Silver as a matrix modifier is shown to improve the carbon-rod atomization of both arsenic and selenium for atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to nickel, the efficiency of silver is greater for arsenic and about the same for selenium. Silver fulfils two functions in its reaction, namely stabilization during the ashing stage and enhancement of absorbance in the final atomization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84103-9","usgsCitation":"Sanzolone, R.F., and Chao, T.T., 1981, Matrix modification with silver for the electrothermal atomization of arsenic and selenium: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 128, no. C, p. 225-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84103-9.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a528ee4b0c8380cd6c4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011933,"text":"70011933 - 1981 - Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:50:16.705788","indexId":"70011933","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","docAbstract":"Many Chrysophyte algae produce morphologically distinctive, siliceous, microscopic cysts during a resting stage of their life cycles; these cysts are often preserved in sediments. Scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski optics permit much more detailed observation of these cysts than was heretofore possible. We have used an ecologic and biogeographic approach to study the distribution of cyst forms in sediments and have established that many cyst types are found only in specific habitats, such as montane lakes, wet meadows, ephemeral ponds, and Sphagnum bogs. In the samples we have studied, cysts seem to be most common in fluctuating fresh-water habitats of low to moderate pH and some winter freezing. Numerous taxonomic problems have yet to be resolved. We believe that chrysophyte cysts have the potential to become a useful tool for both modern environmental assessments and paleoecological studies of Cenozoic fresh-water lacustrine deposits.
Mid-infrared spectroscopy (2.5-50 /µm) has been extensively used to identify and characterize clays and associated minerals in rocks and soils, with particular emphasis on the 3-, 10-, and 20-/µm regions (Farmer and Russell, 1967; Farmer, 1968; White, 1971; Van der Marel and Beutelspacher, 1976). However, application of mid-infrared spectroscopy in remote-sensing activities has been restricted because the spectral information occurs only as a small perturbation to the emitted radiation from the earth's surface, and much of that which is especially relevant to clays (e.g., the 3.0-µm region) is obscured by atmospheric absorption.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290114","usgsCitation":"Hunt, G.R., and Halley, R., 1981, Identification of kaolins and associated minerals in altered volcanic rocks by infrared spectroscopy: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 29, no. 1, p. 76-78, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290114.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a382ee4b0c8380cd61492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Graham R.","contributorId":84342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":76244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011956,"text":"70011956 - 1981 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14211,"text":"ofr80660 - 1980 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of the Appalachian Basin","indexId":"ofr80660","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of the Appalachian Basin"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011956,"text":"70011956 - 1981 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","indexId":"70011956","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T17:37:46.037306","indexId":"70011956","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"Comparison of Munsell color value with organic carbon content of 880 samples from 50 drill holes in the Appalachian basin shows that a power curve is the best fit for the data. A color value below 3 to 3.5 indicates the presence of organic carbon but is meaningless in determining the organic carbon content because a large increase in amount of organic carbon causes only a minor decrease in color value. Above 4, the color value is one of the factors that can be used in calculating the organic content. For samples containing equal amounts of organic carbon, calcareous shale containing more than 5% calcite is darker than shale containing less than 5% calcite.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F9197CE-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Hosterman, J.W., and Whitlow, S.I., 1981, Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 333-335, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9197CE-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"335","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60d5e4b0c8380cd716d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosterman, John W.","contributorId":48962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosterman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitlow, Sallie I.","contributorId":8854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlow","given":"Sallie","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011946,"text":"70011946 - 1981 - 13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T16:02:34.074509","indexId":"70011946","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles","title":"13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles","docAbstract":"The fractionation of 13C between calcite and graphite, Δ(Cc-Gr). is consistently small (2.6–4.8 permil) in 34 assemblages from upper amphibolite- and granulite-facies marbles of the Grenville Province. In 25 samples from the Adirondack Mountains, New York, it decreases regularly with increasing metamorphic temperature. The fractionations are independent of absolute δ13C values of calcite (−2.9 to +5.0). For T = 600–800°C, the Adirondack data are described by Δ(Cc-Gr) = −0.00748T (°C) + 8.68. This good correlation between Δ and T suggests that carbon isotope equilibrium was attained in these high-grade marbles and that the theoretical calculations of this fractionation by Bottinga are approximately 2 permil too large in this temperature range. Because of the relatively high temperature sensitivity suggested by these results and by Bottinga's calculations, and the pressure independence of isotope fractionation, Δ(Cc-Gr) may provide a very good thermometer for high-grade marbles.
Comparison of this field calibration for Δ(Cc-Gr) vs temperature with results from other terranes supports the utility of Δ(Cc-Gr) for geothermometry and suggests that graphite is much more sluggish to exchange than calcite, that exchange between calcite and graphite occurs at temperatures as low as 300°C, and that equilibrium may normally be attained only when peak metamorphic temperatures are greater than 500–600°C.
Because 13C exchange is an unavoidable metamorphic process at temperatures above 300°C, high values of δ13C(Gr) in moderate- to high-grade carbonate-bearing rocks do not provide a sufficient criterion to infer an abiogenic origin for the graphite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90249-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Valley, J., and O’Neil, J.R., 1981, 13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 3, p. 411-419, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90249-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"419","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480581,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/24452>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":221204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e224e4b0c8380cd459ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valley, J.W.","contributorId":28741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valley","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011711,"text":"70011711 - 1981 - The earliest seeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:32","indexId":"70011711","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The earliest seeds","docAbstract":"Lagenostomalean-type seeds in bifurcating cupule systems have been discovered in the late Devonian Hampshire Formation of Randolph County, West Virginia, USA (Fig. 1). The associated megaflora, plants from coal balls, and vertebrate and invertebrate faunas demonstrate that the material is Famennian; the microflora indicates a more specific Fa2c age. Consequently, these seeds predate Archaeosperma arnoldii1 from the Fa2d of northeastern Pennsylvania, the oldest previously reported seed. By applying precision fracture, transfer, de??gagement, and thin-section techniques to selected cupules from the more than 100 specimens on hand, we have determined the three-dimensional morphology and histology of the seeds (Fig. 2a-h, k) and cupule systems. A comparison with known late Devonian to early Carboniferous seeds reveals that ours are more primitively organized than all except Genomosperma2,3. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/293462a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Gillespie, W., Rothwell, G., and Scheckler, S., 1981, The earliest seeds: Nature, v. 293, no. 5832, p. 462-464, https://doi.org/10.1038/293462a0.","startPage":"462","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205125,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/293462a0"}],"volume":"293","issue":"5832","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaece4b08c986b322ad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillespie, W.H.","contributorId":10804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rothwell, G.W.","contributorId":89283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothwell","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scheckler, S.E.","contributorId":82847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheckler","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":96361,"text":"96361 - 1981 - Environmental Assessment: Activities Proposed by the San Francisco Clean Water Program at Ocean Beach, Golden Gate National Recreation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:56","indexId":"96361","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Environmental Assessment: Activities Proposed by the San Francisco Clean Water Program at Ocean Beach, Golden Gate National Recreation Area","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service, Golden Gate NRA","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Hornor, N., Howell, J.A., and Wong, K., 1981, Environmental Assessment: Activities Proposed by the San Francisco Clean Water Program at Ocean Beach, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, 51 p.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"51","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60259e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornor, N.","contributorId":44489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornor","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, J. 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Japan was struck by a damaging earthquake on September 24, killing two people and causing injuries. There were no damaging earthquakes in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1981, Earthquakes, September-October 1980: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 3, p. 105-106.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be3ae4b0f59b85e02e14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. 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","conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Fish Biologics","conferenceDate":"April 26-30, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Leetown, WV","language":"English","publisher":"S. Karger","publisherLocation":"Basel, Switzerland","issn":"0301-5149","isbn":"3-8055-3471-X","usgsCitation":"1981, Fish biologics: Serodiagnostics and vaccines: Developments in Biological Standardization, v. 49, xii, 496 p.","productDescription":"xii, 496 p.","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.karger.com/Book/Home/220215"}],"volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e94","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698965,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013592,"text":"1013592 - 1981 - Fish, pathogens and environment in European polyculture, Szarvas, Hungary, 23-27 June 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1013592","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1647,"text":"Fish Health News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish, pathogens and environment in European polyculture, Szarvas, Hungary, 23-27 June 1981","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fish Health News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"636/FH","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.P., 1981, Fish, pathogens and environment in European polyculture, Szarvas, Hungary, 23-27 June 1981: Fish Health News, v. 10, no. 1.","productDescription":"p. xi","startPage":"xi","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef4a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}