The extent of hydrogen and oxygen isotope exchange between clay minerals and water has been measured in the temperature range 100–350° for bomb runs of up to almost 2 years. Hydrogen isotope exchange between water and the clays was demonstrable at 100°. Exchange rates were 3–5 times greater for montmorillonite than for kaolinite or illite and this is attributed to the presence of interlayer water in the montmorillonite structure.
Negligible oxygen isotope exchange occurred at these low temperatures. The great disparity in D and O18 exchange rates observed in every experiment demonstrates that hydrogen isotope exchange occurred by a mechanism of proton exchange independent of the slower process of O18 exchange.
At 350° kaolinite reacted to form pyrophyllite and diaspore. This was accompanied by essentially complete D exchange but minor O18 exchange and implies that intact structural units in the pyrophyllite were inherited from the kaolinite precursor.
The asymmetrical Astoria Fan (110 × 180 km) developed off the Columbia River and Astoria submarine canyon during the Pleistocene. Morphology, stratigraphy, and lithology have been outlined for a Pleistocene turbidite, and a Holocene hemipelagic sedimentary regime to generate geologically significant criteria for comparison with ancient equivalent deposits. Both gray silty clay of the Late Pleistocene and olive-gray clay of the Early Holocene are interrupted by turbidites. The few deeply incised fan valleys of the more steeply sloping upper fan contain thick, muddy and very poorly sorted sand and gravel beds that usually have poorly developed internal sedimentary structures. The numerous shallower fan valleys and distributaries of the flatter middle and lower fan contain thick, clean, and moderately sorted medium to fine sands that are vertically graded in texture, composition and well-developed internal sedimentary structures. Tuffaceous turbidites (containing Mazama ash, 6600 B.P.) can be traced as thick deposits (ca. 30–40 cm) throughout the Astoria Channel system and as thin correlative interbeds (ca. 1–2 cm) in interchannel areas. Similarly, sand/shale ratios are high throughout the fan valleys and the middle and lower fan areas of distributaries, but are low in the upper-fan interchannel areas.
These depositional trends indicate that high-density turbidity currents carry coarse traction loads that remain confined in upper but not lower fan valleys. Fine debris selectively sorts out from channelized flows into overbank suspension flows that spread over the fan and deposit clayey silt. A high content of mica, plant fragments, and glass shards (if present) characterizes deposits of the overbank flows, a major process in the building of upper fan levees and interchannel areas.
In the Late Pleistocene, turbidity currents funneled most coarse-grained debris through upper channels to depositional sites in middle and lower fan distributaries that periodically shifted, anastomosed and braided to spread sand layers throughout the area. At this time, depositional rates were many times greater (>50 cm/1000 years) than in the Holocene (8 cm/1000 years).
During the Holocene rise of sea level, the shoreline shifted, the Columbia River sediment was trapped, and turbidity-current activity slackened from one major event per 6 years in the Late Pleistocene, to one per 1000 years in the Early Holocene, to none since the Mt. Mazama eruption (ca. 6600 B.P.). Turbidites became muddier and deposited as thick beds within main channels, in part explaining Holocene deposition rates three times greater there (25 cm/1000 years) than in interchannel regions. Turbid-layer debris, funneled through channel systems and trapped from flows off the continental terrace, also contributed to rapid sedimentation in valleys; however, less than 2% of the suspended sediment load of the Columbia River has been trapped in fan valleys during the Holocene.
By the Late Holocene, continuous particle-by-particle deposition of hemipelagic clay with a biogenous coarse fraction was the predominant process on the fan. These hemipelagites contain progressively more clay size and less terrigenous debris offshore, and are finer grained, richer in planktonic tests and dominated by radiolarians compared to the foraminiferal-rich Pleistocene clays. The hemipelagic sedimentation of interglacial times, however, is insignificant compared to turbidite deposition of glacial times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(76)90083-9","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H., 1976, Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional trends, processes, and history of Astoria deep-sea fan, Northeast Pacific: Marine Geology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 129-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(76)90083-9.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219673,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Pacific","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.28476837700856,\n 45.29496317589778\n ],\n [\n -130.28476837700856,\n 40.88942015157903\n ],\n [\n -123.89304377664403,\n 40.88942015157903\n ],\n [\n -123.89304377664403,\n 45.29496317589778\n ],\n [\n -130.28476837700856,\n 45.29496317589778\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4509e4b0c8380cd66fa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, H.","contributorId":16568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010232,"text":"70010232 - 1976 - Thermomagnetic analysis of meteorites, 3. C3 and C4 chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T01:08:22.512989","indexId":"70010232","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermomagnetic analysis of meteorites, 3. C3 and C4 chondrites","docAbstract":"Thermomagnetic analysis was made on samples of all known C3 and C4 chondrites in a controlled oxygen atmosphere. Considerable variation was noted in the occurrence of magnetic minerals, comparable to the variation observed earlier in the C2 chondrites. Magnetite was found as the only major magnetic phase in samples of only three C3 chondrites (2–4 wt.%) and the Karoonda C4 chondrite (7.7 wt.%). The magnetite content of these three C3 chondrites is only about one-third that observed in the C1 and C2 chondrites which were found to contain magnetite as the only magnetic phase. Five C3 chondrites were observed to undergo chemical change during heating, producing magnetite: this behavior is characteristic of troilite oxidation. Upper limits on initial magnetite content of about 1–9% were established for these meteorites. Samples of the remaining five C3 chondrites and the Coolidge C4 chondrite were found to contain both magnetite and metallic iron. In two samples, iron containing ≤2% Ni was observed, while in the other four, the iron contained 6–8 wt.% Ni. In addition to containing both magnetite and iron metal, three of these samples reacted during heating to form additional magnetite. Variations in the magnetic mineralogy and, hence by inference bulk mineralogy, of C3 and C4 chondrites indicate a more complex genesis than is evident from whole-rock elemental abundance patterns.
At Naxos, Greece, a migmatite dome is surrounded by schists and marbles of decreasing metamorphic grade. Sillimanite, kyanite, biotite, chlorite, and glaucophane zones are recognized at successively greater distances from the migmatite dome. Quartz-muscovite and quartz-biotite oxygen isotope and mineralogie temperatures range from 350 to 700°C.
The metamorphic complex can be divided into multiple schist-rich (including migmatites) and marblerich zones. The δ18O values of silicate minerals in migmatite and schist units and quartz segregations in the schist-rich zones decrease with increase in metamorphic grades. The calculated δ18OH2O values of the metamorphic fluids in the schist-rich zones decrease from about 15‰ in the lower grades to an average of about 8.5‰ in the migmatite.
The δD values of OH-minerals (muscovite, biotite, chlorite, and glaucophane) in the schist-rich zones also decrease with increase in grade. The calculated δDH2O values for the metamorphic fluid decrease from −5‰ in the glaucophane zone to an average of about −70‰ in the migmatite. The δD values of water in fluid inclusions in quartz segregations in the higher grade rocks are consistent with this trend.
Theδ18O values of silicate minerals and quartz segregations in marble-rich zones are usually very large and were controlled by exchange with the adjacent marbles. The δD values of the OH minerals in some marble-rich zones may reflect the value of water contained in the rocks prior to metamorphism.
Detailed data on 20 marble units show systematic variations of δ18O values which depend upon metamorphic grade. Below the 540°C isograd very steep δ18O gradients at the margins and large δ18O values in the interior of the marbles indicate that oxygen isotope exchange with the adjacent schist units was usually limited to the margins of the marbles with more exchange occurring in the stratigraphic bottom than in the top margins. Above the 540°C isograd lower δ18O values occur in the interior of the marble units reflecting a greater degree of recrystallization and the occurrence of Ca-Mg-silicates.
Almost all the δ13C values of the marbles are in the range of unaltered marine limestones. Nevertheless, the δ13C values of most marble units show a general correlation with δ18O values.
The
Locations of 2,100 radiometrically dated igneous rocks were plotted on a series of 20 maps, each representing an interval within the period 80 m.y. B.P. to present. Derivative maps showing the distributions in space and time of dated granitic intrusive rocks, silicic lavas and domes, ash-flow tuffs, andesitic-dacitic rocks, and basalts depict well the two main petrogenetic assemblages noted previously by others: (1) mainly intermediate andesitic-dacitic suites, including associated granitic intrusive rocks, silicic extrusive rocks, and minor basaltic lavas, are interpreted as reflecting plate interactions related to subduction along the continental margin; and (2) bimodal suites, dominantly basaltic but with minor silicic extrusive rocks, are interpreted as reflecting extensional tectonics.
Space-time distribution of the two assemblages suggests that magmatic arcs extended continously parallel to the continental margin from Canada to Mexico in latest Mesozoic and in Oligocene times. An early Cenozoic null in magmatism in the Great Basin may delineate the region where subduction was arrested temporarily by development of the proto-San Andreas fault as a transform in coastal California or, alternatively, may reflect complex subsurface configurations of subducted plates. The late Cenozoic transition from subduction-related magmatism to extention-related basaltic volcanism in the southern Cordillera occurred at different times in different areas in harmony with current concepts about the migration of the Mendocino triple junction as the modern San Andreas transform fault was formed. The plots also reveal the existence of several discrete magmatic loci where igneous activity of various kinds was characteristically more intense and long-lived than elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(76)90189-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Snyder, W., Dickinson, W., and Silberman, M., 1976, Tectonic implications of space-time patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the western United States: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 32, no. 1, p. 91-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(76)90189-8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.474609375,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -102.216796875,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -102.216796875,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n -126.474609375,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n -126.474609375,\n 28.69058765425071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba468e4b08c986b3202ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, W.S.","contributorId":107428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickinson, W.R.","contributorId":64801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silberman, M.L.","contributorId":10013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011176,"text":"70011176 - 1976 - Mixing of carbonate waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-11T12:37:48.498321","indexId":"70011176","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixing of carbonate waters","docAbstract":"When mineral solutions of different compositions are mixed, the molalities and activities of individual ions in the mixture are often non-linear functions of their end-member values. This non-linearity is particularly significant in determining mineral saturation levels. Mixtures of saturated solutions may be either undersaturated or supersaturated depending on the end-member compositions and the physical conditions in which end-members and their mixtures exist. In carbonate solutions important non-linear effects occur due to redistribution of carbonate species. In extreme cases this causes mixture pH to be below both the end-member pH values. A simple but precise computer program (WATMIX) has been developed for calculating mixture composition for closed and open system mixing of arbitrary end-members. A number of mixing examples are considered which allow one to isolate three important processes leading to non-linear behaviour: the algebraic effect, the δPCO2 effect, and the ionic strength effect.
40Ar/39Ar incremental heating experiments on igneous plagioclase, biotite, and pyroxene that contain known amounts of excess40Ar indicate that saddle-shaped age spectra are diagnostic of excess40Ar in igneous minerals as well as in igneous rocks. The minima in the age spectra approach but do not reach the crystallization age. Neither the age spectrum diagram nor the40Ar/36Ar versus39Ar/36Ar isochron diagram reliably reveal the crystallization age in such samples.
A group of craters 120 km southeast of Kerman, the largest 1200 m across and 300 m deep, are typical maars, excavated depression with rims of bedded pyroclastic debris. Most of the crater rims are composed entirely of country rock clasts, but the largest crater yields tephrite, composed of phenocrysts of phlogopite, clinopyroxene, and olivine in a groundmass of anorthoclase, analcime, hauyne, clinopyroxene and magnetite, and a cumulate of phlogopite and clinopyroxene with highly potassic glass. The occurrence of hauyne as a ground mass mineral is a rare or unique feature. The maar field lies in the projection to the south of the Nayband fault and, with some flows near that fault, represents a province of Quaternary alkali basalt volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02597000","usgsCitation":"Milton, D., 1976, Qal’eh hasan ali maars, central Iran: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 40, no. 3, p. 201-208, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597000.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iran","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 57.5,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n 57.5,\n 29.333\n ],\n [\n 57.666,\n 29.333\n ],\n [\n 57.666,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n 57.5,\n 29.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9072e4b0c8380cd7fd45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011148,"text":"70011148 - 1976 - Turbidity distribution in the Atlantic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T16:15:45.112517","indexId":"70011148","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1372,"text":"Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidity distribution in the Atlantic Ocean","docAbstract":"The regional coverage of Lamont nephelometer data in the North and South Atlantic can be used to map seawater turbidity at all depths. At the level of the clearest water, in the mid-depth regions, the turbidity distribution primarily reflects the pattern of productivity in the surface waters. This suggests that the ‘background’ turbidity level in the oceans is largely a function of biogenic fallout. The bottom waters of the western Atlantic generally exhibit large increases in turbidity. The most intense benthic nepheloid layers are in the southwestern Argentine basin and northern North American basin; the lowest bottom water turbidity in the western Atlantic is in the equatorial regions. Both the Argentine and North American basin bottom waters appear to derive their high turbidity largely from local resuspension of terrigenous input in these basins. In contrast to the west, the eastern Atlantic basins show very low turbidities with the exception of three regions: the Mediterranean outflow area, the Cape basin, and the West European basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0011-7471(76)90888-3","usgsCitation":"Eittreim, S., Thorndike, E.M., and Sullivan, L., 1976, Turbidity distribution in the Atlantic Ocean: Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, v. 23, no. 12, p. 1115-1127, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(76)90888-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1115","endPage":"1127","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -8.753912878534209,\n 33.441100854113415\n ],\n [\n -6.701357635452297,\n 34.079754396197885\n ],\n [\n -6.060056713180131,\n 36.29145775399931\n ],\n [\n -8.401972131151098,\n 37.10401280026315\n ],\n [\n -9.895745942908547,\n 39.3182762450588\n ],\n [\n -9.42832134346483,\n 42.817641161060976\n ],\n [\n -2.10342580882903,\n 43.76923462957413\n ],\n [\n -1.9864655529011657,\n 46.42891104767628\n ],\n [\n -5.246954977199124,\n 48.18644714410843\n ],\n [\n -2.447563393912702,\n 49.11302935273338\n ],\n [\n -4.306278050234084,\n 49.81430784126991\n ],\n [\n -10.327789843050112,\n 51.37681144071206\n ],\n [\n -9.589049412588281,\n 54.87779633585603\n ],\n [\n -1.9094058878638123,\n 60.00881484554026\n ],\n [\n 4.889859086494766,\n 63.094889650708154\n ],\n [\n -13.501916846081684,\n 65.00465231342866\n ],\n [\n -20.315787347105214,\n 62.73897549238376\n ],\n [\n -25.811758017670428,\n 65.69345666807422\n ],\n [\n -37.39198575475456,\n 65.51680214574219\n ],\n [\n -43.89109124127393,\n 59.64916920083587\n ],\n [\n -50.07004244102188,\n 61.47644469999429\n ],\n [\n -62.85272064150439,\n 58.69810581866585\n ],\n [\n -52.197766163974734,\n 51.30723462468072\n ],\n [\n -52.007508596147375,\n 46.73956361487939\n ],\n [\n -58.293570631920176,\n 46.348127333696084\n ],\n [\n -66.74696870369499,\n 42.83643993717163\n ],\n [\n -69.82584858040855,\n 41.78583325474989\n ],\n [\n -74.33481650552127,\n 38.95026102912257\n ],\n [\n -75.25933058893804,\n 35.954036227392464\n ],\n [\n -80.80811963523453,\n 30.935151549180674\n ],\n [\n -80.08137352505926,\n 23.427437841122824\n ],\n [\n -67.46890092465523,\n 18.870336524387625\n ],\n [\n -63.18922847643759,\n 11.300960945006011\n ],\n [\n -56.514350820238775,\n 6.863517843841862\n ],\n [\n -50.69795561378737,\n 4.803800970697964\n ],\n [\n -47.90969221075011,\n -0.18129147848749483\n ],\n [\n -35.83676839249941,\n -4.512312643676282\n ],\n [\n -34.28214434179864,\n -7.902016808634954\n ],\n [\n -37.622938788262076,\n -12.858454250912402\n ],\n [\n -39.113003388640124,\n -17.132187717074245\n ],\n [\n -41.7478830960103,\n -23.273272871939838\n ],\n [\n -47.27761822915258,\n -24.877122421016324\n ],\n [\n -48.904157105701955,\n -29.988213289837\n ],\n [\n -55.885495118233266,\n -36.89337854067449\n ],\n [\n -61.62279556780621,\n -39.591155225383076\n ],\n [\n -63.67304964258531,\n -41.535505951024085\n ],\n [\n -66.32322757125381,\n -45.65367531448931\n ],\n [\n -65.27410591382882,\n -48.47320330533546\n ],\n [\n -69.05964164472257,\n -52.27508764803192\n ],\n [\n -63.351916227453586,\n -56.46048673736461\n ],\n [\n 12.218800141328728,\n -52.656115776754554\n ],\n [\n 15.448183314042723,\n -33.444941957330116\n ],\n [\n 13.166553228518211,\n -23.15781043184441\n ],\n [\n 10.765035579220921,\n -17.514453980033622\n ],\n [\n 13.78076767252054,\n -10.765345814083389\n ],\n [\n 8.979516926239654,\n -1.644161035694097\n ],\n [\n 8.792963300146425,\n 4.550928611994678\n ],\n [\n 5.214941959771437,\n 4.8522650685862345\n ],\n [\n 3.9468781772441446,\n 6.094647403966533\n ],\n [\n -2.359795234522579,\n 4.732740262626422\n ],\n [\n -8.038888284119764,\n 4.406432333986189\n ],\n [\n -17.237444958707357,\n 12.55889884959528\n ],\n [\n -17.496164703501023,\n 16.322936382375858\n ],\n [\n -16.351027597949496,\n 17.994531958907274\n ],\n [\n -16.65250292076763,\n 22.065313326240343\n ],\n [\n -15.429541899236114,\n 26.175996101026954\n ],\n [\n -10.324920038297165,\n 29.931546255547858\n ],\n [\n -8.753912878534209,\n 33.441100854113415\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8f0e4b08c986b327b2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eittreim, Stephen","contributorId":102553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorndike, E. M.","contributorId":43101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorndike","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, L.","contributorId":85327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010197,"text":"70010197 - 1976 - Effect of pH on exchange-adsorption or precipitation of lead from landfill leachates by clay minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T17:24:33.384322","indexId":"70010197","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of pH on exchange-adsorption or precipitation of lead from landfill leachates by clay minerals","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es60123a003","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Griffin, R.A., 1976, Effect of pH on exchange-adsorption or precipitation of lead from landfill leachates by clay minerals: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 10, no. 13, p. 1256-1261, https://doi.org/10.1021/es60123a003.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1256","endPage":"1261","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"DuPage County","otherGeospatial":"DuPage County Landfill","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":5799,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dupage\",\"state\":\"IL\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.2634,41.9876],[-88.1473,41.9883],[-88.0342,41.9925],[-87.9175,41.9938],[-87.9188,41.9076],[-87.9178,41.8185],[-87.9142,41.7318],[-87.9139,41.7172],[-87.9438,41.7017],[-87.9482,41.694],[-87.9674,41.6879],[-87.9883,41.6877],[-88.0013,41.6874],[-88.0308,41.6868],[-88.0317,41.7295],[-88.1499,41.7272],[-88.2625,41.7251],[-88.2628,41.811],[-88.2632,41.8623],[-88.2631,41.9],[-88.2634,41.9876]]]}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f8e4b0c8380cd5105e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, R. A.","contributorId":46211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011045,"text":"70011045 - 1976 - Submarine geothermal resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70011045","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine geothermal resources","docAbstract":"Approximately 20% of the earth's heat loss (or 2 ?? 1012 cal/s) is released through 1% of the earth's surface area and takes the form of hydrothermal discharge from young (Pleistocene or younger) rocks adjacent to active seafloor-spreading centers and submarine volcanic areas. This amount is roughly equivalent to man's present gross energy consumption rate. A sub-seafloor geothermal reservoir, to be exploitable under future economic conditions, will have to be hot, porous, permeable, large, shallow, and near an energy-deficient, populated land mass. Furthermore, the energy must be recoverable using technology achievable at a competitive cost and numerous environmental, legal and institutional problems will have to be overcome. The highest-temperature reservoirs should be found adjacent to the zones of the seafloor extension or volcanism that are subject to high sedimentation rates. The relatively impermeable sediments reduce hydrothermal-discharge flow rates, forcing the heat to be either conducted away or released by high-temperature fluids, both of which lead to reservoir temperatures that can exceed 300??C. There is evidence that the oceanic crust is quite permeable and porous and that it was amenable to deep (3-5 km) penetration by seawater at least some time in the early stages of its evolution. Most of the heat escapes far from land, but there are notable exceptions. For example, in parts of the Gulf of California, thermal gradients in the bottom sediments exceed 1??C/m. In the coastal areas of the Gulf of California, where electricity and fresh water are at a premium, this potential resource lies in shallow water (< 200 m) and within sight of land. Other interesting areas include the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Andaman Sea along the margins of the western Pacific, the Tyrrhenian Sea west of Italy, and the southern California borderland and west flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge off the west coast of the United States. Many questions remain to be answered about the physical and other characteristics of these systems before they can be considered a viable resource. Until several of the most promising areas are carefully defined and drilled, the problem will remain unresolved. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., 1976, Submarine geothermal resources: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 1, no. 1, p. 85-100.","startPage":"85","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d24e4b08c986b31d67a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.L.","contributorId":7681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011147,"text":"70011147 - 1976 - Constant potential pulse polarography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-17T16:16:25.813179","indexId":"70011147","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constant potential pulse polarography","docAbstract":"The new technique of constant potential pulse polarography, In which all pulses are to be the same potential, is presented theoretically and evaluated experimentally. The response obtained is in the form of a faradaic current wave superimposed on a constant capacitative component. Results obtained with a computer-controlled system exhibit a capillary response current similar to that observed In normal pulse polarography. Calibration curves for Pb obtained using a modified commercial pulse polarographic instrument are in good accord with theoretical predictions.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60367a050","usgsCitation":"Christie, J.H., Jackson, L.L., and Osteryoung, R.A., 1976, Constant potential pulse polarography: Analytical Chemistry, v. 48, no. 3, p. 561-564, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60367a050.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa02e4b0c8380cd4d893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christie, J. H.","contributorId":74402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Larry L.","contributorId":18790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osteryoung, R. A.","contributorId":12185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osteryoung","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011146,"text":"70011146 - 1976 - Aseismic uplift in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T16:40:13","indexId":"70011146","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aseismic uplift in Southern California","docAbstract":"Preliminary examination of the historic geodetic record has disclosed crustal uplift of 0.15 to 0.25 meter that apparently began around 1960 and has since grown to include at least 12,000 square kilometers of southern California. This uplift extends at least 150 kilometers west-northwestward along the San Andreas Fault from Cajon to Maricopa, southward from the San Andreas into the northern Transverse Ranges, and eastward from Lebec into and including much of western Mojave block. It seems to have grown spasmodically eastward from a center near the junction of the San Andreas and Garlock faults and has occurred largely within an area that has remained virtually aseismic since at least 1932. Although much of this area has been characterized by crustal mobility since at least the turn the century, the described uplift seems to be an unusually large and probably unique event superimposed the existing pattern of continuing deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.192.4236.251","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., Church, J.P., and Elliot, M.R., 1976, Aseismic uplift in Southern California: Science, v. 192, no. 4236, p. 251-253, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.192.4236.251.","productDescription":"3 P.","startPage":"251","endPage":"253","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.6,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.58811876638322\n ],\n [\n -122.618408203125,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n -122.354736328125,\n 36.97622678464096\n ],\n [\n -122.15698242187499,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 36.79169061907076\n ],\n [\n -122.091064453125,\n 36.62434536776987\n ],\n [\n -122.025146484375,\n 36.2354121683998\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 35.93354064249312\n ],\n [\n -121.33300781249999,\n 35.6126508187567\n ],\n [\n -121.014404296875,\n 35.37113502280101\n ],\n [\n -120.84960937499999,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -120.77270507812499,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -120.728759765625,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -120.59692382812499,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 34.298068350990825\n ],\n [\n -119.827880859375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 34.279914398549934\n ],\n [\n -119.300537109375,\n 34.05265942137599\n ],\n [\n -119.00390625,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -118.531494140625,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -118.267822265625,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 33.55055114384406\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -117.49877929687499,\n 33.22030778968541\n ],\n [\n -117.32299804687499,\n 32.9257074887604\n ],\n [\n -117.27630615234374,\n 32.66018807572586\n ],\n [\n -117.12524414062501,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.75219726562499,\n 32.722598604044066\n ],\n [\n -114.55718994140625,\n 32.71797709835758\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 32.78265637602964\n ],\n [\n -114.42260742187499,\n 32.90726224488304\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 33.054716488042736\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.091541548655215\n ],\n [\n -114.66705322265625,\n 33.22720064403191\n ],\n [\n -114.66156005859376,\n 33.38787959704519\n ],\n [\n -114.554443359375,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 33.710632271492095\n ],\n [\n -114.53247070312499,\n 33.80653802509606\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 33.970697997361626\n ],\n [\n -114.4171142578125,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -114.34844970703125,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -114.18090820312499,\n 34.19135773925218\n ],\n [\n -114.114990234375,\n 34.24813554589752\n ],\n [\n -114.136962890625,\n 34.352506668675936\n ],\n [\n -114.312744140625,\n 34.43409789359469\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 34.58799745550482\n ],\n [\n -114.510498046875,\n 34.71452466170392\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 34.82282272723702\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 34.912962495216966\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 35.000753578642396\n ],\n [\n -116.56768798828125,\n 36.52067329034796\n ],\n [\n -118.5369873046875,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"192","issue":"4236","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edb8e4b0c8380cd49980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Jack P.","contributorId":6480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliot, Michael R.","contributorId":189355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011134,"text":"70011134 - 1976 - Alternate drop pulse polarography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-16T16:59:39.477689","indexId":"70011134","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternate drop pulse polarography","docAbstract":"The new technique of alternate drop pulse polarography is presented. An experimental evaluation of alternate drop pulse polarography shows complete compensation of the capacitative background due to drop expansion. The capillary response phenomenon was studied in the absence of faradaic reaction and the capillary response current was found to depend on the pulse width to the -0.72 power. Increased signal-to-noise ratios were obtained using alternate drop pulse polarography at shorter drop times.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60366a002","usgsCitation":"Christie, J.H., Jackson, L.L., and Osteryoung, R.A., 1976, Alternate drop pulse polarography: Analytical Chemistry, v. 48, no. 2, p. 242-247, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60366a002.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e97ce4b0c8380cd482f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christie, J. H.","contributorId":74402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Larry L.","contributorId":18790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osteryoung, R. A.","contributorId":12185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osteryoung","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011105,"text":"70011105 - 1976 - U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Allende and U-Th-Pb systematics of Orgueil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T16:49:49.387217","indexId":"70011105","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Allende and U-Th-Pb systematics of Orgueil","docAbstract":"U-Th-Pb systematics study of Allende inclusions showed that U, Th and Sr concentrations in Ca, Al (pyroxene)-rich chondrules and white and pinkish-white aggregate separates of Allende are five to ten times higher than those of the matrix, whereas Mg (olivine)-rich chondrules have U and Th concentrations about twice as high as the matrix. Th concentrations are extremely high in white aggregates and in pinkish-white (spinel-rich) aggregates while U and Sr concentrations in white aggregates are more than twice as high as those in pinkish-white aggregates. Large enrichment of these refractory elements in the white aggregates indicates that they contain high-temperature condensates from the solar nebula. The Pb concentrations in the inclusions are less than half of those in the whole rock and matrix, indicating that the matrix is a lower-temperature condensate. The isotopic composition of lead in the matrix is less radiogenic than that of the whole meteorite, whereas lead in Ca- and Al-rich chondrules and aggregates is extremely radiogenic. The 206Pb/204Pb ratio reaches as high as 55.9 in a white aggregate separate. The lead of Mg-rich chondrules is moderately radiogenic and the 206Pb/204Pb ratio ranges from 18 to 26. A striking linear relationship exists among leads in the chondrules, aggregates and matrix on the 207Pb/204Pb vs 204Pb/204Pb plot. The slope of the best fit line is 0.6188 ± 0.0016, yielding an isochron age of 4553 ± 4 m.y. The regression line passes through primordial lead values obtained from Canyon Diablo troilite. The data, when corrected for Canyon Diablo troilite Pb and plotted on a U-Pb concordia diagram, show that the pink and white aggregates and the Ca-Al-rich and Mg-rich inclusions have excess Pb and define a chord which intersects the concordia curve at 4548 ± 25 m.y. and 107 ± 70 m.y. The intercepts might correspond to the agglomeration age of the meteorite and a time of probably later disturbance, respectively. The matrix and some chondrules which contain less radiogenic lead did, however, not fit on the chord. The Rb-Sr data of Allende did not define an isochron suggesting that the Rb-Sr system was also disturbed by a later event, as suggested by the U-Pb concordia data. The lowest observed 87Sr/86Sr ratio in Allende inclusions is similar to the initial ratio of the Angra dos Reis achondrite (Papanastassiou, Thesis, 1970).
The initial Pb isotopic composition of Orgueil calculated by a single-stage evolution model is more radiogenic than that of Canyon Diablo troilite. To reconcile the U-Pb data of Orgueil and Allende, we propose that the initial lead isotopic composition of the carbonaceous chondrites was slightly different from that of Canyon Diablo troilite Pb.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90108-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., Unruh, D., and Desborough, G.A., 1976, U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Allende and U-Th-Pb systematics of Orgueil: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 6, p. 617-634, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90108-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"634","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9dae4b08c986b327e60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011024,"text":"70011024 - 1976 - Observations of eruption clouds from Sakura-zima volcano, Kyushu, Japan from Skylab 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70011024","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of eruption clouds from Sakura-zima volcano, Kyushu, Japan from Skylab 4","docAbstract":"Hasselblad and Nikon stereographic photographs taken from Skylab between 9 June 1973 and 1 February 1974 give synoptic plan views of several entire eruption clouds emanating from Sakura-zima volcano in Kagoshima Bay, Kyushu, Japan. Analytical plots of these stereographic pairs, studied in combination with meteorological data, indicate that the eruption clouds did not penetrate the tropopause and thus did not create a stratospheric dust veil of long residence time. A horizontal eddy diffusivity of the order of 106 cm2 s-1 and a vertical eddy diffusivity of the order of 105 cm2 s-1 were calculated from the observed plume dimensions and from available meteorological data. These observations are the first, direct evidence that explosive eruption at an estimated energy level of about 1018 ergs per paroxysm may be too small under atmospheric conditions similar to those prevailing over Sakura-zima for volcanic effluents to penetrate low-level tropospheric temperature inversions and, consequently, the tropopause over northern middle latitudes. Maximum elevation of the volcanic clouds was determined to be 3.4 km. The cumulative thermal energy release in the rise of volcanic plumes for 385 observed explosive eruptions was estimated to be 1020 to 1021 ergs (1013 to 1014 J), but the entire thermal energy release associated with pyroclastic activity may be of the order of 2.5 ?? 1022 ergs (2.5 ?? 1015 J). Estimation of the kinetic energy component of explosive eruptions via satellite observation and meteorological consideration of eruption clouds is thus useful in volcanology as an alternative technique to confirm the kinetic energy estimates made by ground-based geological and geophysical methods, and to aid in construction of physical models of potential and historical tephra-fallout sectors with implications for volcano-hazard prediction. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.D., Heiken, G., Randerson, D., and McKay, D., 1976, Observations of eruption clouds from Sakura-zima volcano, Kyushu, Japan from Skylab 4: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 1, no. 4, p. 305-329.","startPage":"305","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a91e4b0c8380cd74242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, J. D.","contributorId":99157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heiken, G.","contributorId":11768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiken","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randerson, D.","contributorId":94162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randerson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKay, D.S.","contributorId":11329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010858,"text":"70010858 - 1976 - A magnetic method for determining the geometry of hydraulic fractures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:18","indexId":"70010858","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A magnetic method for determining the geometry of hydraulic fractures","docAbstract":"We propose a method that may be used to determine the spatial orientation of the fracture plane developed during hydraulic fracture. In the method, magnetic particles are injected into the crack with the fracturing fluid so as to generate a sheet of magnetized material. Since the magnetization of a body with extreme dimension ratios, such as a crack, exceeds that of an equidimensional body and since this magnetization is sensitive both to orientation and geometry, this could be used to obtain information about the crack. By measuring the vertical and horizontal components of the magnetic field and field gradients at the earth's surface surrounding the injection well with superconducting magnetometers having 10-4 gamma sensitivity and also by measuring field direction within the well itself, it should be possible to calculate the orientation and perhaps infer the approximate geometry of the fracture surface. Experiments on electric field potential operated in conjunction with this experiment could further constrain estimates of shape and orientation. ?? 1976 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876942","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Byerlee, J., and Johnston, M., 1976, A magnetic method for determining the geometry of hydraulic fractures: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 114, no. 3, p. 425-433, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876942.","startPage":"425","endPage":"433","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204889,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876942"},{"id":218818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e445e4b0c8380cd4653d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010886,"text":"70010886 - 1976 - Concretionary manganese-iron oxides in streams and their usefulness as a sample medium for geochemical prospecting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:13:00.38462","indexId":"70010886","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concretionary manganese-iron oxides in streams and their usefulness as a sample medium for geochemical prospecting","docAbstract":"