Many canyon‐bound rivers have been dammed and downstream flow and water temperatures modified. Climate change is expected to cause lower storage in reservoirs and warmer release temperatures, which may further alter downstream flow and thermal regimes. To anticipate potential future changes, we first need to understand the dominant heat transfer mechanisms in canyon‐bound river systems. Towards this end, we adapt a dynamic process‐based river routing and temperature model to account for complex shading and radiation characteristics found in canyon‐bound rivers. We apply the model to a 362 km segment of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, USA to simulate temperature over an 18‐year period. Extensive temperature and flow datasets from within the canyon were used to assess model performance. At the most downstream gaging location, root mean square errors of hourly flow routing and temperature predictions were 11.5 m3/s and 0.93 °C, respectively. We found that heat fluxes controlling temperatures were highly variable over space and time, primarily due to shortwave radiation dynamics and hydropeaking flow conditions. Additionally, the large differences between air and water temperature during summer periods resulted in high sensible and latent heat fluxes. Sensitivity analyses indicate that reservoir release temperatures are most influential above the RM88 gage (141 kilometers below Glen Canyon Dam), while a combination of discharge, shortwave radiation, and air temperature become more important farther downstream. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the spatial and temporal variability of topographic shading when predicting water temperatures in canyon‐bound rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020WR027566","usgsCitation":"Mihalevich, B.A., Neilson, B., Buahin, C.A., Yackulic, C., and Schmidt, J.C., 2020, Water temperature controls for regulated canyon-bound rivers: Water Resources Research, v. 56, e2020WR027566, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027566.","productDescription":"e2020WR027566, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-117871","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381103,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.961181640625,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n [\n -111.29150390625,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n [\n -111.29150390625,\n 36.923547681089296\n ],\n [\n -113.961181640625,\n 36.923547681089296\n ],\n [\n -113.961181640625,\n 35.639441068973944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mihalevich, Bryce A.","contributorId":245512,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mihalevich","given":"Bryce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":806340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neilson, Bethany","contributorId":178798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neilson","given":"Bethany","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":806341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buahin, Caleb A.","contributorId":245514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buahin","given":"Caleb","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":806342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmidt, John C.","contributorId":207751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37627,"text":"Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228678,"text":"70228678 - 2020 - Increased typhoon activity in the Pacific deep tropics driven by Little Ice Age circulation changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T15:34:39.786634","indexId":"70228678","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-16T08:57:14","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased typhoon activity in the Pacific deep tropics driven by Little Ice Age circulation changes","docAbstract":"The instrumental record reveals that tropical cyclone activity is sensitive to oceanic and atmospheric variability on inter-annual and decadal scales. However, our understanding of the influence of climate on tropical cyclone behaviour is restricted by the short historical record and the sparseness of prehistorical reconstructions, particularly in the western North Pacific, where coastal communities suffer loss of life and livelihood from typhoons annually. Here, to explore past regional typhoon dynamics, we reconstruct three millennia of deep tropical North Pacific cyclogenesis. Combined with existing records, our reconstruction demonstrates that low-baseline typhoon activity prior to 1350 CE was followed by an interval of frequent storms during the Little Ice Age. This pattern, concurrent with hydroclimate proxy variability, suggests a centennial-scale link between Pacific hydroclimate and tropical cyclone climatology. An ensemble of global climate models demonstrates a migration of the Pacific Walker circulation and variability in two Pacific climate modes during the Little Ice Age, which probably contributed to enhanced tropical cyclone activity in the tropical western North Pacific. In the next century, projected changes to the Pacific Walker circulation and expansion of the tropics will invert these Little Ice Age hydroclimate trends, potentially reducing typhoon activity in the deep tropical Pacific.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publications","doi":"10.1038/s41561-020-00656-2","usgsCitation":"Bramante, J.F., Ford, M., Kench, P., Ashton, A., Toomey, M., Sullivan, R., Karnauskas, K., Ummenhofer, C.C., and Donnelly, J.P., 2020, Increased typhoon activity in the Pacific deep tropics driven by Little Ice Age circulation changes: Nature Geoscience, v. 13, p. 806-811, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-00656-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"806","endPage":"811","ipdsId":"IP-120405","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26505","text":"External Repository"},{"id":396015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"South Pacific Ocean","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bramante, James F","contributorId":245127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bramante","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F","affiliations":[{"id":36711,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, Murray","contributorId":224308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"Murray","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40855,"text":"UA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kench, Paul","contributorId":248315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kench","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49849,"text":"Simon Frazier U.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ashton, Andrew","contributorId":184098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ashton","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Toomey, Michael 0000-0003-0167-9273 mtoomey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0167-9273","contributorId":184097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toomey","given":"Michael","email":"mtoomey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sullivan, Richard","contributorId":211625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36711,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Karnauskas, Kristopher","contributorId":279498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karnauskas","given":"Kristopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36627,"text":"University of Colorado, Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ummenhofer, Caroline C. 0000-0002-9163-3967","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-3967","contributorId":223139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ummenhofer","given":"Caroline","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40678,"text":"University of New South Wales; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Donnelly, Jeffrey P.","contributorId":192783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70216704,"text":"70216704 - 2020 - Along-margin variations in breakup volcanism at the Eastern North American Margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T13:29:05.858719","indexId":"70216704","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-16T07:22:10","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Along-margin variations in breakup volcanism at the Eastern North American Margin","docAbstract":"We model the magnetic signature of rift-related volcanism to understand the distribution and volumeofmagmatic activity that occurred during the breakup of Pangaea and early Atlantic opening at the Eastern North American Margin (ENAM).Along-strike variations in the amplitude and character of the prominent East Coast Magnetic Anomaly (ECMA) suggest that the emplacement of the volcanic layers producing this anomaly similarly varied along the margin. We use three-dimensional magnetic forward modeling constrained by seismic interpretationsto identify along-margin variations in volcanic thickness and width that can explain the observed amplitude and character of the ECMA. Our model results suggest that the ECMA is produced by a combination of both first-order (~600-1000 km)and second-order (~50-31100 km) magmatic segmentation. The first-order magmatic segmentation could have resulted from preexisting variations in crustal thickness and rheology developed during the tectonic amalgamation of Pangaea. The second-order magmatic segmentation developed during continental breakup and likely influenced the segmentation and transform fault spacing of the initial, and modern, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These variations in magmatism showhow extension and thermal weakening was distributed at the ENAM during continental breakup and how this breakup magmatism was related to both previous and subsequent Wilson Cycle stages.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020JB020040","usgsCitation":"Greene, J., Tominaga, M., and Miller, N.C., 2020, Along-margin variations in breakup volcanism at the Eastern North American Margin: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 125, no. 12, e2020JB020040, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020040.","productDescription":"e2020JB020040","ipdsId":"IP-123067","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb020040","text":"External Repository"},{"id":380905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"East Coast of United States, Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 32.24997445586331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, John A. 0000-0002-4310-602X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-602X","contributorId":200999,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greene","given":"John A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tominaga, Masako 0000-0002-1169-4146","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-4146","contributorId":200937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tominaga","given":"Masako","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Nathaniel C. 0000-0003-3271-2929 ncmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3271-2929","contributorId":174592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Nathaniel","email":"ncmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216429,"text":"70216429 - 2020 - Cortisol is an osmoregulatory and glucose-regulating hormone in Atlantic sturgeon, a basal ray-finned fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-18T13:08:33.014524","indexId":"70216429","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-16T07:06:05","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cortisol is an osmoregulatory and glucose-regulating hormone in Atlantic sturgeon, a basal ray-finned fish","docAbstract":"Our current understanding of the hormonal control of ion regulation in aquatic vertebrates comes primarily from studies on teleost fishes, with relatively little information on more basal fishes. We investigated the role of cortisol in regulating seawater tolerance and its underlying mechanisms in an anadromous chondrostean, the Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus). Exposure of freshwater-reared Atlantic sturgeon to seawater (25 ppt) resulted in transient (1–3 day) increases in plasma chloride, cortisol and glucose levels and long-term (6–14 day) increases in the abundance of gill Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC), which plays a critical role in salt secretion in teleosts. The abundance of gill V-type H+-ATPase, which is thought to play a role in ion uptake in fishes, decreased after exposure to seawater. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity did not increase in 25 ppt seawater, but did increase in fish gradually acclimated to 30 ppt. Treatment of Atlantic sturgeon in freshwater with exogenous cortisol resulted in dose-dependent increases in cortisol, glucose and gill NKCC and H+-ATPase abundance. Our results indicate that cortisol has an important role in regulating mechanisms for ion secretion and uptake in sturgeon and provide support for the hypothesis that control of osmoregulation and glucose by corticosteroids is a basal trait of jawed vertebrates.
The salinity structure in an estuary is controlled by time‐dependent mixing processes. However, the locations and temporal variability of where significant mixing occurs is not well‐understood. Here we utilize a tracer variance approach to demonstrate the spatial and temporal structure of salinity mixing in the Hudson River Estuary. We run a 4‐month hydrodynamic simulation of the tides, currents, and salinity that captures the spring‐neap tidal variability as well as wind‐driven and freshwater flow events. On a spring‐neap time scale, salinity variance dissipation (mixing) occurs predominantly during the transition from neap to spring tides. On a tidal time scale, 60% of the salinity variance dissipation occurs during ebb tides and 40% during flood tides. Spatially, mixing during ebbs occurs primarily where lateral bottom salinity fronts intersect the bed at the transition from the main channel to adjacent shoals. During ebbs, these lateral fronts form seaward of constrictions located at multiple locations along the estuary. During floods, mixing is generated by a shear layer elevated in the water column at the top of the mixed bottom boundary layer, where variations in the along channel density gradients locally enhance the baroclinic pressure gradient leading to stronger vertical shear and more mixing. For both ebb and flood, the mixing occurs at the location of overlap of strong vertical stratification and eddy diffusivity, not at the maximum of either of those quantities. This understanding lends a new insight to the spatial and time dependence of the estuarine salinity structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020JC016096","usgsCitation":"Warner, J., Geyer, W.R., Ralston, D.K., and Kalra, T., 2020, Using tracer variance decay to quantify variability of salinity mixing in the Hudson River Estuary: Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, v. 125, no. 12, e2020JC016096, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016096.","productDescription":"e2020JC016096, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-117991","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016096","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Hudson River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.03137207031247,\n 40.551374198715166\n ],\n [\n -73.74023437499999,\n 40.551374198715166\n ],\n [\n -73.74023437499999,\n 42.90413649491736\n ],\n [\n -74.03137207031247,\n 42.90413649491736\n ],\n [\n -74.03137207031247,\n 40.551374198715166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geyer, W Rockwill 0000-0001-9030-1744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-1744","contributorId":247570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geyer","given":"W","email":"","middleInitial":"Rockwill","affiliations":[{"id":49582,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, MS #11, Woods Hole, MA,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ralston, David K. 0000-0002-0774-3101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-3101","contributorId":195909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ralston","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalra, Tarandeep S. 0000-0001-5468-248X tkalra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5468-248X","contributorId":178820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalra","given":"Tarandeep S.","email":"tkalra@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":807932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216487,"text":"70216487 - 2020 - Stable isotope dynamics of herbivorous reef fishes and their ectoparasites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-23T14:24:50.172104","indexId":"70216487","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-14T08:18:24","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1398,"text":"Diversity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope dynamics of herbivorous reef fishes and their ectoparasites","docAbstract":"Acanthurids (surgeonfishes) are an abundant and diverse group of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs. While their contribution to trophic linkages and dynamics in coral reef systems has received considerable attention, the role of linkages involving their parasites has not. As both consumers of fish tissue and prey to microcarnivores, external parasites may play a significant role in trophic transfer between primary consumers (and hence their predominantly algae-based diet) and the broader coral reef community. Stable isotope analysis is a common tool for studying trophic linkages which can be used for studies involving parasites. We examined the stable isotope ecology (13C and 15N) of copepod (Caligus atromaculatus) and monogenean (Neobenedenia sp.) ectoparasites collected from two species of Caribbean acanthurids (Acanthurus coeruleus and Acanthurus bahianus). There were significant intraspecific differences in isotope discrimination factors between parasites collected from the two different host species as well as interspecific differences between parasites collected from the same host species. Discrimination factors for 15N were consistently positive but varied in magnitude depending on host and parasite species and were slightly lower than what would be expected for consumers. The 13C discrimination factors for both monogeneans and copepods collected from A. coeruleus were consistently positive but were negative for copepods collected from A. bahianus. These findings emphasize the complexity of the stable isotope trophic interactions occurring between parasites and their hosts, highlighting the value of these types of host-parasite isotopic studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/d12110429","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, W., Demopoulos, A., Nicholson, M.C., and Sikkel, P.C., 2020, Stable isotope dynamics of herbivorous reef fishes and their ectoparasites: Diversity, v. 12, no. 11, 429, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/d12110429.","productDescription":"429, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-121817","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d12110429","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QE4FW6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stable isotope dynamics of herbivorous reef fishes and their ectoparasites: 2012, 2013, 2018"},{"id":380682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"British Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.06858825683594,\n 18.281518235308905\n ],\n [\n -64.63050842285156,\n 18.281518235308905\n ],\n [\n -64.63050842285156,\n 18.405351676442407\n ],\n [\n -65.06858825683594,\n 18.405351676442407\n ],\n [\n -65.06858825683594,\n 18.281518235308905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-11-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, William 0000-0001-5133-2628 wjenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5133-2628","contributorId":206535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"William","email":"wjenkins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda 0000-0003-2096-4694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":219234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicholson, Matthew C.","contributorId":169813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sikkel, Paul C.","contributorId":140403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sikkel","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13476,"text":"Arkansas State University, State University, AR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":805394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216172,"text":"sir20205109 - 2020 - Reducing leaf litter contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen to urban stormwater through municipal leaf collection and street cleaning practices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-13T21:31:12.15837","indexId":"sir20205109","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-13T14:32:36","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5109","displayTitle":"Reducing Leaf Litter Contributions of Phosphorus and Nitrogen to Urban Stormwater through Municipal Leaf Collection and Street Cleaning Practices","title":"Reducing leaf litter contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen to urban stormwater through municipal leaf collection and street cleaning practices","docAbstract":"As the boundaries of urban land use continue to expand, environmental managers are looking for innovative ways to reduce export of nutrients from urban sources. Municipal services such as leaf collection and street cleaning have the potential to reduce nutrient pollution at its source while continuing to offer services valued by residents. This study characterized reductions of total and dissolved forms of phosphorus and nitrogen in stormwater runoff from paired catchments, testing the method and frequency of municipal leaf collection and street cleaning programs.
Overall, the performance of municipal programs was related to the frequency and not the form of treatment. Catchments receiving a weekly street cleaning by a regenerative-air street cleaner had the highest reduction in phosphorus load, ranging from 65 to 71 percent (probability value [p] is less than 0.05) for total phosphorus and 57 to 70 percent (p is less than 0.05) for dissolved phosphorus, regardless of leaf collection method or frequency. Reduction in nitrogen load was generally mixed, with many of the catchments showing no statistically significant changes after treatment. In general, nutrient concentrations, and subsequent percent reduction of nutrient loads, were positively correlated with street tree canopy. Collection of only leaf piles, leaving streets unswept, showed no significant reduction in loads of total or dissolved phosphorus and an 83 percent increase in load of total nitrogen. The majority of nutrient concentrations were in the dissolved fraction making source control through leaf collection and street cleaning more effective at reducing the amount of dissolved nutrients in stormwater runoff than structural practices such as wet detention ponds. Based on the results of this study, municipal leaf management programs would be most effective with weekly street cleaning in areas of high street tree canopy, whereas the method and frequency of leaf pile collection is of less importance to the mitigation of nutrients in stormwater runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205109","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the City of Madison, Fund for Lake Michigan, Yahara Watershed Improvement Network, Dane County Land and Water Resources, Clean Lakes Alliance, League of Wisconsin Municipalities, and DuPage River Salt Creek Workgroup","usgsCitation":"Selbig, W.R., Buer, N.H., Bannerman, R.T., and Gaebler, P., 2020, Reducing leaf litter contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen to urban stormwater through municipal leaf collection and street cleaning practices: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 5109, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205109.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 17 p.; Appendix; Data Release","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-116819","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380292,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93L2WM1","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Stormwater-quality data in the control and test catchments during the calibration and treatment phase of a leaf collection study in Madison, Fond du Lac, and Oshkosh, Wisconsin, from September 2016 through November 2019"},{"id":380291,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5109/sir20205109_appendix_1.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"1.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5109 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"— Paired-Basin Nutrient Loads in the Control and Test Catchments During Calibration and Treatment Phases"},{"id":380289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5109/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":380290,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5109/sir20205109.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5109"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Fond du Lac, Madison, Oshkosh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 42.98154421882687\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 42.98154421882687\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 43.1405770781429\n ],\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 43.1405770781429\n ],\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 42.98154421882687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 43.71354951931429\n ],\n [\n -88.37814331054688,\n 43.71354951931429\n ],\n [\n -88.37814331054688,\n 43.804800966308385\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 43.804800966308385\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 43.71354951931429\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.61160278320312,\n 43.95822503841972\n ],\n [\n -88.50723266601562,\n 43.95822503841972\n ],\n [\n -88.50723266601562,\n 44.050089820756796\n ],\n [\n -88.61160278320312,\n 44.050089820756796\n ],\n [\n -88.61160278320312,\n 43.95822503841972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research Way
Middleton, WI 53562
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Public Health, conducted a study to determine the presence of arsenic and uranium in private drinking water wells in Connecticut. Samples were collected during 2013–18 from wells completed in 115 geologic units, with 2,433 samples analyzed for arsenic and 2,191 samples analyzed for uranium. The study concluded four major findings.
Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Given the importance of crayfish in stream ecosystems, gaining insight into the role of stream permanence in maintaining predator–prey interactions is critical. Our objectives were to determine the influence of stream permanence and season on crayfish predation and assess the role of stream permanence and crayfish density on the presence of predators, while accounting for imperfect detection. We conducted surveys of crayfish density, mammalian scat, and environmental variables within 10 intermittent and 10 permanent streams in the Ozark Highlands. We used occupancy modeling to assess the relationship between predator presence, crayfish density, and environmental variables. Stream permanence did not play a role in determining relative frequency of occurrence or percent volume of crayfish prey in mammalian diets. However, percent volume and relative frequency of crayfish prey found in scats differed by season, with both highest in spring and summer. The relative frequency and percent volume of fish prey showed a significant interaction of season by stream permanence, which may be the first instance of this observation. Procyon lotor (Raccoon) had the highest detection probability (p = 0.39), whereas Neovison vison (American Mink; p = 0.15) and Lontra canadensis (River Otter; p = 0.03) had low detection probabilities. Further study into predator–prey interactions in the context of hydrology, particularly when related to imperiled groups like freshwater crayfishes, is needed since climate change is expected to alter hydrologic patterns.
Considerable effort and resources have been placed into conservation programs designed to reduce or alleviate negative environmental effects of crop production and into evaluation of the benefits of these programs. Wetlands are an important source of ecosystem services, but modeling wetland plants is an emerging science. To date, wetland plant growth has not been explicitly accounted for in ecosystem service models that quantify conservation program effects. As part of an effort to more accurately simulate wetland plants within process-based models, we expanded upon plant growth data collected in an earlier effort with additional sampling at two of four previously sampled areas, and included a fifth sampling site. We then used data from the five sites spanning five years as wetland plant parameters at both the species and functional group levels for the Agricultural Land Management Alternative with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) model. In addition to individual species, modelers are interested in functional groups representing a collection of species because it is unrealistic to model every species occurring in an ecosystem. ALMANAC simulations were completed at three sites for both individual wetland plant species and functional groups. At each site, simulated plant yields were within 1 Mg ha–1 (±7%) of measured values (r2 = 0.99). Multisite species simulated yields were within 37% of measured values (r2 = 0.95). Functional groups performed as well as individual species simulations. Functional group simulated yields were within 1 Mg ha–1 (±5%) of measured yields. Plant growth is a major component of these wetland ecosystems, and ALMANAC verified wetland plant parameters support more accurate assessments of conservation programs and practices on the influence of wetland ecosystems embedded within agricultural fields. The improved plant parameters we provide here will be transferred to other process-based models that focus on other ecosystem components such as soil and water effects, facilitating wetland evaluations across the United States and elsewhere.
The relationship between people and wildfire has always been paradoxical: fire is an essential ecological process and management tool, but can also be detrimental to life and property. Consequently, fire regimes have been modified throughout history through both intentional burning to promote benefits and active suppression to reduce risks. Reintroducing fire and its benefits back into the Sky Island mountains of the United States-Mexico borderlands has the potential to reduce adverse effects of altered fire regimes and build resilient ecosystems and human communities. To help guide regional fire restoration, we describe the frequency and severity of recent fires over a 32-year period (1985-2017) across a vast binational region in the United States-Mexico borderlands and assess variation in fire frequency and severity across climate gradients and in relation to vegetation and land tenure classes. We synthesize relevant literature on historical fire regimes within 9 major vegetation types and assess how observed contemporary fire characteristics vary from expectations based on historical patterns. Less than 28% of the study area burned during the observation period, excluding vegetation types in warmer climates that are not adapted to fire (eg, Desertscrub and Thornscrub). Average severity of recent fires was low despite some extreme outliers in cooler, wetter environments. Midway along regional temperature and precipitation gradients, approximately 64% of Pine-Oak Forests burned at least once, with fire frequencies that mainly corresponded to historical expectations on private lands in Mexico but less so on communal lands, suggesting the influence of land management. Fire frequency was higher than historical expectations in extremely cool and wet environments that support forest types such as Spruce-Fir, indicating threats to these systems possibly attributable to drought and other factors. In contrast, fires were absent or infrequent across large areas of Woodlands (~73% unburned) and Grasslands (~88% unburned) due possibly to overgrazing, which reduces abundance and continuity of fine fuels needed to carry fire. Our findings provide a new depiction of fire regimes in the Sky Islands that can help inform fire management, restoration, and regional conservation planning, fostered by local and traditional knowledge and collaboration among landowners and managers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Journals","doi":"10.1177/1178622120969191","usgsCitation":"Villarreal, M.L., Iniguez, J.M., Flesch, A.D., Sanderlin, J.S., Cortes Montano, C., Conrad, C.R., and Haire, S.L., 2020, Contemporary fire regimes provide a critical perspective on restoration needs in the Mexico-United States borderlands: Air, Soil and Water Research, v. 13, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622120969191.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","ipdsId":"IP-117669","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622120969191","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99S0I9W","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) data of wildfires in the Sky Island Mountains of the southwestern US and northern Mexico from 2011-2017"},{"id":380988,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Sonora","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.796875,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -111.796875,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -111.796875,\n 29.036960648558267\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L. 0000-0003-0720-1422 mvillarreal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-1422","contributorId":1424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel","email":"mvillarreal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iniguez, Jose M. 0000-0002-4566-1297","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-1297","contributorId":213972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iniguez","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flesch, Aaron D. 0000-0003-3434-0778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-0778","contributorId":245372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flesch","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":49169,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment and The Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sanderlin, Jamie S. 0000-0001-8651-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8651-9804","contributorId":245373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanderlin","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":49171,"text":"US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cortes Montano, Citlali 0000-0002-1916-1985","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-1985","contributorId":213973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cortes Montano","given":"Citlali","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38945,"text":"Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Conrad, Caroline Rose 0000-0002-0496-8081","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-8081","contributorId":236945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"Caroline","email":"","middleInitial":"Rose","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haire, Sandra L. 0000-0002-5356-7567","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-7567","contributorId":213971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haire","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":32362,"text":"Haire Laboratory for Landscape Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70216182,"text":"sir20205101 - 2020 - Ungulate migrations of the western United States, Volume 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-25T15:42:29.878133","indexId":"sir20205101","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-12T09:50:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5101","displayTitle":"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 1","title":"Ungulate migrations of the western United States, Volume 1","docAbstract":"Across the western United States, many ungulate herds must migrate seasonally to access resources and avoid harsh winter conditions. Because these migration paths cover vast landscapes (in other words migration distances up to 150 miles [241 kilometers]), they are increasingly threatened by roads, fencing, subdivisions, and other development. Over the last decade, many new tracking studies have been conducted on migratory herds, and analytical methods have been developed that allow for population-level corridors and stopovers to be mapped and prioritized. In 2018, the U.S. Geological Survey assembled a Corridor Mapping Team to provide technical assistance to western states working to map bison, elk, moose, mule deer, and pronghorn migrations using existing Global Positioning System data. Led by the Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the team consists of federal scientists, university researchers, and biologists and analysts from participating state agencies.
In its first year, the team has worked to develop standardized analytical and computational methods and a workflow applicable to datasets typically collected by state agencies. In 2019, the team completed analyses necessary to map corridors, stopovers, routes and winter ranges in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. A total of 26 corridors, 16 migration routes, 25 stopovers, and 9 winter ranges were mapped across these states and are included in this report. This report and associated data release provide the means for the habitats required for migration to be taken into account by state and federal transportation officials, land and wildlife managers, planners, and other conservationists working to maintain big-game migration in the western states.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205101","issn":"2328-031X; 2328-0328","isbn":"978-1-4113-4379-5","usgsCitation":"Kauffman, M.J., Copeland, H.E., Berg, J., Bergen, S., Cole, E., Cuzzocreo, M., Dewey, S., Fattebert, J., Gagnon, Gelzer, E., Geremia, C., Graves, T., Hersey, K., Hurley, M., Kaiser, J., Meacham, J., Merkle, J., Middleton, A., Nuñez, T., Oates, B., Olson, D., Olson, L., Sawyer, H., Schroeder, C., Sprague, S., Steingisser, A., Thonhoff, M., 2020, Ungulate migrations of the western United States, Volume 1 (ver. 1.1, December 2023): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5101, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205101.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 119 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482390,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245006","text":"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 4"},{"id":423443,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5101/versionHist.txt","size":"1.0 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2020-5101 version history"},{"id":380307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5101/sir20205101.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5101"},{"id":482391,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245111","text":"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 5"},{"id":482389,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225088","text":"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 3"},{"id":482388,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225008","text":"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 2"},{"id":380308,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O2YM6I","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 1"},{"id":380306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5101/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.03515625,\n 22.51255695405145\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 22.51255695405145\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 53.225768435790194\n ],\n [\n -126.03515625,\n 53.225768435790194\n ],\n [\n -126.03515625,\n 22.51255695405145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Verion 1.1: December 203; Version 1.0: November 2020","contact":"Associate Director, Ecosystems Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
Mail Stop 300, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Groundwater is a critical resource in the Grand Canyon region, supplying nearly all water needs for residents and millions of visitors. Additionally, groundwater discharging at hundreds of spring locations in and near Grand Canyon supports important ecosystems in this mostly arid environment. The security of groundwater supplies is of critical importance for both people and ecosystems in the region and the potential for changes to groundwater systems from projected climate change is a cause for concern. In this study, we analyze recent historical and projected precipitation and temperature data for the Grand Canyon region. Projected climate scenarios are then used in Soil Water Balance groundwater infiltration simulations to understand the state-of-the-science on projected changes to groundwater resources in the area. Historical climate data from 1896 through 2019 indicate multi-decadal cyclical patterns in both precipitation and temperature for most of the time period. Since the 1970s, however, a significant rising trend in temperature is observed in the area. All 10-year periods since 1993 are characterized by both below average precipitation and above average temperature. Downscaled and bias-corrected precipitation and temperature output from 97 CMIP5 global climate models for the water-year 2020–2099 time period indicate projected precipitation patterns similar to recent historical (water-year 1951–2015) data. Projected temperature for the Grand Canyon area, however, is expected to rise by as much as 3.4 °C by the end of the century, relative to the recent historical average. Integrating the effects of projected precipitation and temperature changes on groundwater infiltration, simulation results indicate that > 76% of future decades will experience average potential groundwater infiltration less than that of the recent historical period.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-76743-6","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F.D., Gangopadhyay, S., and Pruitt, T., 2020, Recent and projected precipitation and temperature changes in the Grand Canyon area with implications for groundwater resources: Scientific Reports, v. 10, 19740, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76743-6.","productDescription":"19740, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-117188","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76743-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon, Kaibab Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -109.53369140625,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -109.53369140625,\n 38.35888785866677\n ],\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 38.35888785866677\n ],\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 35.60371874069731\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillman, Fred D. 0000-0002-2922-402X ftillman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2922-402X","contributorId":147809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillman","given":"Fred","email":"ftillman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gangopadhyay, Subhrendu 0000-0003-3864-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3864-8251","contributorId":173439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gangopadhyay","given":"Subhrendu","affiliations":[{"id":7183,"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pruitt, Tom 0000-0002-3543-1324","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3543-1324","contributorId":173440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pruitt","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27228,"text":"Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70248052,"text":"70248052 - 2020 - Using remote sensing products to predict recovery of vegetation across space and time following energy development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-16T15:37:39.154563","indexId":"70248052","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-12T09:16:58","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing products to predict recovery of vegetation across space and time following energy development","docAbstract":"Using localized studies to understand how ecosystems recover can create uncertainty in recovery predictions across landscapes. Large archives of remote sensing data offer opportunities for quantifying the spatial and temporal factors influencing recovery at broad scales and predicting recovery. For example, energy production is a widespread and expanding land use among many semi-arid ecosystems of the Western United States dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), a keystone species providing a variety of ecological services. With remotely-sensed (Landsat) estimates of vegetation cover collected every 2–5 years from southwestern Wyoming, USA, over nearly three decades (1985–2015), we modeled changes in sagebrush cover on 375 former oil and gas well pads in response to weather and site-level conditions. We then used modeled relationships to predict recovery time across the landscape as an indicator of resilience for vegetation after well pad disturbances, where faster recovery indicates a greater capacity to recover when similarly disturbed. We found the rate of change in sagebrush cover generally increased with moisture and temperature, particularly at higher elevations. Rate of change in sagebrush cover also increased and decreased with greater percent sand and larger well pads, respectively. We predicted 21% of the landscape would recover to pre-disturbance conditions within 60 years, whereas other areas may require >100 years for recovery. These predictions and maps could inform future restoration efforts as they reflect resilience. This approach also is applicable to other disturbance types (e.g., fires and vegetation removal treatments) across landscapes, which can further improve conservation efforts by characterizing past conditions and monitoring trends in subsequent years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105872","usgsCitation":"Monroe, A., Aldridge, C.L., O’Donnell, M.S., Manier, D., Homer, C., and Anderson, P.J., 2020, Using remote sensing products to predict recovery of vegetation across space and time following energy development: Ecological Indicators, v. 110, 105872, 15 p.; 2 Data Releases, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105872.","productDescription":"105872, 15 p.; 2 Data Releases","ipdsId":"IP-101503","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454840,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105872","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XV8GH7","text":"USGS data 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]\n}","volume":"110","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monroe, Adrian P. 0000-0003-0934-8225 amonroe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-8225","contributorId":152209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monroe","given":"Adrian P.","email":"amonroe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aldridge, Cameron L. 0000-0003-3926-6941 aldridgec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-6941","contributorId":191773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Cameron","email":"aldridgec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":881652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Donnell, Michael S. 0000-0002-3488-003X odonnellm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-003X","contributorId":140876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Michael","email":"odonnellm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manier, Daniel 0000-0002-1105-1327","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1105-1327","contributorId":244206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manier","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Homer, Collin 0000-0003-4755-8135","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":238918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, Patrick J. 0000-0003-2281-389X andersonpj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-389X","contributorId":3590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patrick","email":"andersonpj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70216416,"text":"70216416 - 2020 - Leave no trace communication: Effectiveness based on assessments of resource conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-17T23:42:48.50792","indexId":"70216416","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-11T17:35:21","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7356,"text":"Journal of Interpretation Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leave no trace communication: Effectiveness based on assessments of resource conditions","docAbstract":"The efficacy of different Leave No Trace (LNT) communication interventions designed to persuade forest visitors to practice low-impact camping behaviors were evaluated. Three depreciative campsite behaviors—littering, tree damage, and surface disposal of human waste—were evaluated by before-and-after resource condition assessments. Three LNT communication interventions were evaluated against a control: (1) an LNT brochure and poster display (non-personal), (2) personal LNT communication by a forest naturalist, and (3) a combination of both non-personal and personal methods. The study population was overnight campers using dispersed road-accessed campsites in Western Maryland’s Green Ridge State Forest. LNT communication successfully improved resource conditions for the targeted depreciative behaviors. For litter and human waste, personal communication by a forest naturalist was effective, but the non-personal method was ineffective. In contrast, tree damage was significantly reduced by both non-personal and personal communication methods. Combining personal and non-personal communication efforts did not result in an increased benefit. The core implication of this study is that several camping resource impacts can be measurably reduced when uniformed staff personally communicate the desired low impact practices.
| Kaua‘i's native forest birds have experienced steep declines since the beginning of systematic surveys in 1981, and declines have accelerated in recent decades. This report details the analysis of the most recent surveys conducted in 2018. Incorporating the new survey results, long-term trends continue to show sharp declines for all native honeycreeper species with the exception of ‘apapane (Himatione sanguinea), which has stable numbers in core areas of its range. Kaua‘i ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sclateri) continued to decline in the outer portions of its range but increased in the core areas of its range. Abundance estimates of forest birds ranged from slightly higher to slightly lower in most species, indicating a relatively stable period from 2012–2018, and a pause from the rapid declines seen in earlier periods. Many native species now exist in very low numbers, and variation in estimates from survey to survey will increase. |
This report is an instructional reference document that describes methods developed and used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) New Jersey Water Science Center (NJWSC) to assure the quality and completeness of water-use data as provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) Bureau of Water Allocation. These data are owned wholly by the State of New Jersey. The role of the USGS NJWSC is to assure the quality of these data by compiling, reviewing, and checking the datasets before uploading them into the New Jersey Water Transfer Data System (NJWaTr) database on an annual basis. The complete uploaded version of the NJWaTr database serves as the repository for New Jersey’s approved and published water-use data. The State of New Jersey maintains a public-facing version of the NJWaTr database (available online at https://www.nj.gov/dep/njgs/geodata/dgs10-3.htm) that contains monthly water-use data at the municipality and 14-digit Hydrologic Unit Code subwatershed level. The protected version of the NJWaTr database that contains monthly site-specific water-use data is available from the NJDEP upon request.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Shourds, J.L., 2020, Quality assurance/quality control procedure for New Jersey’s water-use data for the New Jersey Water Transfer Data System (NJWaTr): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1085, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201085.","productDescription":"viii, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112307","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1085/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":380204,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1085/ofr20201085.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.09 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
Understanding recent historical and projected trends in precipitation and temperature in the Colorado River Basin, and estimating what the projected changes in these climate parameters may mean for groundwater resources in the region, is important for water managers and policymakers to sustainably manage water resources in the basin. Historical (1896–2019) precipitation and temperature data for the upper and lower Colorado River Basins were analyzed to better understand recent trends in climate data that may affect groundwater resources in the area. Historical data indicate multidecadal-scale cyclical patterns in precipitation in both the upper and lower basins. Although upper basin precipitation had no statistical trend over the recent historical period, the lower basin had a weak negative trend over this period. Multidecadal-scale cyclical patterns in temperature also are observed in historical climate data in both the upper and lower basins, at least until the early 1970s. Beginning at that time, both the upper and lower basins experienced strong, monotonic positive trends in temperature. Basic principles of hydrology indicate that periods of decreasing precipitation as well as increasing temperature would have a negative effect, that is, reduction in groundwater infiltration and hence, reduced recharge of aquifer systems.
Projected climate data from 97 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble members across the full range of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCPs) from water years 1951 through 2099 were evaluated to understand what current global climate models are projecting about future conditions in the Colorado River Basin, and what this might mean for groundwater systems in the region. Precipitation in the upper basin is projected to increase throughout the rest of the century, rising to 6 percent above the 1951–2015 historical period by mid-century and to 9 percent above the historical period by the end of the century. Temperature in the upper basin also is projected to be above the recent historical median throughout the rest of the century, with steady warming in decadal average temperatures expected until the last quarter of this century. In contrast to projected precipitation in the upper basin, precipitation in the lower basin is projected to be the same as, or slightly less than, the historical period throughout most of the rest of this century. Like projected temperature in the upper basin, temperature in the lower basin also is projected to be above the recent historical median throughout the rest of the century. Comparing median projections for all future decades with median results from all historical decades, future precipitation is expected to be greater than that of the past in the upper basin, though no significant difference is projected for precipitation in the lower basin. Significant increases (p-value<0.05) are expected in temperature in both the upper and lower basins.
To estimate the effects of projected precipitation and temperature on groundwater systems in the region, results from the 97 member CMIP5 climate projection ensemble were used as input in a Soil-Water Balance (SWB) groundwater infiltration model for the Colorado River Basin. SWB simulation results indicate that the upper Colorado River Basin is expected to experience decades of above-historical-average groundwater infiltration through the end of the century. For the lower Colorado River Basin, simulated groundwater infiltration is projected to be consistently less than the recent (1951–2015) historical period for most of the remaining century. A comparison of the distribution of all median simulated groundwater infiltration results between recent historical and future periods indicates projected groundwater infiltration in the upper basin is significantly (p-value<0.05) greater over the combined 2020–2099 future period than the recent (1951–2015) historical period. Moreover, in 41 of 71 (58 percent) possible future decades in this century, groundwater infiltration is projected to be greater than the 75th percentile of historical simulated groundwater infiltration. Projected groundwater infiltration in the lower Colorado River Basin across all future decades is significantly less than in the historical period. Of the 71 future decades in the century, projected groundwater infiltration in the lower basin is expected to be less than the 25th percentile of historical infiltration in 55 (77 percent) of the 10-year periods. Important differences in projected precipitation between the upper (increasing precipitation) and lower (decreasing precipitation) basins largely drive the different responses of simulated groundwater infiltration in the upper (increasing infiltration) and lower (decreasing infiltration) basins. It will be useful to revisit projections in groundwater infiltration in the Colorado River Basin when more up-to-date projections of precipitation become available from the next Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases or by using climate input developments through Regional Climate Modeling efforts and stochastic weather generators.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F.D., Gangopadhyay, S., and Pruitt, T., 2020, Trends in recent historical and projected climate data for the Colorado River Basin and potential effects on groundwater availability: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5107, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205107.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 24 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-117191","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5107/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":380361,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7ST7MX7","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Soil-water balance groundwater recharge model results for the Upper Colorado River Basin (ver. 2.0, April 2017)"},{"id":380359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5107/sir20205107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5107"},{"id":380360,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VLU0O6","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Soil-water balance groundwater infiltration model results for the Lower Colorado River Basin"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.5,\n 30.088107753367257\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.39115752282472\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 35.08395557927643\n ],\n [\n -105.35888671875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -104.6337890625,\n 36.40359962073253\n ],\n [\n -104.96337890625,\n 37.735969208590504\n ],\n [\n -105.3369140625,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -104.83154296875,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -104.87548828125,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -105.05126953124999,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -106.3916015625,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -110.91796875,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -111.533203125,\n 39.07890809706475\n ],\n [\n -113.04931640625,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -114.14794921875,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -115.46630859375,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -116.806640625,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -116.19140625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -116.1474609375,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -115.4443359375,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -114.93896484374999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n -113.291015625,\n 31.316101383495624\n ],\n [\n -113.04931640625,\n 30.732392734006083\n ],\n [\n -112.7197265625,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -112.47802734375,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 30.088107753367257\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Arizona Water Science Center
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520 N. Park Avenue
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This report summarizes the primary characteristics of alkalic-type epithermal gold (Au) deposits and provides an updated descriptive model. These deposits, primarily of Mesozoic to Neogene age, are among the largest epithermal gold deposits in the world. Considered a subset of low-sulfidation epithermal deposits, they are spatially and genetically linked to small stocks or clusters of intrusions containing high alkali-element contents. Deposits occur as disseminations, breccia-fillings, and veins and may be spatially and genetically related to skarns and low-grade porphyry copper (Cu) or molybdenum (Mo) systems. Gold commonly occurs as native gold, precious metal tellurides, and as sub-micron gold in arsenian pyrite. Quartz, carbonate, fluorite, adularia, and vanadian muscovite/roscoelite are the most common gangue minerals. Alkalic-type gold deposits form in a variety of geological settings including continent-arc collision zones and back-arc or post-subduction rifts that are invariably characterized by a transition from convergent to extensional or transpressive tectonics.
The geochemical compositions of alkaline igneous rocks spatially linked with these deposits span the alkaline-subalkaline transition. Their alkali enrichment may be masked by potassic alteration, but the unaltered or least altered rocks (1) have chondrite normalized patterns that are commonly light rare earth element (LREE) enriched, (2) are heavy rare earth element (HREE) depleted, and (3) have high large ion lithophile contents and variable enrichment of high-field strength elements. Radiogenic isotopes suggest a mantle derivation for the alkalic magmas but allow crustal contamination.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions show that the fluids responsible for deposit formation are dominantly magmatic, although meteoric or other external fluids (seawater, evolved groundwater) also contributed to the ore-forming fluids responsible for these deposits. Carbon and sulfur isotope compositions in vein-hosted carbonates and sulfide gangue minerals, respectively, coincide with magmatic values, although a sedimentary source of carbon and sulfur is evident in several deposits.
Deep-seated structures are critical for the upwelling of hydrous alkalic magmas and for focusing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids to the site of precious metal deposition. The source of gold, silver (Ag), tellurium (Te), vanadium (V), and fluorine (F) was probably the alkalic igneous rocks themselves, and the coexistence of native gold, gold tellurides, and roscoelite in several deposits is primarily a function of similar physicochemical conditions during deposition (for example, overlapping pH and oxygen fugacity (fO2).
Potential environmental impacts related to the mining and processing of alkalic-type epithermal gold deposits include acid mine drainage with high levels of metals, especially zinc (Zn), copper, lead (Pb), and arsenic. However, because alkalic-type gold deposits typically contain carbonates, which contribute calcium and magnesium ions that increase water hardness, aquatic life may be afforded some protection. Impacts vary widely as a function of host rocks, climate, topography, and mining methods.
Geologic mapping to (1) highlight the distribution of potassic alteration; (2) define fault density and orientation of structures; (3) determine the distribution of alkaline rocks and hydrothermal breccias; and (4) identify uniquely colored gangue minerals, such as fluorite and roscoelite, will be critical to exploration and future discoveries. Geophysical techniques that identify potassium (K) anomalies (for example, radiometric and spectroscopic surveys), as well as magnetic, resistivity, aeromagnetic, and gravity surveys, may help locate zones of high-permeability that control advecting hydrothermal fluids. Geochemical surveys that include analyses for Au, Ag, barium, Te, K, F, V, Mo, and mercury, which are key elements in these deposits, should be undertaken along with the measurement of other pathfinder elements such as arsenic, bismuth, Cu, iron, nickel, Pb, antimony, selenium, and Zn.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070R","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K.D., Spry, P.G., McLemore, V.T., Fey, D.L., and Anderson, E.D., 2020, Alkalic-type epithermal gold deposit model: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–R, 74 p., https://doi.org/ 10.3133/ sir20105070R.","productDescription":"x, 74 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380198,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/r/sir20105070r.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010–5070–R"},{"id":380197,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/r/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–973
Denver, CO 80225
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), a bureau within the U.S. Department of the Interior, has valued and used a scientific peer review and approval process since its creation in 1879. Bureau approval, formerly called Director’s approval, has been described in several USGS documents since 1900, and peer review has been codified in policy since 1959. Peer review of USGS manuscripts is intended to ensure the accuracy of data, the scientific validity of interpretations, and the consideration of alternative interpretations. This rigorous quality assurance process is considered deliberative because of the iterative exchange of ideas and opinions among the involved parties.
Peer review practices differed between USGS organizational units until implementation of USGS Fundamental Science Practices (FSP) in 2006, which formalized Bureau-wide science practices, including peer review and approval, for all Bureau scientific information products released to the public or other Federal agencies. FSP policies also address review and approval requirements pertaining to the release of USGS-funded data and software and endorse quality-control standards for USGS laboratories. Bureau approval signifies the scientific excellence of information products, validates and ensures that all necessary reviews have been conducted, and confirms that information products meet USGS science quality standards and have the full backing of the Bureau. The extent, scope, and history of the peer review and approval process within the USGS are documented herein, so future USGS scientists and the public understand how consistent approaches in developing, reviewing, and publishing USGS scientific information have been and continue to be essential in maintaining the reputation of the Bureau for reliable and impartial Earth science research and data collection.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20203050","usgsCitation":"Kirk, K.G., Reid, C.L., Cooper, S.C., 2020, History of U.S. Geological Survey scientific peer review and approval, 1879–2019: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2020–3050, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203050","productDescription":"4 p.","ipdsId":"IP-110012","costCenters":[{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380355,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2020/3050/fs20203050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2020-3050"},{"id":380354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2020/3050/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Contacts, Office of Scientific Quality and Integrity
This study evaluated the spatial variability of trends in simulated snowpack properties across the Rio Grande headwaters of Colorado using the SnowModel snow evolution modeling system. SnowModel simulations were performed using a grid resolution of 100 m and 3-hourly time step over a 34-yr period (1984–2017). Atmospheric forcing was provided by phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System, and the simulations accounted for temporal changes in forest canopy from bark beetle and wildfire disturbances. Annual summary values of simulated snowpack properties [snow metrics; e.g., peak snow water equivalent (SWE), snowmelt rate and timing, and snow sublimation] were used to compute trends across the domain. Trends in simulated snow metrics varied depending on elevation, aspect, and land cover. Statistically significant trends did not occur evenly within the basin, and some areas were more sensitive than others. In addition, there were distinct trend differences between the different snow metrics. Upward trends in mean winter air temperature were 0.3°C decade−1, and downward trends in winter precipitation were −52 mm decade−1. Middle elevation zones, coincident with the greatest volumetric snow water storage, exhibited the greatest sensitivity to changes in peak SWE and snowmelt rate. Across the Rio Grande headwaters, snowmelt rates decreased by 20% decade−1, peak SWE decreased by 14% decade−1, and total snowmelt quantity decreased by 13% decade−1. These snow trends are in general agreement with widespread snow declines that have been reported for this region. This study further quantifies these snow declines and provides trend information for additional snow variables across a greater spatial coverage at finer spatial resolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/JHM-D-20-0077.1","usgsCitation":"Sexstone, G., Penn, C.A., Liston, G., Gleason, K., Moeser, C.D., and Clow, D.W., 2020, Spatial variability in seasonal snowpack trends across the Rio Grande headwaters (1984 - 2017): Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 21, no. 11, p. 2713-2733, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0077.1.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2713","endPage":"2733","ipdsId":"IP-114071","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0077.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q8PYX1","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"SnowModel simulations and supporting observations for the Rio Grande Headwaters, southwestern Colorado, United States, 1984 - 2017"},{"id":380501,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.65777587890625,\n 37.267495764381856\n ],\n [\n -105.83404541015625,\n 37.267495764381856\n ],\n [\n -105.83404541015625,\n 37.91603433975963\n ],\n [\n -107.65777587890625,\n 37.91603433975963\n ],\n [\n -107.65777587890625,\n 37.267495764381856\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sexstone, Graham A. 0000-0001-8913-0546","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8913-0546","contributorId":203850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexstone","given":"Graham A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":804851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penn, Colin A. 0000-0002-5195-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-2744","contributorId":203851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penn","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":804852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liston, Glen","contributorId":244889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liston","given":"Glen","affiliations":[{"id":36729,"text":"Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":804853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gleason, Kelly","contributorId":244890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gleason","given":"Kelly","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":804854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moeser, C. David 0000-0003-0154-9110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-9110","contributorId":214563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moeser","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":804855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":804856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70217232,"text":"70217232 - 2020 - A synthesis of patterns of environmental mercury inputs, exposure and effects in New York State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-13T14:19:18.133975","indexId":"70217232","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-10T08:16:50","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A synthesis of patterns of environmental mercury inputs, exposure and effects in New York State","docAbstract":"Mercury (Hg) pollution is an environmental problem that adversely affects human and ecosystem health at local, regional, and global scales—including within New York State. More than two-thirds of the Hg currently released to the environment originates, either directly or indirectly, from human activities. Since the early 1800s, global atmospheric Hg concentrations have increased by three- to eight-fold over natural levels. In the U.S., atmospheric emissions and point-source releases to waterways increased following industrialization into the mid-1980s. Since then, water discharges have largely been curtailed. As a result, Hg emissions, atmospheric concentrations, and deposition over the past few decades have declined across the eastern U.S. Despite these decreases, Hg pollution persists. To inform policy efforts and to advance public understanding, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) sponsored a scientific synthesis of information on Hg in New York State. This effort includes 23 papers focused on Hg in atmospheric deposition, water, fish, and wildlife published in Ecotoxicology. New York State experiences Hg contamination largely due to atmospheric deposition. Some landscapes are inherently sensitive to Hg inputs driven by the transport of inorganic Hg to zones of methylation, the conversion of inorganic Hg to methylmercury, and the bioaccumulation and biomagnification along food webs. Mercury concentrations exceed human and ecological risk thresholds in many areas of New York State, particularly the Adirondacks, Catskills, and parts of Long Island. Mercury concentrations in some biota have declined in the Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands and the Northeastern Highlands over the last four decades, concurrent with decreases in water releases and air emissions from regional and U.S. sources. However, widespread changes have not occurred in other ecoregions of New York State. While the timing and magnitude of the response of Hg levels in biota varies, policies expected to further diminish Hg emissions should continue to decrease Hg concentrations in food webs, yielding benefits to the fish, wildlife, and people of New York State. Anticipated improvements in the Hg status of aquatic ecosystems are likely to be greatest for inland surface waters and should be roughly proportional to declines in atmospheric Hg deposition. Efforts that advance recovery from Hg pollution in recent years have yielded significant progress, but Hg remains a pollutant of concern. Indeed, due to this extensive compilation of Hg observations in biota, it appears that the extent and intensity of the contamination on the New York landscape and waterscape is greater than previously recognized. Understanding the extent of Hg contamination and recovery following decreases in atmospheric Hg deposition will require further study, underscoring the need to continue existing monitoring efforts.
Human interference with the nitrogen cycle has doubled reactive nitrogen inputs to the global biosphere over the past century, leading to changes across multiple environmental issues that require urgent action. Nitrogen fertilizers and biological nitrogen fixation have allowed benefits of increased crop harvest and livestock production, while in some areas there is insufficient nitrogen to fertilize crops. Whether in excess or deficit, nitrogen losses from its inefficient use are causing a combination of freshwater and marine pollution, air pollution, alteration of climate balance, stratospheric ozone loss, biodiversity loss and reduction of soil quality. The resulting nitrogen pollution affects human health, well-being and livelihoods. Scientific efforts have begun to bring these issues together. However, there is still a high degree of fragmentation between research on the different benefits and threats of reactive nitrogen and between the respective policy frameworks, especially at the global scale. We argue that a more joined-up approach to managing the global nitrogen cycle is needed to develop the ‘gravity of common cause’ between nitrogen issues and to avoid policy trade-offs. We describe how a coherent system for science evidence provision is being developed to support policy development through the ‘International Nitrogen Management System’ (INMS). There is now a matching challenge to bring together the multiple policy agreements relevant for nitrogen as a foundation to address synergies/trade-offs and to set priorities. Based on review of existing frameworks, we outline the concept for an Interconvention nitrogen coordination mechanism. This could make a major contribution to multiple Sustainable Development Goals by stimulating the next generation of international nitrogen strategies: maximizing the benefits of efficient nitrogen use, while minimizing its many environmental threats.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Just enough nitrogen","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-58065-0_36","usgsCitation":"Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Brownlie, W.J., Kanter, D., de Vries, W., Adhya, T., Jean Ometto, Baron, J., Winiwarter, W., Ju, X., Masso, C., Oenema, O., Raghuram, N., van Grinsven, H.J., Van der Beck, I., Cox, C.J., Hansen, S., Ramachandran, R., and Hicks, W.K., 2020, Global challenges for nitrogen science-policy interactions: Towards the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) and improved coordination between multi-lateral environmental agreements, chap. of Just enough nitrogen, p. 517-560, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58065-0_36.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"560","ipdsId":"IP-108605","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science 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M.","contributorId":245729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"Clare","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49299,"text":"Cenver for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brownlie, Will J.","contributorId":245730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brownlie","given":"Will","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":49299,"text":"Cenver for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kanter, David","contributorId":245731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kanter","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40508,"text":"New York University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"de Vries, 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