Estimates of oil and gas resources typically are presented in terms of proved and undiscovered resources. This paper presents a methodology for incorporating economic considerations into resource appraisals for petroleum basins. A cost algorithm is used to calculate estimates of the costs of finding and developing undiscovered oil and gas fields in the Permian basin. The sensitivity of the resource estimates to variations in values of the variables in the costing model was investigated, and the results of this analysis are presented. The model indicates that at prices up to $40/bbl, the total reserves of oil and gas in barrels-of-oil equivalent (BOE's) from future discoveries will be less than 15% of the estimated ultimate recovery from fields discovered before Jan. 1 1975. Only discoveries to a depth of 20,000 ft were included.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/7738-PA","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., Garland, T., Wood, J., Dietzman, W.D., and Hicks, J., 1981, Economics and petroleum resource appraisal: The case of the Permian basin: : Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 603-616, https://doi.org/10.2118/7738-PA.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"616","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357520,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, T.M.","contributorId":208020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garland","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, J.H.","contributorId":208023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietzman, William D.","contributorId":77532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietzman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hicks, J.N.","contributorId":208024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hicks","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011940,"text":"70011940 - 1981 - Antiphase domains and reverse thermoremanent magnetism in ilmenite-hematite minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:23:33.521466","indexId":"70011940","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antiphase domains and reverse thermoremanent magnetism in ilmenite-hematite minerals","docAbstract":"Examination of synthetic ilmenite-hematite samples by transmission electron microscopy has for the first time revealed the presence of well-defined antiphase domains and antiphase domain boundaries in this mineral system. Samples quenched from 1300°C have a high density of domain boundaries, whereas samples quenched from 900°C have a much lower density. Only the high-temperature samples acquire reverse thermoremanent magnetism when cooled in an applied magnetic field. The presence of a high density of domain boundaries seems to be a necessary condition for the acquisition of reverse thermoremanent magnetism.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4514.1372","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Lawson, C., Nord, G.L., Dowty, E., and Hargraves, R., 1981, Antiphase domains and reverse thermoremanent magnetism in ilmenite-hematite minerals: Science, v. 213, no. 4514, p. 1372-1374, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4514.1372.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1372","endPage":"1374","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4514","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec6de4b0c8380cd4926f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawson, C.A.","contributorId":39521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dowty, Eric","contributorId":30334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowty","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hargraves, R.B.","contributorId":84077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargraves","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223688,"text":"5223688 - 1981 - Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:32:33.465684","indexId":"5223688","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur?","docAbstract":"Field observations and experimental evidence refute previous objections to the coral snake mimicry hypothesis. Concordant color pattern variation spanning hundreds of miles and several presumed venomous models strongly suggests that several harmless or mildly venomous colubrid snakes are indeed mimics of highly venomous elapids.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4513.1207","usgsCitation":"Greene, H., and McDiarmid, R., 1981, Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur?: Science, v. 213, no. 4513, p. 1207-1212, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4513.1207.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1212","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4513","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47dce4b07f02db4b7c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, H.W.","contributorId":89638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011973,"text":"70011973 - 1981 - Organic geochemistry of the 9.6 km Bertha Rogers No. 1. well, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-19T16:42:25.784927","indexId":"70011973","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic geochemistry of the 9.6 km Bertha Rogers No. 1. well, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Organic geochemical analyses of fine-grained rocks from the 9.590 km Bertha Rogers No. 1 well have been carried out: total organic carbon, Soxhlet extraction and silica gel chromatography, C15+ saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, pyrolysis, kerogen analysis, X-ray diffraction and visual kerogen analysis.
Rocks ranged in age from Permian to Ordovician; the well has an estimated bottom hole temperature of 225°C. Some data from this study are inconsistent with conventional theories concerning the generation and thermal destruction of hydrocarbons. For example, appreciable amounts of C15+ gas-condensate-like hydrocarbons are present in very old rocks currently at temperatures where current theory predicts that only methane and graphite should remain. Also, substantial amounts of pyrolyzable C15+ hydrocarbons remain on the kerogen in these deeply buried Paleozoic rocks. This suggests, at least in somes cases, that temperatures much higher than those predicted by current theory are required for generation and thermal destruction of hydrocarbons. The data from this well also suggest that original composition of organic matter and environment of deposition may have a much stronger influence on the organic geochemical characteristics of fine-grained sediments than has previously been ascribed to them. The results from this well, from other deep hot wells in which temperatures exceed 200°C, and from laboratory experiments, suggest that some of the basic concepts of the generation and maturation of petroleum hydrocarbons may be in error and perhaps should be reexamined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(81)90001-2","usgsCitation":"Price, L.C., Clayton, J.L., and Rumen, L., 1981, Organic geochemistry of the 9.6 km Bertha Rogers No. 1. well, Oklahoma: Organic Geochemistry, v. 3, no. 3, p. 59-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(81)90001-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Bertha Rogers No. 1. well","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.23666356135436,\n 35.363709326165775\n ],\n [\n -99.23666356135436,\n 35.26657419464843\n ],\n [\n -99.09112301460759,\n 35.26657419464843\n ],\n [\n -99.09112301460759,\n 35.363709326165775\n ],\n [\n -99.23666356135436,\n 35.363709326165775\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fc1e4b0c8380cd75c49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Leigh C.","contributorId":39379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Leigh","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, Jerry L.","contributorId":12486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rumen, L.L.","contributorId":43497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70237115,"text":"70237115 - 1981 - Verification of land cover maps from Landsat data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T16:20:37.477961","indexId":"70237115","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-01T11:11:46","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Verification of land cover maps from Landsat data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western regional remote sensing conference proceedings, 1981","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Western Regional Remote Sensing Conference, 1981","conferenceDate":"Mar 30-Apr 2, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Monterey, CA","language":"English","publisher":"NASA","usgsCitation":"Linden, D.S., and Szajgin, J., 1981, Verification of land cover maps from Landsat data, in Western regional remote sensing conference proceedings, 1981, Monterey, CA, Mar 30-Apr 2, 1981, p. 1-119-1-125.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1-119","endPage":"1-125","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407615,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Lou","contributorId":10029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mary Lou","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011697,"text":"70011697 - 1981 - Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:58:07.673717","indexId":"70011697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","docAbstract":"Independent geological and geophysical investigations of the Mid-Ocean Ridge system have begun to focus on the nature of the magma chamber system underlying its central axis. Thermal models predict the existence of a steady-state chamber beneath a thin crustal lid ranging in thickness from 2 to 13 kilometers. The only aspect of the system that these models fail to account for is the extremely slow spreading rates. Seismological studies reveal the existence of a low-velocity zone beneath segments of the East Pacific Rise, which is thought to correspond to a chamber system having a half-width of approximately 5 to 10 kilometers. These estimates compare favorably with those derived separately through petrological investigations of deep-sea drilling results, various sampling programs, and field and laboratory studies of ophiolites. The chamber is thought to be wing-shaped and to remain continuously open; it is thought to be fed from the center while simultaneously solidifying at the sides as spreading carries the two halves apart. Progressive fractionation occurs by crystal settling coupled with repeated replenishment and magma mixing in an open steady-state system. Near-bottom studies reveal that the zone of extrusion above the chamber is narrow, but its eruptive history is cyclic in nature, in conflict with the predictions of a steady-state model. On-bottom gravity data at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise reveal a negative gravity anomaly that may be related to the uppermost part of the chamber. The anomaly is only 2 kilometers wide and 1 kilometer below the sea floor. This feature may be associated with a short-term upper magma reservoir. The cyclic volcanic activity is directly related to the active phase of hydrothermal circulation responsible for the observed negative thermal anomaly. The volume of water associated with this circulation is equal to the entire ocean volume passing through the accretion zone approximately every 8 million years. This is about 0.5 percent of the world's rivers, but the effective transport rates of elements are comparable to those of rivers in that anomalies for individual elements are frequently between 100 and 1000 times the average river composition. The degree of subsurface dilution determines the final exit temperature and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, ranging from manganese domination at extreme dilution to iron at intermediate levels to sulfide deposition when low dilution occurs. The discovery of massive sulfide deposits on the East Pacific Rise is destined to have a profound impact on our understanding of ore-forming processes. Whether it will have any economic significance remains to be seen.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.31","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ballard, R.D., Craig, H., Edmond, J., Einaudi, M., Holcomb, R., Holland, H., Hopson, C., Luyendyk, B., Macdonald, K., Morton, J., Orcutt, J., and Sleep, N., 1981, Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 31-40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce1e4b0c8380cd4e4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballard, Richard D.","contributorId":40729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craig, H.","contributorId":78878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmond, J.","contributorId":44291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmond","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Einaudi, M.","contributorId":14575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holcomb, R.","contributorId":23276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holland, H.D.","contributorId":19288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hopson, C.A.","contributorId":13244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luyendyk, B.P.","contributorId":53074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luyendyk","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Macdonald, K.","contributorId":23690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J.","contributorId":53523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Orcutt, J.","contributorId":51457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sleep, N.","contributorId":88484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70011730,"text":"70011730 - 1981 - Continental accretion: From oceanic plateaus to allochthonous terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:03:49.169604","indexId":"70011730","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continental accretion: From oceanic plateaus to allochthonous terranes","docAbstract":"Some of the regions of the anomalously high sea-floor topography in today's oceans may be modern allochthonous terranes moving with their oceanic plates. Fated to collide with and be accreted to adjacent continents, they may create complex volcanism, cut off and trap oceanic crust, and cause orogenic deformation. The accretion of plateaus during subduction of oceanic plates may be responsible for mountain building comparable to that produced by the collision of continents.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.47","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ben-Avraham, Z., Nur, A., Jones, D., and Cox, A., 1981, Continental accretion: From oceanic plateaus to allochthonous terranes: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.47.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4ee4b0c8380cd4da33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ben-Avraham, Z.","contributorId":68459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Avraham","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nur, A.","contributorId":31114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, D.","contributorId":16578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, A.","contributorId":89266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221681,"text":"5221681 - 1981 - Decline and present status of breeding Peregrine Falcons in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-09T16:31:41.841195","indexId":"5221681","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2793,"text":"Murrelet","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decline and present status of breeding Peregrine Falcons in Oregon","docAbstract":"Unprecedented declines of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere became apparent during the Madison Peregrine Falcon Conference in 1965 (Hickey 1969). Data from Britain were the most detailed; broken or missing eggs were much more common in 1949-56 than they had been in earlier years (Ratcliffe 1958). Subsequently, Ratcliffe (1967) showed a significant decrease in eggshell weight of peregrines in Britain starting in 1947 or 1948. Later, the same finding was demonstrated in North America (Hickey and Anderson 1968). The relation of eggshell thickness to DDE residue levels was established for Alaskan peregrines by Cade et al. (1971) and Peakall et al. (1975). Peakall (1976) stated that pesticides were considered to be a major factor in the decline of the peregrine, and tentatively concluded that the level of DDE in eggs that failed to hatch was 15-20 ppm (wet weight.)
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.2307/3534174","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., and Nelson, M., 1981, Decline and present status of breeding Peregrine Falcons in Oregon: Murrelet, v. 62, no. 2, p. 43-53, https://doi.org/10.2307/3534174.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18086,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3534174","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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In this paper we review the steps taken in developing a trailhead quota system. The availability of acceptable campsites, based on a detailed inventory of site distribution and impact, was used to quantitatively derive use capacities for each camp area. Wilderness permit data on visitor dispersal patterns from the major trailheads, including length of stay at each camp area, were then used to translate the area capacities into daily trailhead quotas that would assure that these capacities were not surpassed. 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