Closure of Pleasant Valley Dam in 1954 has almost eliminated the supply of gravel to the 16-mile (25.7-kilometre) study reach of the Owens River. Because of armoring of the channel, scour has been limited to approximately 1 foot (0.3 metre) in the upper 2.3 miles (3.7 kilometres).
This report presents information useful in determining long-term erosion effects below Pleasant Valley Dam, in assessing the feasibility of a proposed bypass channel versus retention of the main channel in its present state, and in determining man's influence on river morphology.
Bedload transport is dependent on the hydraulics of a section and the availability of material. Ninety-eight percent by weight of the sampled bedload transported between sites 1 and 6 in the study reach was finer than 8 millimetres, although only 6 to 12 percent of the material in the bed available for transport was finer than 8 millimetres. Bank material, a prime source of new material for transport, is predominantly finer than 16 millimetres.
Bank erosion is accelerated by wide ranges in flow release. The bank-erosion rates interpreted from aerial photographs indicate average annual erosion rates of 750 tons (680 tonnes) from 1947 to 1967, 1,970 tons (1,790 tonnes) from 1967 to 1968, and 2,020 tons (1,830 tonnes) from 1968 to 1971. These rates are compatible with the water discharge-sediment discharge relation developed from field data collected during 1972-73.
Hydraulic geometry of the six sites indicates a shift in the river system regime since 1954. These changes have progressed downstream from the dam to a point between sites 4 and 5. Farther downstream channel changes will occur until the channel stabilizes.
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No attempt has been made to consider most aspects of the legal, environmental, and institutional limitations in exploiting these resouces. In general, the average heat content of rocks is considerably higher in the Western United States than in the East. This also helps to explain why the most favorable hydrothermal convection systems and the hot young igneous systems occur in the West. Resources of the most attractive identified convection systems (excluding national parks) with predicted reservoir temperatures above 150 deg C have an estimated electrical production potential of about 8,000 megawatt century, or about 26,000 megawatt for 30 years. Assumptions in this conversion are: (1) one-half of the volume of the heat reservoirs is porous and permeable, (2) one-half of the heat of the porous, permeable parts is recoverable in fluids at the wellheads, and (3) the conversion efficiency of heat in wellhead fluids to electricity ranges from about 8 to 20 percent , depending on temperature and kind of fluid (hot water or steam). The estimated overall efficiency of conversion of heat in the ground to electrical energy generally ranges from less than 2 to 5 percent, depending on type of system and reservoir temperature. (See also W77-07477)
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","language":"English","publisher":"Water Well Journal Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"Worthington, OH","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03079.x","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.K., and Deutsch, M., 1975, ERTS imagery for ground-water investigations: Ground Water, v. 13, no. 2, p. 214-226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03079.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288534,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03079.x"},{"id":288535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbf2e4b0e83db6d08f05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Gerald K.","contributorId":14377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deutsch, Morris","contributorId":69119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Morris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112318,"text":"70112318 - 1975 - College and university sources of remote sensing information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:17:26","indexId":"70112318","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T14:44:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"College and university sources of remote sensing information","docAbstract":"Research in remote-sensing applications has increased dramatically since the launch of the Earth Resources Technology Satellite-l (ERTS-l, renamed LANDSAT-I) and Skylab's Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). It is becoming increasingly more difficult to keep abreast of university research publications related to remote sensing. To assist researchers in locating those universities that are actively publishing research material in remote-sensing technology and applications, this paper lists major colleges by types of publications generated and by application oriented disciplines pursued, and includes a geographical index.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Bidwell, T.C., 1975, College and university sources of remote sensing information: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 10, p. 1273-1284.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1284","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288531,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/PE-RS-Archive-Search-2009-and-earlier.html"}],"volume":"41","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbeae4b0e83db6d08ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bidwell, Timothy C.","contributorId":103183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidwell","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7000024,"text":"7000024 - 1975 - The interior of the earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T20:04:33.905739","indexId":"7000024","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The interior of the earth","docAbstract":"The center of the Earth lies nearly 4,000 miles beneath our feet. At present the nature of the Earth's interior is known only from indirect evidence collected from studies of rocks and minerals, seismic waves, heat flow from the interior, and the Earth's gravity and magnetic field and through comparisons of the Earth with other planets, with meteorites, and with the Sun and other stars.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/7000024","usgsCitation":"Robertson, E.C., 1975, The interior of the earth: General Interest Publication, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000024.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":131525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/7000024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391525,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/7000024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bb8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Eugene C.","contributorId":71139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70111250,"text":"pp8533 - 1975 - Paleotectonic investigations of the Pennsylvanian system in the United States, Part III: Plates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T22:31:18.986354","indexId":"pp8533","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T13:04:05","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"853-3","title":"Paleotectonic investigations of the Pennsylvanian system in the United States, Part III: Plates","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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as predicted by estuarine nontidal drift","docAbstract":"Information on water movement obtained from bimonthly releases of surface and seabed drifters in the San Francisco Bay and adjacent Pacific Ocean is used to understand major processes controlling dispersal of oil after a spill of 3,200 m3 of Bunker C in the bay in January 1971. River-induced nontidal estuarine circulation was the dominant factor controlling net movement of the oil spilled at the entrance of the bay system, reinforcing ebbing tidal currents and causing the seaward movement of floating oil, which followed paths taken by surface drifters released 3 weeks before the spill. In contrast, some oil formed globules which sank to the near-bottom waters, had the same relative buoyancy as seabed drifters, and moved similarly, beaching in eastern San Pablo Bay after being transported landward in the near-bottom waters. No oil or surface drifters floated into the south bay because surface waters were drifting seaward, away from the south bay. Notable seasonally modulated phenomena which must be considered in predicting surface and near-bottom oil drifts of future spills include a summer (low-river discharge period) diminution of the estuarine circulation mechanism in the north and central bayadjacent ocean region and a seasonal reversal in two-layer drift in the south bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1975.20.2.0159","usgsCitation":"Conomos, T.J., 1975, Movement of spilled oil as predicted by estuarine nontidal drift: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 20, no. 2, p. 159-173, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1975.20.2.0159.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1975.20.2.0159","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 37.068327517596586\n ],\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -121.3714599609375,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -121.3714599609375,\n 37.068327517596586\n ],\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 37.068327517596586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cfe4b0fbd3f7fa4c51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048643,"text":"pp8531 - 1975 - Paleotectonic investigations of the Pennsylvanian System in the United States, Part I: Introduction and regional analyses of the Pennsylvanian System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T22:13:01.71435","indexId":"pp8531","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-25T13:37:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"853-1","title":"Paleotectonic investigations of the Pennsylvanian System in the United States, Part I: Introduction and regional analyses of the Pennsylvanian System","docAbstract":"The Pennsylvanian is the fourth geologic system to be analyzed and synthesized by geologists of the U.S. Geological Survey in the form of a paleotectonic study covering the conterminous United States. Earlier investigations were of the Jurassic, Triassic, and Permian Systems. Results were published as Miscellaneous Geologic Investigation Maps I-175, I-300, and I-450 and in Professional Paper 515.
\nThe objective of these investigations is to provide in graphic form the factual basis for recognition of tectonic events of each system on a countrywide scale. The maps in this publication depict rock thickness, generalized lithology, ancient geography, and other regional relations of the Pennsylvanian System. Method of preparation of the maps, the stratigraphic limits of the map units, and various stratigraphic and structural features and their probable tectonic significance are discussed.
\nPennsylvanian data were largely compiled between 1961 and 196 by 16 geologists, including the late Harold R. Wanless, who covered the five eastern regions and contributed to several of the special studies. The areas of responsibility of the cooperating geologists are indicated in figure 1. Work in Kansas was done by Gary F. Stewart, of the Kansas Geological Survey.
\nResults of this investigation are presented in three units. Part I comprises an introduction and 17 chapters, each describing and discussing one of the regions in which the conterminous United States was divided for purposes of study and mapping. Part II is a synthesis of Pennsylvanian history to accompany interpretive maps of the five divisions of the Pennsylvanian System treated in this publication; it also includes a series of chapters on depositional environments, climatic conditions, and economic products of the system. The final section of part II is devoted to an index of localities and sources used in construction of the principal maps of this publication. Part III consists of the plates on which are presented the major maps and sections.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleotectonic investigations of the Pennsylvanian System in the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp8531","usgsCitation":"McKee, E.D., Crosby, E.J., Bachman, G.O., Bell, K., Dixon, G.H., Frezon, S.E., Glick, E., Irwin, W., Mallory, W., Mapel, W., Maughan, E.K., Prichard, G., Shideler, G.L., Stewart, G.F., Wanless, H.R., and Wilson, R.F., 1975, Paleotectonic investigations of the Pennsylvanian System in the United States, Part I: Introduction and regional analyses of the Pennsylvanian System: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 853-1, v, 349 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp8531.","productDescription":"v, 349 p.","numberOfPages":"395","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526b9307e4b058918d0acc1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosby, Eleanor J.","contributorId":87534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"Eleanor","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bachman, George O.","contributorId":25070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bell, Kenneth G.","contributorId":42490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Kenneth 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E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Shideler, Gerald L.","contributorId":89137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Stewart, Gary F.","contributorId":96994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wanless, Harold R.","contributorId":97094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanless","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Wilson, Richard F.","contributorId":42607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70169205,"text":"70169205 - 1975 - Earthquakes; March-April 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:58:26","indexId":"70169205","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes; March-April 1975","docAbstract":"There were no major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) in March or April; however, there were earthquake fatalities in Chile, Iran, and Venezuela and approximately 35 earthquake-related injuries were reported around the world. In the United States a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Idaho-Utah border region. Damage was estimated at about a million dollars. The shock was felt over a wide area and was the largest to hit the continental Untied States since the San Fernando earthquake of February 1971.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1975, Earthquakes; March-April 1975: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 7, no. 3, p. 21-22.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319294,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be3ee4b0f59b85e02e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174075,"text":"70174075 - 1975 - Sediment yields of streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T09:46:43","indexId":"70174075","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Sediment yields of streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"This report summarizes sediment data collected at 11 sites in the Umpqua River basin from 1956 to 1973 and updates a report by C. A. Onions (1969) of estimated sediment yields in the basin from 1956-67. Onions' report points out that the suspended-sediment data, collected during the 1956-67 period, were insufficient to compute reliable sediment yields. Therefore, the U.S, Geological Survey, in cooperation with Douglas County, collected additional data from 1969 to 1973 to improve the water discharge-sediment discharge relationships at these sites. These data are published in \"Water resources data for Oregon, Part 2, Water quality records,\" 1970 through 1973 water years. In addition to the 10 original sites, data were collected during this period from the Umpqua River near Elkton station, and a summary of the data for that station is included in table 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70174075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County","usgsCitation":"Curtiss, D.A., 1975, Sediment yields of streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon: Open-File Report, 15.79 x 21.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70174075.","productDescription":"15.79 x 21.01 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70174075.PNG"},{"id":324886,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174075/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Umpqua River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.61541748046875,\n 42.71069600569494\n ],\n [\n -123.61541748046875,\n 43.715534726205114\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 43.715534726205114\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 42.71069600569494\n ],\n [\n -123.61541748046875,\n 42.71069600569494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e35e4b07657d1a819d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtiss, D. A.","contributorId":27862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtiss","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15440,"text":"ofr75607 - 1975 - Ground-water quality in selected areas serviced by septic tanks, Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:29:08.062093","indexId":"ofr75607","displayToPublicDate":"1975-12-31T22:10:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-607","title":"Ground-water quality in selected areas serviced by septic tanks, Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"During 1971-74, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the chemical, physical, bacteriological, and virological characteristics of the ground water in five selected areas serviced by septic tanks in Dade County, Florida. Periodic water samples were collected from multiple-depth groups of monitor wells ranging in depth from 10 to 60 ft at each of the five areas. Analyses of ground water from base-line water-quality wells in inland areas remote from urban development indicated that the ground water is naturally high in organic nitrogen, ammonia, organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand. Some enrichment of ground water with sodium provided a possible key to differentiating septic-tank effluent from other urban ground-water contaminant sources. High ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, and the repetitive detection of fecal coliform bacteria were characteristic of two 10-foot monitor wells that consistently indicated the presence of septic-tank effluent in ground water. Dispersion, dilution, and various chemical processes have presumably prevented accumulation of septic-tank effluent at depths greater than 20 ft, as indicated by the 65 types of water analyses used in the investigation. Fecal coliform bacteria were present on one or two occasions in many monitor wells but the highest concentration, 1,600 colonies/100 ml, was related to storm-water infiltration rather than septic-tank discharge.
Areal variations in the composition and the hydraulic conductivity of the sand and limestone aquifer had the most noticeable influence on the overall ground-water quality. The ground water in the more permeable limestone in south Dade County near Homestead contained low concentrations of septic-tank related constituents, but higher concentrations of dissolved sulfate and nitrate. The ground water in north Dade County, where the aquifer is less permeable, contained the highest dissolved iron, manganese, COD, and organic carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr75607","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Dade County, Florida","usgsCitation":"Pitt, W., Mattraw, H.C., and Klein, H., 1975, Ground-water quality in selected areas serviced by septic tanks, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-607, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75607.","productDescription":"82 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0607/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":1001,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0607/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.94451904296875,\n 25.122905883812052\n ],\n [\n -80.07110595703125,\n 25.122905883812052\n ],\n [\n -80.07110595703125,\n 25.987674852384966\n ],\n [\n -80.94451904296875,\n 25.987674852384966\n ],\n [\n -80.94451904296875,\n 25.122905883812052\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Ecological problems are a major concern to Florida as well as to the Nation. National attention was focused on these problems in September 1968, when the Port Authority of Dade County began to con-struct a jetport for supersonic aircraft on a 39-square-mile tract 6 miles north of Everglades National Park and on the east edge of the Big Cypress Swamp. Conservation groups and citizens raised questions as to the effects of a regional jetport and the attendant satellite growth on the water resources and biological communities of the National Park. The Department of the Interior began studies to investigate the situation. One study, Leopold (1969), reported on the unfavorable ecological effects of the attendant satellite growth.
Then Secretary of the Interior, Walter J. Hickel, directed the U.S. Geological Survey to study the water resources of the Big Cypress to determine which parts of the Big Cypress contribute the major part of the water necessary to maintain adequate water supplies for Everglades National Park. This was done in a report by Klein and others (1970).
At about the same time, the Departments of interior and Transportation, the State of Florida, and the Dade County Port Authority con-curred in assigning to the Secretary of the Interior certain responsibilities for planning, developing, and coordinating an ecological study of south Florida. A primary objective of the ecological study is to provide information that will assist in the formulation of land-use policy consistent with the protection of the environment of Everglades National Park, the adjacent estuaries, and the public water supplies.
The part of the investigation describing the surface-water and ground-water resources of south Florida was assigned to the Geological Survey. The quantity and quality of surface water and ground water and their interrelation with estuarine and marine waters are here considered. Also considered are the problems, present or future, related to the hydrologic environment that involve human, animal, and plant life. Changes taking place, apparent trends, and projections for the future are also considered, as well as alternatives for water management.
The Geological Survey effort began in January 1971, when aerial photography and selected qualitative hydrologic data were obtained. However, most of the information upon which this report Is based was obtained by the Geological Survey in cooperative programs with several local, State, and Federal agencies since about 1940. The long-term support of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the National Park Service, U.S. Navy, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District, Dade, Broward, Palm Beach and Collier Counties, Miami and Miami Beach, Ft. Lauderdale, Naples and others in the collection of data is gratefully acknowledged.
A prolonged drought throughout south Florida from September 1970 to May 1971 accentuated the importance and timeliness of the study. The drought brought about a readvance of sea-water intrusion in many coastal areas, which necessitated restrictions on water use. The effect of drought on the regional water supply, continued population growth and increased water demands, and deterioration of the water quality in many of the canals and waterways of the urban areas accentuated the need for improved water management and land-use planning.
As a result of the water crisis, the Governor of Florida called a special conference in September 1971. The conference, attended by foremost scientific and government personnel, proposed creation of an agency that would develop and implement comprehensive land and water-use plans for south Florida that would minimize environmental degradation.
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A widespread volcanic field covered most of the Southern Rocky Mountains in middle Tertiary time, 40 to 25 m.y. ago (approximately Oligocene time). This field covered an erosion surface that beveled structures formed during the Laramide orogeny in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. The source vents from which the volcanic rocks were derived were largely restricted to the deformed area. Recognized volcanic centers lie mostly within a broad triangular area bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountain front, on the northwest by the northeast-trending Colorado mineral belt lineament, and on the southwest by the southern margin of the recurrently active Uncompahgre-San Luis uplift. Local volcanic centers existed also in the Never Summer Mountains and Rabbit Ears Range north of the mineral belt lineament. The resulting volcanic field thus consisted of a major southern segment covering all of south-central Colorado and adjacent New Mexico and a northern segment extending into the mountain areas of north-central Colorado. The two segments were linked along the trend of the Colorado mineral belt. Most of the volcanic field consisted of volcanic rock of intermediate composition derived from many widely scattered volcanoes. Extensive aprons of volcaniclastic rocks around these volcanoes coalesced to provide a virtually continuous cover of volcanic material. In places, the volcanic activity became more silicic with time, great ash-flow tuff sheets were erupted, and the source areas subsided to form calderas. The largest ash-flow field and most of the calderas formed in the San Juan Mountains. Other ash flows apparently were derived from areas in the Sawatch Range in central Colorado and the Never Summer Mountains in northern Colorado. Large near-surface batholiths were emplaced beneath the San Juan Mountains and beneath the region that extends northeastward from the Elk Mountains and Sawatch Range along the trend of the Colorado mineral belt as far as the Rocky Mountain front. These batholiths are manifested by two large gravity lows and by many exposed epizonal plutons that represent cupolas on the larger underlying bodies. The batholith in central Colorado probably consists of plutons of both Laramide (70 to 55 m.y.) and middle Tertiary (40 to 25 m.y.) ages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM144-p75","issn":"00721069","usgsCitation":"Steven, T.A., 1975, Middle tertiary volcanic field in the southern Rocky Mountains: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 144, p. 75-94, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM144-p75.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"75","endPage":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.091796875,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -119.44335937499999,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -115.13671875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -109.51171875,\n 36.80928470205937\n ],\n [\n -105.46875,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -104.67773437499999,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -105.732421875,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -110.390625,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -119.091796875,\n 49.095452162534826\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steven, T. A.","contributorId":42575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"T.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206968,"text":"70206968 - 1975 - Rates of dissolution of aluminosilicates in seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T11:25:20","indexId":"70206968","displayToPublicDate":"1975-12-31T11:21:17","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of dissolution of aluminosilicates in seawater","docAbstract":"Dissolution of eight clay minerals, four zeolites, and quartz in seawater has been monitored for 8 1 2 years. For most of the minerals, dissolution can be described as a first-order reaction in which dissolved silica approaches from undersaturation steady concentration values with time. Characteristic reaction rate constants (k1) are of the order of 10-7 sec-1. One of the zeolites, clinoptilolite, shows a different dissolution behavior: SiO2 concentration in solution reaches a high value within one year, followed by a decline to a lower value, suggestive of precipitation of another silicate phase (possibly sepiolite). A mathematical solution is given for a kinetic equation combining the parabolic-rate and first-order rate processes. It is shown that in a wide range of silicate dissolution reactions taking place over long periods of time, the presence of the parabolic-rate dissolution processes cannot be detected, thereby making its inclusion in the kinetic equations unnecessary. The experimental rates of dissolution are comparable to the SiO2- dissolution rates in oceanic sediments near the sediment/water interface. But deeper in the sediment, the calculated dissolution rates are significantly lower than the near-interface and experimental values. © 1975.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(75)90213-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Lerman, A., MacKenzie, F., and Bricker, O., 1975, Rates of dissolution of aluminosilicates in seawater: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 25, no. 1, p. 82-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(75)90213-7.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"82","endPage":"88","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lerman, A.","contributorId":220975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lerman","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}