f28e4b03fd6b7db87d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Tao","contributorId":173898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Tao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27316,"text":"China Earthquake Administration (CEA)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Pei Zhen","contributorId":173899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Pei Zhen","affiliations":[{"id":27316,"text":"China Earthquake Administration (CEA)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Jing","contributorId":173900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Jing","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27316,"text":"China Earthquake Administration (CEA)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Li, Chuan You","contributorId":173901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Chuan","email":"","middleInitial":"You","affiliations":[{"id":27316,"text":"China Earthquake Administration (CEA)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ren, Zhi Kun","contributorId":173902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ren","given":"Zhi","email":"","middleInitial":"Kun","affiliations":[{"id":27316,"text":"China Earthquake Administration (CEA)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}