Undesirable salinity increases occur in both groundwater and surface water and are commonly related to agricultural practices. Groundwater recharge from precipitation or irrigation will transport and disperse residual salts concentrated by evapotranspiration, salts leached from soil and aquifer materials, as well as some dissolved fertilizers and pesticides. Where stream salinity is affected by agricultural practices, the increases in salt load usually are attributable mostly to a groundwater component of flow. Thus, efforts to predict, manage, or control stream salinity increases should consider the role of groundwater in salt transport. Two examples of groundwater salinity problems in Colorado, U.S.A., illustrate that a model which simulates accurately the transport and dispersion of solutes in flowing groundwater can be (1) a valuable investigative tool to help understand the processes and parameters controlling the movement and fate of the salt, and (2) a valuable management tool for predicting responses and optimizing the development and use of the total water resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0","issn":"03783774","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas: Agricultural Water Management, v. 4, no. 1-3, p. 187-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae6de4b0c8380cd870c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011759,"text":"70011759 - 1981 - Radial outflow and unsteady retreat of late Wisconsin to early Holocene icecap in the northern Long Range upland, Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:09:08.176146","indexId":"70011759","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radial outflow and unsteady retreat of late Wisconsin to early Holocene icecap in the northern Long Range upland, Newfoundland","docAbstract":"A swampy very low-relief drift terrain along the medial zone of the northern Long Range Mountains passes outward into fresh glacially eroded bed rock of low to moderate relief. Striations, crescentic gouges, lunate fractures, streamlined stoss-and-ice surfaces, erratics, and other evidence in the upland abundantly reveal radial outflow from a late-glacial icecap that was centered over the Long Range and discharged through peripheral fjord-like valleys to coastal lowlands. A discontinuous belt of moraines and concentrated boulders delineates a still-stand or readvance after the icecap had retreated entirely to the upland and was about 50 km broad. Relatively thick till and an abundance of boulders in the medial low-relief zone suggest that after further contraction to 10 to 15 km wide, the icecap contracted rather slowly. These upland moraines may correlate with cool intervals 11,000 to 9,000 yr ago in the oxygen-isotope record of the ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, or with glacier advances 9,000 to 8,000 yr ago in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.
Hydrogeologic studies prove that natural dissolution of bedded salt occurs at shallow depths in many parts of the Permian Basin of the southwestern U.S.A. This is especially well-documented on the east side of the basin in study areas on the Cimarron River and Elm Fork in western Oklahoma, and on the Red River in the southeastern part of the Texas Panhandle. Four requirements for salt dissolution are: (1) a deposit of salt; (2) a supply of water unsaturated with respect to NaCl; (3) an outlet for removal of brine; and (4) energy to cause water to flow through the system. The supply of fresh groundwater in the region is recharged through permeable rocks, alluvium, terrace deposits, karstic features and fractures. Groundwater dissolves salt at depths of 10–250 m, and the resulting brine moves laterally and upward under hydrostatic pressure through caverns, fractures in disrupted rock, and clastic or carbonate aquifers until it reaches the land surface, where it forms salt plains and salt springs. In many areas, salt dissolution produces a self-perpetuating cycle: dissolution causes cavern development, followed by collapse and subsidence of overlying rock; then the resulting disrupted rock has a greater vertical permeability that allows increased water percolation and additional salt dissolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90153-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., 1981, Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 75-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90153-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"southwestern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 38.26164000698401\n ],\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 32.766938120268534\n ],\n [\n -97.49745337848722,\n 32.766938120268534\n ],\n [\n -97.49745337848722,\n 38.26164000698401\n ],\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 38.26164000698401\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0230e4b0c8380cd4ff2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, K.S.","contributorId":24385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011761,"text":"70011761 - 1981 - Multielement extraction system for the determination of 18 trace elements in geochemical samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:24:00.209009","indexId":"70011761","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multielement extraction system for the determination of 18 trace elements in geochemical samples","docAbstract":"A Methyl isobutyl ketone-Amine synerGistic Iodide Complex (MAGIC) extraction system has been developed for use in geochemical exploration which separates a maximum number of trace elements from interfering matrices. Extraction curves for 18 of these trace elements are presented: Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ga, In, Tl, Sa, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te. The acid normality of the aqueous phase controls the extraction into the organic phase, and each of these 18 elements has a broad range of HCl normality over which H is quantitatively extracted, making H possible to determine all 18 trace elements from a single sample digestion or leach solution. The extract can be analyzed directly by flame atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Most of these 18 elements can be determined by Nameless atomic absorption after special treatment of the organic extract.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00224a017","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.R., and Viets, J., 1981, Multielement extraction system for the determination of 18 trace elements in geochemical samples: Analytical Chemistry, v. 53, no. 1, p. 61-65, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00224a017.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221387,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6025e4b0c8380cd7130a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011945,"text":"70011945 - 1981 - Oxygen isotope thermometry of basic lavas and mantle nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011945","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope thermometry of basic lavas and mantle nodules","docAbstract":"Measurements have been made of the oxygen isotope and chemical composition of glass and phenocrysts in lavas and coexisting minerals in mantle nodules. Temperatures of formation of these assemblages have been estimated from various chemical thermometers and range from 855?? to 1,300?? C. The permil fractionations between coexisting orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in the lavas and nodules are all near zero. The fractionations between pyroxene and olivine vary from +1.2 to -1.4 and are a smooth function of temperature over the entire range. This function is given by T(?? C)=1151-173?? (px-d)-68??2(px-d) and has an uncertainty of ??60?? (2??). At temperatures above 1,150?? C, olivine in the nodules becomes more18O-rich than coexisting clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase. In combination with the experimental work of Muehlenbachs and Kushiro (1974), the olivine-pyroxene fractionations indicate that olivine also becomes substantially more18O-rich than basaltic liquids above 1,200?? C. Geothermometers based on the oxygen isotope equilibration of basaltic liquid with olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase are presented. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01161498","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Kyser, T., O’Neil, J.R., and Carmichael, I.S., 1981, Oxygen isotope thermometry of basic lavas and mantle nodules: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 11-23, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01161498.","startPage":"11","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205093,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161498"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a729de4b0c8380cd76be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kyser, T.K.","contributorId":25585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyser","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carmichael, I. S. E.","contributorId":61558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011948,"text":"70011948 - 1981 - Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-16T11:16:29","indexId":"70011948","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio.","docAbstract":"The chemical composition and stratigraphy of the Black River Group in southwestern Ohio were studied. Chemical analyses were done on two cores of the Black River from Adams and Brown Counties, Ohio. These studies show that substantial reserves of high-carbonate rock are present in the Black River at depths of less than 800 ft, in proximity to Cincinnati and the Ohio River. Stratigraphic studies show that the Black River Group has eight marker beds in its middle and upper portions and three distinct lithologic units in its lower portion; these marker beds and units are present throughout southwestern Ohio. The Black River Group correlates well with the High Bridge Group of Kentucky. Depositional environments of the Black River are similar to those of the High Bridge and to present-day tidal flats in the Bahamas.-Author
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<629:CCSADE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stith, D.A., 1981, Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 9 pt 1, p. 629-633, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<629:CCSADE>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"629","endPage":"633","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"9 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f56de4b0c8380cd4c206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stith, David A.","contributorId":86418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010355,"text":"70010355 - 1981 - The ground-state conductivity profile of the core-mantle system of the Earth-reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:40:32","indexId":"70010355","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ground-state conductivity profile of the core-mantle system of the Earth-reply","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(81)90151-5","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Muth, L., 1981, The ground-state conductivity profile of the core-mantle system of the Earth-reply: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 25, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(81)90151-5.","startPage":"178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267345,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(81)90151-5"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac9ee4b08c986b323608","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muth, L.A.","contributorId":65224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muth","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014221,"text":"1014221 - 1981 - Your fishes' health: Diseases of fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:28","indexId":"1014221","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3655,"text":"Tropical Fish Hobbyist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Your fishes' health: Diseases of fishes","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical Fish Hobbyist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"430/FH","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., 1981, Your fishes' health: Diseases of fishes: Tropical Fish Hobbyist, v. 30, no. 3, p. 78-78.","startPage":"78","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010354,"text":"70010354 - 1981 - Uplift of the lesser Himalayas, Northern Pakistan, as inferred from fission-track ages of sphene, epidote, and zircon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:19:07","indexId":"70010354","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2911,"text":"Nuclear Tracks","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uplift of the lesser Himalayas, Northern Pakistan, as inferred from fission-track ages of sphene, epidote, and zircon","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Tracks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-278X(81)90057-3","issn":"0191278X","usgsCitation":"Zeitler, P., Tahirkheli, R., Naeser, C.W., Johnson, N., and Lyons, J., 1981, Uplift of the lesser Himalayas, Northern Pakistan, as inferred from fission-track ages of sphene, epidote, and zircon: Nuclear Tracks, v. 5, no. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-278X(81)90057-3.","startPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268870,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-278X(81)90057-3"},{"id":219370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd29e4b08c986b328ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zeitler, P.K.","contributorId":49513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeitler","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tahirkheli, R.A.K.","contributorId":37889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tahirkheli","given":"R.A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, N.M.","contributorId":105429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyons, J.B.","contributorId":51390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011949,"text":"70011949 - 1981 - Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:16:26.948532","indexId":"70011949","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation","docAbstract":"Sky and solar radiance are of major importance in determining the ground temperature. Knowledge of their behavior is a fundamental part of surface temperature models. These two fluxes vary with elevation and this variation produces temperature changes. Therefore, when using thermal-property differences to discriminate geologic materials, these flux variations with elevation need to be considered. From a representative set of field observations, it was found that flux variations with elevation can cause changes in the mean diurnal temperature gradient from −4° to −14°C per km evaluated at 2000 m. Changes in the temperature-difference gradient of 1°-2°C per km are also produced which is equivalent to an effective thermal-inertia gradient of 100 W s1/2 m−2 K−1 per km. Thus, exposed bedrock on topographic ridges will appear to have a lower thermal inertia due to the additional effect.
A new model of the sublimation of volatile ices from a cometary nucleus has been developed which includes the effects of diurnal heating and cooling, rotation period and pole orientation, and thermal properties of the ice and subsurface layers. The model also includes the contribution from coma opacity, scattering, and thermal emission, where the properties of the coma are derived from the integrated rate of volatile production by the nucleus. The model is applied to the specific case of the 1986 apparition of Halley's comet. It is found that the generation of a cometary dust coma actually increases the total energy reaching the Halley nucleus. This results because of the significantly greater geometrical cross section of the coma as compared with the bare nucleus, and because the coma provides an essentially isotropic source of multiply scattered sunlight and thermal emission over the entire nucleus surface. For Halley, the calculated coma opacity is approximately 0.2 at 1 AU from the Sun, and 1.2 at perihelion (0.587 AU). At 1 AU this has little effect on dayside temperatures (maximum ≈200°K) but raises nightside temperatures (minimum ≈150°K) by about 40°K. At perihelion the higher opacity results in a nearly isothermal nucleus with only small diurnal and latitudinal temperature variations. The general surface temperature is 205°K with a maximum of 209°K at local noon on the equator. Some possible consequences of the results with respect to the generation of nongravitational forces, observed volatile production rates for comets, and cometary lifetimes against sublimation are discussed.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00085a606","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Feder, G.L., and Stiles, E., 1981, Toxicity of volcanic-ash leachate to a blue-green alga. Results of a preliminary bioassay experiment: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 362-364, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00085a606.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"364","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Richland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.27527640950927,\n 46.366754995561195\n ],\n [\n -119.26771599732572,\n 46.32259344833176\n ],\n [\n -119.29214194437992,\n 46.3081328300195\n ],\n [\n -119.35029896117543,\n 46.30732935029394\n ],\n [\n -119.3636750750384,\n 46.30411531345209\n ],\n [\n -119.33808598764833,\n 46.286434737709214\n ],\n [\n -119.31773103177002,\n 46.264325990490676\n ],\n [\n -119.28981566370814,\n 46.246632570492636\n ],\n [\n -119.20897741036228,\n 46.226519481796004\n ],\n [\n -119.15430981457445,\n 46.217264985444984\n ],\n [\n -119.13918899020763,\n 46.21565534857899\n ],\n [\n -119.13162857802436,\n 46.23295647225717\n ],\n [\n -119.19327501582752,\n 46.2430127585813\n ],\n [\n -119.23107707674471,\n 46.26714032641877\n ],\n [\n -119.25724773430245,\n 46.27678838126897\n ],\n [\n -119.25841087463834,\n 46.28362139252266\n ],\n [\n -119.21479311204172,\n 46.28964981243578\n ],\n [\n -119.23107707674471,\n 46.32018361063953\n ],\n [\n -119.23165864691265,\n 46.34668598746103\n ],\n [\n -119.24677947127947,\n 46.36755760257711\n ],\n [\n -119.27527640950927,\n 46.366754995561195\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb620e4b08c986b326a93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":361824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feder, G. L.","contributorId":79508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feder","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stiles, E.A.","contributorId":42353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013678,"text":"1013678 - 1981 - Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T13:26:08.345018","indexId":"1013678","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets","docAbstract":"Growth and survival were compared for groups of first‐feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed various commercially available and experimental starter diets. In two separate 8‐ to 9‐week studies, survival was highest (more than 90%) in fish fed a semimoist closed‐formula commercial diet (BioDiet). In one study, fish grew fastest on BioDiet, whereas in the second study they grew fastest on a liver‐supplemented diet. Some diets were not eaten by the fish, resulting in little growth and less than 40% survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[195:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lemm, C.A., and Hendrix, M.A., 1981, Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 43, no. 4, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[195:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65563b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemm, C. A.","contributorId":42162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrix, M. A.","contributorId":61376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrix","given":"M.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011718,"text":"70011718 - 1981 - Determination of tetraalkyllead compounds in gasoline by liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:37:45.47589","indexId":"70011718","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of tetraalkyllead compounds in gasoline by liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"A liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry (LC-AAS) hybrid analytical technique is presented for metal speciation measurements on complex liquid samples. The versatility and inherent metal selectivity of the technique are Illustrated by the rapid determination of five tetraalkyllead compounds in commercial gasoline. Separation of the individual tetraalkyllead species is achieved by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using an acetonitrile/water mobile phase. The effluent from the liquid Chromatograph is introduced directly into the aspiration uptake capillary of the nebulizer of an air/acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Spectral interferences due to coeluting hydrocarbon matrix constituents were not observed at the 283.3-nm resonance line of lead used for analysis. Detection limits of this LC-AAS hydrid analytical technique, based on a 20-μL injection, are approximately 10 ng Pb for each tetraalkyllead compound.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00234a020","usgsCitation":"Messman, J.D., and Rains, T.C., 1981, Determination of tetraalkyllead compounds in gasoline by liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 53, no. 11, p. 1632-1636, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00234a020.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1632","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffcde4b0c8380cd4f3e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Messman, J. D.","contributorId":105855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rains, T. C.","contributorId":38281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rains","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011906,"text":"70011906 - 1981 - Gravity model and structural implications of the Goddard Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:06:39.471729","indexId":"70011906","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity model and structural implications of the Goddard Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"A subsurface model for the Goddard pendant is constructed from a residual gravity high of about 7 mGal over the pendant. The model, which is the simplest and most geologically reasonable possibility, shows a metamorphic block that tapers with depth and extends about 3.5 km below the surface. The structures in the Goddard pendant are similar in style and orientation to those in other Sierra Nevada pendants, indicating that the country rock was neither deformed nor rotated during pluton emplacement. Consequently, emplacement must have been a passive rather than a forceful process. The pendant itself represents a piece of country rock trapped between plutons which are dome shaped in cross section.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09279","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., and Oliver, H.W., 1981, Gravity model and structural implications of the Goddard Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9279-9286, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09279.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"9279","endPage":"9286","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a25e4b0c8380cd5af18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oliver, H. W.","contributorId":85570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013645,"text":"1013645 - 1981 - Introduction to the Proceedings of the 1980 Stock Concept International Symposium (STOCS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:15","indexId":"1013645","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to the Proceedings of the 1980 Stock Concept International Symposium (STOCS)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"444/FH","usgsCitation":"Berst, A., and Simon, R., 1981, Introduction to the Proceedings of the 1980 Stock Concept International Symposium (STOCS): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1457-1458.","productDescription":"p. 1457-1458","startPage":"1457","endPage":"1458","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c2e4b07f02db5d38b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berst, A.H.","contributorId":7662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berst","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, R.C.","contributorId":34454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014193,"text":"1014193 - 1981 - Herpesvirus salmonis: pathological changes in parenterally-infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, fry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-02T11:20:42.831739","indexId":"1014193","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herpesvirus salmonis: pathological changes in parenterally-infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, fry","docAbstract":"After fry of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, had been infected parenterally with Herpesvirus salmonis, moribund or freshly dead specimens were examined histopathologically. The virus produced a generalized infection, the first signs of which appeared after 2–3 weeks. Visceral and respiratory organs and the heart showed major pathological changes, and pancreatic syncytia were judged to be pathognomonic. Kidneys were prime targets for the virus and showed the highest levels of infectivity; lesser amounts of virus were present in the stomach, liver, and intestine. The virus did not spread by contact to produce clinical disease nor could disease or viral replication be induced by parenteral inoculation of yearling Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum).
The δ34S values of dissolved sulfide and the sulfur isotope fractionations between dissolved sulfide and sulfate species in Floridan ground water generally correlate with dissolved sulfate concentrations which are related to flow patterns and residence time within the aquifer. The dissolved sulfide derives from the slow in situ biogenic reduction of sulfate dissolved from sedimentary gypsum in the aquifer. In areas where the water is oldest, the dissolved sulfide has apparently attained isotopic equilibrium with the dissolved sulfate (Δ34S = 65 per mil) at the temperature (28°C) of the system. This approach to equilibrium reflects an extremely slow reduction rate of the dissolved sulfate by bacteria; this slow rate probably results from very low concentrations of organic matter in the aquifer.
In the reducing part of the Edwards aquifer, Texas, there is a general down-gradient increase in both dissolved sulfide and sulfate concentrations, but neither the δ34S values of sulfide nor the sulfide-sulfate isotope fractionation correlates with the ground-water flow pattern. The dissolved sulfide species appear to be derived primarily from biogenic reduction of sulfate ions whose source is gypsum dissolution although upgradient diffusion of H2S gas from deeper oil field brines may be important in places. The sulfur isotope fractionation for sulfide-sulfate (about 38 per mil) is similar to that observed for modern oceanic sediments and probably reflects moderate sulfate reduction in the reducing part of the aquifer owing to the higher temperature and significant amount of organic matter present; contributions of isotopically heavy H2S from oil field brines are also possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Back, W., Hanshaw, B., Rightmire, C., and Pearson, F.J., 1981, The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 10, p. 1941-1950, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7.","productDescription":"10 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae63e4b08c986b32406d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rightmire, C.T.","contributorId":63822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rightmire","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70010351,"text":"70010351 - 1981 - Design of exploration and minerals-data-collection programs in developing areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:16:27.217638","indexId":"70010351","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3414,"text":"Socio-Economic Planning Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design of exploration and minerals-data-collection programs in developing areas","docAbstract":"This paper considers the practical problem of applying economic analysis to designing minerals exploration and data collection strategies for developing countries. Formal decision rules for the design of government exploration and minerals-data-collection programs are derived by using a minerals-industry planning model that has been extended to include an exploration function. Rules derived are applicable to centrally planned minerals industries as well as market-oriented minerals sectors. They pertain to the spatial allocation of exploration effort and to the allocation of activities between government and private concerns for market-oriented economies. Programs characterized by uniform expenditures, uniform information coverage across regions, or uniform-density grid drilling progrmas are shown to be inferior to the strategy derived. Moreover, for market-oriented economies, the economically optimal mix in exploration activities between private and government data collection would require that only private firms assess local sites and that government agencies carry out regional surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0038-0121(81)90037-9","issn":"00380121","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., 1981, Design of exploration and minerals-data-collection programs in developing areas: Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, v. 15, no. 6, p. 347-352, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0121(81)90037-9.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff3fe4b0c8380cd4f0c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011787,"text":"70011787 - 1981 - The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:02:33.411154","indexId":"70011787","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination","docAbstract":"The need for interdisciplinary research on resource appraisal techniques was recognized by Samuel G. Lasky, a U.S. Geological Survey geologist, more than 30 years ago. His efforts to devise an appraisal technique that incorporated many attributes of mineral resources resulted in a cumulative tonnage-grade relationship that has been referred to as \"the arithmetic-geometric (A/G) ratio\" or \"Lasky's law\" by later writers. A review of subsequent studies of the increases in available metal to be expected as grade decreases indicates that Lasky's work has at times been misinterpreted. Lasky's relationship is shown to be consistent with studies of the correlation between average grades and tonnages of mineralized material in ore deposits. The projection of Lasky's analysis to lower grades is limited because the mathematical formulation predicts physically impossible situations below some limiting grade.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1067","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"DeYoung, J.H., 1981, The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1067-1080, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1067.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1067","endPage":"1080","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7abe4b08c986b321705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeYoung, J. H.","contributorId":75908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011780,"text":"70011780 - 1981 - Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:31:37","indexId":"70011780","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling","docAbstract":"Many recently developed watershed models utilize accumulation and washoff equations to simulate the quality of runofffrom urban impervious areas. These models often have been calibrated by trial and error and with little understanding of model sensitivity to the various parameters. Methodologies for estimating best fit values of the washoff parameters commonly used in these models have been presented previously. In this paper, parameter identification techniques for estimating the accumulation parameters from measured runoff quality data are presented along with a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Results from application of the techniques and the sensitivity analysis suggest a need for data quantifying the magnitude and identifying the shape of constituent accumulation curves. An exponential accumulation curve is shown to be more general than the linear accumulation curves used in most urban runoff quality models. When determining accumulation rates, attention needs to be given to the effects of residual amounts of constituents remaining after the previous period of storm runoff or street sweeping.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i006p01657","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1981, Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1657-1664, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i006p01657.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1664","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6fe4b0c8380cd5270c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011719,"text":"70011719 - 1981 - The origin of epigenetic graphite: Evidence from isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:12:15.245888","indexId":"70011719","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of epigenetic graphite: Evidence from isotopes","docAbstract":"Stable carbon isotope ratios measured in syngenetic graphite, epigenetic graphite, and graphitic marble suggests that syngenetic graphite forms only by the metamorphism of carbonaceous detritus. Metamorphism of calcareous rocks with carbonaceous detritus is accompanied by an exchange of carbon between the two, which may result in large changes in isotopic composition of the non-carbonate phase but does not affect the relative proportions of the two reactants in the rock. Epigenetic graphite forms only from carbonaceous material or preexisting graphite. The reactions involved are the water gas reaction (C + H2O → CO + H2) at 800–900°C, and the Boudouard reaction (2CO → C + CO2), which probably takes place at temperatures about 50–100°C lower.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90086-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Weis, P.L., Friedman, I., and Gleason, J., 1981, The origin of epigenetic graphite: Evidence from isotopes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 12, p. 2325-2332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90086-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2325","endPage":"2332","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae69e4b08c986b32409a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weis, P. L.","contributorId":71557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, J.P.","contributorId":36425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011926,"text":"70011926 - 1981 - A distribution-free alternative to least-squares regression and its application to Rb/Sr isochron calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011926","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A distribution-free alternative to least-squares regression and its application to Rb/Sr isochron calculations","docAbstract":"A distribution-free estimator of the slope of a regression line is introduced. This estimator is designated Sm and is given by the median of the set of n(n - 1)/2 slope estimators, which may be calculated by inserting pairs of points (Xi, Yi)and (Xj, Yj)into the slope formula Si = (Yi - Yj)/(Xi - Xj), 1 ??? i < j ??? n Once Sm is determined, outliers may be detected by calculating the \"residuals\" given by Ri = Yi - SmXi where 1 ??? i ??? n, and chosing the median Rm. Outliers are defined as points for which |Ri - Rm| > k (median {|Ri - Rm|}). If no outliers are found, the Y-intercept is given by Rm. Confidence limits on Rm and Sm can be found from the sets of Ri and Si, respectively. The distribution-free estimators are compared with the least-squares estimators now in use by utilizing published data. Differences between the least-squares and distribution-free estimates are discussed, as are the drawbacks of the distribution-free techniques. ?? 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01079647","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Vugrinovich, R., 1981, A distribution-free alternative to least-squares regression and its application to Rb/Sr isochron calculations: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 443-454, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079647.","startPage":"443","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205068,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01079647"},{"id":220868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3c3e4b0c8380cd461ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vugrinovich, R.G.","contributorId":38712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vugrinovich","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011743,"text":"70011743 - 1981 - Location of the Border Ranges fault southwest of Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:15:35.46436","indexId":"70011743","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location of the Border Ranges fault southwest of Kodiak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"A positive magnetic anomaly extends discontinuously from the south side of the Copper River basin, along the southeast side of Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, and southwestward from Kodiak Island to near Sutwik Island. Regionally, this anomaly parallels the Border Ranges fault and is within 10 km of it along the Kodiak Islands. The most probable source for the anomaly near Kodiak Island is mainly Early Jurassic plutonic rocks and locally ultramafic rocks that are associated with a melange. The Border Ranges fault lies between these two rock types, and given the regional parallelism of the fault and the magnetic anomaly, the fault can be traced offshore southwest of Kodiak Island to near Sutwik Island using marine magnetic data. Lithologic evidence suggests that the fault continues southwest of Sutwik Island toward the southwest end of the Alaska Peninsula.
Two new geodetic measurements of strain accumulation in the state of Washington for the interval 1972–1979 are reported. Near Seattle the average principal strain rates are 0.07 ± 0.03 μstrain/yr N 19°W and −0.13 ± 0.02 μstrain/yr N71°E, and near Richland (south central Washington) the average principal strain rates are −0.02 ± 0.01 μstrain/yr N36°W and −0.04 ± 0.01 μstrain/yr N54°E. Extension is taken as positive, and the uncertainties quoted are standard deviations. A measurement of shear strain accumulation (dilatation not determined) in the epoch 1914–1966 along the north coast of Vancouver Island by the Geodetic Survey of Canada indicates a marginally significant accumulation of right-lateral shear (0.06 ± 0.03 μrad/yr) across the plate boundary (N40°W strike). Although there are significant differences in detail, these strain measurements are roughly consistent with a crude dislocation model that represents subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate. The observed accumulation of strain implies that large, shallow, thrust earthquakes should be expected off the coast of Washington and British Columbia. However, this conclusion is not easily reconciled with either observations of elevation change along the Washington coast or the focal mechanism solutions for shallow earthquakes in Washington.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB06p04929","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1981, Geodetic strain measurements in Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B6, p. 4929-4940, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB06p04929.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4929","endPage":"4940","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a173fe4b0c8380cd5544a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}