After fry of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, had been infected parenterally with Herpesvirus salmonis, moribund or freshly dead specimens were examined histopathologically. The virus produced a generalized infection, the first signs of which appeared after 2–3 weeks. Visceral and respiratory organs and the heart showed major pathological changes, and pancreatic syncytia were judged to be pathognomonic. Kidneys were prime targets for the virus and showed the highest levels of infectivity; lesser amounts of virus were present in the stomach, liver, and intestine. The virus did not spread by contact to produce clinical disease nor could disease or viral replication be induced by parenteral inoculation of yearling Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum).
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00227a046","usgsCitation":"Layman, L.R., Crock, J., and Lichte, F., 1981, Multichannel peristaltic pump with a pneumatic nebulizer for atomic absorption or emission spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 53, no. 4, p. 747-748, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00227a046.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"748","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fdae4b0c8380cd71195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Layman, L. R.","contributorId":40640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011687,"text":"70011687 - 1981 - Lithology, reservoir properties, and burial history of portion of Gammon Shale (Cretaceous), southwestern North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:54:24.194227","indexId":"70011687","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithology, reservoir properties, and burial history of portion of Gammon Shale (Cretaceous), southwestern North Dakota","docAbstract":"In the northern Great Plains, large quantities of biogenic methane are contained at shallow depths in Cretaceous marine mudstones. The Gammon Shale and equivalents of the Milk River Formation in Canada, which comprise most sediments deposited offshore during the Eagle-Telegraph Creek regression, are typical of such gas-bearing rocks. At Little Missouri field, southwestern North Dakota, Gammon reservoirs consist of discontinuous lenses and laminae of siltstone, less than 10 mm thick, enclosed by silty clay shale. Large amounts of allogenic clay, including highly expansible mixed-layer illite-smectite cause great water sensitivity and high measured and calculated water-saturation values.
Reconstructed burial depths, clay mineralogy, and organic matter maturation studies show that the Gammon has not undergone thermal conditions sufficient for oil or thermal gas generation. Scarce authigenic minerals such as pyrite, siderite, and calcite probably formed as a result of bacterial metabolism early in the burial history. The scarcity of authigenic silicates suggests that diagenesis has been inhibited during much of the burial history by the presence of free methane.
Shale layers are practically impermeable whereas siltstone microlenses are porous (30 to 40%) and have permeabilities on the order of 3 to 30 md. Reservoir continuity between siltstone layers is poor and, overall, reservoir permeability is probably less than 0.4 md. Connecting passageways between siltstone lenses are 0.1 µm or less in diameter.
Organic matter in the low-permeability reservoirs served as the source of biogenic methane, and capillary forces acted as the trapping mechanism for gas accumulation. At Little Missouri field, reservoirs and non-reservoirs cannot be distinguished on the basis of lithology, and much of the Gammon interval is potentially economic. Future research should be directed toward determining the physical basis of log response in the low-permeability reservoirs and toward the development or application of water-free recovery technology.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59472-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Gautier, D.L., 1981, Lithology, reservoir properties, and burial history of portion of Gammon Shale (Cretaceous), southwestern North Dakota: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1146-1159, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59472-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1146","endPage":"1159","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.03780862369982,\n 46.10418096758403\n ],\n [\n -104.03780862369982,\n 45.956878731402895\n ],\n [\n -103.77922987218658,\n 45.956878731402895\n ],\n [\n -103.77922987218658,\n 46.10418096758403\n ],\n [\n -104.03780862369982,\n 46.10418096758403\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a488fe4b0c8380cd67f55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gautier, D. L.","contributorId":69996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011850,"text":"70011850 - 1981 - A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:11:09.746558","indexId":"70011850","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods","docAbstract":"Over 100 papers on regional mineral resource assessment of nonfuels are classified according to method(s) used and form(s) of product in order to help identify possible methods for future assessments. Types of products that have been used include: tons of metal; tons of rock and associated grade; gross value; potential; number of deposits; probability of one or more deposits; tons of rock, grade, and number of deposits by type; potential supply; and net value. Assessment methods considered are: time-rate, crustal abundance, cumulative tonnage versus grade, simple subjective, complex subjective, Bayesian, frequency, trend, geometric probability, multiple regression, discriminant analysis, modified component, multivariate logistic, cluster analysis or pattern recognition, and simulation.Selection of a method to be employed in an assessment should be based on: (1) appropriateness of the product to the problem, (2) limitations in resources, such as information or time available for the assessment, (3) the level of uncertainty and acceptability of biases in the assessment, and (4) the need for verification of results and acceptance of the method.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1006","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., and Mosier, D., 1981, A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1006-1015, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1006.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1015","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e556e4b0c8380cd46cc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosier, D.L.","contributorId":21965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011851,"text":"70011851 - 1981 - Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70011851","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"Previous interest in light hydrocarbons from geothermal systems has focused principally on the origin of the methane1 and the estimation of subsurface temperatures from the carbon isotopic content of coexisting methane and carbon dioxide1-3. Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons were first reported in gases from Yellowstone National Park4, and have since been found to occur commonly in geothermal emanations in the western United States5. Isotopic measurements of individual geothermal hydrocarbons are now reported which help to explain the origin of these hydrocarbons. The thermal decomposition of sedimentary or groundwater organic matter is a principal source of hydrocarbons in four geothermal areas in western North America. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/292826a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Des Marais, D., Donchin, J., Nehring, N., and Truesdell, A., 1981, Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons: Nature, v. 292, no. 5826, p. 826-828, https://doi.org/10.1038/292826a0.","startPage":"826","endPage":"828","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205137,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/292826a0"},{"id":221699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"292","issue":"5826","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cf9e4b0c8380cd7008b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Des Marais, D.J.","contributorId":84075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Des Marais","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donchin, J.H.","contributorId":49518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donchin","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nehring, N.L.","contributorId":21157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehring","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":362116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011856,"text":"70011856 - 1981 - Northwest margin of California continental borderland: Marine geology and tectonic evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:53:35.159296","indexId":"70011856","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northwest margin of California continental borderland: Marine geology and tectonic evolution","docAbstract":"The northwest margin of the California continental borderland consists mainly of two northwest-trending pre-Neogene lithologic belts blanketed by Miocene and younger strata. These belts, which are lithologically and structurally correlated with the Franciscan Complex and Great Valley sequence of northern California, are interpreted to represent facies corresponding to the subduction complex and forearc-basin deposits of a late Mesozoic and Paleogene continental-margin arc-trench system. The outer belt, which forms the acoustic basement underlying the continental slope and Patton Ridge, is characterized by: (1) moderately high compressional velocities (5.1 to 6.2 km/sec), (2) discordant and discontinuous seismic reflectors, and (3) nonfossiliferous and diverse rock types t at range in metamorphic grade from zeolite-bearing arkosic sandstone to blueschist. Landward, the inner Great Valley sequence belt underlies Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge and Santa Cruz and San Nicolas Basins; in contrast to the outer belt, this belt is characterized by: (1) intermediate compressional velocities (4.5 to 4.6 km/sec), (2) concordant and relatively continuous reflectors, and (3) a thick turbidite sequence of relatively undeformed and unmetamorphosed fossiliferous Cretaceous and Paleogene strata. The inner belt overlies a 6.6-km/sec layer that is probably oceanic crust, a relation consistent with the hypothesis that trapped old oceanic crust underlies the forearc basins along parts of some convergent margins.
Well-developed wrench-fault structures in overlying Miocene strata record a transition from Paleogene subduction to Neogene transform faulting. Related events include widespread andesitic to dacitic volcanism and concurrent uplift and erosion of Miocene and older rocks. The proximity of these Miocene silicic volcanic rocks to the paleotrench (< 20 km) is best explained as resulting from passage of the southward-migrating Rivera ridge-fault-trench triple junction along the margin. On the basis of the age of the adjacent sea floor, passage of this triple junction occurred about 17 m.y. ago, a date that corresponds closely to the inception of volcanism and uplift in the northwest margin of the borderland. A widespread unconformity that separates highly deformed lower and lower middle iocene strata from relatively undeformed younger strata is assumed to mark the subsequent onset of wrench faulting.
The timing of volcanism and uplift, and of the slightly younger wrenching event, closely matches the plate-tectonic model of Atwater and Molnar if the northwest margin of the borderland is restored to an earlier tectonic setting off Baja California, approximately 260 km southeast of its present position.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F9197A1-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Crouch, J., 1981, Northwest margin of California continental borderland: Marine geology and tectonic evolution: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 191-218, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9197A1-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.19125226917674,\n 33.86449981604767\n ],\n [\n -120.63224634312732,\n 33.86449981604767\n ],\n [\n -120.63224634312732,\n 32.238222576392715\n ],\n [\n -118.19125226917674,\n 32.238222576392715\n ],\n [\n -118.19125226917674,\n 33.86449981604767\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a684ee4b0c8380cd73726","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crouch, J.K.","contributorId":107694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouch","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011836,"text":"70011836 - 1981 - Geology of central Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:54:00.260751","indexId":"70011836","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of central Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The geology beneath Lake Michigan between 43°00' and 44°00' N and between 86°30' and 87°40' W is interpreted from a synthesis of 1,700 km of continuous seismic reflection profile data, bathymetry, grab samples, and onshore surface and subsurface information.
The continuous seismic reflection profiles and bathymetry provided information for maps of unconsolidated sediment thickness and Paleozoic bedrock topography. The map of unconsolidated sediment (primarily Pleistocene) shows thicknesses ranging from 180 m in a steep-walled, northeast-trending valley to less than 10 m over a mid-lake topographic high. This valley and the mid-lake high are the dominant topographic features developed on the gently eastward-dipping Paleozoic rocks along this part of the western flank of the Michigan basin.
Two structural-stratigraphic cross sections of the study area were constructed by utilizing a composite subsurface-surface section for eastern Wisconsin and two control wells in western Michigan. The cross sections, grab samples previously described in the literature, the bedrock topographic map, and published maps were used to construct a Paleozoic geologic map for central Lake Michigan. Rocks from Middle Silurian through Early Mississippian age form subcrops beneath the study area, whereas rocks of Early Silurian, Ordovician, and Late Cambrian age are present at greater depth. The Upper Cambrian rocks unconformably overlie Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks.
The structural-stratigraphic cross sections also allow us to speculate about the petroleum potential beneath Lake Michigan. The possibility of oil occurrences within the Silurian is enhanced by major east-west facies changes, and other horizons with promise are present in Devonian and Ordovician rocks. Although Michigan and Wisconsin laws currently prohibit petroleum exploration in Lake Michigan, it is an area with future potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59634-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Wood, R.J., Paull, R.A., Wolosin, C.A., and Friedel, R.J., 1981, Geology of central Lake Michigan: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 9, p. 1621-1632, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59634-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1621","endPage":"1632","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.00416700452574,\n 43.03076292816351\n ],\n [\n -86.28947402219616,\n 43.03076292816351\n ],\n [\n -86.28947402219616,\n 44.05660529042555\n ],\n [\n -88.00416700452574,\n 44.05660529042555\n ],\n [\n -88.00416700452574,\n 43.03076292816351\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a24bde4b0c8380cd58345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, R. J.","contributorId":33844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, R. A.","contributorId":78471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paull","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolosin, C. A.","contributorId":63166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolosin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedel, R. J.","contributorId":51911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013860,"text":"1013860 - 1981 - Range extension of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) into the lower Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T11:41:29.979667","indexId":"1013860","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Range extension of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) into the lower Great Lakes","title":"Range extension of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) into the lower Great Lakes","docAbstract":"In 1979, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) completed expansion of their range from Lake Superior into each of the other four Great Lakes. Record numbers of pink salmon were observed during the 1979 spawning migrations into Lake Superior tributaries. Although the species was introduced into Lake Superior 24 years ago, movement into the other lakes was slow and until 1979 the known range was restricted to northern portions of Lakes Michigan and Huron. Pink salmon remain the only self-sustaining species of salmon in the Great Lakes. The development of spawning populations in both even- and odd-numbered years and other adaptive biological features may have contributed to their success.
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St. Helens: evidence of increased magmatic gas component","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:26","indexId":"70011698","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mt. St. Helens: evidence of increased magmatic gas component","docAbstract":"This paper presents measurements of SO2 flux and ash leachate chemistry from Mt. St. Helens volcano during the period May 18 to July 22 which are in contrast to similar data from before May 18. Comparison of post-18 May SO2 data with similar data from other volcanoes leads to the conclusion that between 15 and 25 May the SO2 flux reached typical magmatic levels. Ash leachate chemistry from the eruption of 18 May, 22 June and 22 July also indicate a large magmatic gas component. Concentrations of Cl- and SO2-4 on May 18 ash increase with distance from the volcano and decrease with time. Leachate chemistry is used to estimate that a minimum of 2.4 ?? 105 tons of S were released on May 18. Low F concentrations on the ash, though increasing, present to health hazards. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Stoiber, R., Williams, S., Malinconico, L., Johnston, D.A., and Casadevall, T.J., 1981, Mt. 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Jr.","contributorId":45456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malinconico","given":"L.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnston, D. A.","contributorId":18109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casadevall, T. 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","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.281.4.484","usgsCitation":"Drake, A.A., and Morgan, B.A., 1981, The Piney Branch Complex: A metamorphosed fragment of the central Appalachian ophiolite in northern Virginia: American Journal of Science, v. 281, no. 4, p. 484-508, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.281.4.484.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"508","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480579,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.281.4.484","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":221249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.1728840068551,\n 36.540578270041465\n ],\n [\n -77.4746810713625,\n 38.9994825777959\n ],\n [\n -78.21505477042945,\n 39.34033361285324\n ],\n [\n -79.71077476403383,\n 38.41994312356786\n ],\n [\n -82.59675944944281,\n 36.74290581163493\n ],\n [\n -82.63239140176859,\n 36.63344716015652\n ],\n [\n -80.1728840068551,\n 36.540578270041465\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"281","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba887e4b08c986b321cb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, Avery A. 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W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, N.M.","contributorId":105429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyons, J.B.","contributorId":51390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011702,"text":"70011702 - 1981 - Estimating usable resources from historical industry data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:00:35.779734","indexId":"70011702","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating usable resources from historical industry data","docAbstract":"Historical production statistics are used to predict the quantity of remaining usable resources. The commodities considered are mercury, copper and its byproducts gold and silver, and petroleum; the production and discovery data are for the United States. The results of the study indicate that the cumulative return per unit of effort, herein measured as grade of metal ores and discovery rate of recoverable petroleum, is proportional to a negative power of total effort expended, herein measured as total ore mined and total exploratory wells or footage drilled. This power relationship can be extended to some limiting point (a lower ore grade or a maximum number of exploratory wells or footage), and the apparent quantity of available remaining resource at that limit can be calculated. For mercury ore of grades at and above 0.1 percent, the remaining usable resource in the United States is calculated to be 54 million kg (1,567,000 flasks). For copper ore of grades at and above 0.2 percent, the remaining usable copper resource is calculated to be 270 million metric tons (298 million short tons); remaining resources of its by-products gold and silver are calculated to be 3,656 metric tons (118 million troy ounces) and 64,676 metric tons (2,079 million troy ounces), respectively. The undiscovered recoverable crude oil resource in the conterminous United States, at 3 billion feet of additional exploratory drilling, is calculated to be nearly 37.6 billion barrels; the undiscovered recoverable petroleum resource in the Permian basin of western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, at 300 million feet of additional exploratory drilling or 50,000 additional exploratory wells, is calculated to be about 6.2 billion BOE (barrels of oil equivalent).
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1081","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cargill, S., Root, D.H., and Bailey, E.H., 1981, Estimating usable resources from historical industry data: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1081-1095, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1081.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1095","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6ce4b0c8380cd526fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cargill, S.M.","contributorId":64776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cargill","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, E. H.","contributorId":44509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011835,"text":"70011835 - 1981 - Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T18:36:29.091036","indexId":"70011835","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00087a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., 1981, Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 15, no. 5, p. 578-587, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00087a010.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"587","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f940e4b0c8380cd4d516","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013645,"text":"1013645 - 1981 - Introduction to the Proceedings of the 1980 Stock Concept International Symposium (STOCS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:15","indexId":"1013645","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to the Proceedings of the 1980 Stock Concept International Symposium (STOCS)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"444/FH","usgsCitation":"Berst, A., and Simon, R., 1981, Introduction to the Proceedings of the 1980 Stock Concept International Symposium (STOCS): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1457-1458.","productDescription":"p. 1457-1458","startPage":"1457","endPage":"1458","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c2e4b07f02db5d38b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berst, A.H.","contributorId":7662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berst","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, R.C.","contributorId":34454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010353,"text":"70010353 - 1981 - Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:08:17","indexId":"70010353","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":680,"text":"Agricultural Water Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas","docAbstract":"Undesirable salinity increases occur in both groundwater and surface water and are commonly related to agricultural practices. Groundwater recharge from precipitation or irrigation will transport and disperse residual salts concentrated by evapotranspiration, salts leached from soil and aquifer materials, as well as some dissolved fertilizers and pesticides. Where stream salinity is affected by agricultural practices, the increases in salt load usually are attributable mostly to a groundwater component of flow. Thus, efforts to predict, manage, or control stream salinity increases should consider the role of groundwater in salt transport. Two examples of groundwater salinity problems in Colorado, U.S.A., illustrate that a model which simulates accurately the transport and dispersion of solutes in flowing groundwater can be (1) a valuable investigative tool to help understand the processes and parameters controlling the movement and fate of the salt, and (2) a valuable management tool for predicting responses and optimizing the development and use of the total water resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0","issn":"03783774","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas: Agricultural Water Management, v. 4, no. 1-3, p. 187-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae6de4b0c8380cd870c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010352,"text":"70010352 - 1981 - Introduction of R. W. Potter II for the F. W. Clarke medal 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:03:38.903868","indexId":"70010352","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction of R. W. Potter II for the F. W. Clarke medal 1980","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90233-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stewart, D.B., 1981, Introduction of R. W. Potter II for the F. W. Clarke medal 1980: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 8, p. 1388-1391, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90233-7.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1388","endPage":"1391","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3de4e4b0c8380cd63913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, D. B.","contributorId":41809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011837,"text":"70011837 - 1981 - Anomalous chemical changes in well waters and possible relation to earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:19:19.730362","indexId":"70011837","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous chemical changes in well waters and possible relation to earthquakes","docAbstract":"Water level, temperature, salinity, electric conductivity, and pH have been measured periodically for several years at three water wells located along a 17-km segment of the San Andreas fault between San Juan Bautista and Cienega Winery in central California. Water samples were collected at the same time for subsequent chemical analyses in the laboratory. Some sudden large changes in salinity and conductivity were recorded in early March 1980 at the two wells near San Juan Bautista. These changes coincided approximately with the beginning of an episode of increased local seismicity, including a magnitude 4.8 earthquake on April 13. Analyses of water samples revealed corresponding changes in ion concentrations, especially of Na+, Ca++, Mg++, SO4−−, HCO3−, F−, and Cl−. The observed changes may be the result of mixing of waters from different aquifers through cracks developed in the water barriers by a possible crustal strain episode that may have occurred in the study area.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Maclay, R., Small, T.A., and Rettman, P., 1981, Application and analysis of borehole data for the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas: Texas Department of Water Resources Report LP-139, 88 p.","productDescription":"88 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58abde4b03bcb0104bb5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maclay, R.W.","contributorId":72804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Small, T. A.","contributorId":105731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rettman, P.L.","contributorId":60663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettman","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176039,"text":"70176039 - 1981 - Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1934-79","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T10:28:55","indexId":"70176039","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5177,"text":"Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"39","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1934-79","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R., Maclay, R., Grimm, K.C., and Davis, M., 1981, Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1934-79: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 39, 133 p.","productDescription":"133 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6aeefe4b0f2f0cebe4604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, R.D.","contributorId":95043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maclay, R.W.","contributorId":72804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grimm, K. C.","contributorId":173997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimm","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, M.F.","contributorId":79400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174415,"text":"70174415 - 1981 - Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T14:32:08","indexId":"70174415","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica","docAbstract":"The relationship between body size and concentrations of Cu and Ag varied from strongly positive to strongly negative in four populations of the bivalve Macoma balthica in San Francisco Bay. The correlations appeared to be influenced by the degree of enrichment in tissues, size-dependent differences and seasonal variations in growth rate, and size-dependent differences in uptake rates. The use of benthic indicator organisms to assess metal contamination requires understanding the relationship between metal concentration and body size at least within each population, and in some cases within each sample from each population.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f81-146","usgsCitation":"Strong, C.R., and Luoma, S.N., 1981, Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 9, p. 1059-1064, https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-146.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1064","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c347e4b0e02680be59fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strong, Carol R.","contributorId":172812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strong","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175620,"text":"70175620 - 1981 - Drainage areas of Texas streams, Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:42:56","indexId":"70175620","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5176,"text":"Texas Department of Water Resources Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"LP-145","title":"Drainage areas of Texas streams, Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Tovar, F., and Maldonado, B.N., 1981, Drainage areas of Texas streams, Colorado River Basin: Texas Department of Water Resources Report LP-145, 36 p.","productDescription":"36 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58ac3e4b03bcb0104bb85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tovar, F.H.","contributorId":42116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tovar","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maldonado, B. N.","contributorId":173785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldonado","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3398,"text":"cir836D - 1981 - Earthquakes in the United States, October-December 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T20:32:39.863172","indexId":"cir836D","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"836","chapter":"D","title":"Earthquakes in the United States, October-December 1979","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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H.","contributorId":27035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsch","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reagor, B.G.","contributorId":99121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagor","given":"B.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, P. K.","contributorId":45292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012078,"text":"70012078 - 1981 - Exsolution of Ca-clinopyroxene from orthopyroxene aided by deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012078","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3066,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exsolution of Ca-clinopyroxene from orthopyroxene aided by deformation","docAbstract":"Monoclinic calcium-poor shear-transformation lamellae and calcium-rich exsolution lamellae occur parallel to (100) in orthopyroxene. The formation of both structures from an orthopyroxene host involves a shear on (100) parallel to [001], with additional cation exchange in the exsolution case. The shear transformation involves a macroscopic simple shear angle of 13.3?? (shear strain of 0.236) and produces a specific a-axis orientation with respect to the sense of shear; we have found that this orientation dominates in exsolution lamellae in kinked orthopyroxene, where the sense of shear is known. In undeformed orthopyroxene, there is generally no preferred sense of orientation of the monoclinic a axes. We advance a specific model for exsolution involving nucleation and growth by shear transformation combined with cation exchange, thus circumventing the classical nucleation barrier and permitting exsolution at lower solute supersaturations. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00308225","issn":"03421791","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., and Etheridge, M., 1981, Exsolution of Ca-clinopyroxene from orthopyroxene aided by deformation: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 7, no. 3, p. 105-109, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00308225.","startPage":"105","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205261,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308225"},{"id":222574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e3ae4b0c8380cd53364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S. 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