Remote-sensing techniques are now being used routinely in geologic interpretation for mineral and energy exploration, plant siting, waste disposal, and the development of models for regional and continental tectonics. New spaceborne methods and associated technologies are being developed to produce data from which geologic information about large areas can be derived much more rapidly than by conventional techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.211.4484.781","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Goetz, A.F., and Rowan, L.C., 1981, Geologic remote sensing: Science, v. 211, no. 4484, p. 781-791, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.211.4484.781.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"781","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"211","issue":"4484","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21c8e4b0c8380cd56aac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goetz, Alexander F.H.","contributorId":43747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Alexander","middleInitial":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208412,"text":"70208412 - 1981 - Age estimations based on amino acid racemization: Reply to comments of J.F. Wehmiller","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-07T13:51:55","indexId":"70208412","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-07T13:45:18","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age estimations based on amino acid racemization: Reply to comments of J.F. Wehmiller","docAbstract":"Determining geologic ages of fossils by amino acid racemization techniques is often difficult because of the uncertainties in assumptions about diagenetic temperatures. Two kinetic model methods have been employed. Method 1, used by us, assumes that racemization of amino acids in the bivalve mollusk Saxidomus giganteus from Willapa Bay, Washington, follows linear kinetics. Ages are calculated by means of first-order kinetic equations. Method 2, used by Wehmiller, involves an empirical non-linear kinetic model Method 1 is simpler in concept and more easily applied. Wehmiller claims that ambiguities in paleotemperature arise when method 1 is used and that these ambiguities can be reconciled by the use of method 2. We show that application of method 1 can also provide reasonable temperature histories and leads to age estimates that are consistent with the geologic history of the sedimentary deposits at Willapa Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90173-3","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Blunt, D., and Clifton, H.E., 1981, Age estimations based on amino acid racemization: Reply to comments of J.F. Wehmiller: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 205-207, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90173-3.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"207","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blunt, D.","contributorId":84759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blunt","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clifton, H. Edward","contributorId":46503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208407,"text":"70208407 - 1981 - Geochemistry of amino acids in sediments from Clear Lake, California ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-07T12:38:57","indexId":"70208407","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-07T12:32:13","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of amino acids in sediments from Clear Lake, California ","docAbstract":"By studying the geochemistry of amino acids, we attempt to clarify uncertainties in the radiocarbon chronology and in correlations of ash beds and pollen spectra in lacustrine sediment from Clear Lake, California. Two amino acids, aspartic acid and alanine, are considered in detail. Relative concentrations of aspartic acid decrease with depth, a result likely due to diagenesis and to preferential adsorption and hydrolysis in clay. Relative concentrations of alanine show the reverse effect with depth, probably due, in part, to the generation of alanine from other amino acids during diagenesis. The aspartic acid racemization rate calibrated by radiocarbon yields anomalously low age and temperature estimations for Clear Lake when kinetic assumptions from a study in Lake Ontario are used. However, the “apparent” alanine racemization rate correlates well with the alanine racemization rate determined for sediments from Lake Biwa, Japan. Our age assessment based on alanine supports a time-depth curve obtained from oak pollen and oxygen isotopes for Clear Lake representing a time span of about 130,000 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<378:GOAAIS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Blunt, D., Kvenvolden, K.A., and Sims, J.D., 1981, Geochemistry of amino acids in sediments from Clear Lake, California : Geology, v. 9, no. 8, p. 378-382, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<378:GOAAIS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Clear Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.05511474609375,\n 38.86323626888358\n ],\n [\n -122.58819580078125,\n 38.86323626888358\n ],\n [\n -122.58819580078125,\n 39.20033381963202\n ],\n [\n -123.05511474609375,\n 39.20033381963202\n ],\n [\n -123.05511474609375,\n 38.86323626888358\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blunt, D.","contributorId":84759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blunt","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sims, John D.","contributorId":60202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208406,"text":"70208406 - 1981 - Thermogenic hydrocarbons in unconsolidated sediment of Eel river basin, offshore northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T06:42:31","indexId":"70208406","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-07T12:26:04","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermogenic hydrocarbons in unconsolidated sediment of Eel river basin, offshore northern California","docAbstract":"Thermally produced hydrocarbons were recovered from unconsolidated sediment ponded within a bathymetric depression on the surface of a shale diapir in the offshore Eel River Basin of northern California. Evidence that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic consists of the following: (1) very high concentrations of hydrocarbon gases, particularly ethane through butanes (C2-C4); (2) methane having a carbon isotopic composition (relative to the PDB standard) of −43 and −44 per mil; (3) presence of gasoline-range (C5+) hydrocarbons; and (4) presence of a complex mixture of heavy hydrocarbons (C15+) with n-alkanes having a petroleumlike distribution. This mixture of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons likely originated deep within the basin and migrated to the surface through fractures and faults developed during the emplacement of the diapir. The presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons in unconsolidated surface sediment indicates that conditions for petroleum generation have existed within this offshore basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/03B5963E-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., and Field, M.E., 1981, Thermogenic hydrocarbons in unconsolidated sediment of Eel river basin, offshore northern California: AAPG Bulletin, v. 65, no. 9, p. 1642-1646, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B5963E-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1642","endPage":"1646","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eel River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.80194091796875,\n 40.48873742102282\n ],\n [\n -123.98345947265624,\n 40.48873742102282\n ],\n [\n -123.98345947265624,\n 41.03171529379291\n ],\n [\n -124.80194091796875,\n 41.03171529379291\n ],\n [\n -124.80194091796875,\n 40.48873742102282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208405,"text":"70208405 - 1981 - Organic geochemistry in the Deep Sea Drilling Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T06:43:12","indexId":"70208405","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-07T12:22:06","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3408,"text":"Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic geochemistry in the Deep Sea Drilling Project","docAbstract":"Since the beginning of the Deep Sea Drilling Project DSDP in 1968 and extending through 1975 organic geochemical studies have been undertaken on about 2300 samples recovered on Legs I through 44 from sediments beneath the ocean floors These studies have provided fundamental information regarding the distribution of carbon in oceanic sediments and have yielded a better understanding of the processes that alter and transform organic matter in the marine environment.
Beginning with Leg 38 organic geochemists have been included as members of the scientific staffs of those legs of particular organic geochemical interest They have advised operations personnel on matters concerning potential hazards such as drilling into significant accumulations of oil and gas and have collected samples for the scientific community The shipboard organic geochemical laboratory is equipped with sophisticated instrumentation to provide those meassurements helpful in advising the drilling operation.
Since Leg 15 samples for organic geochemical studies have been maintained at 180Cat the DSDP sample repository at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla California Samples aredistributed to the scientific community but at least one quarter of all cores is retained for possible future studies.
Organic geochemical studie sgenerally relate to one of these topic areas (I) petroleum potential source rock evaluation (2) thermal history and gradients (3) diagenesis (4) gas hydrates (5) novel geochemical fossils (6) sources of organic materials (7) paleo depositional environments and (8) geochronology
Much of the organic geochemical work on hydrocarbons and kerogen has been directed to the potential of sediments as sources of petroleum The organic matter found thus far during drilling is dominantly of terrestrial origin and thermally immature but much of the organic matter could be a potential source of petroleum mainly gas if buried more deeply.
Three new technologies will help advance organic geochemical knowledge of ocean sediments I pressure core barrel for evaluation of gas hydrates 2 hydraulic piston core to study in detail sources and early diagenesis of organic matter and 3 riser for the study of late diagenesis and catagenesis
","language":"English","publisher":"SPEM","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., 1981, Organic geochemistry in the Deep Sea Drilling Project: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, v. 32, p. 227-249.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"249","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372140,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011988,"text":"70011988 - 1981 - Smooth seaward-dipping horizons — An important factor in sea-floor stability?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:00:57.412161","indexId":"70011988","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Smooth seaward-dipping horizons — An important factor in sea-floor stability?","docAbstract":"Mass movement has influenced in varying degrees the morphology of the United States east coast continental margin seaward of the Baltimore Canyon trough as revealed by detailed geophysical studies using high-resolution 3.5-kHz, and seismic reflection data. Each of three areas studied is along the slope within a distance of 225 km, and is seaward of a nonglaciated shelf but near major land drainage systems. Thick sequences of material believed to be Pleistocene were deposited on the slope in all three areas. Sediment failure in the form of large block movement involving block thicknesses of more than 100 m, however, has taken place in only two of the areas. A factor common to the two areas where failure took place, but absent in the area where no failure took place, is smooth seaward-dipping sub-bottom horizons. Whatever the triggering mechanism, a smooth slip surface that has a seward slope may contribute to mass movement by reducing the internal friction. This may be one of several factors that should be considered in assessing slope stability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90070-0","usgsCitation":"McGregor, B., 1981, Smooth seaward-dipping horizons — An important factor in sea-floor stability?: Marine Geology, v. 39, no. 3-4, p. M89-M98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90070-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"M89","endPage":"M98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220731,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91a7e4b08c986b3199ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGregor, B.A.","contributorId":57072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25314,"text":"25314 - 1981 - Arctic Outer Continental Shelf orders governing oil and gas lease operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T14:03:14","indexId":"25314","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-01T14:00:36","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Arctic Outer Continental Shelf orders governing oil and gas lease operations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25314","issn":"0364-7064","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Arctic Outer Continental Shelf orders governing oil and gas lease operations, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25314.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be6462e4b0527d5d4097a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70238041,"text":"70238041 - 1981 - “Influence of Well Water Quality Variability on Sampling Decisions and Monitoring,” by Harry I. Nightingale and William C. Bianchi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T18:56:06.143373","indexId":"70238041","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-01T13:52:58","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7168,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"“Influence of Well Water Quality Variability on Sampling Decisions and Monitoring,” by Harry I. Nightingale and William C. Bianchi","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02601.x","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, “Influence of Well Water Quality Variability on Sampling Decisions and Monitoring,” by Harry I. Nightingale and William C. Bianchi: Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), v. 17, no. 1, p. 145-146, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02601.x.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"146","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409176,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171282,"text":"70171282 - 1981 - The effect of snowmelt on the water quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:35:05","indexId":"70171282","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of snowmelt on the water quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Sulfate concentration and pH were determined in surface water, groundwater, and precipitation samples collected in the Filson Creek watershed to evaluate the sources of sulfate in Filson Creek. During and immediately after snowmelt, sulfate concentrations in Filson Creek increased from about 2 to 14 mg/l. Concurrently, H+ ion activity increased from an average of 10−6.6 to 10−5.5. These changes suggest that sulfate acidity is concentrated in the snowpack at snowmelt, which is similar to changes reported in Scandinavia in areas subject to acid precipitation. Mass balance calculations indicate that the sulfate contribution from groundwater during snowmelt was minimal in comparison to that from snow. During base flow, sulfate did not appreciably increase from the headwaters of Filson Creek to the mouth, even though sulfate was as high as 58 mg/l in groundwater discharging to the creek from surficial materials overlying a sulfide-bearing mineralized zone in the lower third of the watershed. Approximately 10.6 kg of sulfate per hectare per year was retained in 1977.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00238","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D.I., 1981, The effect of snowmelt on the water quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 238-242, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00238.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Filson Creek, Omaday Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 47.812693398352735\n ],\n [\n -91.63816452026366,\n 47.812693398352735\n ],\n [\n -91.63816452026366,\n 47.84392496416586\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 47.84392496416586\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 47.812693398352735\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3de4b07e28b664dc0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011981,"text":"70011981 - 1981 - The Great Tumaco, Colombia earthquake of 12 December 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T16:06:32.709562","indexId":"70011981","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Great Tumaco, Colombia earthquake of 12 December 1979","docAbstract":"Southwestern Colombia and northern Ecuador were shaken by a shallow-focus earthquake on 12 December 1979. The magnitude 8 shock, located near Tumaco, Colombia, was the largest in northwestern South America since 1942 and had been forecast to fill a seismic gap. Thrust faulting occurred on a 280- by 130-kilometer rectangular patch of a subduction zone that dips east beneath the Pacific coast of Colombia. A 200-kilometer stretch of the coast tectonically subsided as much as 1.6 meters; uplift occurred offshore on the continental slope. A tsunami swept inland immediately after the earthquake. Ground shaking (intensity VI to IX) caused many buildings to collapse and generated liquefaction in sand fills and in Holocene beach, lagoonal, and fluvial deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.211.4481.441","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Herd, D.G., Youd, T., Meyer, H., Arango, C., Person, W., and Mendoza, C., 1981, The Great Tumaco, Colombia earthquake of 12 December 1979: Science, v. 211, no. 4481, p. 441-445, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.211.4481.441.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"441","endPage":"445","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","city":"Tumaco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.0531847956353,\n 2.0160894876524083\n ],\n [\n -79.0531847956353,\n 1.4511007268193623\n ],\n [\n -78.15758109799074,\n 1.4511007268193623\n ],\n [\n -78.15758109799074,\n 2.0160894876524083\n ],\n [\n -79.0531847956353,\n 2.0160894876524083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"211","issue":"4481","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba766e4b08c986b32154e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herd, Darrell G.","contributorId":102058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herd","given":"Darrell","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Youd, T. L.","contributorId":73593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, H.","contributorId":67142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arango, C.J.L.","contributorId":96418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arango","given":"C.J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70011690,"text":"70011690 - 1981 - A Pleistocene sand sea on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T16:26:00.714312","indexId":"70011690","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Pleistocene sand sea on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"A ridge and thermokarst-basin landscape that is strikingly portrayed in Landsat winter imagery consists of large Pleistocene dunes that have been modified by younger eolian activity and thermokarst processes. This is the most extensive area of large stabilized dunes yet reported in the North American Arctic; the landscape is of particular interest because it has been proposed as a first-order analog for martian fretted terrain. Recognition of the large dunes permits a new interpretation for linear and curvilinear trends visible in Landsat summer imagery.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.211.4480.381","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.D., 1981, A Pleistocene sand sea on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain: Science, v. 211, no. 4480, p. 381-383, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.211.4480.381.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"383","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.21300426393216,\n 71.09327145508823\n ],\n [\n -169.21300426393216,\n 68.86096003071111\n ],\n [\n -141.07269475529088,\n 68.86096003071111\n ],\n [\n -141.07269475529088,\n 71.09327145508823\n ],\n [\n -169.21300426393216,\n 71.09327145508823\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"211","issue":"4480","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4dde4b0c8380cd469ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, L. D.","contributorId":87959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207868,"text":"70207868 - 1981 - Prismatic slip of A12O3 single crystals below 1000°C in compression under hydrostatic pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T15:26:05.442854","indexId":"70207868","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-16T11:32:41","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5912,"text":"Journal of the American Ceramic Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Prismatic Slip of A12O3 Single Crystals Below 1000°C in Compression Under Hydrostatic Pressure","title":"Prismatic slip of A12O3 single crystals below 1000°C in compression under hydrostatic pressure","docAbstract":"Alumina single crystals were compressed perpendicular to the [0001] axis at a constant strain rate between 20° and 950°C. At r>200°C, failure was suppressed by_hydrostatic pressures of 500 to 1500 MPa. Prismatic slip {1120}〈1100〉 was deduced from optical observations of the lateral surfaces and from stress‐optical features in thin sections cut from the specimens. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) decreased rapidly with increasing temperature, from a maximum of ∼3000 MPa at 200°C (strain rate 2±10‐−5 s−1). A simple linear law can be fitted with the logarithm of the CRSS as a function of temperature, up to 1800°C. The rate‐controlling mechanism for dislocation glide is likely to be either the Peierls barrier or barriers due to dissociation out of the glide plane.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ceramic Society","doi":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1981.tb10314.x","usgsCitation":"Castaing, J., Cadoz, J., and Kirby, S.H., 1981, Prismatic slip of A12O3 single crystals below 1000°C in compression under hydrostatic pressure: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, v. 64, no. 9, p. 504-511, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1981.tb10314.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"504","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castaing, J.","contributorId":34299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castaing","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cadoz, J.","contributorId":221669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cadoz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011855,"text":"70011855 - 1981 - Quaternary climates and sea levels of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T16:24:28.951294","indexId":"70011855","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary climates and sea levels of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Uranium-series dating of corals from marine deposits of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain coupled with paleoclimatic reconstructions based on ostracode (marine) and pollen (continent) data document at least five relatively warm intervals during the last 500,000 years. On the basis of multiple paleoenvironmental criteria, we determined relative sea level positions during the warm intervals, relative to present mean sea level, were 7 ± 5 meters at 188,000 years ago, 7.5 ± 1.5 meters at 120,000 years ago, 6.5 ± 3.5 meters at 94,000 years ago, and 7 ± 3 meters at 72,000 years ago. The composite sea level chronology for the Atlantic Coastal Plain is inconsistent with independent estimates of eustatic sea level positions during interglacial intervals of the last 200,000 years. Hydroisostatic adjustment from glacial-interglacial sea level fluctuations, lithospheric flexure, and isostatic uplift from sediment unloading due to erosion provide possible mechanisms to account for the discrepancies. Alternatively, current eustatic sea level estimates for the middle and late Quaternary may require revision.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.211.4479.233","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Szabo, B.J., Ager, T.A., Hazel, J.E., and Owens, J.P., 1981, Quaternary climates and sea levels of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain: Science, v. 211, no. 4479, p. 233-240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.211.4479.233.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.43551097397017,\n 45.938446062242605\n ],\n [\n -72.89964363550314,\n 43.11686175479796\n ],\n [\n -82.79414634705864,\n 32.66831355854161\n ],\n [\n -80.47724702047013,\n 24.650321426938902\n ],\n [\n -79.08430757997671,\n 24.86138856811553\n ],\n [\n -78.731795834244,\n 30.482953706456183\n ],\n [\n -74.10939568100562,\n 34.47893910374537\n ],\n [\n -67.1319916963422,\n 43.667047953156796\n ],\n [\n -67.43551097397017,\n 45.938446062242605\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"211","issue":"4479","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a928ae4b0c8380cd808fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hazel, J. E.","contributorId":89187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owens, J. P.","contributorId":50946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70120227,"text":"70120227 - 1981 - Depletion sampling in stream ecosystems: assumptions and techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:37:26","indexId":"70120227","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-13T11:35:31","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depletion sampling in stream ecosystems: assumptions and techniques","docAbstract":"Reliable fish and invertebrate population estimates depend on meeting the assumptions of the methods used for organism capture and data analysis. A review of several population estimation studies has indicated that assumptions of the removal method for population estimation are often violated. This paper outlines (1) procedures to assist in meeting the removal method assumptions (2) an economical procedure to obtain reliable invertebrate population estimates by the removal method and (3) a computer program (CAPTURE) designed to test the adequacy of study design and to analyze capture data where variable probability of removal exists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Fisheries","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[115:DSISE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Raleigh, R.F., and Short, C., 1981, Depletion sampling in stream ecosystems: assumptions and techniques: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 43, no. 3, p. 115-120, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[115:DSISE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292076,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[115:DSISE]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bc9e4b02bf5a7674015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raleigh, Robert F.","contributorId":49841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, Cathleen","contributorId":71898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Cathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209996,"text":"70209996 - 1981 - IASPEI workshop: Seismic modeling of laterally varying structures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T14:00:53.922294","indexId":"70209996","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-13T08:55:04","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"IASPEI workshop: Seismic modeling of laterally varying structures","docAbstract":"During the past 10 years, significant progress has been made in the methods of collection and analysis of seismic reflection and refraction data. This progress has led to the development of new models for the structure and composition of the earth's crust, based on sophisticated analysis of numerous profiles in many areas of geologic importance. The third triannual meeting of the IASPEI (International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior) Commission of Controlled Source Seismology was convened in Park City, Utah, on August 11–17, 1980, to bring together seismologists and geologists to explore and assess the progress of controlled source techniques (controlled sources include explosions, air guns, and Vibroseis‐type sources), and to evaluate its significance in terms of current models of the seismic velocity structure and composition of the crust and upper mantle. Particular attention was paid to the progress and problems in the modeling of two‐ and three‐dimensional structures.
The Mid-Pacific Mountains constitute one of the largest aseismic rises in the central North Pacific Ocean. They have been generated by mid-plate volcanic events prior to Barremian time, but their volcanic activity continued through the remainder of the Cretaceous. Evidence of the latest stages of this volcanism are the trachytic ashes included in mid- and Late Cretaceous sediments and the presence of guyots atop the main volcanic pedestal.
The thermal and volcanic history of the oldest part of the Pacific Plate and its plate tectonic movements since Cretaceous time have led to considerable horizontal and vertical movements of the Mid-Pacific Mountains. Reconstruction of their subsidence and evidence from the sediments from Site 463 suggest that they once, in Cretaceous time, constituted large, tropical volcanic islands which were covered by vegetation and which shed their erosional debris over the adjacent island slopes. Neritic fossils in Maastrichtian sediments document the presence of shoal areas until the end of the Mesozoic. Since then they have subsided to their present water depth. The horizontal movements of the Pacific Plate have carried the Mid-Pacific Mountains from a position well south of the Cretaceous equator to their present position under the unproductive surface waters of the subtropical central North Pacific Ocean. Site 463, on the western Mid-Pacific Mountains, probably crossed the equator in Maastrichtian time.
Shallow-water-derived calcareous fossils are incorporated into the pelagic sediments covering the Mid-Pacific Mountains. They have been displaced from their source areas along the flanks of seamounts over the adjacent regions during times of low sea-level stands. Debris of land plants in Aptian sediments documents the presence of emergent volcanoes during that time.
The pelagic sediments penetrated at Site 463 consist largely of a sequence of Cretaceous chalks, limestones, and cherts which accumulated fast and which document the presence of highly productive surface water masses around the former volcanic islands and above the shoals. The development of oxygen-deficient depositional environments and the lack of evidence for intensive reworking suggest at the same time very sluggish water movements in the meso- and bathypelagic environment during Early and mid-Cretaceous times.
The Cenozoic calcareous oozes, on the other hand, are very condensed. They are interrupted in several places by hiatuses, and despite their position well above the CCD they show effects of dissolution and poor preservation of the calcareous faunas and floras. The frequency of reworked pelagic material together with the hiatuses indicate episodes of intensive renewal of the meso- and bathypelagic water masses which generated intensive sea-floor erosion and which were probably triggered by the climatic deterioration in the polar regions
","language":"English","publisher":" Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981","issn":"0080-8334","usgsCitation":"Thiede, J., Dean, W.E., Rea, D.K., Vallier, T., and Adelseck, C., 1981, The geologic history of the Mid-Pacific Mountains in the central North Pacific Ocean; A synthesis of deep-sea drilling studies: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 62, p. 1073-1120, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1120","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Hess Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -182.98828124999997,\n 8.059229627200192\n ],\n [\n -148.88671874999997,\n 8.059229627200192\n ],\n [\n -148.88671874999997,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -182.98828124999997,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -182.98828124999997,\n 8.059229627200192\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adelseck, Charles","contributorId":17767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adelseck","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207766,"text":"70207766 - 1981 - The geology of Hess Rise, central north Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T15:01:18.766163","indexId":"70207766","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-09T15:13:06","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geology of Hess Rise, central north Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"The geology of Hess Rise is interpreted from studies of morphology and structure, igneous petrology, sediment lithofacies, seismic stratigraphy, and paleoenvironments.
Hess Rise probably formed at a triple junction, between 116 and 95 m.y. ago, in the equatorial zone of the southern hemisphere. A large archipelago, formed by volcanism, subsequently moved northward as part of the Pacific Plate and subsided. A Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary tectonic and(or) volcanic event created oceanic islands and probably influenced the normal subsidence rate. The lithofacies reflect both the northward movement under various surface water masses of differing productivity and the subsidence history, which influenced calcareous-sediment accumulation and dissolution. Hess Rise is informally divided into three physiographic or morphologic provinces: northern Hess Rise, the central platform, and southern Hess Rise. Southern Hess Rise is further subdivided into the northwestern ridge, Mellish Bank, and the eastern ridge. The structure of Hess Rise is dominated by normal faults which bound grabens and horsts. The west and south boundaries of the rise are fault scarps. Most faults trend about 345 ° on northern Hess Rise, 039° to 060° on southern Hess Rise.
Igneous rocks are tholeiitic basalt on northern Hess Rise at Site 464, and trachyte at Site 465 on southern Hess Rise. The tholeiite probably is not a mid-ocean-ridge basalt; more likely it is a transitional basalt erupted during off-ridge volcanism. The trachyte at Site 465 was erupted either in shallow water or subaerially; it represents a late-stage differentiate of alkali-basalt magma. Geochemically, the trachyte is similar to late-stage eruptives on many oceanic islands. The alkali basalt clasts in Upper Cretaceous calcareous ooze at Site 466 probably record a Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary tectonic event that brought old crust above sea level, where it was eroded; alternatively, volcanism may have built the islands.
Cores recovered from Holes 464, 310, 310A, 465,465A, and 466 (north to south) show three major lithofacies: limestone of mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) age, calcareous ooze and chalk of Late Cretaceous to Quaternary age, and pelagic clay that is Late Cretaceous to Quaternary in age at Site 464 and Eocene in age at Site 310. Minor lithofacies in the carbonates and pelagic clay include siliceous microfossils and chert. The limestone contains as much as 8.6% by weight of organic carbon. The organic-carbon-rich sediments apparently were deposited along the sides of Hess Rise, above the CCD and within a mid-water oxygen minimum, as the rise crossed the highly productive equatorial divergence.
Surface sediments are influenced by present-day near-surface water-mass productivity and the depth of deposition. Above about 3000 meters calcareous ooze is deposited, and below about 4000 meters pelagic clay is dominant. Between 3000 meters and 4000 meters, greater clay contents correlate with increased water depth.
The seismic stratigraphy interpreted from single-channel seismic-reflection records can be correlated with the lithofacies. Three major acoustic units apparently vary in age, composition, thickness, and geographic distribution. The lowest acoustic unit generally is acoustically opaque; it corresponds to volcanic basement. In places, however, the top parts of this unit may be well-lithified limestone or chert. The middle acoustic unit, in general strongly layered acoustically, is Albian and Cenomanian limestone, chalk, and chert on southern Hess Rise and Albian and Cenomanian chert, chalk, limestone, and clay stone on northern Hess Rise. The middle unit probably is Albian to at least lower Tertiary chalk, chert, and nannofossil ooze on the central platform. The upper acoustic unit is weakly stratified to acoustically transparent and corresponds to Upper Cretaceous to Recent nannofossil ooze on southern Hess Rise and to pelagic clay of the same age on northern Hess Rise. On the central platform, it probably corresponds to Eocene to Recent nannofossil ooze, marl, and pelagic clay
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.161.1981","issn":"0080-8334","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T., Rea, D.K., Dean, W.E., Thiede, J., and Adelseck, C., 1981, The geology of Hess Rise, central north Pacific Ocean: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 62, p. 1031-1072, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.161.1981.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"1031","endPage":"1072","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.161.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371125,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Hess Rise, Central North Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -174.990234375,\n 8.146242825034385\n ],\n [\n -154.95117187499997,\n 8.146242825034385\n ],\n [\n -154.95117187499997,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -174.990234375,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -174.990234375,\n 8.146242825034385\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, T. L.","contributorId":27513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adelseck, Charles","contributorId":17767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adelseck","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207695,"text":"70207695 - 1981 - Multichannel seismic evidence bearing on the origin of Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T15:00:50.671799","indexId":"70207695","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-06T15:22:39","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multichannel seismic evidence bearing on the origin of Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea","docAbstract":"Bowers Ridge is a large, arcuate sub-marine ridge that extends north and west from the Aleutian Ridge and separates the abyssal Aleutian and Bowers Basins in the Bering Sea. Two multichannel seismic-reflection lines recorded in 1976 over Bowers Ridge and the adjacent basins confirm the existence of 8- to 10-km-thick sediment wedges on the north side of Bowers Ridge and at the base of the Bering continental margin. Deformed sediment within the Bowers wedge indicates that subduction of the adjacent ocean crust beneath the ridge probably occurred prior to middle Cenozoic time. Flat-lying reflectors near the bottom of the trench suggest that a bathymetric trough and large ridge existed in Mesozoic time. The major period of underthrusting, subsidence, and in-filling of the trench probably occurred from Mesozoic to early Tertiary time. Small amounts of underthrusting may have continued after the early Tertiary development of the Aleutian Ridge; however, by middle Miocene time, the formerly subaerial Bowers Ridge had subsided below sea level.
The multichannel seismic data do not show evidence for a buried spreading center within the eastern Aleutian Basin. Consequently, the sediment wedges (trenches) at both Bowers Ridge and the Bering continental margin are believed to be the consequence of subduction that occurred during the convergence of the ridge and the margin. The large size of Bowers Ridge suggests that a large amount of convergence has occurred since Mesozoic time. If Bowers Ridge was a large feature in Mesozoic time, as suggested by the apparent bathymetric trough, then the ridge may be as old or older than the Aleutian Ridge to which it connects.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<474:MSEBOT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., Marlow, M.S., and Ben-Avraham, Z., 1981, Multichannel seismic evidence bearing on the origin of Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. 7, p. 474-484, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<474:MSEBOT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"474","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ben-Avraham, Z.","contributorId":68459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Avraham","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207694,"text":"70207694 - 1981 - Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T14:51:33.302372","indexId":"70207694","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-06T15:13:29","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones","docAbstract":"Three major bathymetric features exist in the Bering Sea: Shirshov Ridge, Bowers Ridge, and Umnak Plateau. New refraction data over Umnak Plateau and previous geophysical data across Bowers Ridge indicate that a thickened welt of crustal material is present beneath both features. The crustal structure is transitional between oceanic and continental types.
Various models for the origin of these features have been investigated. One that has not been proposed previously assumes that the protostructures of Bowers Ridge and Umnak Plateau could have formed outside of the present Bering Sea. According to this model, before formation of the Aleutian Ridge in late Mesozoic or earliest Tertiary time, these protostructures moved into their present Bering Sea positions.
Prior to the arrival of these two structures in the Bering Sea, oceanic crust was subducted along the Bering continental margin connecting Alaska and Siberia. The collision of the Umnak Plateau protostructure with the southeastern edge of the margin may have caused subduction to terminate here and move southward. The new southerly position of subduction beneath the Aleutian Ridge was therefore controlled by late Mesozoic or early Tertiary locations of Umnak Plateau, Bowers Ridge, and possibly, the north-trending Shirshov Ridge farther to the west.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<485:EEOTBS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ben-Avraham, Z., and Cooper, A.K., 1981, Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. 7, p. 485-495, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<485:EEOTBS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Basin","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ben-Avraham, Z.","contributorId":68459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Avraham","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011731,"text":"70011731 - 1981 - Strain on the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California: Rapid, aseismic change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T16:30:27.773577","indexId":"70011731","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain on the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California: Rapid, aseismic change","docAbstract":"Frequently repeated strain measurements near Palmdale, California, during the period from 1971 through 1980 indicate that, in addition to a uniform accumulation of right-lateral shear strain (engineering shear, 0.35 microradian per year) across the San Andreas fault, a 1-microstrain contraction perpendicular to the fault that accumulated gradually during the interval 1974 through 1978 was aseismically released between February and November 1979. Subsequently (November 1979 to March 1980), about half of the contraction was recovered. This sequence of strain changes can be explained in terms of south-southwestward migration of a slip event consisting of the south-southwestward movement of the upper crust on a horizontal detachment surface at a depth of 10 to 30 kilometers. The large strain change in 1979 corresponds to the passage of the slip event beneath the San Andreas fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.211.4477.56","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Prescott, W., Lisowski, M., and King, N., 1981, Strain on the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California: Rapid, aseismic change: Science, v. 211, no. 4477, p. 56-58, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.211.4477.56.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palmdale","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.36042671323695,\n 34.68690348511876\n ],\n [\n -118.36042671323695,\n 34.390665766450454\n ],\n [\n -117.78856994292903,\n 34.390665766450454\n ],\n [\n -117.78856994292903,\n 34.68690348511876\n ],\n [\n -118.36042671323695,\n 34.68690348511876\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"211","issue":"4477","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9898e4b08c986b31c0bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":879,"text":"879 - 1981 - Water resources data for Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-05T16:07:29","indexId":"879","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T16:05:54","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data for Washington","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Tacoma, WA","doi":"10.3133/879","issn":"0364-3557","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for Washington, https://doi.org/10.3133/879.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e1eff3e4b0fe532be2df73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":902,"text":"902 - 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