Frequent surveys of seven trilateration networks in southern California over the interval 1973–1980 suggest that a regional increment in strain may have occurred in 1978–1979. Prior to 1978 and after late 1979 the strain accumulation has been predominantly a uniaxial north-south compression. This secular trend was interrupted sometime in 1978–1979 by an increment in both north-south and east-west extension in five of the seven networks. The onset of this change appears to have occurred first in the networks farthest south. The changes occurred without any unusual seismicity within the networks, but the overall seismicity in southern California was unusually low prior to and has been unusually high since the occurrence. The average principal strain rates for the seven networks in the 1973–1980 interval are 0.17 μstrain/yr north-south contraction and 0.08 μstrain/yr east-west extension. Although the observed increment in strain could be related to unidentified systematic error in the measuring system, a careful review of the measurements and comparisons with three other measuring systems reveal no appreciable cumulative systematic error.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB08p06991","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Prescott, W., Lisowski, M., and King, N., 1981, Strain accumulation in southern California, 1973-1980: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B8, p. 6991-7001, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB08p06991.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"6991","endPage":"7001","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9895e4b08c986b31c0ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011729,"text":"70011729 - 1981 - Toxicity of volcanic-ash leachate to a blue-green alga. Results of a preliminary bioassay experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T18:50:20.768464","indexId":"70011729","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of volcanic-ash leachate to a blue-green alga. Results of a preliminary bioassay experiment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00085a606","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Feder, G.L., and Stiles, E., 1981, Toxicity of volcanic-ash leachate to a blue-green alga. Results of a preliminary bioassay experiment: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 362-364, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00085a606.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"364","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Richland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.27527640950927,\n 46.366754995561195\n ],\n [\n -119.26771599732572,\n 46.32259344833176\n ],\n [\n -119.29214194437992,\n 46.3081328300195\n ],\n [\n -119.35029896117543,\n 46.30732935029394\n ],\n [\n -119.3636750750384,\n 46.30411531345209\n ],\n [\n -119.33808598764833,\n 46.286434737709214\n ],\n [\n -119.31773103177002,\n 46.264325990490676\n ],\n [\n -119.28981566370814,\n 46.246632570492636\n ],\n [\n -119.20897741036228,\n 46.226519481796004\n ],\n [\n -119.15430981457445,\n 46.217264985444984\n ],\n [\n -119.13918899020763,\n 46.21565534857899\n ],\n [\n -119.13162857802436,\n 46.23295647225717\n ],\n [\n -119.19327501582752,\n 46.2430127585813\n ],\n [\n -119.23107707674471,\n 46.26714032641877\n ],\n [\n -119.25724773430245,\n 46.27678838126897\n ],\n [\n -119.25841087463834,\n 46.28362139252266\n ],\n [\n -119.21479311204172,\n 46.28964981243578\n ],\n [\n -119.23107707674471,\n 46.32018361063953\n ],\n [\n -119.23165864691265,\n 46.34668598746103\n ],\n [\n -119.24677947127947,\n 46.36755760257711\n ],\n [\n -119.27527640950927,\n 46.366754995561195\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb620e4b08c986b326a93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":361824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feder, G. L.","contributorId":79508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feder","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stiles, E.A.","contributorId":42353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011732,"text":"70011732 - 1981 - Manganese dioxide causes spurious gold values in flame atomic-absorption readings from HBr-Br2 digestions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T15:55:23.594775","indexId":"70011732","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese dioxide causes spurious gold values in flame atomic-absorption readings from HBr-Br2 digestions","docAbstract":"False readings, apparently caused by the presence of high concentrations of manganese dioxide, have been observed in our current flame atomic-absorption procedure for the determination of gold. After a hydrobromic acid (HBr)-bromine (Br2) leach, simply heating the sample to boiling to remove excess Br2 prior to extraction with methyl-isobutyl-ketone (MIBK) eliminates these false readings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90090-X","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W.L., 1981, Manganese dioxide causes spurious gold values in flame atomic-absorption readings from HBr-Br2 digestions: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 15, no. 1-3, p. 613-616, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90090-X.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"616","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cbde4b0c8380cd69e4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W. L.","contributorId":46939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011733,"text":"70011733 - 1981 - Antipathetic magnesium-manganese relationship in basal metalliferous sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:36:39","indexId":"70011733","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antipathetic magnesium-manganese relationship in basal metalliferous sediments","docAbstract":"Basal metalliferous sediments from sites 77B, 80 and 81 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project represent mixtures of pelagic clay, biogenic ooze, and a metalliferous component of hydrothermal origin. The metalliferous end-member of the sediments displays a strong inverse relationship (r = -0.88) between Mg and Mn. Mg is most likely tied up in an X-ray amorphous Mg-silicate (\"sepiolite\"), whereas Mn occurs almost exclusively in an oxide phase. Precipitation of the Mg-rich phase is favored by high flow rates and limited mixing of the hydrothermal end-member (source of silica) with seawater (source of Mg). Under those conditions much of the hydrothermal Mn2+, with its slow oxidation kinetics, may escape to the free water column. In contrast, in highly-diluted hydrothermal fluids, which provide a source solution for Mn-rich sediments, dissolved silica is diluted below saturation with respect to \"sepiolite\". The separation of the Mn and Mg phases may be further compounded by hydraulic fractionation. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90088-7","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bloch, S., 1981, Antipathetic magnesium-manganese relationship in basal metalliferous sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 33, no. 1-4, p. 101-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90088-7.","startPage":"101","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266120,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90088-7"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec6ce4b0c8380cd4926c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloch, S.","contributorId":81249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloch","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011735,"text":"70011735 - 1981 - Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T23:14:00.947333","indexId":"70011735","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic studies prove that natural dissolution of bedded salt occurs at shallow depths in many parts of the Permian Basin of the southwestern U.S.A. This is especially well-documented on the east side of the basin in study areas on the Cimarron River and Elm Fork in western Oklahoma, and on the Red River in the southeastern part of the Texas Panhandle. Four requirements for salt dissolution are: (1) a deposit of salt; (2) a supply of water unsaturated with respect to NaCl; (3) an outlet for removal of brine; and (4) energy to cause water to flow through the system. The supply of fresh groundwater in the region is recharged through permeable rocks, alluvium, terrace deposits, karstic features and fractures. Groundwater dissolves salt at depths of 10–250 m, and the resulting brine moves laterally and upward under hydrostatic pressure through caverns, fractures in disrupted rock, and clastic or carbonate aquifers until it reaches the land surface, where it forms salt plains and salt springs. In many areas, salt dissolution produces a self-perpetuating cycle: dissolution causes cavern development, followed by collapse and subsidence of overlying rock; then the resulting disrupted rock has a greater vertical permeability that allows increased water percolation and additional salt dissolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90153-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., 1981, Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 75-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90153-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"southwestern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 38.26164000698401\n ],\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 32.766938120268534\n ],\n [\n -97.49745337848722,\n 32.766938120268534\n ],\n [\n -97.49745337848722,\n 38.26164000698401\n ],\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 38.26164000698401\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0230e4b0c8380cd4ff2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, K.S.","contributorId":24385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011739,"text":"70011739 - 1981 - Thermal modeling of cometary nuclei","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-20T13:21:04.145178","indexId":"70011739","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal modeling of cometary nuclei","docAbstract":"A new model of the sublimation of volatile ices from a cometary nucleus has been developed which includes the effects of diurnal heating and cooling, rotation period and pole orientation, and thermal properties of the ice and subsurface layers. The model also includes the contribution from coma opacity, scattering, and thermal emission, where the properties of the coma are derived from the integrated rate of volatile production by the nucleus. The model is applied to the specific case of the 1986 apparition of Halley's comet. It is found that the generation of a cometary dust coma actually increases the total energy reaching the Halley nucleus. This results because of the significantly greater geometrical cross section of the coma as compared with the bare nucleus, and because the coma provides an essentially isotropic source of multiply scattered sunlight and thermal emission over the entire nucleus surface. For Halley, the calculated coma opacity is approximately 0.2 at 1 AU from the Sun, and 1.2 at perihelion (0.587 AU). At 1 AU this has little effect on dayside temperatures (maximum ≈200°K) but raises nightside temperatures (minimum ≈150°K) by about 40°K. At perihelion the higher opacity results in a nearly isothermal nucleus with only small diurnal and latitudinal temperature variations. The general surface temperature is 205°K with a maximum of 209°K at local noon on the equator. Some possible consequences of the results with respect to the generation of nongravitational forces, observed volatile production rates for comets, and cometary lifetimes against sublimation are discussed.
Use of a modified L'vov Platform and ammonium phosphate as a matrix modifier greatly reduced matrix interferences in a commercial Massmann-type atomic absorption furnace. Platforms were readily fabricated from furnace tubes and, once positioned in the furnace, caused no inconvenience in operation. Two volatile elements (Pb, Cd), two of intermediate volatility (Co, Cr) and two which form stable oxides (Al, Sn) were tested in natural water and selected synthetic matrices. In every case for which there was a significant matrix effect during atomization from the tube wall, the platform and platform plus modifier gave improved performance. With lead, for example, an average ratio of 0.48 ± 0.11 was found when the slope of the standard additions plot for six different natural water samples was compared to the slope of the standard working curve in dilute acid. The average slope ratio between the natural water matrices and the dilute acid matrix was 0.94 ± 0.03 with the L'vov Platform and 0.96 ± 0.03 with the platform and matrix modifier. In none of the cases studied did the use of the platform or platform plus modifier cause an interference problem where none existed while atomizing from the tube wall. An additional benefit of the platform was a factor of about two improvement in peak height precision.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0584-8547(81)80060-2","issn":"05848547","usgsCitation":"Kaiser, M.L., Koirtyohann, S.R., Hinderberger, E.J., and Taylor, H.E., 1981, Reduction of matrix interferences in furnace atomic absorption with the L'vov Platform: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, v. 36, no. 8, p. 773-783, https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(81)80060-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"783","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e0e4b0e8fec6cdb9f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaiser, M. L.","contributorId":68456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koirtyohann, S. R.","contributorId":44287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koirtyohann","given":"S.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinderberger, E. J.","contributorId":22489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinderberger","given":"E.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":361855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011743,"text":"70011743 - 1981 - Location of the Border Ranges fault southwest of Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:15:35.46436","indexId":"70011743","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location of the Border Ranges fault southwest of Kodiak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"A positive magnetic anomaly extends discontinuously from the south side of the Copper River basin, along the southeast side of Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, and southwestward from Kodiak Island to near Sutwik Island. Regionally, this anomaly parallels the Border Ranges fault and is within 10 km of it along the Kodiak Islands. The most probable source for the anomaly near Kodiak Island is mainly Early Jurassic plutonic rocks and locally ultramafic rocks that are associated with a melange. The Border Ranges fault lies between these two rock types, and given the regional parallelism of the fault and the magnetic anomaly, the fault can be traced offshore southwest of Kodiak Island to near Sutwik Island using marine magnetic data. Lithologic evidence suggests that the fault continues southwest of Sutwik Island toward the southwest end of the Alaska Peninsula.
The glass transition has been experimentally detected in basalt as (1) an increase in the aggregate linear thermal expansion coefficient αL, (2) an abrupt change in the temperature dependence of Young's modulus dE/dT, and (3) a change in stress relaxation behavior that effectively separates the T> TG and T < TG creep regimes. Transition temperatures determined by the respective experimental methods are (1) 730° ± 15°C, by expansion dilatometry, (2) 725° ± 10°C, by acoustic spectroscopy, and (3) 725° ± 25°C, by stress relaxation. For olivine tholeiite from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii, thermal expansivity rises through the glass transition interval, attaining αυ = 39.0 × 10−6 °C−1 at 850°C. For olivine tholeiites with moderate glass contents, the temperature dependence of the Young's modulus changes on either side of the inferred TG of 725°C, and dE/dT= −0.071 kbar °C−1 for T< TG, while dE/dT = − 0.21 kbar °C−1 for T > TG. Collectively, the mechanical results suggest that for Hawaiian olivine tholeiite at 1-atm pressure, the principal material responses are (1) elastic (T ≤ 600°C), (2) reduced creep (600 < T < 725°C), (3) glass transition (T ≃ 725°C), (4) enhanced creep (725 < T< 980°C), and (5) partial melt (T > 980°C). Fracture surface morphologies developed during solidification suggest that the presence of the supercooled melt grain boundary phase may participate in the regulation of the thermal cracking process. Well-preserved fracture surfaces formed by incremental crack growth are found to be covered with striations that correspond to the inferred sequential stopping positions of the advancing fracture front. These striae may be rationalized in terms of experimental analogues that have been produced in viscoelastic polymers by cyclic tension-tension loading. The fracture surface morphology, mechanical data, and the controlled crack growth analogues suggest that thermal fracture in solidifying basalt is an incremental and cyclic process, involving three steps: (1) the accumulation of elastic strain energy in cooling rock at temperatures below that required for stress relaxation due to viscous flow in the intercrystalline liquid phase, (2) fracture at a ΔT determined primarily by the aggregate thermal expansion coefficient αυ and Young's modulus E, (3) the penetration by the advancing crack tip, of the thermal horizon capable of relaxing stress due to the creep of intercrystalline supercooled melt, producing the rough surface texture associated with the termination of a striation. Further crack growth must now await the migration of the solidus. The cycle then repeats. Striations measured in deep Hawaiian lava lakes have been compared with the crack advance increments expected in the vicinity of the glass transition, based on two tests: (1) thermal gradients measured in Kilauea Iki, combined with the mechanical properties of olivine tholeiite evaluated near TG, and (2) the crack advance required to match the recorded seismic stopping phases for prexisting cracks of the dimensions expected for Kilauea Iki. The observed versus predicted comparisons are (1) 31 versus 36 cm; and (2) 31 versus 30 cm. We envision this incremental crack growth process as contributing to the control on the downward movement of the thermal cracking front—and its associated hydrothermal circulation zone—in the upper portions of solidifying subaerial and submarine ponded basalt.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09519","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ryan, M., and Sammis, C., 1981, The glass transition in basalt: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9519-9535, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09519.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"9519","endPage":"9535","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac88e4b08c986b32356a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, M.P.","contributorId":30754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sammis, C.G.","contributorId":77140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammis","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011748,"text":"70011748 - 1981 - The P-wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of the Rio Grande rift region of north central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:19:12.946256","indexId":"70011748","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The P-wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of the Rio Grande rift region of north central New Mexico","docAbstract":"A network of seismograph stations has operated in north-central New Mexico since 1975. The network is approximately 200 by 300 km in size and encompasses the Rio Grande rift there. Several seismic refraction experiments have been reported in the literature for the region of the network and adjacent areas. Because all of the seismic refraction lines are unreversed, Pn velocities reported were mainly of the inverse travel time slope for the direction of the corresponding line. The values of the inverse slope for those studies range from 7.6 to 8.2 km/s. The purpose of our study is to estimate the P wave velocity of the uppermost mantle by using the time term method. First, we timed the Pn waves of strong signals from five explosions and eight shallow earthquakes recorded by the network. The main data set, which contains 87 time-distance pairs, was processed by using the time term method. The Pn velocity estimated by this method is 8.0 ± 0.1 km/s. To corroborate this estimate, we then processed 10 subsets of the main data set in the same way. Almost all of the solutions show velocities of 7.9–8.1 km/s, in agreement with the velocity determined for the main data set. The station time terms of the main data set also are substantiated, and they suggest that the base of the crust dips northward by a few degrees in the region of the survey. The smallest value reported by other investigators for the inverse slope (7.6 km/s) appears to be related to the dip. The normal P wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of north-central New Mexico places restrictions on thermal models of the rift. For instance, the results exclude the likelihood of a wide zone of asthenosphere at the base of the crust beneath the rift, but they do not exclude a narrow such zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB08p07055","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Murdock, J., and Jaksha, L., 1981, The P-wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of the Rio Grande rift region of north central New Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B8, p. 7055-7063, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB08p07055.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7055","endPage":"7063","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba870e4b08c986b321c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdock, J.N.","contributorId":41589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdock","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaksha, L.H.","contributorId":26298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaksha","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011755,"text":"70011755 - 1981 - Vitrinite reflectance geothermometry and apparent heating duration in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T18:31:05.22718","indexId":"70011755","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vitrinite reflectance geothermometry and apparent heating duration in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field","docAbstract":"Vitrinite reflectance measured in immersion oil (Ro) on kerogen extracted from hydrothermally altered mudstones in borehole M-84 at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field exhibit an increase in mean reflectance (
A comparison of temperature-
Comparison of the temperature-
The Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD), an airborne electro-optical instrument designed to measure solar-stimulated luminescence, has a sensitivity approaching that of current laboratory fluorescence spectrometers. The feasibility of using an airborne FLD for detection of near-coastal and open-ocean phytoplankton was established by using a laboratory fluorescence spectrometer to measure the luminescence of phytoplankton and to determine the minimum concentration detectable with an FLD
\nLaboratory measurements of the excitation spectra of 13 species of phytoplankton (six diatoms, five dinoflagellates and two chrysophytes) were obtained with the emission wavelength held constant at 656.3 nm and the excitation wavelength scanned from 320 to 640 nm. Integrated excitation intensities were normalized to a standard concentration of rhodamine wt dye and the resulting luminescence compared to the minimum detectable FLD level of 0.12 parts per billion (p.p.b.) rhodamine wt. Results demonstrated that all 13 species would be detectable with an FLD at concentrations of 10.0 and 5.0 μg/1 of chlorophyll a and that only one would not be detectable at a chlorophyll a concentration of 1.0 μg/1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431168108948341","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Watson, R.D., Theisen, A.F., and Prezelin, B.B., 1981, Use of laboratory spectrometry to predict the detection of phytoplankton luminescence by an airborne Fraunhofer line discriminator: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 2, no. 1, p. 61-70, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168108948341.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf33e4b08c986b3299fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, Robert D.","contributorId":62605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theisen, Arnold F.","contributorId":12052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theisen","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prezelin, Barbara B.","contributorId":33057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prezelin","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011759,"text":"70011759 - 1981 - Radial outflow and unsteady retreat of late Wisconsin to early Holocene icecap in the northern Long Range upland, Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:09:08.176146","indexId":"70011759","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radial outflow and unsteady retreat of late Wisconsin to early Holocene icecap in the northern Long Range upland, Newfoundland","docAbstract":"A swampy very low-relief drift terrain along the medial zone of the northern Long Range Mountains passes outward into fresh glacially eroded bed rock of low to moderate relief. Striations, crescentic gouges, lunate fractures, streamlined stoss-and-ice surfaces, erratics, and other evidence in the upland abundantly reveal radial outflow from a late-glacial icecap that was centered over the Long Range and discharged through peripheral fjord-like valleys to coastal lowlands. A discontinuous belt of moraines and concentrated boulders delineates a still-stand or readvance after the icecap had retreated entirely to the upland and was about 50 km broad. Relatively thick till and an abundance of boulders in the medial low-relief zone suggest that after further contraction to 10 to 15 km wide, the icecap contracted rather slowly. These upland moraines may correlate with cool intervals 11,000 to 9,000 yr ago in the oxygen-isotope record of the ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, or with glacier advances 9,000 to 8,000 yr ago in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.
A Methyl isobutyl ketone-Amine synerGistic Iodide Complex (MAGIC) extraction system has been developed for use in geochemical exploration which separates a maximum number of trace elements from interfering matrices. Extraction curves for 18 of these trace elements are presented: Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ga, In, Tl, Sa, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te. The acid normality of the aqueous phase controls the extraction into the organic phase, and each of these 18 elements has a broad range of HCl normality over which H is quantitatively extracted, making H possible to determine all 18 trace elements from a single sample digestion or leach solution. The extract can be analyzed directly by flame atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Most of these 18 elements can be determined by Nameless atomic absorption after special treatment of the organic extract.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00224a017","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.R., and Viets, J., 1981, Multielement extraction system for the determination of 18 trace elements in geochemical samples: Analytical Chemistry, v. 53, no. 1, p. 61-65, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00224a017.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221387,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6025e4b0c8380cd7130a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011770,"text":"70011770 - 1981 - A simple algorithm to estimate the effective regional atmospheric parameters for thermal-inertia mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70011770","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple algorithm to estimate the effective regional atmospheric parameters for thermal-inertia mapping","docAbstract":"A method based solely on remote sensing data has been developed to estimate those meteorological effects which are required for thermal-inertia mapping. It assumes that the atmospheric fluxes are spatially invariant and that the solar, sky, and sensible heat fluxes can be approximated by a simple mathematical form. Coefficients are determined from least-squares method by fitting observational data to our thermal model. A comparison between field measurements and the model-derived flux shows the type of agreement which can be achieved. An analysis of the limitations of the method is also provided. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., and Hummer-Miller, S., 1981, A simple algorithm to estimate the effective regional atmospheric parameters for thermal-inertia mapping: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 11, no. C, p. 455-462.","startPage":"455","endPage":"462","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e58ae4b0c8380cd46de8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hummer-Miller, S.","contributorId":53088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummer-Miller","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011774,"text":"70011774 - 1981 - Paleogeography and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Diego, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T16:42:28.979136","indexId":"70011774","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogeography and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Diego, California","docAbstract":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maestrichtian) marine strata of the Rosario Group in the San Diego area include the Point Loma Formation and overlying Cabrillo Formation. These units contain six facies associations: (1) shelf and lagoonal sandstone, (2) slope and basin-plain(?) mudstone, (3) outer-fan lobe sandstone, (4) middle-fan channel-fill sandstone, (5) middle-and inner-fan interchannel and channel-margin thin-bedded turbidites and mudstone, and (6) inner-fan channel-fill conglomerate and sandstone.
The facies associations define a deep-sea fan deposited by westward-flowing sediment gravity flows that transported sediments derived chiefly from batholithic and prebatholithic metamorphic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges. The sedimentary basin initially deepened abruptly, partly aided by eustatic sea-level rise. The fan then prograded westward into the basin, with a retrogradational phase recorded in the uppermost part of the sequence, which is erosionally truncated by transgressive lower Eocene conglomerate.
The fan was deposited along the eastern edge of a forearc basin similar to that of the Great Valley sequence in northern California. The western part of the fan, which probably contained mostly outer-fan lobe and associated basin-plain deposits, appears to have been truncated by late Cenozoic strike-slip faulting associated with the San Andreas fault system. The fan and remnants of the western part of the basin and associated subduction complex may be present on the northwest in the Channel Islands region or still farther north.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59495-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T.H., and Abbott, P.L., 1981, Paleogeography and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Diego, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 7, p. 1256-1284, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59495-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1256","endPage":"1284","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Diego","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.11130817421397,\n 32.67885906592478\n ],\n [\n -117.17918001960804,\n 32.86908391672556\n ],\n [\n -117.31295641053002,\n 32.85503774104116\n ],\n [\n -117.25492106446796,\n 32.652360799582254\n ],\n [\n -117.11130817421397,\n 32.67885906592478\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f1e4b0c8380cd77337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, T. H.","contributorId":93057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, P. L.","contributorId":14115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011776,"text":"70011776 - 1981 - Rates and possible causes of neotectonic vertical crustal movements of the emerged southeastern United States Atlantic coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:06:39.171354","indexId":"70011776","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates and possible causes of neotectonic vertical crustal movements of the emerged southeastern United States Atlantic coastal plain","docAbstract":"Emerged Pliocene and Pleistocene shorelines and associated marine deposits were used to determine the magnitude and rate of vertical crustal movement during the past 3 m.y. in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain of South and North Carolina. On the basis of a new regional ostracode assemblage zonation, planktic biostratigraphic data, and radiometric data, emerged marine deposits were determined to be primarily interglacial and can tentatively be correlated with hemispheric warm intervals in evidence from deep-sea data.
The paleontologic evidence indicates a primary glacio-eustatic component to the local sea-level record and a secondary tectonic component. Net vertical uplift rates averaging 1 to 3 cm/1,000 yr, but perhaps as high as 5 to 10 cm/1,000 yr, are in evidence for the emerged Coastal Plain. Although details of the timing of regional rheological events remain obscure, the trend of net uplift contrasts with general subsidence rates of about 2 to 4 cm/1,000 yr since the Cretaceous in submerged parts of the continental margin near subsiding sedimentary troughs. Hydro-isostatic crustal response to multiple deglaciation events may have periodically uplifted the coast, but long-term lithospheric flexural upwarping in response to sediment loading offshore is a more plausible mechanism to explain the present positions of shorelines above present mean sea level. A eustatic sea-level model is proposed for interglacial high stands of the past 3.0 m.y.
Many recently developed watershed models utilize accumulation and washoff equations to simulate the quality of runofffrom urban impervious areas. These models often have been calibrated by trial and error and with little understanding of model sensitivity to the various parameters. Methodologies for estimating best fit values of the washoff parameters commonly used in these models have been presented previously. In this paper, parameter identification techniques for estimating the accumulation parameters from measured runoff quality data are presented along with a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Results from application of the techniques and the sensitivity analysis suggest a need for data quantifying the magnitude and identifying the shape of constituent accumulation curves. An exponential accumulation curve is shown to be more general than the linear accumulation curves used in most urban runoff quality models. When determining accumulation rates, attention needs to be given to the effects of residual amounts of constituents remaining after the previous period of storm runoff or street sweeping.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i006p01657","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1981, Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1657-1664, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i006p01657.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1664","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6fe4b0c8380cd5270c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011787,"text":"70011787 - 1981 - The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:02:33.411154","indexId":"70011787","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination","docAbstract":"The need for interdisciplinary research on resource appraisal techniques was recognized by Samuel G. Lasky, a U.S. Geological Survey geologist, more than 30 years ago. His efforts to devise an appraisal technique that incorporated many attributes of mineral resources resulted in a cumulative tonnage-grade relationship that has been referred to as \"the arithmetic-geometric (A/G) ratio\" or \"Lasky's law\" by later writers. A review of subsequent studies of the increases in available metal to be expected as grade decreases indicates that Lasky's work has at times been misinterpreted. Lasky's relationship is shown to be consistent with studies of the correlation between average grades and tonnages of mineralized material in ore deposits. The projection of Lasky's analysis to lower grades is limited because the mathematical formulation predicts physically impossible situations below some limiting grade.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1067","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"DeYoung, J.H., 1981, The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1067-1080, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1067.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1067","endPage":"1080","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7abe4b08c986b321705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeYoung, J. H.","contributorId":75908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180855,"text":"70180855 - 1981 - Distribution and abundance of marine birds and mammals wintering in the Kodiak area of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T15:40:24","indexId":"70180855","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Distribution and abundance of marine birds and mammals wintering in the Kodiak area of Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Forsell, D., and Gould, P., 1981, Distribution and abundance of marine birds and mammals wintering in the Kodiak area of Alaska, 72 p. .","productDescription":"72 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4d6e4b0fa1e59bc1f07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsell, D.J.","contributorId":100083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsell","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gould, P.J.","contributorId":6416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000090,"text":"1000090 - 1981 - Historical evidence for discrete stocks of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-01T09:50:58","indexId":"1000090","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical evidence for discrete stocks of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Although few biological data exist on the now extinct native lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, of Lake Michigan, historical records and interviews with former commercial fishermen strongly suggest that this once widespread resource was composed of a number of discrete spawning populations or stocks. A natural division of the resource into distinct stocks is consistent with the size of Lake Michigan and its varied physiography. The native trout may have undergone subtle genetic changes over the millennia, although we cannot determine whether the physical and behavioral differences represented different genotypes or only temporary effects of the local environment. Because of physiographic similarities among the upper Great Lakes and probable interchanges of lake trout during the last glacial period, we recommend that progeny of extant wild stocks, particularly from Lake Superior, are genetically most suitable for recolonizing Lake Michigan. Moreover, the hatchery-held parents of such fish should be infused periodically with genes of the wild or feral donor populations. Despite the sound historical basis for these recommendations, we also recognize that sufficiently high stocking rates coupled with a reduction of heavy exploitation may be even more important than heritability in obtaining self-sustaining populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f81-223","usgsCitation":"Brown, E.H., Eck, G., Foster, N., Horrall, R., and Coberly, C., 1981, Historical evidence for discrete stocks of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1747-1758, https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-223.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1747","endPage":"1758","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62c729","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eck, G.W.","contributorId":24740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eck","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, N.R.","contributorId":15135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horrall, R.M.","contributorId":80629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horrall","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coberly, C.E.","contributorId":30954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coberly","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000142,"text":"1000142 - 1981 - Food of white perch, rock bass and yellow perch in eastern Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:43","indexId":"1000142","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2866,"text":"New York Fish and Game Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food of white perch, rock bass and yellow perch in eastern Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"The contents of stomachs from 1,485 white perch, 218 rock bass and 1,399 yellow perch collected in eastern Lake Ontario from May to October in 1972 and in May 1973 were examined. All three species fed primarily on amphipods, but they also ate chironomids and trichopterans regularly. Rock bass ate more trichopterans than chironomids, whereas white perch and yellow perch ate more chironomids. Snails and crayfish were significant items in the diet of rock bass, but occurred infrequently in stomachs of white perch and yellow perch. White perch and yellow perch frequently ate fish eggs during early summer, but rock bass seldom ate fish eggs. Fish were important in the diets of white perch longer than 300 millimeters and rock bass and yellow perch longer than 200 millimeters. Similarities in the diets of fish 1 year old or older suggest that the potential for competition between white perch and yellow perch is greater than that between rock bass and either white perch or yellow perch.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New York Fish and Game Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., Busch, W.N., Griswold, B.L., Schneider, C.P., and Wolfert, D.R., 1981, Food of white perch, rock bass and yellow perch in eastern Lake Ontario: New York Fish and Game Journal, v. 28, no. 2, p. 191-201.","productDescription":"p. 191-201","startPage":"191","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de4f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busch, Wolf-Dieter N.","contributorId":46039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"Wolf-Dieter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griswold, Bernard L.","contributorId":52934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griswold","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolfert, David R.","contributorId":49305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfert","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012064,"text":"70012064 - 1981 - Map projections for satellite tracking.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012064","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Map projections for satellite tracking.","docAbstract":"New map projections to be used for plotting successive satellite groundtracks show these tracks as straight lines. The map may be made conformal along any 2 parallels of latitude between the limits of latitude reached by the groundtrack, or the 'tracking limits'. If these parallels are equidistant from the Equator, they may both be made true to scale, and a cylindrical projection results. If these parallels are not equidistant from the Equator, only one may be made true to scale, and a conic projection results. The groundtracks generally have sharp breaks at either tracking limit. If the tracking limit is one of the parallels at which the map is conformal, there is no break in the groundtrack, and the conic projection may approach (but cannot become) an azimuthal projection.-Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1981, Map projections for satellite tracking.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 2, p. 205-213.","startPage":"205","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4d98e4b0c8380cd6a45c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, J.P.","contributorId":79235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180325,"text":"70180325 - 1981 - K-Ar ages on intrusive and altered zones in the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles: A section in The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180325,"text":"70180325 - 1981 - K-Ar ages on intrusive and altered zones in the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles: A section in The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979","indexId":"70180325","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"K-Ar ages on intrusive and altered zones in the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles: A section in The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":4513,"text":"cir823B - 1981 - The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979","indexId":"cir823B","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":4513,"text":"cir823B - 1981 - The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979","indexId":"cir823B","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:35:07","indexId":"70180325","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"title":"K-Ar ages on intrusive and altered zones in the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles: A section in The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979","docAbstract":"Continued K-Ar dating of intrusive rocks and hydrothermal alteration zones in the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles of the Alaska Peninsula, supplemental to that by Wilson, Detterman, and Silberman (1978) and Wilson (1978), has refined our knowledge of the ages of the igneous rocks and clarified relations between altered zones and igneous events in the area.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979 (Circular 823-B)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., 1981, K-Ar ages on intrusive and altered zones in the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles: A section in The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"B45","endPage":"B46","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334151,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1981/0823b/report.pdf#page=55","text":"Start page in larger work"},{"id":334152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chignik quadrangle, Sutwik Island quadrangle","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6ab2e4b08c8121c909a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}