{"pageNumber":"5486","pageRowStart":"137125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184828,"records":[{"id":70231537,"text":"70231537 - 1981 - A geochemical study of the Eyasi I skull; implications for the process of fossilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T15:16:21.123509","indexId":"70231537","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-30T10:13:55","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A geochemical study of the Eyasi I skull; implications for the process of fossilization","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Die archaeologischen und anthropologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen-Expeditionen in Nord-Tanzania 1933-1939 — The palaeoanthropological finds of the Pliocene and Pleistocene","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Verlag Archaeologica Venatoria","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., 1981, A geochemical study of the Eyasi I skull; implications for the process of fossilization, chap. <i>of</i> Die archaeologischen und anthropologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen-Expeditionen in Nord-Tanzania 1933-1939 — The palaeoanthropological finds of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, p. 128-132.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012153,"text":"70012153 - 1981 - Eastern Indian 3800-million-year-old crust and early mantle differentiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:16:24.621311","indexId":"70012153","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eastern Indian 3800-million-year-old crust and early mantle differentiation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Samarium-neodymium data for nine granitic and tonalite gneisses occurring as remnants within the Singhbhum granite batholith in eastern India define an isochron of age 3775 ± 89 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;years with an initial&nbsp;</span><sup>143</sup><span>Nd/</span><sup>144</sup><span>Nd ratio of 0.50798 ± 0.00007. This age contrasts with the rubidium-strontium age of 3200 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;years for the same suite of rocks. On the basis of the new samarium-neodynium data, field data, and petrologic data, a scheme of evolution is proposed for the Archean crust in eastern India. The isotopic data provide evidence that parts of the earth's mantle were already differentiated with respect to the chondritic samarium-neodymium ratio 3800 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;years ago.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.212.4502.1502","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Basu, A.R., Ray, S., Saha, A., and Sarkar, S., 1981, Eastern Indian 3800-million-year-old crust and early mantle differentiation: Science, v. 212, no. 4502, p. 1502-1506, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4502.1502.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1502","endPage":"1506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","otherGeospatial":"eastern India","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              78.21077284855846,\n              28.246708176883786\n            ],\n            [\n              78.21077284855846,\n              8.74911549349305\n            ],\n            [\n              87.5306500867199,\n              8.74911549349305\n            ],\n            [\n              87.5306500867199,\n              28.246708176883786\n            ],\n            [\n              78.21077284855846,\n              28.246708176883786\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"212","issue":"4502","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0534e4b0c8380cd50cda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basu, A. R.","contributorId":99697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ray, S.L.","contributorId":47915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saha, A.K.","contributorId":10553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saha","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sarkar, S.N.","contributorId":97637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarkar","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70210805,"text":"70210805 - 1981 - Location of a caldera source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, northwestern Nevada, indicated by gravity and aeromagnetic data: Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T19:13:54.520535","indexId":"70210805","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-25T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location of a caldera source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, northwestern Nevada, indicated by gravity and aeromagnetic data: Summary","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract&nbsp; available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<4:LOACSF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Greene, R.C., and Plouff, D., 1981, Location of a caldera source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, northwestern Nevada, indicated by gravity and aeromagnetic data: Summary: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. 1, p. 4-6, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<4:LOACSF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Soldier meadow Tuff","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.3115234375,\n              40.81380923056958\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3447265625,\n              40.81380923056958\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3447265625,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.3115234375,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.3115234375,\n              40.81380923056958\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, R. C.","contributorId":88347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210804,"text":"70210804 - 1981 - Location of a Caldera Source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, Northwestern Nevada, Indicated by Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T18:49:31.250927","indexId":"70210804","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-25T13:42:21","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location of a Caldera Source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, Northwestern Nevada, Indicated by Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Soldier Meadow Tuff in north-western Nevada is part of a sequence of peralkaline and subalkaline rhyolitic rocks of Miocene age that occupies an area of about 1,600 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;and has a volume of about 50 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>. The formation is mostly welded tuff containing abundant alkali feldspar and quartz phenocrysts in devitrified groundmass containing minute needles of blue-green alkali amphibole. The rhyolite of Badger Mountain is similar in mineralogy and chemistry, but textures suggest that it is a flow rhyolite. The underlying rhyolite of Catnip Mountain and tuff of Trough Mountain are phenocryst-poor but apparently also peralkaline. Gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly maps show 16- by 24-km anomalies near Badger Mountain. An analysis of these maps suggests that observed anomalies could be caused by a concealed caldera of 2,700-m thickness filled with rocks 0.2 g/cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;less dense and 0***002 emu/cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;lower magnetic susceptibility than the surrounding rocks. Distribution of the Soldier Meadow Tuff and the occurrence of numerous vents in the rhyolite of Badger Mountain suggest that the source for both units is associated with the indicated caldera. Possible alternative sources are other calderas whose locations are suggested by a 7- by 11-km gravity minimum near Rock Spring Table and a 12- by 24-km magnetic minimum west of Soldier Meadow.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-39","usgsCitation":"Greene, R.C., and Plouff, D., 1981, Location of a Caldera Source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, Northwestern Nevada, Indicated by Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. I&II, p. 39-57, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-39.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Soldier Meadow Tuff","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.267578125,\n              40.83043687764923\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.19091796875,\n              40.83043687764923\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.19091796875,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.267578125,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.267578125,\n              40.83043687764923\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"I&II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, R. C.","contributorId":88347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70211096,"text":"70211096 - 1981 - Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T18:13:21.296525","indexId":"70211096","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-23T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption","docAbstract":"<p><span>Dormant since 1857, Mount St. Helens Volcano in southwestern Washington stirred from its repose to erupt on March 27, 1980, following a week of premonitory earthquake activity. The eruption was the first in the conterminous United States since the 1914-1921 activity of Lassen Peak, California. The eruptive activity through May 17 was intermittent and relatively mild, but the accompanying seismic activity remained intense. On May 18, a catastrophic eruption, triggered by a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, produced a massive landslide/debris avalanche, a devastating lateral \"blast,\" pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and an ash column that rose more than 20 km into the stratosphere. Winds carried the ash easterly, and more than 7 cm of ash was deposited locally in parts of eastern Washington. The landslide/debris avalanche and associated mudflows caused flooding of the Toutle and Cowlitz River valleys, which carried sediment as far as the confluence with the Columbia, where it choked off the channel to navigation. Smaller but significant explosive eruptions followed in May, June, July, August, and October, 1980, with lava domes being extruded in the crater following the June, August, and October eruptions. Subsequently in December 1980 and February 1981, lava domes were extruded without significant preceding explosive activity. Except for the latter two, each dome was partly or wholly destroyed by succeeding explosive events. Scientists expect similar activity to continue for months or years--possibly even decades. The Mount St. Helens eruptions severely tested the ability of scientists to respond swiftly and effectively in assisting public officials during a geologic disaster. At the same time, they shall continue to provide an unprecedented opportunity for the systematic investigation of volcanic phenomena, and hopefully, the insight to meet possible future eruptions there and elsewhere in the Cascade Range with equal success.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Technical Symposium East","conferenceDate":"April 21-22, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.931919","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1981, Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 278, Washington, D.C., April 21-22, 1981, p. 3-10, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931919.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.42683410644533,\n              46.03272582161419\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9647216796875,\n              46.03272582161419\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9647216796875,\n              46.33697302866841\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.42683410644533,\n              46.33697302866841\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.42683410644533,\n              46.03272582161419\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"278","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5221726,"text":"5221726 - 1981 - Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mallard duck eggs by GC and GC-MS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T11:52:57","indexId":"5221726","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:19:33","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mallard duck eggs by GC and GC-MS","docAbstract":"Hydrocarbon residues in pooled eggs from a mallard duck on a diet of 25,000 ppm South Louisiana crude oil were compared after cleanup with and without saponification.  The saponification procedure yielded superior reproducibility and extraction efficiency","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(81)90036-9","usgsCitation":"Belisle, A.A., Gay, M.L., and Coon, N.C., 1981, Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mallard duck eggs by GC and GC-MS: Chemosphere, v. 10, no. 11-12, p. 1197-1203, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(81)90036-9.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1197","endPage":"1203","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18524,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(81)90036-9","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"10","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4803e4b07f02db4ce702","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belisle, A. A.","contributorId":77897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belisle","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gay, M. L.","contributorId":91191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coon, N. C.","contributorId":76695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221679,"text":"5221679 - 1981 - Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:15:57","indexId":"5221679","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:19:13","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3611,"text":"Toxicology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development","docAbstract":"Mallard eggs were externally exposed at 3 and 8 days of incubation to 7 different industrial effluents and to 7 different heavy metal, organic solvent, and petroleum solutions to screen for potential embryo-toxic effects. This route of exposure was chosen in order to simulate the transfer of pollutant from the plumage of aquatic birds to their eggs. Five of the effluents including mineral pigment, scouring effluent, sludge, and tannery effluent resulted in small but significant reductions in embryonic growth. Treatment with methyl mercury chloride solution of 50 ppm (Hg) impaired embryonic growth but much higher concentrations were required to affect survival and cause teratogenic effects. Oil used to suppress road dust was the most toxic of the pollutants tested and only 0.5 microliter/egg caused 60% mortality by 18 days of development. These findings, in combination with other studies suggest that petroleum pollutants, or effluents in combination with petroleum, may pose a hazard to birds' eggs when exposure is by this route.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-4274(81)90171-5","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., and Eastin, W.C., 1981, Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development: Toxicology Letters, v. 9, no. 1, p. 35-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(81)90171-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eastin, W. C. Jr.","contributorId":6147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastin","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222210,"text":"5222210 - 1981 - Effects of dietary nickel on mallards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-12T11:59:25","indexId":"5222210","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dietary nickel on mallards","docAbstract":"Thirty breeding pairs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups and were fed breeder mash containing 0, 12.5, 50.0, 200.0, or 800.0 ppm Ni (as the sulfate) for 90 d. Ni ingestion had no effect on egg production, hatchability, or survival of ducklings. After 90 d birds were bled, sacrificed, and necropsied. There were no significant differences in hematocrit; concentrations of hemoglobin, plasma triglyceride, and cholesterol; of plasma activities of ornithine carbamoyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase. A black tarry feces was noted in the high Ni dose group at necropsy, but no gross or histopathologic lesions were observed. Although absolute concentrations of Ni in tissues were low, there were significant accumulations in kidneys of birds fed Ni at all dietary levels and in feathers, blood, and livers of birds fed high doses of Ni compared with controls.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/15287398109530031","usgsCitation":"Eastin, W., and O'Shea, T., 1981, Effects of dietary nickel on mallards: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 7, no. 6, p. 883-892, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398109530031.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"892","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625bbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eastin, W.C.","contributorId":31496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastin","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222402,"text":"5222402 - 1981 - Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T12:40:17","indexId":"5222402","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks","docAbstract":"<p> Reduction and deterioration of habitat and high nest predation have contributed to the decline of the continental populations of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) (Trauger 1974). Environmental metal contaminants also may adversely affect reproduction and survival of waterfowl (Heinz 1974, 1976a,b, 1979; Finley and Stendell 1978). White et al. (1979) ex- amined canvasbacks from Chesapeake Bay in 1975 and 1976 and found low levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury in certain tissues. Low levels of mercury in canvasbacks have also been reported from Wisconsin (Kleinert and Degurse 1972) and Saskatchewan (Vermeer and Armstrong 1972). Stendell et al. (1977) found mercury residues in 6 of 34 canvasback eggs collected in 1972 and 1973. The objective of my study was to ascertain levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel in canvasbacks from the upper Mississippi River</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3807935","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., 1981, Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 2, p. 508-511, https://doi.org/10.2307/3807935.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17629,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3807935","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dbbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5221643,"text":"5221643 - 1981 - Effects of chronic ingestion of No. 2 fuel oil on mallard ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T12:36:01","indexId":"5221643","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of chronic ingestion of No. 2 fuel oil on mallard ducklings","docAbstract":"No. 2 fuel oil was fed to mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings in concentrations of 0.5 and 5.0% of the diet from hatching to 18 wk of age to assess the effects of chronic oil ingestion during early development. Five growth parameters (body weight, wing length, ninth primary length, tarsal length, and bill length) were depressed in birds receiving a diet containing 5% fuel oil. There was no oil-related mortality. The 5% fuel oil diet impaired avoidance behavior of 9-d-old mallard ducklings compared with controls or ducklings fed 0.5% oil. Open-field activity was greatly increased in 16-wk-old ducklings fed 5.0% oil. Liver hypertrophy and splenic atrophy were gross evidences of pathological effects in birds on the 5.0% oil diet. More subtle effects included biochemical lesions that resulted in the elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287398109530020","usgsCitation":"Szaro, R.C., Hensler, G.L., and Heinz, G.H., 1981, Effects of chronic ingestion of No. 2 fuel oil on mallard ducklings: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 7, no. 5, p. 789-799, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398109530020.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"789","endPage":"799","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269456,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287398109530020"}],"volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615fe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szaro, Robert C.","contributorId":21240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szaro","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hensler, Gary L.","contributorId":23111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensler","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70210570,"text":"70210570 - 1981 - Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T15:44:25.881897","indexId":"70210570","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T14:16:24","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Strawberry mine, 90 km northeast of Fresno, California, occurs on the margin of a small roof pendant of Early Jurassic metasedimentary rocks and middle Cretaceous metaigneous rocks. Middle Cretaceous granitic intrusions surround and intrude the roof pendant. Adjacent to one granodiorite intrusion, several subvertical marble layers are replaced by scheelite-bearing skarns. The skarns form spears that project as much as 300 m upward and into the marble layers. Between the marble and granodiorite, the skarns comprise a metasomatic column and are subdivided into four zones: (1) wollastonite skarn, adjacent to and replacing marble, and containing wollastonite, grossularite, idocrase, and diopside; (2) garnet skarn, containing andradite-grossularite, diopside-hedenbergite, and scheelite; (3) pyroxene skarn containing hedenbergite-diopside, plagioclase, magnetite, and scheelite; and (4) hornblende skarn, adjacent to granodiorite, and containing hornblende, plagioclase, microcline, magnetite, and scheelite. Important features of the skarn zonation are: sharp contacts between skarn zones; relative constancy of whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions within each skarn zone; major changes in whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions across contacts between skarn zones; and systematic replacement between skarn zones, with any given skarn zone replaced by the next lower and adjacent skarn zone toward the granodiorite. Volume remained approximately constant in the replacement of marble by various skarn zones. Marble and skarn exhibit uniformly low porosity. Data on mineral paragenesis and mineral composition indicate that in the replacement of any skarn the most calcic mineral is consumed and the residual calc-silicate minerals in the replacing skarn increase in abundance and are richer in total Fe and MnO. This mineral paragenesis can be related to systematic variations in whole-rock composition. From the marble to the granodiorite, skarns are progressively depleted in CaO and CO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;, and progressively enriched in SiO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;, total Fe, MgO, MnO, Al&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;O&nbsp;</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;, Na&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;O, K&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;O, and WO&nbsp;</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;. The skarns probably formed when an aqueous fluid containing a solute fraction relatively depleted in Ca and CO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;, and relatively enriched in Si, Fe, Mg, Mn, Al, Na, K, and W, was expelled from a granitic magma into country rock. The tendency toward local equilibrium between fluid and marble resulted in formation of skarns with systematic stepwise changes in mineral and rock composition at contacts between skarns. Achievement of local equilibrium occurred mainly by infiltration metasomatism with a possible minor component of diffusion metasomatism.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., 1981, Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 111-133, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375477,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Strawberry Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.36645507812499,\n              37.48139702942734\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.72100830078125,\n              37.48139702942734\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.72100830078125,\n              37.87593739777859\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.36645507812499,\n              37.87593739777859\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.36645507812499,\n              37.48139702942734\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5210273,"text":"5210273 - 1981 - Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-31T16:32:03","indexId":"5210273","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","docAbstract":"Three reproductive trials were conducted to develop techniques for propagation of captive starlings (Stumus vulgaris) which could determine the effects of environmental contaminants on passerine reproduction. Trials were conducted during the spring of 1979 in five adjacent 2.4 by 3 by 12-m outdoor wire pens containing four or ten pairs of starlings, a similar number of nest boxes, perches, water, commercial turkey starter, and alfalfa hay as nesting material. Nestling diets consisted of combinations of Nebraska Brand bird of prey diet, live or frozen mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and crickets (Acheta domestica), or live earthworms (Pheretima sp.). Starlings reproduced successfully when the number of breeding pairs per pen was reduced from ten to four. The average clutch sizes for each pen (4.3 to 4.9) were similar to those reported for wild starlings. Hatching (60 to 90.4 percent) and fledging (0 to 100 percent) success varied among pens. The fledging success was greatest in the pens which received the most diverse nestling diets: Nebraska Brand diet plus frozen or live mealworms and crickets. Whether the insects were presented alive or frozen appeared to have little effect on the reproductive success. The starlings did not consume or carry earthworms to their young. The body weights of 20-day-old nestlings raised in captivity (X=73.9 g) were similar to those of starlings in the wild. The use of single pairs per pen may eliminate problems in presentation of nestling diets due to asynchrony in breeding between pairs and excessive interactions among individuals, which may interfere with parental care. The starling appears to be an excellent model for examining the effects of environmental contaminants on the reproduction of songbirds in captivity.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Testing and Materials","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","doi":"10.1520/STP28368S","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., and Christian, C., 1981, Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction, chap. <i>of</i> Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium, p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP28368S.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604795","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lamb, D.W.","contributorId":112127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506214,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenaga, E.E.","contributorId":113958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenaga","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506215,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christian, C.L.","contributorId":92781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70120243,"text":"70120243 - 1981 - Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T13:13:52","indexId":"70120243","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-01T12:56:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","docAbstract":"<p>Studies of the bioenergetics of the northern pocket gopher, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i>, are coupled with data on demography, activity budgets, and microclimates to model the energy requirements of individuals and populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah during 1976-1979.  Metabolic rates during rest increased linearly with decreasing ambient temperature, but burrowing metabolic rates (16.3 mL O<sub>2</sub> • h<sup>-1</sup> • g<sup>-9.75</sup>) were independent of both temperature and physical properties of the soil.  Radio-telemetry studies indicated that free-ranging gophers are active =50% of each day.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Conservative estimates of true energy consumption were calculated using estimates of habitat-specific minimum daily burrowing requirements.  Rates of burrowing measured in the laboratory were either ∞ 0.0 or ∞ 2.0 cm/min.  The low burrowing rate was observed when the soil was frozen or saturated with water, as would occur in the field in early winter and in spring, respectively.  Gophers burrowed through soil at the study site at an average rate of ∞ 1.5 cm/min.  Belowground food energy densities at gopher foraging depth declined from 24.6 to 3.2 J/cm<sup>3</sup> along a successional gradient (subalpine forb meadow to Engelmann spruce dominated forest).  We conclude that individual gophers are food limited within the climax spruce seral stage.  Further, daily energy costs associated with reproduction in females may exceed the belowground energy supply available in intermediate seral stages (aspen and subalpine fir).  Reduction of burrowing rates for any reason will affect gophers in the late seral stages proportionately more than those resident in the meadow.  The peak gopher densities recorded (from 62 individuals/ha in the meadow to 2 individuals/ha in spruce forest) support these inferences.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Detailed demographic information was obtained only in the meadow seral stage.  Adult survivorship was lower in winter than in summer and varied greatly between years (0.18-0.70 yr<sup>-1</sup>).  Juvenile survivorship from weaning through the first year was comparable to adult annual rates.  The fertility rate was 3.75 young • female<sup>-1</sup> • yr<sup>-1</sup>.</p>\n<br/>\n<o>The energy supply and demand analyses indicate that the growth of <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> populations in the early seral stages is seldom directly limited by the amount of food present.  From our demographic, environmental, and autecological studies we conclude that stochastic events associated with weather affect energy acquisition (burrowing) rates, and thus survivorship.  In montane environments, such events may prevent populations from attaining sizes at which territorial behavior would hypothetically limit further increases.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The energy flow through the meadow population at moderate to high )1976-1977) densities (at least 1100 MJ • ha<sup>-1</sup> • yr<sup>-1</sup>) indicates that pocket gophers are proficient energy movers relative to non-fossorial small mammals.  Subalpine <i>T. talpoides</i> populations appear commonly to attain such densities.  More than 30% of the annual primary productivity allocated to belowground parts of meadow forbs may be consumed by gophers.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.2307/2937262","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and MacMahon, J.A., 1981, Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere: Ecological Monographs, v. 51, no. 2, p. 179-202, https://doi.org/10.2307/2937262.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292091,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937262"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcfe4b02bf5a7674088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacMahon, James A.","contributorId":9581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacMahon","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70236732,"text":"70236732 - 1981 - Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T15:43:49.90895","indexId":"70236732","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-01T10:28:02","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data","docAbstract":"<p>A spatially registered digital data base of fuels and terrain information was generated for a test site on the Lolo National Forest in Montana. The data base was developed specifically for providing spatially relevant data to a mathematical fire behavior model developed by the Forest Service which integrates this information along with current weather data to produce realistic estimates of probable fire behavior.</p><p>Methodologies for the processing and analysis of Landsat MSS and digital terrain data for the mapping of U.S. Forest Service fuel types were developed and demonstrated. Key elements in the mapping process were the development of a fuels terrain distribution model which provided a statistical description of the topographic distribution patterns of fuels within spectral classes, and secondly, the application of a layered classifier which incorporated the spectral and terrain data in a two-stage maximum likelihood classification framework for the mapping of fuels.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seventh international symposium: Machine processing of remotely sensed data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh International Symposium: Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data","conferenceDate":"June 23-26, 1981","conferenceLocation":"West Lafayette, Indiana, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Purdue Univeristy","usgsCitation":"Shasby, M., Burgan, R.E., and Johnson, G.R., 1981, Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data, <i>in</i> Seventh international symposium: Machine processing of remotely sensed data, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, June 23-26, 1981, p. 529-538.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"538","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lars_symp/462/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Lolo National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.13970947265625,\n              46.74927110475196\n            ],\n    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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shasby, Mark shasbym@usgs.gov","contributorId":223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shasby","given":"Mark","email":"shasbym@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgan, Robert E.","contributorId":149864,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgan","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gregg R. grjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregg","email":"grjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":852042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011713,"text":"70011713 - 1981 - Zooplankton fecal pellets link fossil fuel and phosphate deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:30:07.111015","indexId":"70011713","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zooplankton fecal pellets link fossil fuel and phosphate deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Fossil zooplankton fecal pellets found in thinly bedded marine and lacustrine black shales associated with phosphate, oil, and coal deposits, link the deposition of organic matter and biologically associated minerals with planktonic ecosystems. The black shales were probably formed in the anoxic basins of coastal marine waters, inland seas, and rift valley lakes where high productivity was supported by runoff, upwelling, and outwelling.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.212.4497.931","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Porter, K., and Robbins, E.I., 1981, Zooplankton fecal pellets link fossil fuel and phosphate deposits: Science, v. 212, no. 4497, p. 931-933, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4497.931.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"933","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"212","issue":"4497","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd29ee4b08c986b32f910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, K.G.","contributorId":15319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, E. I.","contributorId":101269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210121,"text":"70210121 - 1981 - Petrographic and chemical characteristics of pyrite-marcasite mineralization in hole 465A, southern Hess Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-15T13:18:21.866608","indexId":"70210121","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-14T13:16:03","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrographic and chemical characteristics of pyrite-marcasite mineralization in hole 465A, southern Hess Rise","docAbstract":"<p>Core recovered from Hess Rise contains concentrations of pyrite, marcasite, and barite in the lowermost meter of limestone (Unit II) and in the brecciated upper part of the underlying volcanic basement (Unit HI). Petrographic and chemical data indicate that the sulfide-barite assemblage in the limestone is mainly a product of low-temperature diagenetic processes. The iron-sulfide phases are biogenic and their concentrations mark the diffusion of sea water sulfate through sedimentary horizons containing abundant organic matter and mafic, glassy volcanogenic detritus. There is some evidence, however, that elevated temperatures augmented or intensified the synsedimentary diagenetic process.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.141.1981","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., and Hein, J.R., 1981, Petrographic and chemical characteristics of pyrite-marcasite mineralization in hole 465A, southern Hess Rise: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 62, p. 855-862, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.141.1981.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"862","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.141.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210001,"text":"70210001 - 1981 - Inorganic geochemistry of sediments and rocks from the Mid-Pacific Mountains and Hess Rise, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T16:35:51.821321","indexId":"70210001","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-08T11:33:56","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inorganic geochemistry of sediments and rocks from the Mid-Pacific Mountains and Hess Rise, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.128.1981","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., 1981, Inorganic geochemistry of sediments and rocks from the Mid-Pacific Mountains and Hess Rise, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 62, p. 685-710, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.128.1981.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"685","endPage":"710","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.128.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70210000,"text":"70210000 - 1981 - Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T16:30:48.578294","indexId":"70210000","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-08T11:16:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","docAbstract":"<p>Limestones of mid-Cretaceous age containing as much as 8.6 percent organic carbon were cored at one site (463) in the Mid-Pacific Mountains and at two sites (465, 466) on southern Hess Rise, central North Pacific Ocean, during Leg 62 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. In the Mid-Pacific Mountains, three layers containing more than 2% organic carbon are associated with volcanic ash in silicified limestone of early Aptian age (—112-113 m.y. old), a time when the site was south of the equator and considerably shallower than at present (2525 m). The beds of laminated, organiccarbon-rich limestone, implying deposition in an oxygen-deficient environment, are interbedded with normal pelagic limestones. This sequence lies on interbedded pelagic limestones and clastic limestones containing locally derived shallow-water carbonate debris, and it is overlain by interbedded green, gray, and pink limestones. The organic-carbonrich strata on southern Hess Rise are dark-olive, laminated limestones with rare interbeds of altered volcanic ash of the late Aptian to early Cenomanian ( — 98 to 103 m.y. old), a time when the site was passing under the equatorial highproductivity zone and subsiding from shallow to intermediate water depths. The organic-carbon-rich limestone sequence overlies volcanic basement (trachyte) in this part of Hess Rise. The association of volcanogenic sediments with organic-carbon-rich strata on Hess Rise is not as striking as in the Mid-Pacific Mountains, but the occurrences do suggest a coincidence of mid-plate volcanic activity and accumulation of organic matter at intermediate water depths in the tropical North Pacific Ocean during the mid-Cretaceous. Pyrolysis assays indicate that most of the organic matter in the limestone on Hess Rise is composed of lipid-rich kerogen derived from marine organisms. Limestones from the Mid-Pacific Mountains contain lower concentrations of organic matter.</p><p>Pyrolysis assays and extractable hydrocarbons indicate that the organic matter in samples from Hole 463 is also predominantly of marine origin, and that contributions of terrigenous organic matter were probably minor. Analyses of stable carbon isotopes indicate that the organic carbon in all analyzed samples is isotopically light (δ13C 24 to - 29‰) relative to most modern marine organic carbon (δ13C - 9 to - 30%), and that the lightest carbon (δ13C 28 to - 29‰) is also the most lipid-rich. </p><p>The organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones on Hess Rise, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, and other elevated plateaus and seamounts in the Pacific Ocean are approximately equivalent in age (mid-Cretaceous, -85-120 m.y.) to organic-carbon-rich lithofacies elsewhere in the world ocean, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean and parts of the Indian Ocean. However, strata of equivalent age deposited in the Pacific Ocean at greater depths do not contain any carbon rich horizons. This observation, together with the evidence that the plateau sites were considerably shallower and close to the equator during the mid-Cretaceous, suggests that an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum, together with local restrictions in circulation, may have resulted in the preservation of organic matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where the oxygen minimum impinged on elevated platforms such as Hess Rise and the Mid-Pacific Mountains. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Claypool, G., and Thiede, J., 1981, Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 62, p. 877-890, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mid Pacific Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -175.4296875,\n              9.102096738726456\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              9.102096738726456\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.4296875,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.4296875,\n              9.102096738726456\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012139,"text":"70012139 - 1981 - Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:40:24.128087","indexId":"70012139","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>A monitoring study of suspended sediment on the South Texas Continental Shelf indicates that a turbid benthic nepheloid layer is regionally persistent. A sequence of quasi-synoptic measurements of the water column obtained during six cruises in an 18-month period indicates substantial spatial and temporal variability in nepheloidlayer characteristics. Regionally, the thickness of the shelf nepheloid layer increases both seaward and in a convergent alongshelf direction. Greatest thicknesses occur over a muddy substrate, indicating a causal relationship; maximum observed local thickness is 35 m which occurs along the southern shelf break. Analyses of suspended particulate matter in shelf bottom waters indicate mean concentrations ranging from 49 · 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;to 111 · 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;particle counts/cc; concentrations persistently increase shoreward throughout the region. Bottom particulate matter is predominantly composed of inorganic detritus. Admixtures of organic skeletal particles, primarily diatoms, are generally present but average less than 10% of the total particulate composition. Texturally, the particulate matter in bottom waters is predominantly poorly sorted sediment composed of very fine silt (3.9–7.8 μm).</span></p><p><span>The variability in nepheloid-layer characteristics indicates a highly dynamic shelf feature. The relationship of nepheloid-layer characteristics to hydrographic and substrate conditions suggests a conceptual model whereby nepheloid-layer development and maintenance are the results of the resuspension of sea-floor sediment. Bottom turbulence is attributed primarily to vertical shear and shoaling progressive internal waves generated by migrating shelf-water masses, especially oceanic frontal systems, and secondarily to shoaling surface gravity waves.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90103-1","usgsCitation":"Shideler, G.L., 1981, Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico: Marine Geology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 37-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90103-1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222394,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"western Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.35530008813947,\n              29.837594915437734\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.52339711478857,\n              29.837594915437734\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.52339711478857,\n              25.846668951564865\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.35530008813947,\n              25.846668951564865\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.35530008813947,\n              29.837594915437734\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a007ae4b0c8380cd4f767","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shideler, Gerald L.","contributorId":89137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70203088,"text":"70203088 - 1981 - Reservoir analysis of the Denver earthquakes: A case of induced seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:06:40","indexId":"70203088","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-18T11:29:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reservoir analysis of the Denver earthquakes: A case of induced seismicity","docAbstract":"<p><span>Injection of fluid wastes into the fractured Precambrian crystalline bedrock beneath the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver triggered earthquakes in the 1960's. An analysis, based on the assumption that fluid flow in the fractured reservoir can be approximated by flow in a porous medium, is presented. The configuration and hydrologic properties of the reservoir are determined from two lines of evidence: (1) locations of earthquake hypocenters determined by seismic arrays installed at the Arsenal and (2) observed long-term decline in fluid levels in the injection well. Together these two sets of data indicate that a long, narrow reservoir, aligned in the direction N 60°W, exists. The reservoir is 3.35 km in width, extends 30.5 km to the northwest and infinitely to the southeast, and spans a depth interval from 3.7 to 7.0 km below land surface. It has a transmissivity of 1.08×10-5 m2/s and a storage coefficient of 1.0×10-5. Computed pressure buildup along the length of the reservoir is compared with the spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters. The comparison shows that earthquakes are confined to that part of the reservoir where the pressure buildup exceeds 32 bars. This critical value is interpreted as the pressure buildup above which earthquakes occur. The migration of earthquake epicenters away from the injection well, a phenomenon noted by previous investigators, can be accounted for by the outward propagation of the critical pressure buildup. The analysis is extended to examining the effects of rapid flow in fractures opened by high injection pressure. The results show that the effect is confined to a small region within 1 km of the injection well. The existence of a critical pressure buildup above which earthquakes occur is completely consistent with the theory on the role of fluid pressure in fault movement as presented by Hubbert and Rubey.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00903","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., and Bredehoeft, J.D., 1981, Reservoir analysis of the Denver earthquakes: A case of induced seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 86, no. B2, p. 903-920, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00903.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"903","endPage":"920","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib02p00903","text":"External Repository"},{"id":363032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.99609375,\n              39.00851330385611\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.73291015625,\n              39.00851330385611\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.73291015625,\n              40.5930995321649\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.99609375,\n              40.5930995321649\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.99609375,\n              39.00851330385611\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012136,"text":"70012136 - 1981 - Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:36:47.663533","indexId":"70012136","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of \"ringlets,\" and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.212.4491.163","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Smith, B., Soderblom, L., Beebe, R., Boyce, J., Briggs, G., Bunker, A., Collins, S., Hansen, C., Johnson, T.V., Mitchell, J., Terrile, R., Carr, M., Cook, A., Cuzzi, J., Pollack, J.B., Danielson, G.E., Ingersoll, A., Davies, M.E., Hunt, G., Masursky, H., Shoemaker, E., Morrison, D., Owen, T., Sagan, C., Veverka, J., Strom, R., and Suomi, V., 1981, Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results: Science, v. 212, no. 4491, p. 163-191, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4491.163.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Rings of Saturn, Saturn, Titan","volume":"212","issue":"4491","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a091ce4b0c8380cd51df8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, B.A.","contributorId":17616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soderblom, L.","contributorId":106244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beebe, R.","contributorId":91627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beebe","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyce, J.","contributorId":24918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, G.","contributorId":16567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bunker, A.","contributorId":84079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Collins, S.A.","contributorId":63947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hansen, C.J.","contributorId":72530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mitchell, J.L.","contributorId":13750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Terrile, R.J.","contributorId":27194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrile","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Carr, M.","contributorId":105845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cook, A.F. II","contributorId":95184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"A.F.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Cuzzi, J.","contributorId":28366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuzzi","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Pollack, James B.","contributorId":12616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Danielson, G. Edward","contributorId":58769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Ingersoll, A.","contributorId":48313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Hunt, G.E.","contributorId":68318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Shoemaker, E.","contributorId":65989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Morrison, D.","contributorId":98015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Owen, Tobias","contributorId":103788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"Tobias","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Sagan, C.","contributorId":42336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Strom, R.","contributorId":27608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Suomi, V.E.","contributorId":68869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suomi","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}}
,{"id":70236916,"text":"70236916 - 1981 - Estimating rangeland cover proportions with large-scale color-infrared aerial photographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T20:01:16.614051","indexId":"70236916","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T14:45:27","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating rangeland cover proportions with large-scale color-infrared aerial photographs","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the eighth biennial workshop on color aerial photography in the plant sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Color aerial photography in the plant sciences and related fields","conferenceDate":"April 21-23, 1981","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","usgsCitation":"Van Zee, C.J., and Bonner, K., 1981, Estimating rangeland cover proportions with large-scale color-infrared aerial photographs, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the eighth biennial workshop on color aerial photography in the plant sciences, April 21-23, 1981, p. 73-82.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains, Harvey Valley, Lassen National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.13731384277344,\n              40.701984159668676\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.85063934326172,\n              40.701984159668676\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.85063934326172,\n              40.8028950718582\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.13731384277344,\n              40.8028950718582\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.13731384277344,\n              40.701984159668676\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Zee, Calvin J.","contributorId":296890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Zee","given":"Calvin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonner, Kris","contributorId":296891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bonner","given":"Kris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221670,"text":"5221670 - 1981 - Return of the gray wolf to Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T16:14:47.719794","indexId":"5221670","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T12:19:15","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Return of the gray wolf to Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Five gray wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) specimens were examined from Wisconsin from 1975 through 1979; each had been killed by human beings, accidentally or intentionally. This confirms the presence of wolves in Wisconsin and supports the hypothesis that human-related mortality is the factor limiting the population.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.2307/2424765","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., and Nowak, R.M., 1981, Return of the gray wolf to Wisconsin: American Midland Naturalist, v. 105, no. 2, p. 408-409, https://doi.org/10.2307/2424765.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"409","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":5221715,"text":"5221715 - 1981 - Response of adult mallard ducks to ingested South Louisiana crude oil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T14:46:32.460452","indexId":"5221715","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of adult mallard ducks to ingested South Louisiana crude oil","docAbstract":"<p><span>Adult mallards (</span><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i><span>) were fed South Louisiana crude oil as 0.25 and 2.5% of the total diet for 26 weeks to assess the chronic effects of oil ingestion. Additional birds were fed diets containing either 1.0% of a paraffin mixture or clean feed. No birds died during the study, nor were their body weights significantly depressed. Oviduct weight at necropsy was greatly reduced in hens on the 2.5% oil diet and also was significantly reduced in hens on the 0.25% oil diet when compared with controls. Male reproductive organs were not atrophied by treatment. Hens on oil-treated diets laid fewer eggs than those on the control diet; however, eggs from treated hens hatched as well as those from controls when artificially incubated. Pathological or biochemical alterations were no greater in the treated birds than in controls.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-9351(81)90160-2","usgsCitation":"Coon, N.C., and Dieter, M.P., 1981, Response of adult mallard ducks to ingested South Louisiana crude oil: Environmental Research, v. 24, no. 2, p. 309-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(81)90160-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, Nancy C.","contributorId":176389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coon","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dieter, Michael P.","contributorId":80547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221699,"text":"5221699 - 1981 - Wildlife mortality at petroleum pits in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T16:01:42.440651","indexId":"5221699","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife mortality at petroleum pits in Texas","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3807949","usgsCitation":"Flickinger, E.L., 1981, Wildlife mortality at petroleum pits in Texas: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 2, p. 560-564, https://doi.org/10.2307/3807949.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"560","endPage":"564","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research 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