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,{"id":70047793,"text":"70047793 - 1981 - Gravity: 2-D anomaly","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9294,"text":"ofr791687 - 1979 - Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program to calculate gravity anomaly over 2-D prisms of as much as 18 vertices","indexId":"ofr791687","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program to calculate gravity anomaly over 2-D prisms of as much as 18 vertices"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047793,"text":"70047793 - 1981 - Gravity: 2-D anomaly","indexId":"70047793","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Gravity: 2-D anomaly"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T14:55:44","indexId":"70047793","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Gravity: 2-D anomaly","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Manual of geophysical hand-calculator programs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Haines, D.N., and Campbell, D.L., 1981, Gravity: 2-D anomaly, chap. <i>of</i> Manual of geophysical hand-calculator programs, v. 2: TI.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276953,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2: TI","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52188466e4b0e27b926cc6a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, Donald N.","contributorId":31765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, D. L.","contributorId":90726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012128,"text":"70012128 - 1981 - Eolian features produced by the December 1977 windstorm, southern San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:45:52.982689","indexId":"70012128","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eolian features produced by the December 1977 windstorm, southern San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>High wind velocities during a windstorm in December of 1977 in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California, created eolian features and effects of a magnitude not previously reported in the literature. Three principal mechanisms of sediment movement by wind were studied by examining the size distribution of deposits in telephone poles (saltation and suspension), feeder pens and abandoned buildings (saltation and suspension), and gravel ripples (surface creep). The maximum grain sizes of rocks lodged in telephone poles at heights of 240, 160, and 80 cm are 7 mm X 11 mm X 6 mm, 10 mm X 15 mm X 6 mm, and 20 mm X 23 mm X 5 mm, respectively. In some areas with rocky soils, lag materials formed gravel ripples.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628568","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Sakamoto-Arnold, C.M., 1981, Eolian features produced by the December 1977 windstorm, southern San Joaquin Valley, California: Journal of Geology, v. 89, no. 1, p. 129-137, https://doi.org/10.1086/628568.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a00e4b0c8380cd52152","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakamoto-Arnold, C. M.","contributorId":79237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakamoto-Arnold","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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,{"id":9445,"text":"ofr81820 - 1981 - Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9445,"text":"ofr81820 - 1981 - Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah","indexId":"ofr81820","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043525,"text":"70043525 - 1982 - Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah","indexId":"70043525","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70043525,"text":"70043525 - 1982 - Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah","indexId":"70043525","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T15:47:31.219495","indexId":"ofr81820","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-820","title":"Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah","docAbstract":"A study of the gains or losses of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals in the Leamington area, in Juab and Millard Counties, Utah, was made to determine changes in those reaches. Three to seven sets of seepage measurements made during 1980 were used in the analysis. Adjustments for fluctuations in flow were made from information obtained from water-stage recorders operated at selected locations during the time of each seepage run. The study showed an overall net gain of about 9 cubic feet per second\n(0.25 cubic meter per second) in the Sevier River and about 1.3 cubic feet per second (0.04 cubic meter per second) in the Leamington Canal. It also showed a net loss of about 7 cubic feet per second (0.20 cubic meter per second) in the Central Utah Canal and about 0.8 cubic foot per second (0.02 cubic meter per second) in the McIntyre Canal. The gains in the Sevier River and Leamington Canal probably come chiefly as return seepage of water lost from the Central Utah and McIntyre Canals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr81820","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Herbert, L.R., Cruff, R., and Holmes, W.F., 1981, Seepage study of the Sevier River and the Central Utah, McIntyre, and Leamington Canals, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-820, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81820.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406316,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0820/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75544.htm"},{"id":142204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0820/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Juab County, Millard County","otherGeospatial":"Central Utah Canal, Leamington Canal, McIntyre Canal, Sevier River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.50102996826172,\n              39.445738080447484\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.50102996826172,\n              39.63345647307571\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.22911834716797,\n              39.63345647307571\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.22911834716797,\n              39.445738080447484\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.50102996826172,\n              39.445738080447484\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb993","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herbert, L. R.","contributorId":39865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cruff, R.W.","contributorId":77510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruff","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, Walter F.","contributorId":31737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003877,"text":"1003877 - 1981 - Whooping crane preyed upon by golden eagle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-23T13:26:56.751251","indexId":"1003877","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whooping crane preyed upon by golden eagle","docAbstract":"<p>The Golden Eagle (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>) is the largest predatory bird in North America and is well known for its predatory abilities. Attacks have been reported on mammals such as whitetail jackrabbits (<i>Lepus townsendi</i>) (McGahan 1967, J. Wildl. Mgmt. 31: 496), pronghorn antelope (<i>Antilocapra americana</i>) (Bruhns 1970, Can. Field-Natur. 84: 301), Mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) (Kelleher and O'Malia 1971, Auk 88: 186), and Great Blue Herons (<i>Ardea herodias</i>) (Carnie 1954, Condor 56: 3). This communication describes an attack on an immature Whooping Crane (<i>Grus americana</i>) by a Golden Eagle and the subsequent necropsy findings.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Windingstad, R.M., Stiles, H.E., and Drewien, R.C., 1981, Whooping crane preyed upon by golden eagle: The Auk, v. 98, no. 2, p. 393-394.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"394","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15343,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086082"},{"id":129571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Rangely","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.78173909139542,\n              40.089559319566376\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.78173909139542,\n              39.93782983761244\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.46724161095115,\n              39.93782983761244\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.46724161095115,\n              40.089559319566376\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.78173909139542,\n              40.089559319566376\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Windingstad, Ronald M.","contributorId":46046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stiles, Harry E.","contributorId":105666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stiles","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":314540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drewien, Roderick C.","contributorId":195989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drewien","given":"Roderick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":314538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70139716,"text":"70139716 - 1981 - Remote sensing: a tool for park planning and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:00:44","indexId":"70139716","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3861,"text":"Parks","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing: a tool for park planning and management","docAbstract":"<p>Remote sensing may be defined as the science of imaging or measuring objects from a distance. More commonly, however, the term is used in reference to the acquisition and use of photographs, photo-like images, and other data acquired from aircraft and satellites. Thus, remote sensing includes the use of such diverse materials as photographs taken by hand from a light aircraft, conventional aerial photographs obtained with a precision mapping camera, satellite images acquired with sophisticated scanning devices, radar images, and magnetic and gravimetric data that may not even be in image form. Remotely sensed images may be color or black and white, can vary in scale from those that cover only a few hectares of the earth's surface to those that cover tens of thousands of square kilometers, and they may be interpreted visually or with the assistance of computer systems. This article attempts to describe several of the commonly available types of remotely sensed data, to discuss approaches to data analysis, and to demonstrate (with image examples) typical applications that might interest managers of parks and natural areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","usgsCitation":"Draeger, W.C., and Pettinger, L.R., 1981, Remote sensing: a tool for park planning and management: Parks, v. 6, no. 3, p. 1-6.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550aa1bee4b02e76d7590bfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draeger, William C.","contributorId":46522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draeger","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pettinger, Lawrence R.","contributorId":18274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettinger","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168874,"text":"70168874 - 1981 - Earthquakes, November-December 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-31T12:15:35","indexId":"70168874","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, November-December 1980","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1981, Earthquakes, November-December 1980: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 4, p. 150-152.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"152","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dd62bfe4b015c306fa4b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011775,"text":"70011775 - 1981 - Variations in stable- isotope ratios of ground waters in seismically active regions of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:20:20.009952","indexId":"70011775","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in stable- isotope ratios of ground waters in seismically active regions of California","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Measurements of D and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O concentrations of ground waters in seismically active regions are potentially useful in earthquake prediction and in elucidating mechanisms operative during earthquakes. Principles of this method are discussed and some preliminary data regarding a magnitude 5.7 earthquake at the Oroville Dam in 1975 and a series of events near San Juan Bautista in 1980 are presented to support the utility of such measurements. After earthquakes, the D content of nearby ground waters increased by several permil while the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O content remained constant. This increase implies that H<sub>2</sub>O may have either decomposed or reacted to form molecular H<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>at depth. It is emphasized that many areas must be investigated for these effects in order to find a sufficient number of \"sensitive\" water wells and springs to permit a truly effective program of earthquake research.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL008i005p00429","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"O’Neil, J.R., and King, C., 1981, Variations in stable- isotope ratios of ground waters in seismically active regions of California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 8, no. 5, p. 429-432, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i005p00429.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc189e4b08c986b32a61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Chi-Yu","contributorId":74140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Chi-Yu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011772,"text":"70011772 - 1981 - Introduction to special issue on granites and rhyolites: A commentary for the nonspecialist","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:54:50.743735","indexId":"70011772","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to special issue on granites and rhyolites: A commentary for the nonspecialist","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10131","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., 1981, Introduction to special issue on granites and rhyolites: A commentary for the nonspecialist: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10131-10135, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10131.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"10131","endPage":"10135","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221546,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3df1e4b0c8380cd63985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F.","contributorId":101368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197262,"text":"70197262 - 1981 - Physical factors that could restrict mineral supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T14:56:21.557813","indexId":"70197262","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical factors that could restrict mineral supply","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stages in the metal supply process are affected by each of the following physical (geologic) factors: (1) geographic distribution of concentrations of potential ore minerals, (2) depth of these concentrations, (3) mineralogy, (4) grain size of the minerals, and (5) grade and (6) tonnages of the concentrations. For mineral deposits of each type in each geologic and political environment, the lowest cost metal will tend to be produced first because: (1) the largest deposits tend to be found first, (2) the few largest deposits should reap the benefits of economies of scale and will tend to account for the lion’s share of total metal, (3) higher grade deposits that require substantially less energy per ton of metal than do lower grade deposits will be mined first, and (4) deposits that have the mineralogy and grain sizes that are relatively cheap to process will be produced first. Shallow deposits that are relatively cheap to find and mine and deposits near existing infrastructure will also be produced first. Because stages in the supply process are sequential, problems at any stage caused by the physical factors are reflected in subsequent stages and adversely affect production costs. In the long term, effects of such problems will be not physical shortages of metals but a rapid or persistent increase in real prices of metals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/AV75.29","usgsCitation":"DeYoung, J., and Singer, D.A., 1981, Physical factors that could restrict mineral supply: Economic Geology, v. 75th Anniversary, p. 939-954, https://doi.org/10.5382/AV75.29.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"939","endPage":"954","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75th Anniversary","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15c30ee4b092d9651e23ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeYoung, John H. Jr. jdeyoung@usgs.gov","contributorId":190728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"John H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70162495,"text":"70162495 - 1981 - The U.S. Earthquake Prediction Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-10T15:31:51","indexId":"70162495","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The U.S. Earthquake Prediction Program","docAbstract":"<p>Following on from the concepts of plate tectonics, the earth sciences are now embarking on a challenging course- the time prediction of geologic phenomena. Earthquake prediction is an outstanding example of this. However, earthquake prediction is not the only scientific goal. The destructive power of a large earthquake requires that we also take mitigating actions; these include earthquake engineering research to design construction that will resist earthquake&nbsp;shaking. Nevertheless, earthquake prediction has a vital role to play not only in the saving of lives, but in the reduction of economic loss and social disruption from large earthquakes.</p>\n<p>There are two distinct motivations for earthquake prediction. The mechanistic approach aims to understand the processes leading to a large earthquake. The empirical approach is governed by the immediate need to protect lives and property. With our current lack of knowledge about the earthquake process, future progress cannot be made without gathering a large body of measurements. These are required not only for the empirical prediction of earthquakes, but also for the testing and development of hypotheses that further our understanding of the processes at work. The earthquake prediction program is basically a program of scientific inquiry, but one which is motivated by social, political, economic, and scientific reasons. It is a pursuit that cannot rely on empirical observations alone nor can it carried out solely on a blackboard or in a laboratory. Experiments must be carried out in the real Earth.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Wesson, R.L., and Filson, J., 1981, The U.S. Earthquake Prediction Program: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 5, p. 164-174.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"174","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a7556ee4b0b28f1184d898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Filson, J.R.","contributorId":52619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filson","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70140575,"text":"70140575 - 1981 - The Lake Bosumtwi impact crater, Ghana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T20:38:01.207911","indexId":"70140575","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Lake Bosumtwi impact crater, Ghana","docAbstract":"<p>The 1-m.y.-old Bosumtwi Crater, Ghana, has a nearly circular shape with a rim diameter of 11 km north-south and 10 km east-west. It is surrounded by a circular depression and an outer ridge of diameter 20 km. Polymict breccias averaging at least 20 m thick with clasts as much as 5 m long occur on the outer ridge, and the crater rim shows in situ shattered rock. Patches of suevite have been found in the circular depression north and south of the crater.</p>\n<p>Analogy with better-known craters suggests that Bosumtwi has a central uplift rising to 200 m beneath the lake floor. An aeromagnetic anomaly of amplitude 50 nanotesla (nT) over the northern half of the lake is interpreted as due to a layer of magnetized fallback breccia beneath the lake sediments. The normal polarity of the breccia shows that the crater was formed during the normal Jaramillo event of 0.97 to 0.85 m.y. ago, which agrees with the magnetic stratigraphy of the related Ivory Coast microtektites. A regional gravity survey indicates a negative Bouguer anomaly over the crater. There is some geochemical evidence that the meteorite was an iron, and its mass and energy are suggested as about 10<sup>8</sup>&nbsp;tons and 3 &times; 10<sup>19</sup>&nbsp;joules or 7.3 &times; 10<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;megatons.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<342:TLBICG>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones, W.B., Bacon, M., and Hastings, D.A., 1981, The Lake Bosumtwi impact crater, Ghana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, no. 6, p. 342-349, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<342:TLBICG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"342","endPage":"349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297859,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ghana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Bosumtwi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -1.4539718627929688,\n              6.465763045384181\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.4539718627929688,\n              6.5442189000405255\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.3667678833007812,\n              6.5442189000405255\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.3667678833007812,\n              6.465763045384181\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.4539718627929688,\n              6.465763045384181\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6ae4b08de9379b37bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, William B.","contributorId":139128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Michael","contributorId":139129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bacon","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hastings, David A.","contributorId":138985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hastings","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":540161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012081,"text":"70012081 - 1981 - Concentration of some platinum-group metals in coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:41:31.292194","indexId":"70012081","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentration of some platinum-group metals in coal","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>New data on some platinum group metals in coal indicate that the concentration of Pt is generally less than about 5 ppb, that of Pd is generally less than 1 ppb, and that of Rh is generally less than 0.5 ppb. No conclusive evidence was obtained concerning the mode of occurrence of these elements in coal.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(81)90006-9","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., and Aruscavage, P.J., 1981, Concentration of some platinum-group metals in coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 1, no. 2, p. 95-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(81)90006-9.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222634,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f980e4b0c8380cd4d638","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aruscavage, P. J.","contributorId":41411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aruscavage","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168607,"text":"70168607 - 1981 - The eastern front of the Sierra Nevada; prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T09:02:33","indexId":"70168607","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The eastern front of the Sierra Nevada; prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption","docAbstract":"<p>On Sunday morning, May 25, 1980, the weather at Mammoth Lakes, Calif., was sunny and brisk. Suddenly, just before 9:33 a.m, the world became a jarring, lurching, unstable place. Along the front of the Sierra Nevada, the muffled thunder of rockfalls and avalanches prolonged the confusion of sound and motion and added the spectacle of large, rising dust clouds. Three geysers, one 30 ft high, suddenly roared into the air at Hot Creek, although none survived more than a few hours. Some new boiling pools appeared, while many existing hot springs and pools became hotter and more active.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Rinehart, C., and Smith, W.C., 1981, The eastern front of the Sierra Nevada; prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 6, p. 216-224.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"216","endPage":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.81665039062499,\n              38.8824811975508\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.64111328125,\n              37.59682400108367\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.740234375,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.43261718749999,\n              35.46961797120201\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.14697265625,\n              35.08395557927643\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.68554687499999,\n              35.7286770448517\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.99316406249999,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.28979492187499,\n              37.204081555898526\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.65234374999999,\n              37.84883250647402\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5751953125,\n              38.70265930723801\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.28930664062499,\n              39.52946653645165\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              39.884450178234395\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.838623046875,\n              38.92522904714054\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.81665039062499,\n              38.8824811975508\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c5fe4b059daa47c9b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinehart, C.D.","contributorId":94310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinehart","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, W. C.","contributorId":18424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011771,"text":"70011771 - 1981 - Some geologic and potential resource aspects of rutile in porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:31:54.834899","indexId":"70011771","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some geologic and potential resource aspects of rutile in porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.8.2240","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., Force, E.R., and Moore, W.J., 1981, Some geologic and potential resource aspects of rutile in porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 8, p. 2240-2246, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.8.2240.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2240","endPage":"2246","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92abe4b08c986b31a050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, W. J.","contributorId":84334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70168880,"text":"70168880 - 1981 - Earthquakes, January-February 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-31T11:31:07","indexId":"70168880","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, January-February 1981","docAbstract":"<p>The first 2 months of the year were somewhat active, seismically speaking. Two major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) occurred during the month of January, a magnitude 7.1 Japan on the 8th and a magntidue 7.1 in the Aleutian Islands on the 30th. Fatalities and damage were experienced in Irian Jaya (formerly West New Guinea) on January 19, in China on January 23, in Italy on February 14, and in Greece on February 24.</p>\n<p>In the United States, there were a number of earthquakes, the largest, a magnitude 7.1, in the Aleutian Islands, but none of the quakes caused injuries or serious damage.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1981, Earthquakes, January-February 1981: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 5, p. 191-194.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"194","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dd62b9e4b015c306fa4b31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":48742,"text":"ofr81936 - 1981 - Aeroradioactivity map of the Blood Mountain-Chattahoochee area, Georgia and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-01T21:25:53.040577","indexId":"ofr81936","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-936","title":"Aeroradioactivity map of the Blood Mountain-Chattahoochee area, Georgia and North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81936","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Aeroradioactivity map of the Blood Mountain-Chattahoochee area, Georgia and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-936, 2 Plates: 34.42 x 45.40 inches and 34.42 x 45.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81936.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 34.42 x 45.40 inches and 34.42 x 45.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":85549,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0936/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":85548,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0936/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":413559,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12218.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Blood Mountain-Chattahoochee area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.083,\n              35.289\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.083,\n              34.583\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.036,\n              34.583\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.036,\n              35.289\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.083,\n              35.289\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689a73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012078,"text":"70012078 - 1981 - Exsolution of Ca-clinopyroxene from orthopyroxene aided by deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012078","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3066,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exsolution of Ca-clinopyroxene from orthopyroxene aided by deformation","docAbstract":"Monoclinic calcium-poor shear-transformation lamellae and calcium-rich exsolution lamellae occur parallel to (100) in orthopyroxene. The formation of both structures from an orthopyroxene host involves a shear on (100) parallel to [001], with additional cation exchange in the exsolution case. The shear transformation involves a macroscopic simple shear angle of 13.3?? (shear strain of 0.236) and produces a specific a-axis orientation with respect to the sense of shear; we have found that this orientation dominates in exsolution lamellae in kinked orthopyroxene, where the sense of shear is known. In undeformed orthopyroxene, there is generally no preferred sense of orientation of the monoclinic a axes. We advance a specific model for exsolution involving nucleation and growth by shear transformation combined with cation exchange, thus circumventing the classical nucleation barrier and permitting exsolution at lower solute supersaturations. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00308225","issn":"03421791","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., and Etheridge, M., 1981, Exsolution of Ca-clinopyroxene from orthopyroxene aided by deformation: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 7, no. 3, p. 105-109, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00308225.","startPage":"105","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205261,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308225"},{"id":222574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e3ae4b0c8380cd53364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Etheridge, M.A.","contributorId":93344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etheridge","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1013692,"text":"1013692 - 1981 - Aeromonas salmonicida: relationship between extracellular growth products and isolate virulence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:11","indexId":"1013692","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromonas salmonicida: relationship between extracellular growth products and isolate virulence","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"441/FH","usgsCitation":"Cipriano, R.C., Griffin, B., and Lidgerding, B.C., 1981, Aeromonas salmonicida: relationship between extracellular growth products and isolate virulence: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 11, p. 1322-1326.","productDescription":"p. 1322-1326","startPage":"1322","endPage":"1326","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, B.R.","contributorId":62169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lidgerding, B. C.","contributorId":8028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidgerding","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012030,"text":"70012030 - 1981 - Interaction between diapirism and sediment loading at the shelf-slope boundary, northwest Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70012030","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction between diapirism and sediment loading at the shelf-slope boundary, northwest Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"During the last low stand of sea level, rivers and streams drained across the present northwestern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf depositing sediments in several shallow-water deltas near the present shelf-slope boundary. The weight of these wedges of prograded sediments triggered or augmented both subsidence of local depositional basins and upward movement of diapiric material around the basin edges. A depositional basin off the southwestern Louisiana coast records migration of the basinal axis during late Pleistocene and Holocene time indicating relative growth of diapirs along the basin margin throughout the most recent geological record. ?? 1981 A.M. Dowden, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02463327","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Trippet, A., 1981, Interaction between diapirism and sediment loading at the shelf-slope boundary, northwest Gulf of Mexico: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 2, p. 111-114, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463327.","startPage":"111","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205252,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463327"},{"id":222510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3caae4b0c8380cd62f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trippet, A. R.","contributorId":105377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippet","given":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011865,"text":"70011865 - 1981 - Economics and coal resource appraisal: strippable coal in the Illinois Basin ( USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:57:52","indexId":"70011865","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3446,"text":"Southern Economic Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economics and coal resource appraisal: strippable coal in the Illinois Basin ( USA)","docAbstract":"<p>Coal-resource appraisals generally describe the location and general characteristics of coal beds. Estimates are made of the average overburden depth (depth of the coal bed below the surface), bed thickness, and perhaps certain chemical properties of the coal [1]. Although such resource compilations represent an important initial step, neither they nor current estimates provide sufficient information to determine the costs of alternative options for National energy policy. Because coal is expected to provide an increasing part of future overall U.S. energy supply, it is crucial for long term planning that coalresource appraisals convey sufficient information regarding the degree of economic resource scarcity (escalation of unit costs for mining remaining deposits as the best deposits in an area are mined out) expected as coal consumption increases. However, assumptions embodied in most large-scale models of coal supply [13; 20] imply that the coal reserves that exist can be commercially produced as needed. As demonstrated by the embargo of 1973-1974 and more recent difficulties in obtaining crude oil, even a slight temporary commodity shortfall will result in significant economic losses when the commodity supplies a large proportion of the total energy used by an economy. For the United States, crude oil resource estimates did not give warning of a decline in domestic petroleum product.</p><p> In this paper we argue that coal-resource estimates, as they are now made, will not give warning of future supply difficulties. A method for incorporating an economic dimension into appraisals of strippable coal resources is presented and is applied to a major U.S. coal-producing region, the Illinois part of the Illinois basin. Illinois accounts for nearly 70% of the demonstrated strippable coal reserve base of the Illinois basin [12]. In particular, a long-run incremental cost function (that is unit costs vs. cumulative reserves extracted) is estimated for strippable coal in Illinois. The estimated cost function exhibits an initial range over which costs increase at a constant rate-followed by a range where costs increase very rapidly and the function becomes quite inelastic. This long-run incremental cost function is significant for two reasons. Comparison of the demonstrated reserve base for strippable coal (14.8 billion tons) with cumulative production (since 1920 of 1.1 billion tons) might suggest that future depletion will not be significant when, in fact, the cost function presented here indicates otherwise. Because the only states having more reserves of strippable coal than Illinois are Montana and Wyoming [18], these results have implications for national coal-resource appraisal. Secondly, most models used to study the effects of alternative public policies in coal markets are static in nature [15; 16] and cannot consider the effects of increasing costs. Furthermore, models which are multi-period in nature [11; 13] appear to have little empirical basis for their assumptions regarding the escalation of production costs resulting from depletion.</p><p> The plan of the paper is as follows. First a description of the analytical approach for constructing the long-run incremental cost-reserve function is discussed. Following this, the descriptions of the Illinois basin and the basic physical data are presented. In the concluding section, the main results are presented and their implications are explored</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southern Economic Association","issn":"00384038","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., and Green, E., 1981, Economics and coal resource appraisal: strippable coal in the Illinois Basin ( USA): Southern Economic Journal, v. 47, no. 3, p. 742-752.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"742","endPage":"752","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a058ee4b0c8380cd50e41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, E.K.","contributorId":15760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011928,"text":"70011928 - 1981 - The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011928","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals","docAbstract":"Partially serpentinized dunites containing small amounts of Chlorine (< 0.5%) from Dumont, Quebec, and Horoman, Hokkaido, Japan, and one containing less than 0.05% Chlorine from Higashi-Akaishi-Yama, Ehime, Japan have been examined using the electron probe microanalyzer and scanning transmission electron microscope with X-ray analytical capabilities. Chlorine was found together with Si, Mg, Ca and Fe in the serpentine minerals of the Dumont and Hokkaido dunites but not in the Ehime dunite. Chlorine is found associated only with the most finely crystalline facies of the serpentine (grain size less than 10 nm). The Ehime dunite contained no such fine grained serpentine, and was thus effectively chlorine-free, as are the coarser grained serpentines of the other samples. The finegrained chlorine-bearing serpentine also has a much higher concentration of Fe, and can contain smaller amounts of Ca, Ni and Mn than the coarse-grained variety as well as minute awaruite (FeNi3) grains. This fine-grained serpentine probably represents an early stage in the transformation of olivine to serpentine, with chlorine from hydrothermal solutions assisting the necessary chemical changes. The Cl increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation barrier to reaction by the introduction of reaction steps. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00373679","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Miura, Y., Rucklidge, J., and Nord, G.L., 1981, The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 17-23, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373679.","startPage":"17","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205077,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373679"},{"id":220942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae3de4b08c986b323f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miura, Y.","contributorId":28363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miura","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rucklidge, J.","contributorId":54342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucklidge","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011918,"text":"70011918 - 1981 - The Redskin granite: Evidence for thermogravitational diffusion in a Precambrian granite batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:04:04.778321","indexId":"70011918","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Redskin granite: Evidence for thermogravitational diffusion in a Precambrian granite batholith","docAbstract":"<p>The 1000-Ma-old composite Pikes Peak batholith consists largely of medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite but is intruded by several smaller granite plutons. Two of these, the Tarryall Mountains batholith and the Redskin Granite (Hawley, 1969; Hawley and Wobus, 1977), are here interpreted as cupolas atop the main mass of the Pikes Peak batholith.</p><p>Chemical analysis for 38 elements in rocks from the Redskin Granite, the Tarryall Mountains batholith, and the biotite granite of the Pikes Peak batholith support the contention that the compositions of the smaller plutons are unlikely to have evolved from that of the main mass of the batholith by crystal fractionation. It is believed that these compositions arose through liquid-state fractionation processes, possibly the convection-aided thermogravitational model of Shaw et al. (1976).</p><p>It is important to recognize that the chemical signature of this fractionation process can be discerned in holocrystalline rocks as well as in their glassy equivalents because the process may be instrumental in the formation of some kinds of lithophile ore deposits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10423","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S., 1981, The Redskin granite: Evidence for thermogravitational diffusion in a Precambrian granite batholith: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10423-10430, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10423.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"10423","endPage":"10430","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220729,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8afe4b08c986b321da0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludington, S.","contributorId":91987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70195711,"text":"70195711 - 1981 - An overview of the National Wildlife Health Laboratory after 6 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T15:16:41","indexId":"70195711","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An overview of the National Wildlife Health Laboratory after 6 years","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Twenty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians","conferenceDate":"October 11-13, 1981","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians","usgsCitation":"Siegfried, L.M., and Friend, M., 1981, An overview of the National Wildlife Health Laboratory after 6 years, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, St. Louis, MO, October 11-13, 1981, p. 51-60.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane","city":"Madison","otherGeospatial":"National Wildlife Health Laboratory","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff44cee4b0da30c1bfdb32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegfried, Lynne M.","contributorId":53732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegfried","given":"Lynne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":729761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":729762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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