The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board, developed and applied an approach to create a linkage between the published upper Guadalupe River Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) brush-management (ashe juniper [Juniperus ashei]) model and the full authorization version Guadalupe River Water Availability Model (WAM). The SWAT model was published by the USGS, and the Guadalupe River WAM is available from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The upper Guadalupe River watershed is a substantial component of the Guadalupe River WAM. This report serves in part as documentation of a proof of concept on the feasibility of linking these two water-resources planning models for the purpose of simulating possible increases in water storage in Canyon Lake as a result of different brush-management scenarios.
\nThe SWAT-WAM linkage for the upper Guadalupe River is documented with a principal objective to evaluate the distributional characteristics of the monthly water storage of Canyon Lake during selected drought conditions. Focus is on the relative evaluation of select scenarios of large-scale or “extensive” brush management within the upper Guadalupe River watershed. There are six SWAT simulations for the upper Guadalupe River watershed that include a baseline (0-percent management of treatable ashe juniper, the baseline scenario from a previous study in which no percentage of ashe juniper is numerically replaced with grassland) along with five scenarios (extensions of SWAT simulations from a previous study) of 20-, 40-, 60-, 80-, and 100-percent random (numerical) replacement of treatable ashe juniper with grasslands throughout the upper Guadalupe River watershed in south-central Texas.
\nSWAT is a process-based, semidistributed, water-balance model designed to predict the effects of landscape management decisions on water yields. A watershed is subdivided into subbasins, and each subbasin is associated with a single reach on the stream network. In general a WAM, such as the Guadalupe River WAM, provides analysis of generalized water rights in a river and reservoir framework. A WAM accommodates hydrology and water usage through several input files containing water rights, watershed parameters, and naturalized streamflow time series. A WAM is generalized for application to rivers and reservoir systems, and input datasets are uniquely developed for a river basin of concern.
\nThe extractions of SWAT output for the five extensive brush-management and baseline scenarios were offset by –21 years and, in general, the results were then mapped to the WAM input-flow file. The offset of –21 years was chosen arbitrarily for technical reasons and means that the period of monthly record 1995–2010 of the upper Guadalupe River SWAT became the synthetic period of monthly record 1974–89, hereinafter 1974–89 (synthetic) period, of the Guadalupe River WAM.
\nThe relative (between scenario to baseline) effects of extensive brush-management scenarios by using the SWAT-WAM linkage were evaluated, and two critical intermediate results were total inflow to Canyon Lake from 1995 to 2010 and the monthly storage of Canyon Lake from 1974 to 1989 (synthetic). The first quartile or lower 25th percentile of monthly storage of Canyon Lake for the baseline scenario is 381,000 acre-feet (acre-ft) for the hereinafter 1974–89 (synthetic) period. This lower quartile was chosen for analysis for two critical purposes. First, Canyon Lake is managed with a conservation pool of about 386,200 acre-ft capacity (as recognized by the WAM) and is at or near conservation capacity about 50 percent or more of the time; further, there is intrinsic data censoring that occurs for the monthly storage distribution because Canyon Lake is at or near conservation pool elevation the majority of the time. This intrinsic censoring has the effect of creating a bounded distribution with a left or low-volume tail. Statistical assessment of the brush-management scenarios beginning with the 381,000 acre-ft censoring threshold provides readily interpretable results. Second, the quantification of brush management during periods lacking abundant rainfall, which were defined in this study as months for which Canyon Lake storage was below the 25th percentile for the simulation period, are of substantial interest to water-resource managers and stakeholders in the context of water-supply enhancement.
\nA statistical assessment of the SWAT-WAM linkage for the low-volume tail of the distribution of monthly storage of Canyon Lake is the focus of analysis and interpretation. Drought periods for the analysis are defined as the months (consecutive or not) during which Canyon Lake is below the 25th percentile of storage (381,000 acre-ft) for the baseline scenario. Such months are referred to as being within the “Drought Quartile.” The Drought Quartile is a conceptual and heuristically determined waypoint for the analysis and is not related to any administrative definition of drought by stakeholders or policy makers.
\nThe five scenarios and the baseline scenario simulated in the upper Guadalupe River SWAT were all passed through the Guadalupe River WAM by the SWAT-WAM linkage described in this report. A comparison of the mean increase per month in reservoir storage for Canyon Lake conditioned for the Drought Quartile was made. For each of the five brush-management and baseline scenarios, the months with storage below 381,000 acre-ft were extracted. The mean monthly storages during the Drought Quartile were computed for each of the five scenarios and the baseline scenario. The mean of the baseline scenario was 376,458 acre-ft and subsequently was subtracted from the mean monthly storage during the Drought Quartile for each of the five scenarios.
\nThe mean monthly offset storages of Canyon Lake during the Drought Quartile were 110 acre-ft (20 percent); 448 acre-ft (40 percent); 754 acre-ft (60 percent); 1,080 acre-ft (80 percent); and 1,090 acre-ft (100 percent). A particular mean was interpreted as follows: the value of 754 acre-ft for the 60-percent brush-management scenario implies that, on average, this scenario indicates an additional 754 acre-ft per month of storage in Canyon Lake relative to the baseline during the Drought Quartile. All of the five scenarios resulted in an increase on average to water supply relative to the baseline scenario during the Drought Quartile through the SWAT-WAM linkage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135239","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Bumgarner, J.R., 2014, Linkage of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and the Texas Water Availability Model to simulate the effects of brush management on monthly storage of Canyon Lake, south-central Texas, 1995-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5239, Report: v, 25 p.; Appendixes 1-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135239.","productDescription":"Report: v, 25 p.; Appendixes 1-3","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052867","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135239.jpg"},{"id":281444,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5239/"},{"id":281445,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5239/pdf/sir2013-5239.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Canyon Lake, Guadalupe River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0635,28.118 ], [ -100.0635,31.0012 ], [ -95.614,31.0012 ], [ -95.614,28.118 ], [ -100.0635,28.118 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd64b3e4b0b290850ff9ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, Johnathan R. jbumgarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":5378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"Johnathan","email":"jbumgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":487825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70058499,"text":"ofr20131309 - 2014 - Assessment of the geoavailability of trace elements from selected zinc minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T09:55:44","indexId":"ofr20131309","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-23T09:33:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1309","title":"Assessment of the geoavailability of trace elements from selected zinc minerals","docAbstract":"This assessment focused on five zinc-bearing minerals. The minerals were subjected to a number of analyses including quantitative X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, leaching tests, and bioaccessibility and toxicity studies. Like a previous comprehensive assessment of five copper-bearing minerals, the purpose of this assessment was to obtain structural and chemical information and to characterize the reactivity of each mineral to various simulated environmental and biological conditions. As in the copper minerals study, analyses were conducted consistent with widely accepted methods. Unless otherwise noted, analytical methods used for this study were identical to those described in the investigation of copper-bearing minerals.
\nTwo sphalerite specimens were included in the zinc-minerals set. One sphalerite was recovered from a mine in Balmat, New York; the second came from a mine in Creede, Colorado. The location and conditions of origin are significant because, as analyses confirmed, the two sphalerite specimens are quite different. For example, data acquired from a simulated gastric fluid (SGF) study indicate that the hydrothermally formed Creede sphalerite contains orders of magnitude higher arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead than the much older metamorphic Balmat sphalerite. The SGF and other experimental results contained in this report suggest that crystallizing conditions such as temperature, pressure, fluidization, or alteration processes significantly affect mineral properties—properties that, in turn, influence reactivity, solubility, and toxicity.
\nThe three remaining minerals analyzed for this report—smithsonite, hemimorphite, and hydrozincite—are all secondary minerals or alteration products of zinc-ore deposits. In addition, all share physical characteristics such as tenacity, density, streak, and cleavage. Similarities end there. The chemical composition, unit-cell parameters, acid-neutralizing potential, and other observable and quantifiable properties indicate very different minerals. Only one of each of these minerals was studied. Had this assessment included multiples of these minerals, geochemical and mineralogical distinctions would have emerged, similar to the results for the two sphalerite specimens.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131309","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, R.L., Hageman, P.L., Benzel, W., Diehl, S.F., Morman, S., Choate, L.M., and Lowers, H., 2014, Assessment of the geoavailability of trace elements from selected zinc minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1309, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131309.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040884","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131309.jpg"},{"id":281409,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1309/"},{"id":281411,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1309/pdf/of2013-1309.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico;United States","state":"Arizona;Chihuahua;Colorado;New York","city":"Balmat;Creede;Dragoon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.82,25.56 ], [ -114.82,45.02 ], [ -71.85,45.02 ], [ -71.85,25.56 ], [ -114.82,25.56 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4e4be4b0b290850f1ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driscoll, Rhonda L. 0000-0001-7725-8956 rdriscoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-8956","contributorId":745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Rhonda","email":"rdriscoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hageman, Phillip L.","contributorId":19191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hageman","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benzel, William 0000-0002-4085-1876 wbenzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-1876","contributorId":3594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benzel","given":"William","email":"wbenzel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diehl, Sharon F. diehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":1089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"Sharon","email":"diehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morman, Suzette","contributorId":33352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morman","given":"Suzette","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Choate, LaDonna M. 0000-0002-0229-7210 lchoate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-7210","contributorId":1176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"LaDonna","email":"lchoate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":52609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70058469,"text":"ofr20131283 - 2014 - Hydrologic monitoring of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Elliott State Forest, Southern Coast Range, Oregon, 2009-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T08:58:11","indexId":"ofr20131283","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-22T14:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1283","title":"Hydrologic monitoring of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Elliott State Forest, Southern Coast Range, Oregon, 2009-2012","docAbstract":"The Oregon Coast Range is dissected by numerous unchanneled headwater basins, which can \ngenerate shallow landslides and debris flows during heavy or prolonged rainfall. An automated \nmonitoring system was installed in an unchanneled headwater basin to measure rainfall, volumetric \nwater content, groundwater temperature, and pore pressures at 15-minute intervals. The purpose of this \nreport is to describe and present the methods used for the monitoring as well as the preliminary data \ncollected during the period from 2009 to 2012. Observations show a pronounced seasonal variation in \nvolumetric water content and pore pressures. Increases in pore pressures and volumetric water content \nfrom dry-season values begin with the onset of the rainy season in the fall (typically early to mid \nOctober). High water contents and pore pressures tend to persist throughout the rainy season, which \ntypically ends in May. Heavy or prolonged rainfall during the wet season that falls on already moist \nsoils often generates positive pore pressures that are observed in the deeper instruments. These data \nprovide a record of the basin’s hydrologic response to rainfall and provide a foundation for \nunderstanding the conditions that lead to landslide and debris-flow occurrence.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131283","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Oregon Department of Forestry, Elliott State Forest; Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries; and Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.B., Godt, J.W., Baum, R.L., Coe, J.A., Burns, W.J., Morse, M., Sener-Kaya, B., and Kaya, M., 2014, Hydrologic monitoring of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Elliott State Forest, Southern Coast Range, Oregon, 2009-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1283, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131283.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049379","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131283.jpg"},{"id":281395,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1283/pdf/of13-1283.pdf"},{"id":281396,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1283/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Elliott State Forest;Southern Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.3079,42.1982 ], [ -124.3079,43.7067 ], [ -123.4657,43.7067 ], [ -123.4657,42.1982 ], [ -124.3079,42.1982 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6191e4b0b290850fd9b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Joel B. 0000-0001-7219-7875 jbsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7219-7875","contributorId":4925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Joel","email":"jbsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, William J.","contributorId":50078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morse, Michael M.","contributorId":11115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"Michael M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sener-Kaya, Basak","contributorId":84267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sener-Kaya","given":"Basak","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kaya, Murat","contributorId":103576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaya","given":"Murat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70046522,"text":"70046522 - 2014 - An enhanced archive facilitating climate impacts analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T15:09:01","indexId":"70046522","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-22T13:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An enhanced archive facilitating climate impacts analysis","docAbstract":"We describe the expansion of a publicly available archive of downscaled climate and hydrology projections for the United States. Those studying or planning to adapt to future climate impacts demand downscaled climate model output for local or regional use. The archive we describe attempts to fulfill this need by providing data in several formats, selectable to meet user needs. Our archive has served as a resource for climate impacts modelers, water managers, educators, and others. Over 1,400 individuals have transferred more than 50 TB of data from the archive. In response to user demands, the archive has expanded from monthly downscaled data to include daily data to facilitate investigations of phenomena sensitive to daily to monthly temperature and precipitation, including extremes in these quantities. New developments include downscaled output from the new Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate model simulations at both the monthly and daily time scales, as well as simulations of surface hydrologi- cal variables. The web interface allows the extraction of individual projections or ensemble statistics for user-defined regions, promoting the rapid assessment of model consensus and uncertainty for future projections of precipitation, temperature, and hydrology. The archive is accessible online (http://gdo-dcp.ucllnl.org/downscaled_ cmip_projections).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00126.1","usgsCitation":"Maurer, E., Brekke, L., Pruitt, T., Thrasher, B., Long, J., Duffy, P., Dettinger, M., Cayan, D., and Arnold, J., 2014, An enhanced archive facilitating climate impacts analysis: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 95, no. 7, p. 1011-1019, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00126.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1011","endPage":"1019","ipdsId":"IP-046357","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00126.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294378,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00126.1"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"95","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb13e4b08312ac7ceef3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, E.P.","contributorId":30338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brekke, L.","contributorId":65778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brekke","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pruitt, T.","contributorId":60876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pruitt","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thrasher, B.","contributorId":88665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thrasher","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Long, J.","contributorId":41993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duffy, P.","contributorId":40435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duffy","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dettinger, M. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":78909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cayan, D.","contributorId":49563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Arnold, J.","contributorId":76669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70059343,"text":"ofr20131300 - 2014 - The Tetracorder user guide: version 4.4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-29T18:01:32.641648","indexId":"ofr20131300","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-22T12:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1300","title":"The Tetracorder user guide: version 4.4","docAbstract":"Imaging spectroscopy mapping software assists in the identification and mapping of materials based on their chemical properties as expressed in spectral measurements of a planet including the solid or liquid surface or atmosphere. Such software can be used to analyze field, aircraft, or spacecraft data; remote sensing datasets; or laboratory spectra. Tetracorder is a set of software algorithms commanded through an expert system to identify materials based on their spectra (Clark and others, 2003). Tetracorder also can be used in traditional remote sensing analyses, because some of the algorithms are a version of a matched filter. Thus, depending on the instructions fed to the Tetracorder system, results can range from simple matched filter output, to spectral feature fitting, to full identification of surface materials (within the limits of the spectral signatures of materials over the spectral range and resolution of the imaging spectroscopy data). A basic understanding of spectroscopy by the user is required for developing an optimum mapping strategy and assessing the results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131300","usgsCitation":"Livo, K.E., and Clark, R.N., 2014, The Tetracorder user guide: version 4.4: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1300, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131300.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"55","ipdsId":"IP-044895","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425655,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1300/ofr20131300.zip","size":"1.83 GB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":281374,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1300/pdf/of2013-1300.pdf"},{"id":281373,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1300/"},{"id":281375,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131300.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7746e4b0b2908510b721","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Livo, Keith Eric 0000-0001-7331-8130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":39422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073711,"text":"70073711 - 2014 - Implementation of a non-lethal biopsy punch monitoring program for mercury in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, from the Eleven Point River, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-11T15:32:31.626607","indexId":"70073711","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-22T10:08:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Implementation of a non-lethal biopsy punch monitoring program for mercury in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, from the Eleven Point River, Missouri","title":"Implementation of a non-lethal biopsy punch monitoring program for mercury in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, from the Eleven Point River, Missouri","docAbstract":"A non-lethal biopsy method for monitoring mercury (Hg) concentrations in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu; smallmouth) from the Eleven Point River in southern Missouri USA was evaluated. A biopsy punch was used to remove a muscle tissue plug from the area immediately below the anterior dorsal fin of 31 smallmouth. An additional 35 smallmouth (controls) were held identically except that no tissue plug was removed. After sampling, all fish were held in a concrete hatchery raceway for 6 weeks. Mean survival at the end of the holding period was 97 % for both groups. Smallmouth length, weight and Fulton’s condition factor at the end of the holding period were also similar between plugged and non-plugged controls, indicating that the biopsy procedure had minimal impact on growth under these conditions. Tissue plug Hg concentrations were similar to smallmouth Hg data obtained in previous years by removing the entire fillet for analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00128-013-1145-x","usgsCitation":"Ackerson, J., McKee, M.J., Schmitt, C., and Brumbaugh, W.G., 2014, Implementation of a non-lethal biopsy punch monitoring program for mercury in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, from the Eleven Point River, Missouri: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 92, no. 2, p. 125-131, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-1145-x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"131","ipdsId":"IP-032402","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Eleven Point River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.699969,36.502402 ], [ -91.699969,36.960244 ], [ -90.886818,36.960244 ], [ -90.886818,36.502402 ], [ -91.699969,36.502402 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"92","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52e0e93be4b0d0c3df9947b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerson, J. R.","contributorId":60950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackerson","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, M. J.","contributorId":9570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKee","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmitt, C. J. 0000-0001-6804-2360","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":56339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70068449,"text":"ofr20141005 - 2014 - Bathymetric surveys and area/capacity tables of water-supply reservoirs for the city of Cameron, Missouri, July 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T14:31:49","indexId":"ofr20141005","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-21T14:16:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1005","title":"Bathymetric surveys and area/capacity tables of water-supply reservoirs for the city of Cameron, Missouri, July 2013","docAbstract":"Years of sediment accumulation and dry conditions in recent years have led to the decline of water levels and capacities for many water-supply reservoirs in Missouri, and have caused renewed interest in modernizing outdated area/capacity tables for these reservoirs. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, surveyed the bathymetry of the four water-supply reservoirs used by the city of Cameron, Missouri, in July 2013. The data were used to provide water managers with area/capacity tables and bathymetric maps of the reservoirs at the time of the surveys.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2014, Bathymetric surveys and area/capacity tables of water-supply reservoirs for the city of Cameron, Missouri, July 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1005, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141005.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052176","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281331,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1005/"},{"id":281335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141005.jpg"},{"id":281334,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1005/pdf/of2014-1005.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Cameron","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.319842,39.724343 ], [ -94.319842,39.785227 ], [ -94.209326,39.785227 ], [ -94.209326,39.724343 ], [ -94.319842,39.724343 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4ef1e4b0b290850f2660","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70073345,"text":"70073345 - 2014 - Evaluating the efficiency of environmental monitoring programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-28T08:37:06","indexId":"70073345","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-21T10:51:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the efficiency of environmental monitoring programs","docAbstract":"Statistical uncertainty analyses can be used to improve the efficiency of environmental monitoring, allowing sampling designs to maximize information gained relative to resources required for data collection and analysis. In this paper, we illustrate four methods of data analysis appropriate to four types of environmental monitoring designs. To analyze a long-term record from a single site, we applied a general linear model to weekly stream chemistry data at Biscuit Brook, NY, to simulate the effects of reducing sampling effort and to evaluate statistical confidence in the detection of change over time. To illustrate a detectable difference analysis, we analyzed a one-time survey of mercury concentrations in loon tissues in lakes in the Adirondack Park, NY, demonstrating the effects of sampling intensity on statistical power and the selection of a resampling interval. To illustrate a bootstrapping method, we analyzed the plot-level sampling intensity of forest inventory at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, to quantify the sampling regime needed to achieve a desired confidence interval. Finally, to analyze time-series data from multiple sites, we assessed the number of lakes and the number of samples per year needed to monitor change over time in Adirondack lake chemistry using a repeated-measures mixed-effects model. Evaluations of time series and synoptic long-term monitoring data can help determine whether sampling should be re-allocated in space or time to optimize the use of financial and human resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.12.010","usgsCitation":"Levine, C.R., Yanai, R.D., Lampman, G.G., Burns, D.A., Driscoll, C.T., Lawrence, G.B., Lynch, J., and Schoch, N., 2014, Evaluating the efficiency of environmental monitoring programs: Ecological Indicators, v. 39, p. 94-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.12.010.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-050636","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.12.010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281315,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.12.010"},{"id":281316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52df97f8e4b0d7b3a14e1aa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levine, Carrie R.","contributorId":106009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levine","given":"Carrie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yanai, Ruth D.","contributorId":59720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanai","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lampman, Gregory G.","contributorId":26970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lampman","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Driscoll, Charles T.","contributorId":35418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lynch, Jason","contributorId":97001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"Jason","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schoch, Nina","contributorId":101988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoch","given":"Nina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70074654,"text":"70074654 - 2014 - Seismicity within a propagating ice shelf rift: the relationship between icequake locations and ice shelf structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:00:36","indexId":"70074654","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-20T10:12:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity within a propagating ice shelf rift: the relationship between icequake locations and ice shelf structure","docAbstract":"Iceberg calving is a dominant mass loss mechanism for Antarctic ice shelves, second only to basal melting. An important known process involved in calving is the initiation and propagation of through-penetrating fractures called rifts; however, the mechanisms controlling rift propagation remain poorly understood. To investigate the mechanics of ice-shelf rifting, we analyzed seismicity associated with a propagating rift tip on the Amery Ice Shelf, using data collected during the Austral summers of 2004-2007. We investigated seismicity associated with fracture propagation using a suite of passive seismological techniques including icequake locations, back projection, and moment tensor inversion. We confirm previous results that show that seismicity is characterized by periods of relative quiescence punctuated by swarms of intense seismicity of one to three hours. However, even during periods of quiescence, we find significant seismic deformation around the rift tip. Moment tensors, calculated for a subset of the largest icequakes (MW > -2.0) located near the rift tip, show steeply dipping fault planes, horizontal or shallowly plunging stress orientations, and often have a significant volumetric component. They also reveal that much of the observed seismicity is limited to the upper 50 m of the ice shelf. This suggests a complex system of deformation that involves the propagating rift, the region behind the rift tip, and a system of rift-transverse crevasses. Small-scale variations in the mechanical structure of the ice shelf, especially rift-transverse crevasses and accreted marine ice, play an important role in modulating the rate and location of seismicity associated with propagating ice shelf rifts.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2013JF002849","usgsCitation":"Heeszel, D.S., Fricker, H., Bassis, J.N., O’Neel, S., and Walter, F., 2014, Seismicity within a propagating ice shelf rift: the relationship between icequake locations and ice shelf structure: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 119, no. 4, p. 731-744, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002849.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"744","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-045706","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002849","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281800,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002849"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.4,-72.04 ], [ 66.4,-68.02 ], [ 76.46,-68.02 ], [ 76.46,-72.04 ], [ 66.4,-72.04 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"119","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5351705fe4b05569d805a398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heeszel, David S.","contributorId":14729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heeszel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fricker, Helen A.","contributorId":57337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fricker","given":"Helen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bassis, Jeremy N.","contributorId":49271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassis","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walter, Fabian","contributorId":21431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Fabian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156246,"text":"70156246 - 2014 - Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multi-state models: A comparison to capture-recapture approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-10T16:40:39.588899","indexId":"70156246","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multi-state models: A comparison to capture-recapture approaches","docAbstract":"Wildlife populations consist of individuals that contribute disproportionately to growth and viability. Understanding a population's spatial and temporal dynamics requires estimates of abundance and demographic rates that account for this heterogeneity. Estimating these quantities can be difficult, requiring years of intensive data collection. Often, this is accomplished through the capture and recapture of individual animals, which is generally only feasible at a limited number of locations. In contrast, N-mixture models allow for the estimation of abundance, and spatial variation in abundance, from count data alone. We extend recently developed multistate, open population N-mixture models, which can additionally estimate demographic rates based on an organism's life history characteristics. In our extension, we develop an approach to account for the case where not all individuals can be assigned to a state during sampling. Using only state-specific count data, we show how our model can be used to estimate local population abundance, as well as density-dependent recruitment rates and state-specific survival. We apply our model to a population of black-throated blue warblers (Setophaga caerulescens) that have been surveyed for 25 years on their breeding grounds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA. The intensive data collection efforts allow us to compare our estimates to estimates derived from capture–recapture data. Our model performed well in estimating population abundance and density-dependent rates of annual recruitment/immigration. Estimates of local carrying capacity and per capita recruitment of yearlings were consistent with those published in other studies. However, our model moderately underestimated annual survival probability of yearling and adult females and severely underestimates survival probabilities for both of these male stages. 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They function as detectors for angular acceleration in their respective planes. Living jawless craniates, cyclostomes (hagfish and lamprey) and their fossil records seemingly lack a lateral horizontal canal. The jawless vertebrate hagfish inner ear is described as a torus or doughnut, having one vertical canal, and the jawless vertebrate lamprey having two. These observations on the anatomy of the cyclostome (jawless vertebrate) inner ear have been unchallenged for over a century, and the question of how these jawless vertebrates perceive angular acceleration in the yaw (horizontal) planes has remained open. To provide an answer to this open question we reevaluated the anatomy of the inner ear in the lamprey, using stereoscopic dissection and scanning electron microscopy. The present study reveals a novel observation: the lamprey has two horizontal semicircular ducts in each labyrinth. Furthermore, the horizontal ducts in the lamprey, in contrast to those of jawed vertebrates, are located on the medial surface in the labyrinth rather than on the lateral surface. Our data on the lamprey horizontal duct suggest that the appearance of the horizontal canal characteristic of gnathostomes (lateral) and lampreys (medial) are mutually exclusive and indicate a parallel evolution of both systems, one in cyclostomes and one in gnathostome ancestors.
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In addition to presenting data, this report also describes monitoring, data collection, and quality-control methodology. This array of 16 monitoring stations spans lat 68.5°N. to 70.5°N. and long 142.5°W. to 161°W., an area of approximately 150,000 square kilometers. Climate summaries are presented along with quality-controlled data. Data collection is ongoing and includes the following climate- and permafrost-related variables: air temperature, wind speed and direction, ground temperature and soil moisture, snow depth, rainfall, up- and downwelling shortwave radiation, and atmospheric pressure. These data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in close collaboration with the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Administration","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henkel, Heather S. hhenkel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henkel","given":"Heather S.","email":"hhenkel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holl, Sally L. sholl@usgs.gov","contributorId":4464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"Sally","email":"sholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hutchison, Vivian B. 0000-0001-5301-3698 vhutchison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5301-3698","contributorId":5100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchison","given":"Vivian B.","email":"vhutchison@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Martín, Elizabeth","contributorId":57769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martín","given":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Montgomery, Ellyn T.","contributorId":78038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Ellyn T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ladino, Cassandra ccladino@usgs.gov","contributorId":3514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladino","given":"Cassandra","email":"ccladino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tessler, Steven stessler@usgs.gov","contributorId":3772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessler","given":"Steven","email":"stessler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Zolly, Lisa S.","contributorId":30142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zolly","given":"Lisa S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70094536,"text":"70094536 - 2014 - Phytoplankton growth balanced by clam and zooplankton grazing and net transport into the low-salinity zone of the San Francisco Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-21T08:39:13","indexId":"70094536","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-17T08:32:51","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton growth balanced by clam and zooplankton grazing and net transport into the low-salinity zone of the San Francisco Estuary","docAbstract":"We estimated the influence of planktonic and benthic grazing on phytoplankton in the strongly tidal, river-dominated northern San Francisco Estuary using data from an intensive study of the low salinity foodweb in 2006–2008 supplemented with long-term monitoring data. A drop in chlorophyll concentration in 1987 had previously been linked to grazing by the introduced clam Potamocorbula amurensis, but numerous changes in the estuary may be linked to the continued low chlorophyll. We asked whether phytoplankton continued to be suppressed by grazing and what proportion of the grazing was by benthic bivalves. A mass balance of phytoplankton biomass included estimates of primary production and grazing by microzooplankton, mesozooplankton, and clams. Grazing persistently exceeded net phytoplankton growth especially for larger cells, and grazing by microzooplankton often exceeded that by clams. A subsidy of phytoplankton from other regions roughly balanced the excess of grazing over growth. Thus, the influence of bivalve grazing on phytoplankton biomass can be understood only in the context of limits on phytoplankton growth, total grazing, and transport.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9753-6","usgsCitation":"Kimmerer, W.J., and Thompson, J.K., 2014, Phytoplankton growth balanced by clam and zooplankton grazing and net transport into the low-salinity zone of the San Francisco Estuary: Estuaries and Coasts, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9753-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-052044","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9753-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":282612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282607,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12237-013-9753-6/fulltext.html"},{"id":282611,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9753-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -122.5,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -122.5,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b8ae4b0b29085103f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmerer, Wim J.","contributorId":59169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"Wim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6690,"text":"San Francisco State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":490670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170794,"text":"70170794 - 2014 - Constraining explosive volcanism: Subjective choices during estimates of eruption magnitude","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T14:11:17","indexId":"70170794","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-15T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraining explosive volcanism: Subjective choices during estimates of eruption magnitude","docAbstract":"When estimating the magnitude of explosive eruptions from their deposits, individuals make three sets of critical choices with respect to input data: the spacing of sampling sites, the selection of contour intervals to constrain the field measurements, and the hand contouring of thickness/isomass data, respectively. Volcanologists make subjective calls, as there are no accepted published protocols and few accounts of how these choices will impact estimates of eruption magnitude. Here, for the first time, we took a set of unpublished thickness measurements from the 1959 Kīlauea Iki pyroclastic fall deposit and asked 101 volcanologists worldwide to hand contour the data. First, there were surprisingly consistent volume estimates across maps with three different sampling densities. Second, the variability in volume calculations imparted by individuals’ choices of contours is also surprisingly low and lies between s = 5 and 8 %. Third, volume estimation is insensitive to the extent to which different individuals “smooth” the raw data in constructing contour lines. Finally, large uncertainty is associated with the construction of the thinnest isopachs, which is likely to underestimate the actual trend of deposit thinning. The net result is that researchers can have considerable confidence in using volume or dispersal data from multiple authors and different deposits for comparative studies. These insights should help volcanologists around the world to optimize design and execution of field-based studies to characterize accurately the volume of pyroclastic deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior","doi":"10.1007/s00445-013-0793-3","usgsCitation":"Klawonn, M., Houghton, B.F., Swanson, D., Fagents, S.A., Wessel, P., and Wolfe, C.J., 2014, Constraining explosive volcanism: Subjective choices during estimates of eruption magnitude: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 76, no. 793, Article 793; 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-013-0793-3.","productDescription":"Article 793; 6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075486","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"793","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbaee4b0b13d3919a2eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klawonn, Malin","contributorId":169095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klawonn","given":"Malin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fagents, Sarah A.","contributorId":66152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagents","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wessel, Paul","contributorId":169097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wessel","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wolfe, Cecily J.","contributorId":29294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70073397,"text":"70073397 - 2014 - Fluorescence-based classification of Caribbean coral reef organisms and substrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-20T09:34:00","indexId":"70073397","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-15T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorescence-based classification of Caribbean coral reef organisms and substrates","docAbstract":"A diverse group of coral reef organisms, representing several phyla, possess fluorescent pigments. We investigated the potential of using the characteristic fluorescence emission spectra of these pigments to enable unsupervised, optical classification of coral reef habitats. We compiled a library of characteristic fluorescence spectra through in situ and laboratory measurements from a variety of specimens throughout the Caribbean. Because fluorescent pigments are not species-specific, the spectral library is organized in terms of 15 functional groups. We investigated the spectral separability of the functional groups in terms of the number of wavebands required to distinguish between them, using the similarity measures Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Spectral Information Divergence (SID), SID-SAM mixed measure, and Mahalanobis distance. This set of measures represents geometric, stochastic, joint geometric-stochastic, and statistical approaches to classifying spectra. Our hyperspectral fluorescence data were used to generate sets of 4-, 6-, and 8-waveband spectra, including random variations in relative signal amplitude, spectral peak shifts, and water-column attenuation. Each set consisted of 2 different band definitions: ‘optimally-picked’ and ‘evenly-spaced.’ The optimally-picked wavebands were chosen to coincide with as many peaks as possible in the functional group spectra. Reference libraries were formed from half of the spectra in each set and used for training purposes. Average classification accuracies ranged from 76.3% for SAM with 4 evenly-spaced wavebands to 93.8% for Mahalanobis distance with 8 evenly-spaced wavebands. The Mahalanobis distance consistently outperformed the other measures. In a second test, empirically-measured spectra were classified using the same reference libraries and the Mahalanobis distance for just the 8 evenly-spaced waveband case. Average classification accuracies were 84% and 87%, corresponding to the extremes in modeled water-column attenuation. The classification results from both tests indicate that a high degree of separability among the 15 fluorescent-spectra functional groups is possible using only a modest number of spectral bands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0084570","usgsCitation":"Zawada, D., and Mazel, C.H., 2014, Fluorescence-based classification of Caribbean coral reef organisms and substrates: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 1, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084570.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040535","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084570","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281273,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084570"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5a05e4b0b290850f9113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zawada, David G. 0000-0003-4547-4878 dzawada@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-4878","contributorId":1898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zawada","given":"David G.","email":"dzawada@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazel, Charles H.","contributorId":84266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazel","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048953,"text":"sir20135125 - 2014 - Evaluation of toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and to the midge, Chironomus dilutus; and bioaccumulation by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, with exposure to PCB-contaminated sediments from Anniston, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T08:32:17","indexId":"sir20135125","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-14T14:48:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5125","title":"Evaluation of toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and to the midge, Chironomus dilutus; and bioaccumulation by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, with exposure to PCB-contaminated sediments from Anniston, Alabama","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) requested that as part of the remedial investigation for the Anniston, Alabama Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site (Anniston PCB Site), that Pharmacia Corporation and Solutia Inc. (P/S) perform long-term reproduction toxicity tests with the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and the midge, Chironomus dilutus, and bioaccumulation tests with the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, using sediment samples collected from reference locations and from Operable Unit 4 of the Anniston PCB Site. The sediment toxicity testing and sediment bioaccumulation results will be used by ARCADIS U.S., Inc. (ARCADIS) as part of a weight-of-evidence assessment to evaluate risks and establish sediment remediation goals for contaminants to sediment-dwelling organisms inhabiting the Anniston PCB Site.
\nThe goal of this study was to characterize relations between sediment chemistry and sediment toxicity and relations between sediment chemistry and sediment bioaccumulation in samples of sediments collected from the Anniston PCB Site. A total of 32 samples were evaluated from six test sites and one reference site to provide a wide range in concentrations of chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) including PCBs in samples of whole sediment. The goal of this study was not to determine the extent of sediment contamination across the Anniston PCB Site. Hence, the test sites or samples collected from within a test site were not selected to represent the spatial extent of sediment contamination across the Anniston PCB Site. Sediment chemistry, pore-water chemistry, and sediment toxicity data were generated for 26 sediment samples from the Anniston PCB Site. All of the samples were evaluated to determine if they qualified as reference sediment samples. Those samples that met the chemical selection criteria and biological selection criteria were identified as reference samples and used to develop the reference envelope for each toxicity test endpoint.
\nPhysical characterization of samples of whole sediment included analyses of grain size, TOC, and nutrients. Organic chemical characterization of samples of whole sediment included PCB homologs and select (13) PCB congeners, parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; and dibenzofurans. The PCB aroclors analyzed included 1016, 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 and 1268. Analyses of whole sediment also included total metals, simultaneously extracted metals, and acid volatile sulfide. Chemical characterization of samples of pore water isolated from samples of whole sediment at the start of the sediment toxicity exposures or at the start of the sediment bioaccumulation exposures included metals, major cations, major anions, dissolved organic carbon, and additional water-quality characteristics. Concentrations of metals or PCBs in pore water during the sediment toxicity exposures or during sediment bioaccumulation exposures also were determined using peeper samples (for metals) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) samplers (for PCBs).
\nThe bioavailability and bioaccumulation of PCBs in 14 sediment samples were investigated using SPME passive samplers and the 28-d L. variegatus whole-sediment bioaccumulation exposures In general the accumulation of PCBs consistently was predicted through the use of organic carbon normalization and equilibrium partitioning. In these sediments, PCB homologs were accumulated differently based on bioavailability and potential to accumulate in oligochaetes. As part of this assessment homolog specific biota sediment accumulation factor values were developed that could be applied across the larger site to predict tissue levels of PCBs.
\nThe whole-sediment toxicity tests done with H. azteca and C. dilutus met the established ASTM and USEPA test acceptability criteria. The most responsive H. azteca endpoints were day 42 survival normalized young per female and day 28 biomass and that the most responsive C. dilutus endpoints were adult biomass and percent adult emergence. Overall, between the two species, the most responsive endpoint assessed for these two species was H. azteca survival-normalized young per female (67 percent of the samples classified as toxic).
\nConcentration-response models (CRMs) and site-specific sediment toxicity thresholds (TTs) were generated with matching sediment chemistry and sediment toxicity data. Sediment chemistry, pore-water chemistry, and sediment toxicity data were evaluated for as many as 26 sediment samples from the Anniston PCB Site. The reference-envelope approach was used to identify the sediment samples that were toxic to benthic invertebrates. This procedure involved identification of reference sediment samples, normalizing the toxicity data to reflect control responses, developing a reference envelope for each toxicity test endpoint, and designating each sediment sample as toxic or not toxic for each toxicity test endpoint, for each species, and for all species combined. These results demonstrated percent emergence of adult C. dilutus, biomass of adult C. dilutus, and reproduction of H. azteca normalized to percent survival were among the most responsive endpoints that were evaluated. Therefore, these endpoints were selected for CRM development.
\nThe site-specific TTs for whole sediment provide a reliable basis for identifying toxic and not toxic sediment samples in the Anniston PCB Site (that is, for correctly classifying the sediment samples used to derive the TTs as toxic or not toxic, for the endpoint used to derive the TTs). Among the 69 TTs for sediment, the TTLRs for total PCB homologs [499 to 1,870 micrograms per kilogram dry weight (μg/kg DW)] and for lead [(9.48 to 10.3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) DW] based on reproduction of H. azteca or based on emergence or biomass of adult C. dilutus, were the most reliable. Such TTs had low rates of false negative errors (that is, only 0 to 11 percent of the samples below the TT were toxic to benthic invertebrates), low rates of false positive errors (only 0 to 6 percent of the samples greater than the TT were not toxic to benthic invertebrates), and high rates of correct classification (that is, 92 to 96 percent).
\nThe site-specific TTs for PCBs and other COPCs derived in this study also were compared to empirically based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), to equilibrium-partitioning based SQGs, and to the results of spiked-sediment toxicity tests. The results of this evaluation indicated that the site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs were comparable to the consensus-based SQGs that were derived for PCBs. In addition, the site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs are well within the range of SQGs derived using the equilibrium partitioning approach. The site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs also are consistent with the results of chronic TTs that have been estimated for benthic invertebrates using the results of spiked-sediment toxicity tests. As the site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs are consistent with empirically based SQGs, equilibrium-partitioning based SQGs, and results of sediment-spiking studies, these site- specific sediment TTs likely represent the concentrations of PCBs that are sufficient to cause toxicity to benthic invertebrates (as opposed to simply being correlated with adverse effects on the survival, weight, or reproduction of benthic invertebrates). Importantly, such site-specific sediment TTs have been demonstrated to accurately classify sediment samples as toxic or not toxic to benthic invertebrates at the Anniston PCB Site. In contrast, the TTs for metals, PAHs, and organochlorine pesticides were generally lower than consensus-based SQGs (that is, probable effect concentrations), and LC50s (median lethal effect concentrations) generated in spiked-sediment toxicity tests, indicating that these COPCs are likely not the main contributors to the observed toxicity of the site sediments evaluated in this study. The reproduction endpoint for H. azteca provided lower TTs compared to the day 28 biomass endpoint for H. azteca and the emergence or biomass endpoints for adult C. dilutus provided lower TTs compared to the day 13 biomass endpoint for C. dilutus.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135125","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C.G., Steevens, J., MacDonald, D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Coady, M.R., Farrar, J.D., Lotufo, G.R., Kemble, N.E., Kunz, J.L., Stanley, J.K., and Sinclair, J., 2014, Evaluation of toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and to the midge, Chironomus dilutus; and bioaccumulation by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, with exposure to PCB-contaminated sediments from Anniston, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5125, Report: ix, 122 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135125.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 122 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"136","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-036311","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135125.jpg"},{"id":281046,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5125/"},{"id":281048,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5125/downloads/"},{"id":281047,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5125/pdf/sir2013-5125.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Anniston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.931236,33.599966 ], [ -85.931236,33.750917 ], [ -85.755367,33.750917 ], [ -85.755367,33.599966 ], [ -85.931236,33.599966 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d65d72e4b0b566e996b34b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509632,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steevens, Jeffery A. 0000-0003-3946-1229","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-1229","contributorId":65415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steevens","given":"Jeffery A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509634,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":49911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509633,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steevens, Jeffery A. 0000-0003-3946-1229","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-1229","contributorId":65415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steevens","given":"Jeffery A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":49911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coady, Matthew R.","contributorId":36055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coady","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farrar, J. Daniel","contributorId":18272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lotufo, Guilherme R.","contributorId":64564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lotufo","given":"Guilherme","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kunz, James L. 0000-0002-1027-158X jkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1027-158X","contributorId":3309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"James","email":"jkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stanley, Jacob K.","contributorId":96590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sinclair, Jesse A.","contributorId":66967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"Jesse A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70071870,"text":"70071870 - 2014 - Parameter estimation for the 4-parameter Asymmetric Exponential Power distribution by the method of L-moments using R","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-14T14:20:36","indexId":"70071870","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-14T14:18:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1309,"text":"Computational Statistics and Data Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parameter estimation for the 4-parameter Asymmetric Exponential Power distribution by the method of L-moments using R","docAbstract":"The implementation characteristics of two method of L-moments (MLM) algorithms for parameter estimation of the 4-parameter Asymmetric Exponential Power (AEP4) distribution are studied using the R environment for statistical computing. The objective is to validate the algorithms for general application of the AEP4 using R. An algorithm was introduced in the original study of the L-moments for the AEP4. A second or alternative algorithm is shown to have a larger L-moment-parameter domain than the original. The alternative algorithm is shown to provide reliable parameter production and recovery of L-moments from fitted parameters. A proposal is made for AEP4 implementation in conjunction with the 4-parameter Kappa distribution to create a mixed-distribution framework encompassing the joint L-skew and L-kurtosis domains. The example application provides a demonstration of pertinent algorithms with L-moment statistics and two 4-parameter distributions (AEP4 and the Generalized Lambda) for MLM fitting to a modestly asymmetric and heavy-tailed dataset using R.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computational Statistics and Data Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csda.2012.12.013","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., 2014, Parameter estimation for the 4-parameter Asymmetric Exponential Power distribution by the method of L-moments using R: Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, v. 71, p. 955-970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2012.12.013.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"955","endPage":"970","ipdsId":"IP-040542","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281037,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280982,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2012.12.013"}],"volume":"71","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d65d79e4b0b566e996b35b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047398,"text":"70047398 - 2014 - Historic changes in fish assemblage structure in midwestern nonwadeable rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-14T14:24:46","indexId":"70047398","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-14T14:16:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historic changes in fish assemblage structure in midwestern nonwadeable rivers","docAbstract":"Historical change in fish assemblage structure was evaluated in the mainstems of the Des Moines, Iowa, Cedar, Wapsipinicon, and Maquoketa rivers, in Iowa. Fish occurrence data were compared in each river between historical and recent time periods to characterize temporal changes among 126 species distributions and assess spatiotemporal patterns in faunal similarity. A resampling procedure was used to estimate species occurrences in rivers during each assessment period and changes in species occurrence were summarized. Spatiotemporal shifts in species composition were analyzed at the river and river section scale using cluster analysis, pairwise Jaccard's dissimilarities, and analysis of multivariate beta dispersion. The majority of species exhibited either increases or declines in distribution in all rivers with the exception of several “unknown” or inconclusive trends exhibited by species in the Maquoketa River. Cluster analysis identified temporal patterns of similarity among fish assemblages in the Des Moines, Cedar, and Iowa rivers within the historical and recent assessment period indicating a significant change in species composition. Prominent declines of backwater species with phytophilic spawning strategies contributed to assemblage changes occurring across river systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Midland Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031-171.1.27","usgsCitation":"Parks, T.P., Quist, M.C., and Pierce, C.L., 2014, Historic changes in fish assemblage structure in midwestern nonwadeable rivers: American Midland Naturalist, v. 171, no. 1, p. 27-53, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-171.1.27.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"27","ipdsId":"IP-043222","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/127","text":"External Repository"},{"id":281039,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281038,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-171.1.27"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Cedar River;Des Moines River;Iowa River;Maquoketa River;Wapsipinicon River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.8488,40.3754 ], [ -94.8488,43.5012 ], [ -90.1426,43.5012 ], [ -90.1426,40.3754 ], [ -94.8488,40.3754 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"171","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d65d74e4b0b566e996b34f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, Timothy P.","contributorId":11947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quist, Michael C. mquist@usgs.gov","contributorId":4042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Michael","email":"mquist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, Clay L. cpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Clay","email":"cpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70071871,"text":"70071871 - 2014 - Regression models of discharge and mean velocity associated with near-median streamflow conditions in Texas: utility of the U.S. Geological Survey discharge measurement database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-14T14:16:00","indexId":"70071871","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-14T14:04:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regression models of discharge and mean velocity associated with near-median streamflow conditions in Texas: utility of the U.S. Geological Survey discharge measurement database","docAbstract":"A database containing more than 16,300 discharge values and ancillary hydraulic attributes was assembled from summaries of discharge measurement records for 391 USGS streamflow-gauging stations (streamgauges) in Texas. Each discharge is between the 40th- and 60th-percentile daily mean streamflow as determined by period-of-record, streamgauge-specific, flow-duration curves. Each discharge therefore is assumed to represent a discharge measurement made for near-median streamflow conditions, and such conditions are conceptualized as representative of midrange to baseflow conditions in much of the state. The hydraulic attributes of each discharge measurement included concomitant cross-section flow area, water-surface top width, and reported mean velocity. Two regression equations are presented: (1) an expression for discharge and (2) an expression for mean velocity, both as functions of selected hydraulic attributes and watershed characteristics. Specifically, the discharge equation uses cross-sectional area, water-surface top width, contributing drainage area of the watershed, and mean annual precipitation of the location; the equation has an adjusted R-squared of approximately 0.95 and residual standard error of approximately 0.23 base-10 logarithm (cubic meters per second). The mean velocity equation uses discharge, water-surface top width, contributing drainage area, and mean annual precipitation; the equation has an adjusted R-squared of approximately 0.50 and residual standard error of approximately 0.087 third root (meters per second). Residual plots from both equations indicate that reliable estimates of discharge and mean velocity at ungauged stream sites are possible. Further, the relation between contributing drainage area and main-channel slope (a measure of whole-watershed slope) is depicted to aid analyst judgment of equation applicability for ungauged sites. Example applications and computations are provided and discussed within a real-world, discharge-measurement scenario, and an illustration of the development of a preliminary stage-discharge relation using the discharge equation is given.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000715","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., 2014, Regression models of discharge and mean velocity associated with near-median streamflow conditions in Texas: utility of the U.S. Geological Survey discharge measurement database: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 19, no. 1, p. 108-122, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000715.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"122","ipdsId":"IP-040546","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281036,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281034,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000715"},{"id":281035,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0000715"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102.69,28.17 ], [ -102.69,36.50 ], [ -93.52,36.50 ], [ -93.52,28.17 ], [ -102.69,28.17 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d65d7ae4b0b566e996b35f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70057648,"text":"ofr20131274 - 2014 - Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T09:02:59","indexId":"ofr20131274","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-14T09:54:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1274","title":"Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2012","docAbstract":"Streamflow and concentrations of sodium and chloride estimated from records of specific conductance were used to calculate loads of sodium and chloride during water year (WY) 2012 (October 1, 2011, through September 30, 2012), for tributaries to the Scituate Reservoir, Rhode Island. Streamflow and water-quality data used in the study were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) or the Providence Water Supply Board (PWSB). Streamflow was measured or estimated by the USGS following standard methods at 23 streamgages; 14 of these streamgages were equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring water level, specific conductance, and water temperature. Water-quality samples were collected at 37 sampling stations by the PWSB and at 14 continuous-record streamgages by the USGS during WY 2012 as part of a long-term sampling program; all stations were in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area. Water-quality data collected by the PWSB were summarized by using values of central tendency and used, in combination with measured (or estimated) streamflows, to calculate loads and yields (loads per unit area) of selected water-quality constituents for WY 2012.
\nThe largest tributary to the reservoir (the Ponaganset River, which was monitored by the USGS) contributed a mean streamflow of about 26 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) to the reservoir during WY 2012. For the same time period, annual mean1 streamflows measured (or estimated) for the other monitoring stations in this study ranged from about 0.40 to about 17 ft3/s. Together, tributaries (equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring specific conductance) transported about 1,100,000 kilograms (kg) of sodium and 1,900,000 kg of chloride to the Scituate Reservoir during WY 2012; sodium and chloride yields for the tributaries ranged from 8,700 to 51,000 kilograms per square mile (kg/mi2) and from 14,000 to 87,000 kg/mi2, respectively.
\nAt the stations where water-quality samples were collected by the PWSB, the median of the median chloride concentrations was 19 milligrams per liter (mg/L), median nitrite concentration was 0.002 mg/L as nitrogen (N), median nitrate concentration was less than 0.01 mg/L as N, median orthophosphate concentration was 0.06 mg/L as phosphorus, and median concentrations of total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were 43 and 16 colony forming units per 100 milliliters (CFU/100mL), respectively. The medians of the median daily loads (and yields) of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, and total coliform and E. coli bacteria were 200 kilograms per day (kg/d) (71 kilograms per day per square mile (kg/d/mi2)); 15 grams per day (g/d) (5.4 grams per day per square mile (g/d/mi2)); 100 g/d (38 g/d/mi2); 500 g/d (260 g/d/mi2); 4,300 million colony forming units per day (CFUx106/d) (1,500 CFUx106/d/mi2); and 1,000 CFUx106/d (360 CFUx106/d/mi2), respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131274","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Providence Water Supply Board","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.P., 2014, Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2012 (First posted January 14, 2014; Revised and reposted July 14, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1274, v, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131274.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-10-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-045370","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131274.jpg"},{"id":280968,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1274/pdf/ofr2013-1274.pdf"},{"id":280967,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1274/"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Scituate Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.8,41.7 ], [ -71.8,41.9 ], [ -71.5,41.9 ], [ -71.5,41.7 ], [ -71.8,41.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted January 14, 2014; Revised and reposted July 14, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d65d7be4b0b566e996b363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156439,"text":"70156439 - 2014 - Identification of evolutionary hotspots based on genetic data from multiple terrestrial and aquatic taxa and gap analysis of hotspots in protected lands encompassed by the South Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T13:58:16","indexId":"70156439","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Identification of evolutionary hotspots based on genetic data from multiple terrestrial and aquatic taxa and gap analysis of hotspots in protected lands encompassed by the South Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative.","docAbstract":"The southeastern United States is a recognized hotspot of biodiversity for a variety of aquatic taxa, including fish, amphibians, and mollusks. Unfortunately, the great diversity of the area is accompanied by a large proportion of species at risk of extinction . Gap analysis was employed to assess the representation of evolutionary hotspots in protected lands w h ere an evolutionary hotspot was defined as an area with high evolutionary potential and measured by atypical patterns of genetic divergence, genetic diversity, and to a lesser extent genetic similarity across multiple terrestrial or aquatic taxa. A survey of the primary literature produced 16 terrestrial and 14 aquatic genetic datasets for estimation of genetic divergence and diversity. Relative genetic diversity and divergence values for each terrestrial and aquatic dataset were used for interpolation of multispecies genetic surfaces and subsequent visualization using ArcGIS. The multispecies surfaces interpolated from relative divergences and diversity data identified numerous evolutionary hotspots for both terrestrial and aquatic taxa , many of which were afforded some current protection. For instance, 14% of the cells identified as hotspots of aquatic diversity were encompassed by currently protected areas. Additionally, 25% of the highest 1% of terrestrial diversity cells were afforded some level of protection. In contrast, areas of high and low divergence among species, and areas of high variance in diversity were poorly represented in the protected lands. Of particular interest were two areas that were consistently identified by several different measures as important from a conservation perspective. These included an area encompassing the panhandle of Florida and southern Georgia near the Apalachicola National Forest (displaying varying levels of genetic divergence and greater than average levels of genetic diversity) and a large portion of the coastal regions of North and South Carolina (displaying low genetic divergence and greater than average levels of genetic diversity) . Our results show the utility o f genetic data sets for identifying cross - species patterns of genetic diversity and divergence (i.e., evolutionary hotspots) in aquatic and terrestrial environments for use in conservation design and delivery across the southeastern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J., Snider, M., Duke, J., and Moyer, G., 2014, Identification of evolutionary hotspots based on genetic data from multiple terrestrial and aquatic taxa and gap analysis of hotspots in protected lands encompassed by the South Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative., 56 p.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.02490234375,\n 36.55377524336086\n ],\n [\n -79.51904296874999,\n 36.12900165569652\n ],\n [\n -84.5947265625,\n 32.59310597426537\n ],\n [\n -85.18798828125,\n 29.869228848968312\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -84.144287109375,\n 29.44916482692468\n ],\n [\n -83.133544921875,\n 29.36302703778376\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 29.36302703778376\n ],\n [\n -81.068115234375,\n 29.334298230315675\n ],\n [\n -81.4306640625,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -81.01318359375,\n 31.756196257571325\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 33.284619968887704\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 33.47727218776036\n ],\n [\n -76.981201171875,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -76.08032226562499,\n 35.25459097465025\n ],\n [\n -75.509033203125,\n 35.88014896488361\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -78.02490234375,\n 36.55377524336086\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f176e4b0bc0bec09fdbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J.","contributorId":73723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snider, M.","contributorId":146854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snider","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duke, J.","contributorId":146855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duke","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moyer, G.R.","contributorId":68979,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moyer","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70049003,"text":"sim3274 - 2014 - Flood-inundation maps for the East Fork White River near Bedford, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T17:49:16","indexId":"sim3274","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-13T17:05:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3274","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the East Fork White River near Bedford, Indiana","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for an 1.8-mile reach of the East Fork White River near Bedford, Indiana (Ind.) were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/ depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selectedwater levels (stages) at USGS streamgage 03371500, East Fork White River near Bedford, Ind. Current conditions for estimating near-real-time areas of inundation using USGS streamgage information may be obtained on the Internet at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/in/nwis/uv?site_no=03371500. In addition, information has been provided to the National Weather Service (NWS) for incorporation into their Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood warning system (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often colocated with USGS streamgages, including the East Fork White River near Bedford, Ind. NWS-forecasted peak-stage information may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.\n\nFor this study, flood profiles were computed for the East Fork White River reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The hydraulic model was calibrated by using the most current stage-discharge relations at USGS streamgage 03371500, East Fork White River near Bedford, Ind., and documented high-water marks from the flood of June 2008. The calibrated hydraulic model was then used to determine 20 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from bankfull to the highest stage of the current stage-discharge rating curve. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system (GIS) digital elevation model (DEM, derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data having a 0.593-foot vertical accuracy) in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level.\n\nThe availability of these maps, along with Internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage near Bedford, Ind., and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provides emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for postflood recovery eforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3274","issn":"2329-132X","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Fowler, K.K., 2014, Flood-inundation maps for the East Fork White River near Bedford, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3274, Report: v, 8 p.; 20 Map Sheets; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3274.","productDescription":"Report: v, 8 p.; 20 Map Sheets; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045036","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3274.jpg"},{"id":280944,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3274/pdf/mapsheets/"},{"id":280945,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3274/images/mapsheets_jpg/"},{"id":280946,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3274/Downloads"},{"id":280942,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3274/"},{"id":280943,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3274/pdf/sim3274.pdf"}],"datum":"North American Vertical Datum 1988","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Bedford","otherGeospatial":"East Fork White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.533333,38.75 ], [ -86.533333,38.85 ], [ -86.383333,38.85 ], [ -86.383333,38.75 ], [ -86.533333,38.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d50bcae4b0f19e63d9b376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, Kathleen K. 0000-0002-0107-3848 kkfowler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-3848","contributorId":2439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"Kathleen","email":"kkfowler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70060020,"text":"ds815 - 2014 - Physiographic and land cover attributes of the Puget Lowland and the active streamflow gaging network, Puget Sound Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-28T21:27:52.698293","indexId":"ds815","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-13T16:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"815","title":"Physiographic and land cover attributes of the Puget Lowland and the active streamflow gaging network, Puget Sound Basin","docAbstract":"Geospatial information for the active streamflow gaging network in the Puget Sound Basin was compiled to support regional monitoring of stormwater effects to small streams. The compilation includes drainage area boundaries and physiographic and land use attributes that affect hydrologic processes. Three types of boundaries were used to tabulate attributes: Puget Sound Watershed Characterization analysis units (AU); the drainage area of active streamflow gages; and the catchments of Regional Stream Monitoring Program (RSMP) sites. The active streamflow gaging network generally includes sites that represent the ranges of attributes for lowland AUs, although there are few sites with low elevations (less than 60 meters), low precipitation (less than 1 meter year), or high stream density (greater than 5 kilometers per square kilometers). The active streamflow gaging network can serve to provide streamflow information in some AUs and RSMP sites, particularly where the streamflow gage measures streamflow generated from a part of the AU or that drains to the RSMP site, and that part of the AU or RSMP site is a significant fraction of the drainage area of the streamgage. The maximum fraction of each AU or RSMP catchment upstream of a streamflow gage and the maximum fraction of any one gaged basin in an AU or RSMP along with corresponding codes are provided in the attribute tables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds815","issn":"2327-638X","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Association of Washington Cities and the Washington Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C., and Sevier, M., 2014, Physiographic and land cover attributes of the Puget Lowland and the active streamflow gaging network, Puget Sound Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 815, Report: HTML document; Conversion factors; 7 Tables; ArcGIS files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds815.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Conversion Factors; 7 Tables; ArcGIS Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050811","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504839,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99491.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280941,"rank":12,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds815.png"},{"id":280930,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/"},{"id":280931,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/index.html"},{"id":280940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/downloads/ActiveGageAreas.zip"},{"id":280939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/ds815_table7.html"},{"id":280938,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/ds815_table6.html"},{"id":280937,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/ds815_table5.html"},{"id":280936,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/downloads/ds815_table4.csv"},{"id":280935,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/downloads/ds815_table3.csv"},{"id":280934,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/downloads/ds815_table2.csv"},{"id":280933,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/conversions.html"},{"id":280932,"rank":9,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/815/ds815_table1.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.7449,46.3565 ], [ -124.7449,48.4526 ], [ -121.2684,48.4526 ], [ -121.2684,46.3565 ], [ -124.7449,46.3565 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d50bcde4b0f19e63d9b37a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Christopher","contributorId":72703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sevier, Maria","contributorId":87450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sevier","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}