Two identical cone splitters, devices designed to split water and its suspended solids into equal aliquots for semi-volatile organic chemical and trace element analyses, were evaluated for their precision. The water-splitting evaluations consisted of experiments to test the effect of water volume, the effect of combining outlet ports, and the effect of different techniques of water introduction. The solids-splitting evaluations consisted of experi- ments to test the effect of particle size (nine different particle diameters ranging from very coarse sand to clay) and suspended-solids concentration. In general, water was equally split with a precision of less than 5 percent relative standard deviation. The accuracy of splitting the solids was a function of particle size. Clay, silt, and fine and medium sand were split with a precision relative standard deviation of less than 7 percent, and coarse sand was split with a relative standard deviation between 12 and 45 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95293","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Capel, P.D., Nacionales, F.C., and Larson, S., 1995, Precision of a splitting device for water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-293, iv, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95293.","productDescription":"iv, 6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0293/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0293/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6805c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nacionales, Fernando C.","contributorId":57883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nacionales","given":"Fernando","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Steven J.","contributorId":29845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22889,"text":"ofr95425 - 1995 - Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr95425","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-425","title":"Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality and hydrologic data were collected at a site contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in South Grafton, Massachusetts, during September and October 1994. The VOCs have formed a plume of contaminated ground water at an abandoned textile mill adjacent to the Blackstone River. Concentrations of total VOCs in the plume ranged from less than 1 to more than 40,000 micrograms per liter. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was the primary chlorinated contaminant, comprising as much as 98 percent of the total VOCs. The highest concentration, 43,000 micrograms per liter, was higher than any previously measured concentration at the site; however, the maximum extent and distribution of concentrations in the VOC plume in September 1994 was similar to that found in July 1993 and in earlier rounds of sampling. In addition to TCE, 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) and vinyl chloride were detected at most sites. Spatial and temporal changes in concentrations of TCE, 1,2-DCE, and vinyl chloride are consistent with the hypothesis that TCE biodegradation was the source of 1,2-DCE and vinyl chloride. Ground water at the site contained low to moderately high concentrations of dissolved solids (44 to 406 milligrams per liter), had a moderately high specific conductance (155 to 670 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), and was slightly acidic (pH=5.9 to 7.0). Concentrations of the major ions-calcium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate-were not related to VOC concentrations. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were low (0 to 2 milligrams per liter) throughout most of the aquifer. Distribution of nitrogen species, iron, and manganese indicates that zones of varying oxidation-reduction potential were present in the aquifer. Concentrations of trace metals other than iron or manganese, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and copper, generally were less than analytical detection limits. Stream stage in the Blackstone River at the site during September and October 1994 fluctuated by about 1 to 2 feet within 24-hour periods. These rapid fluctuations resulted from sudden release of impounded water at a hydroelectric-generating facility downstream from the site. In addition to the daily fluctuations, rapid small changes in stream stage also occurred that were related to storms. Fluctuations in ground-water levels in four observation wells at the site were similar in amplitude and timing to the rapid fluctuations in stream stage; the daily fluctuations of ground-water levels were greatest in an observation well within 100 feet of the river and least in an observation well about 300 feet from the river. Because ground- water levels at the study site seem to be affected by fluctuations in stage of the Blackstone River, transport of the VOC plume in ground water also is likely to be affected by the fluctuations in stage.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95425","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DiSimone, L., and Barlow, P.M., 1995, Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-425, iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95425.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0425/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0425/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiSimone, L.A.","contributorId":108139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193463,"text":"70193463 - 1995 - Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T14:35:14","indexId":"70193463","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2178,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments","title":"Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"Sediment bioassays with larvae of the midge, Chironomus tentans, were used to evaluate influences on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper (Cu) in sediments with a wide range of concentrations of metals, acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), and other physicochemical characteristics. Sediments were collected from sixteen lakes in Michigan, USA, and from twelve sites in the Clark Fork River drainage of Montana, USA, which are contaminated with metals from mining activities and from other anthropogenic sources. Bioassays with C. tentans larvae were conducted for ten days in a static-renewal test system, with endpoints of survival, growth, and metal bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) was strongly correlated with Cu concentrations in porewater, and was increased significantly at Cu concentrations less than those affecting growth or survival. Midge survival and growth were not significantly correlated with concentrations of Cu in sediment or porewater, and were poorly predicted by ratios of acid-extractable metals to AVS in sediments. Principal components analysis indicated that Cu concentrations in porewater and bioaccumulation of Cu by midge larvae were influenced by AVS, sediment organic carbon, and porewater pH, and that toxicity was associated with high concentrations of Cu, high concentrations of zinc (Zn) and ammonia. No toxicity was observed in several sediments which contained low concentrations of AVS and high concentrations of Cu and Zn. In sediments which contain little AVS, bioavailability of metals may be controlled by constituents other than sulfides, such as organic matter and metal hydrous oxides. These results indicate that assessments of toxicity in metal-contaminated sediments should evaluate the importance of metal-binding phases other than sulfides, and the possible contributions of ammonia or other toxicants to toxicity in sediment bioassays.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00116651","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Kubitz, J.A., Ingersoll, C.G., Braselton, W.E., and Giesy, J.P., 1995, Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 4, no. 3, p. 157-168, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116651.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"168","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, 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\"}}]}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd2be4b0531197b13d2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kubitz, Jody A.","contributorId":175430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubitz","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, Chris G.","contributorId":48008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":719140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braselton, W. Emmett","contributorId":176143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braselton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198237,"text":"70198237 - 1995 - The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:23:21","indexId":"70198237","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","docAbstract":"Alcedo volcano is one of six shield volcanoes on Isabela Island in the western Galápagos Islands. Although Alcedo is dominantiy basaltic, it is unusual in that it also has erupted ∼1 km3 of rhyolite. The rhyolitic phase marked a 10-fold decrease in the mass-eruption rate of the volcano, and the volcano has returned to erupting basalt. The basalts are tholeiitic and range from strongly to sparsely porphyritic. Olivine and plagiodase are the liquidus phases in the most primitive basalts. The MgO and Ni concentrations in the most primitive basalts indicate that they have undergone substantial differentiation since extraction from the mantle. The rhyolites contain the assemblage oligoclase-augite-titanomagnetite-fayalite-apatite and sparse xenoliths of quenched basalt and cumulate gabbros. Intermediate rocks are very rare, but some are apparently basaltrhyolite hybrids, and others resulted from differentiation of tholeiitic magma. Several modeling approaches and Sr-, Nd-, and O-isotopic data indicate that the rhyolites resulted from ∼ 90% fractionation (by weight) of plagiodase, augite, titanomagnetite, olivine, and apatite from the most primitive olivine tholeiite. The data are inconsistent with the rhyolites originating by crustal anatexis. The extreme Daly gap may be caused by the large increase in viscosity as the basaltic magma differentiates to intermediate and siliceous compositions; highly evolved magmas are eruptible only after they become saturated with volatiles by second boiling. The close association of the hybrid intermediate magmas and magmatic inclusions with the climactic plinian eruption indicates mixing between mafic and silicic magmas immediately before eruption. Rhyolite production was favored by the decrease in supply of basaltic magma as Alcedo was carried away from the focus of the Galápagos hotspot. A three-stage model for the magmatic evolution of a Galápagos volcano is proposed. In the first stage, the supply of basaltic magma is large. Basaltic magma continually intrudes the subcaldera magma chamber, buffering the magmas' compositional and thermal evolution. As the volcano is carried away from the basaltic source, the magma chamber is allowed to cool and differentiate, as exemplified by Alcedo's rhyolitic phase. Finally, the volcano receives even smaller influx of basalt, so a large magma chamber cannot be sustained, and the volcano shifts to isolated basaltic eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.4.965","usgsCitation":"Geist, D., Howard, K.A., and Larson, P., 1995, The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 965-982, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.4.965.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galapagos Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n -2.921097018708451\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n -2.921097018708451\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n 1.7794990011582255\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 1.7794990011582255\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n -2.921097018708451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110e12e4b034bf6a810d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Dennis","contributorId":194545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geist","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Peter","contributorId":57265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25688,"text":"wri924098 - 1995 - Occurrence and quality of ground water in southwestern King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"wri924098","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4098","title":"Occurrence and quality of ground water in southwestern King County, Washington","docAbstract":"The 250-square mile study area in southwestern King County, Washington is underlain by sediments as much as 2,200 feet thick, deposited during at least four continental glacial/interglacial periods. Published surficial geologic maps and drillers' lithologic logs from about 700 field-located wells were used to prepare 28 geologic sections; these sections were used to delineate 9 hydrogeologic units--5 aquifers, 3 confining beds, and a basal, undifferentiated unit. Two aquifers in these sediments occur at the land surface. Maps depicting the configuration of the tops of three buried aquifers show the extent and the geometry of those aquifers. Maps showing the thickness of two of the three buried aquifers also were prepared. Potentiometric-surface maps for the major aquifers are based on water levels measured in about 400 wells during April 1987. Hydraulic characteristics of the major aquifers are mapped using more than 1,100 specific-capacity calculations and about 240 hydraulic-conductivity determinations from selected wells. Estimates of the average annual recharge to the ground-water system from precipitation for the entire study area were based on relations determined from modeling selected basins. Discharges from the ground-water system were based on estimates of springflow and diffuse seepage from the bluffs surrounding the uplands, and on the quantity of water withdrawn from high-capacity wells. A total of 242 water samples was collected from 217 wells during two mass samplings and analyzed for the presence of common constituents. Samples also were collected and analyzed for heavy metals, boron, detergents, and volatile organic compounds. These analyses indicated there was no widespread degradation of ground-water quality in southwestern King County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924098","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., Packard, F.A., Dion, N.P., and Sumioka, S.S., 1995, Occurrence and quality of ground water in southwestern King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4098, v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924098.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110259,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47662.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"47662"},{"id":122707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54450,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54451,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54452,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54453,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69614a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D. G.","contributorId":106458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Packard, F. A.","contributorId":71164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packard","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sumioka, S. S.","contributorId":20747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumioka","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":16794,"text":"ofr95373 - 1995 - Analytical data from phases I and II of the Willamette River basin water quality study, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:56:12","indexId":"ofr95373","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-373","title":"Analytical data from phases I and II of the Willamette River basin water quality study, Oregon","docAbstract":"This report presents trace-element, organic-compound (pesticides, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, and dioxin and furan compounds), and nutrient concentration data from the analyses of water column, suspended-sediment, and bed-sediment samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of Phases I and II of the comprehensive Willamette River Basin Water Quality Study in western Oregon. The overall study was designed by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality to acquire the technical and regulatory knowledge necessary to protect and enhance water quality in the Willamette River Basin.
\nThe data were collected at 50 sites, representing runoff from agricultural, forested, and urbanized subbasins. In Phase I, water samples were collected during high and low flows in 1992 and 1993 to represent a wide range of hydrologic conditions. Bed-sediment samples were collected during low flows in 1993. In Phase II, water samples were collected in the spring of 1994 after the first high-flow event following the application of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides and in the fall during the first high-flow events following the conclusion of the agricultural season.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/ofr95373","usgsCitation":"Harrison, H.E., Anderson, C., Rinella, F., Gasser, T.M., and Pogue, T.R., 1995, Analytical data from phases I and II of the Willamette River basin water quality study, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-373, v, 171 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95373.","productDescription":"v, 171 p.","numberOfPages":"180","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0373/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0373/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"537.32 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Sandy River Basin, Willamette River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -123.20068359374999,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -123.6181640625,\n 45.259422036351694\n ],\n [\n -123.79394531249999,\n 45.10454630976873\n ],\n [\n -123.50830078125,\n 44.91813929958515\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -123.06884765625,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -123.37646484374999,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -123.15673828124999,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -121.904296875,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -121.39892578125,\n 44.35527821160296\n ],\n [\n -121.70654296874999,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 45.47554027158593\n ],\n [\n -121.640625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 45.537136680398596\n ],\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 45.69083283645816\n ],\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 45.78284835197676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e52c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, Howard E.","contributorId":8485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":1151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey W.","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":173627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rinella, Frank A.","contributorId":89515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Frank A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gasser, Timothy M.","contributorId":54615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gasser","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pogue, Ted R. Jr.","contributorId":13998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pogue","given":"Ted","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":18426,"text":"ofr95313 - 1995 - Hydrologic data through 1993 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:25","indexId":"ofr95313","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-313","title":"Hydrologic data through 1993 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program","docAbstract":"This report presents data on precipitation, geologic logs, water levels, and water quality that have been collected or compiled, through water year 1993, for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program, under the guidance of the Bureau of Reclamation. The purpose of the Huron Project is to demonstrate the artificial recharge potential of glacial aquifers in eastern South Dakota. High flows from the James River during spring runoff are used as a source of supplemental recharge for the Warren aquifer, which is a buried, glacial aquifer. Prior to the injection of recharge water, which began in April 1994, many sites were monitored to obtain background information. This report presents data that were collected prior to the initiation of recharge. Precipitation data are collected at two sites within the study area. A site description and daily precipitation for water years 1991-93 are presented for one precipitation site. In 1990, 76 test holes were drilled and observation wells were installed at 70 sites. Well information and geologic logs collected during the drilling program for the Huron Project are presented. In addition to the 70 new Huron Project wells, 15 existing observation wells owned by the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources were incorporated into the study. Water- level hydrographs are presented for the 85 observation wells. The period of record shown for the hydrographs is from the earliest available record through September 1993. Water-quality data were collected from both screening and detailed sampling programs. Screening water-quality data for 32 observation wells are presented. These data include primarily field parameters and common ions. The eight detailed sampling sites represent the quality of untreated water, treated water, an intermittent stream, and ground water from the Warren aquifer. Data presented for the detailed sampling program include field parameters, bacteria counts, and concentrations of common ions, solids, nutrients, trace elements, radiometrics, total organic carbon, herbicides, insecticides, and volatile organic compounds.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95313","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., 1995, Hydrologic data through 1993 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-313, vi, 151 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95313.","productDescription":"vi, 151 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0313/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47775,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0313/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db608040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20395,"text":"ofr95371 - 1995 - Screening for volatile organic compounds in soil and groundwater by use of a portable gas chromatograph during field investigations at an Air Force installation in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:41","indexId":"ofr95371","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-371","title":"Screening for volatile organic compounds in soil and groundwater by use of a portable gas chromatograph during field investigations at an Air Force installation in Ohio","docAbstract":"The use of the portable gas chromatograph for screening of soil and water samples in the field was part of the drilling program for the installation of monitoring wells for a basewide ground-water monitoring program at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Selected soil and ground-water samples were screened in the field for volatile organic compounds to determine if contamination was present, to define the vertical and lateral extent of contamination, and to aid in the placement of the well screens for optimal interception of contaminants. This report describes the screening methods, sample-collection, quality-assurance/quality-control methods, and data-interpretation procedures necessary for screening of soil and ground-water samples in the field during the water resources investigations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95371","usgsCitation":"Parnell, J.M., 1995, Screening for volatile organic compounds in soil and groundwater by use of a portable gas chromatograph during field investigations at an Air Force installation in Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-371, iii, 15 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95371.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0371/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0371/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parnell, James M.","contributorId":80677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28531,"text":"wri944108 - 1995 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri944108","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4108","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont","docAbstract":"A study was done to describe the hydrogeology of unconsolidated deposits, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont. The study area is characterized by a glacial delta greater than 200 feet thick on the west flank of the Green Mountains. An upper unconfined, coarse-grained glacial aquifer and a lower fine-grained glacial aquifer are separated throughout most of the study area by a sand, silt, and clay confining unit. A two-layer ground-water flow model was designed and calibrated to estimate ground-water-flow paths form the aquifers beneath the landfills. Large upward head gradients of 0.03 to 0.30 foot per foot are the result of ground water leaking from the underlying bedrock aquifer, which caused ground-water flow to concentrate in the upper aquifer. Most simulated ground-water-flow paths in the lower glacial aquifer beneath the landfills crossed into the upper aquifer. Simulated ground- water-flow paths in the upper aquifer, beneath the landfills, remained in the upper aquifer. Ground water characterized as landfill leachate, or influenced by landfill leachate, has a median specific conductance of 700 microseimens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Landfill leachate contained mean concentrations 1.5 to 10 times the background concentrations of common constituents and metals, including calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, iron, magnesium, and manganese. Trace metals detected in the leachate included copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt, lead, and arsenic. Ten volatile organic compounds were found at four observation wells associated with one landfill and three volatile organic compounds were found at two observation wells associated with the record landfill. No one volatile organic compound was consistently found and detections were generally at or near detection limits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944108","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1995, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4108, vi, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944108.","productDescription":"vi, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57334,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185328,"text":"70185328 - 1995 - Simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes at a crude oil spill site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T14:53:55","indexId":"70185328","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes at a crude oil spill site","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, multispecies reactive solute transport model with sequential aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes was developed and tested. The model was used to study the field-scale solute transport and degradation processes at the Bemidji, Minnesota, crude oil spill site. The simulations included the biodegradation of volatile and nonvolatile fractions of dissolved organic carbon by aerobic processes, manganese and iron reduction, and methanogenesis. Model parameter estimates were constrained by published Monod kinetic parameters, theoretical yield estimates, and field biomass measurements. Despite the considerable uncertainty in the model parameter estimates, results of simulations reproduced the general features of the observed groundwater plume and the measured bacterial concentrations. In the simulation, 46% of the total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) introduced into the aquifer was degraded. Aerobic degradation accounted for 40% of the TDOC degraded. Anaerobic processes accounted for the remaining 60% of degradation of TDOC: 5% by Mn reduction, 19% by Fe reduction, and 36% by methanogenesis. Thus anaerobic processes account for more than half of the removal of DOC at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02567","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H.I., Bekins, B.A., Godsy, E.M., Warren, E., Baedecker, M.J., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1995, Simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes at a crude oil spill site: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 12, p. 3309-3327, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02567.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"3309","endPage":"3327","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f67393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godsy, E. Michael","contributorId":45842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo mjbaedec@usgs.gov","contributorId":3346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":27957,"text":"wri944236 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and quality of ground water on Guemes Island, Skagit County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri944236","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4236","title":"Hydrogeology and quality of ground water on Guemes Island, Skagit County, Washington","docAbstract":"Guemes Island, located in Puget Sound of Washington State, is experiencing population growth and seawater intrusion. The island consists of Pleistocene glacial deposits overlying bedrock. Geologic sections and a map of surficial geology were constructed and used to delineate six hydrogeologic units, three of which are aquifers. The most productive aquifer is the Double Bluff aquifer, situated at or below sea level. Water budget estimates indicate that of the 21-29 inches of precipitation received in a typical year, 0-4 inches runs off, 12-22 inches evapotranspires, and 2-10 inches recharges the ground-water system. Of the water recharged, 0.1-0.3 inches is withdrawn by wells; the remainder recharges deeper aquifer(s) or discharges from the ground-water system to drainage ditches or the sea. The median dissolved-solids concentration was 236 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Half of the samples were classified as moderately hard, the remainder as hard or very hard. Although magnesium-calcium/bicarbonate water types dominate, some samples contained large amounts of sodium and chloride. The median concentration of 0.08 mg/L for nitrate indicates that no widespread contamination from septic systems or livestock exists. Small concentrations of arsenic were present in 5 of 24 samples. Trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds were detected in three of five samples. None of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels was exceeded. However, secondary maximum contaminant levels were exceeded for dissolved solids, chloride, manganese, and iron. Seasonal variability of chloride concentration was apparent in water from coastal wells that had chloride concentrations greater than 100 mg/L. Higher values occurred from April through September because of increased pumping and lower recharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944236","usgsCitation":"Kahle, S.C., and Olsen, T.D., 1995, Hydrogeology and quality of ground water on Guemes Island, Skagit County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4236, vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944236.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110273,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48104.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"48104"},{"id":123522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4236/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56772,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4236/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56773,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4236/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62549b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahle, S. C.","contributorId":46992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, T. D.","contributorId":41463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29721,"text":"wri934073 - 1995 - Geohydrology, ground-water availability, and ground-water quality of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with emphasis on the carbonate-rock area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934073","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4073","title":"Geohydrology, ground-water availability, and ground-water quality of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with emphasis on the carbonate-rock area","docAbstract":"Berkeley County is underlain by carbonate rocks, upon which karst topography has developed, and by noncarbonate rocks. Ground-water levels tend to follow seasonal trends, and fluctuate more in carbonate areas than in noncarbonate areas. Well yields of greater than 100 gallons per minute are possible from the carbonate rocks, but are unlikely from the noncarbonate rocks. The largest springs, which yield more than 2,000 gallons per minute, are located in the carbonate rocks and are typically on or near faults or the limestone-shale contacts. Ground-water-flow velocities in the carbonate rocks ranged from 32 to 1,879 feet per day. Recharge was estimated to be about 10 inches per year for a 60-square-mile area of carbonate rocks. Specific yield for carbonate rocks ranged from 0.044 to 0.049. Estimated transmissivity values for carbonate rocks ranged from 730 to 9,140 feet squared per day. Concentrations of the following constituents exceeded the maximum and secondary maximum contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in ground water from at least one site: iron, manganese, nitrate, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria, pH, total dissolved solids, and chloride. Analyses of the ground water indicated that the following organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides were present in detectable concentrations: chlordane, DDE, DDT, diazinon, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and malathion. Triazine herbicides that were present in detectable concentrations were atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine. Radon concentrations ranged from 92 to 1,600 picocuries per liter. Ground water from four springs in the carbonate rocks was analyzed for 36 volatile organic compounds. None of the compounds were present in detectable concentrations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934073","usgsCitation":"Shultz, R., Hobba, W., and Kozar, M., 1995, Geohydrology, ground-water availability, and ground-water quality of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with emphasis on the carbonate-rock area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4073, vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934073.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58533,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abbaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shultz, R.A.","contributorId":27442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hobba, W.A. Jr.","contributorId":77518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobba","given":"W.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kozar, M.D.","contributorId":67544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207959,"text":"70207959 - 1995 - Tholeiitic‐alkalic transition at subglacial volcanoes, Tuya region, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T11:18:36","indexId":"70207959","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-21T10:56:57","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tholeiitic‐alkalic transition at subglacial volcanoes, Tuya region, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"Ash Mountain, South Tuya, and Tuya Butte are three small basaltic volcanoes in the Stikine volcanic belt of northern British Columbia. The volcanoes rise 700, 500, and 400 m above their bases and are about 3.2, 1.6, and 2.6 km3 in volume, respectively. They began eruptive activity under several hundred meters of overlying glacial ice, or water in an ice‐impounded lake, and undegassed pillow lava was erupted and forms the bases of all three. Later, as the vents grew into shallow water, explosive phreatomagmatic activity erupted partly degassed glassy tuffs. Finally, when the volcano emerged through the surface of the ice or water (or the water was drained), degassed subaerial lava flows were erupted and were converted to assemblages of foreset‐bedded pillow breccia and pillow lava when subaerial flows crossed a shoreline and flowed into meltwater lakes. The undegassed subglacial pillow base of Ash Mountain is overlain by partly degassed pillows and hyaloclastite tuff cut by dikes; at South Tuya the pillow base is overlain by hyaloclastite tuffs and lenses of pillow lava; at Tuya Butte the pillow base is overlain by foreset‐bedded pillow lava, pillow breccias, and hyaloclastite tuffs, which in turn are overlain by subaerial lava flows composing a small shield volcano. The undegassed basal subglacial pillow lava of the three volcanoes contain 0.10 ± 0.01 wt % sulfur and ∼0.5 wt % H2O. The overlying partly degassed assemblages contain 0.06 ± 0.02% sulfur and ∼0.2% H2O at Ash Mountain, 0.07±0.01% sulfur at South Tuya, and 0.03±0.01% sulfur at Tuya Butte. The differences in the degree of degassing can be related to the nature of eruption and quenching and the distance of flow of the subaerial lava. When the volcanoes switched from subglacial to shallow water or subaerial eruptions, as shown by change to more explosive activity and then to subaerial lava flows (and by a marked reduction of sulfur in volcanic glass), the magma shifted from tholeiitic to alkalic composition. This transition occurs at each of the three volcanoes. The tholeiitic and alkalic magmas cannot be related by shallow crystal fractionation and apparently originated by differing degrees of deep melting at a mantle source. Prior to eruption the tholeiitic melts overlay alkalic melts in shallow chambers underlying each of the volcanoes because of their lower density and were, therefore, the first to erupt under subglacial conditions. As the volcano grew through the ice (or ice‐impounded water), the volcanic conduit vented to the atmosphere, producing a partial depressurization of the conduit and the subsurface chamber. This sudden reduction in confining pressure caused enhanced vesiculation of volatile saturated melts, particularly of the more volatile‐rich alkalic melts, causing them to rise to the top of the chamber and erupt.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02509","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., Hickson, C., and Calk, L.C., 1995, Tholeiitic‐alkalic transition at subglacial volcanoes, Tuya region, British Columbia, Canada: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B12, p. 24577-24592, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02509.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"24577","endPage":"24592","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia ","otherGeospatial":"Tuya region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -133.330078125,\n 60.19615576604439\n ],\n [\n -131.923828125,\n 58.53959476664049\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 58.309488840677645\n ],\n [\n -125.859375,\n 60.19615576604439\n ],\n [\n -133.330078125,\n 60.19615576604439\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickson, C.J.","contributorId":67256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18295,"text":"ofr94515 - 1995 - Well-construction, hydrogeologic, and ground-water-quality data in the vicinity of Belvidere, Boone County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:36:20","indexId":"ofr94515","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-515","title":"Well-construction, hydrogeologic, and ground-water-quality data in the vicinity of Belvidere, Boone County, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is studying the hydrogeology and water quality of aquifers in the vicinity of Belvidere, Boone County, Ill. This report presents available well-construction, hydrogeologic, and ground-water-quality data compiled into a geographic information system (GIS) data base for this study. General instructions on manipulation and suggested applications of the GIS data base are included. Three plates show the location and type of wells and distribution of ground-water-quality data within the study area. The data are intended to aid investigators in present and possible future hydrogeologic studies in the vicinity of Belvidere.\nThe data base contains information for 725 water-supply and monitoring wells and lithologic borings. The sources of the data and methodology utilized to develop the data base are discussed. Well-construction and hydrogeologic data include well-identification label, latitude and longitude of the well locations, type of well, aquifer to which the well is open, total depth of the well, depth to water in the well, the screened or open interval, and owner information. Water-quality data are tabulated for concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and semivolatile organic compounds, inorganic compounds, and total pesticide, and specific conductance. Data are provided on a floppy diskette accompanying the report.\n\nAbout 78 percent of the wells in the data base are water-supply wells, including eight municipal water-supply wells. About 40 percent of the wells are open to the glacial drift aquifer, and 53 percent are open to the Galena-Platteville aquifer. The remaining wells are open to multiple-bedrock aquifers. Of the 157 wells and borings with available water-quality data, 59 percent are open to the glacial drift aquifer, 24 percent are open to the Galena-Platteville aquifer, and 17 percent are open to multiple-bedrock aquifers. VOC's have been detected in six municipal and three domestic wells. Maximum contaminant levels of four VOC's have been exceeded periodically in four municipal wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;ESIC Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94515","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Brown, T.A., and Mills, P., 1995, Well-construction, hydrogeologic, and ground-water-quality data in the vicinity of Belvidere, Boone County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-515, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94515.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0515/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21639,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0515/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21640,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0515/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21641,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0515/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47647,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0515/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277763,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0515/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47bbe4b07f02db4a2f7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Timothy A.","contributorId":18016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185372,"text":"70185372 - 1995 - Methane production and consumption monitored by stable H and C isotope ratios at a crude oil spill site, Bemidji, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T12:26:52","indexId":"70185372","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane production and consumption monitored by stable H and C isotope ratios at a crude oil spill site, Bemidji, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Stable isotopic ratios of C and H in dissolved CH4 and C in dissolved inorganic C in the ground water of a crude-oil spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, support the concept of CH4production by acetate fermentation with a contemporaneous increase in HCO3−concentration. Methane concentrations in the saturated zone decrease from 20.6 mg L−1 to less than 0.001 mg L−1 along the investigated flow path. Dissolved N2 and Ar concentrations in the ground water below the oil plume are 25 times lower than background; this suggests that gas exsolution is removing dissolved CH4 (along with other dissolved gases) from the ground water. Oxidation of dissolved CH4 along the flow path seems to be minimal because no measurable change in isotopic composition of CH4 occurs with distance from the oil body. However, CH4 is partly oxidized to CO2 as it diffuses upward from the ground water through a 5- to 7-m thick unsaturated zone; theδ13C of the remaining CH4 increases, theδ13C of the CO2 decreases, and the partial pressure of CO2 increases.
Calculations of C fluxes in the saturated and unsaturated zones originating from the degradation of the oil plume lead to a minimum estimated life expectancy of 110 years. This is a minimum estimate because the degradation of the oil body should slow down with time as its more volatile and reactive components are leached out and preferentially oxidized. The calculated life expectancy is an order of magnitude estimate because of the uncertainty in the average linear ground-water velocities and because of the factor of 2 uncertainty in the calculation of the effective CO2 diffusion coefficient.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(95)00021-6","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K., Coplen, T.B., Baedecker, M.J., and Glynn, P.D., 1995, Methane production and consumption monitored by stable H and C isotope ratios at a crude oil spill site, Bemidji, Minnesota: Applied Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 5, p. 505-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00021-6.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"505","endPage":"516","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337933,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Bemidji ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.07499694824219,\n 47.34952381511167\n ],\n [\n -94.62455749511719,\n 47.34952381511167\n ],\n [\n -94.62455749511719,\n 47.5996813120644\n ],\n [\n -95.07499694824219,\n 47.5996813120644\n ],\n [\n -95.07499694824219,\n 47.34952381511167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b93e4b0236b68f82914","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baedecker, Mary J.","contributorId":189605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20056,"text":"ofr9585 - 1995 - Volcanic gas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T11:04:05","indexId":"ofr9585","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-85","title":"Volcanic gas","docAbstract":"In Roman mythology, Vulcan, the god of fire, was said to have made tools and weapons for the other gods in his workshop at Olympus. Throughout history, volcanoes have frequently been identified with Vulcan and other mythological figures. Scientists now know that the “smoke\" from volcanoes, once attributed by poets to be from Vulcan’s forge, is actually volcanic gas naturally released from both active and many inactive volcanoes.
\nThe molten rock, or magma, that lies beneath volcanoes and fuels eruptions, contains abundant gases that are released to the surface before, during, and after eruptions. These gases range from relatively benign low-temperature steam to thick hot clouds of choking sulfurous fume jetting from the earth.
\nWater vapor is typically the most abundant volcanic gas, followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Other volcanic gases are hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrofluoric acid, and other trace gases and volatile metals. The concentrations of these gas species can vary considerably from one volcano to the next.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9585","usgsCitation":"McGee, K.A., and Gerlach, T.M., 1995, Volcanic gas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-85, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9585.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9585.jpg"},{"id":49613,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0085/pdf/ofr95-85.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":288352,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0085/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd934","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerlach, Terrance M.","contributorId":89512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrance","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6865,"text":"fs11495 - 1995 - Occurrence of the gasoline additive MTBE in shallow ground water in urban and agricultural areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-16T10:36:04","indexId":"fs11495","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"114-95","title":"Occurrence of the gasoline additive MTBE in shallow ground water in urban and agricultural areas","docAbstract":"Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a volatile organic compound (VOC) derived from natural gas that is added to gasoline either seasonally or year round in many parts of the United States to increase the octane level and to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels in the air. In 1993, production of MTBE ranked second among all organic chemicals manufactured in the United States. Currently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tentatively classifies MTBE as a possible human carcinogen. Health complaints related to MTBE in the air were first reported in Fairbanks, Alaska in November 1992 when about 200 residents reported problems such as headaches, dizziness, eye irritation, burning of the nose and throat, disorientation, and nausea. Similar health complaints have been registered in Anchorage, Alaska; Missoula, Montana; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and New Jersey.
As part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, concentrations of 60 VOCs were measured in samples from 211 shallow wells in 8 urban areas and 524 shallow wells in 20 agricultural areas. Chloroform and MTBE were the two most frequently detected VOCs. MTBE was detected in 27 percent of the urban wells and 1.3 percent of the agricultural wells. Concentrations ranged from less than the detection level of 0.2 μg/L (micrograms per liter) to as high as 23,000 μg/L. When detected, the median concentration of MTBE was 0.6 μg/L. MTBE was most frequently detected in shallow ground water in Denver, Colorado and urban areas in New England. In Denver, 79 percent of the samples from shallow urban wells had detectable concentrations of MTBE and in New England, 37 percent of the samples from urban wells had detectable concentrations. Only 3 percent of the wells sampled in urban areas had concentrations of MTBE that exceeded 20 μg/L, which is the estimated lower limit of the EPA draft drinking water health advisory level. Contaminant concentrations below the health advisory are not expected to cause any adverse effects over a lifetime of exposure. MTBE is on the EPA’s Drinking Water Priority List, which means it is a possible candidate for future regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs11495","collaboration":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., Pope, D.A., and Price, C.V., 1995, Occurrence of the gasoline additive MTBE in shallow ground water in urban and agricultural areas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 114-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11495.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354123,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0114/fs11495.pdf","text":"Report","size":"272 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 114–95"},{"id":354122,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0114/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center, South Dakota Office
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
The historic stream flooding and intense rainfall across the upper Mississippi River Basin during summer 1993 had an immediate effect on near-surface unconsolidated aquifers by raising the water levels closer to the land surface . The objective of this study was to determine if this flooding also had immediate effects on groundwater quality . Water samples were collected during September and October 1993 from 110 wells completed in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers and were analyzed for herbicides, herbicide metabolites, inorganic nutrients, and volatile organic compounds. The results of these samples were compared with those obtained during summer 1991 or 1992. The difference was not statistically significant in the frequency of herbicide detection, total herbicide concentration, nitrate concentration, or the frequency of volatile organic compound detection between water samples collected in 1991 and 1992 and those collected in 1993 when all 110 wells were considered collectively . However, water samples from the Missouri River alluvial aquifer had a fourfold increase in the frequency of herbicide detection . There also appears to be a relation between increases in total herbicide concentration and the occurrence of stream flooding near a well. Water samples from wells that had at least a 20-percent increase in dissolved-oxygen concentration had the greatest frequency of substantial changes in total herbicide concentration and substantial increases in nitrate concentration . Increased dissolved-oxygen concentration could indicate areas where recharge has increased as a result of extensive stream flooding and intense rainfall . An inverse relation was determined between well depth and changes (increase or decrease) in total herbicide concentration . Water in shallow wells more quickly reflect changes in water quality in response to changes in recharge. Significantly more urban residential and industrial land use was within a 30-meter radius of the well for wells in which volatile organic compounds were detected. Because water moves more slowly along ground-water flow paths compared with surface-water runoff, additional information is required to determine long-term effects of the 1993 flood on ground-water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120G","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., and Thurman, E.M., 1995, Postflood occurrence of selected agricultural chemicals and volatile organic compounds in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers in the upper Mississippi River basin, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, vi, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120G.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_G.bmp"},{"id":532,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33295,"text":"b2096 - 1995 - Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:15","indexId":"b2096","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2096","title":"Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan","docAbstract":"The stratigraphic relation between the Cretaceous generally non-coal-bearing Lumshiwal Formation (64 to 150 m thick) and the Paleocene coal-bearing Hangu Formation (5 to 50 m thick) in the Surghar Range of north-central Pakistan is complex. Both formations contain remarkably similar lithofacies: one or two types of sandstone lithofacies; a combined lithofacies of mudstone, claystone, carbonaceous shale, and coal beds; and a rare carbonate lithofacies. An analysis of pollen data from rock samples collected from various stratigraphic positions indicates that the formations are separated by a disconformity and that the age of the Lumshiwal Formation is Early Cretaceous and the age of the Hangu is Paleocene. Previous workers had suggested that the age of the Lumshiwal is Late Cretaceous.\r\n\r\nAn analysis of sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and paleontologic data indicates that both the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations probably were deposited in shallow-marine and deltaic environments. The rocks of the Lumshiwal become more terrestrial in origin upward, whereas the rocks of the Hangu become more marine in origin upward. The contact between the two formations is associated with a laterally discontinuous lateritic paleosol (assigned to the Hangu Formation) that is commonly overlain by the economically important Makarwal coal bed. This coal bed averages 1.2 m in thickness. No other coal beds in the Surghar Range are as thick or as laterally continuous as the Makarwal coal bed.\r\n\r\nAnalytical data from the Makarwal and one other Hangu coal bed indicate that Surghar Range coal beds range from high-volatile B to high-volatile C bituminous in apparent rank. Averaged, as-received results of proximate and ultimate analyses of coal samples are (1) moisture content, 5.4 percent; (2) ash yield, 12.5 percent; (3) total sulfur content, 5 percent; and (4) calorific value, 11034 Btu/lb (British thermal units per pound). Minor- and trace-element analyses indicate that these coals contain relatively high concentrations of the environmentally sensitive element selenium (average 13.4 ppm (parts per million)), compared to concentrations from United States coals of similar rank.\r\n\r\nThe Makarwal coal bed represents a paleopeat that formed during changing relative ground-water base levels. Relatively low base levels were associated with periods of slow clastic deposition and lateritic paleosol development, followed by relatively high base levels that coincided with increased runoff, marine flooding, and clastic sedimentation that buried the paleopeat of the Makarwal. These environments formed along the northwestern margin of the Indian subcontinent as it drifted northward through equatorial latitudes in the Tethys Sea. The Makarwal coal bed is thin or absent in the northern part of the range where the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations are the thinnest. Such rapid lateral changes (over about 25 km) in formation thickness and the apparent change in relative ground-water base level indicate that tectonically induced subsidence rates varied across the Surghar Range and influenced the deposition of the rocks that compose the two formations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/b2096","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Javed, S., Mashhadi, S., Shakoor, T., Khan, A.M., and Khan, A., 1995, Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2096, iii, 35 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2096.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3164,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2096/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a2419","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":210387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Javed, Shahid","contributorId":32934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Javed","given":"Shahid","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16954,"text":"Geological Survey of Pakistan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":210388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mashhadi, S. Tahir A.","contributorId":74424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashhadi","given":"S. Tahir A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shakoor, Tariq","contributorId":65512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shakoor","given":"Tariq","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Khan, Asrar M.","contributorId":60279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"Asrar","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Khan, A. Latif","contributorId":78785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"A. Latif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207889,"text":"70207889 - 1995 - Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:46:14","indexId":"70207889","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:30:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"Small-volume, subaerial, subaqueous and subglacial basaltic eruptions occurred in the Wells Gray–Clearwater area during Quaternary time. Part of this time, significant thicknesses of glacial ice were present. Dating of intraglacial volcanic features corroborates other evidence of an Early Pleistocene, Cordilleran-wide ice sheet. Of the intraglacial volcanoes investigated, three were studied in detail and of these, two probably erupted during the Fraser glaciation (11–20 ka), when maximum ice level exceeded 2100 m elevation. Major-element and sulphur concentrations were measured in glass from the volcanoes to provide insight into vent conditions at the time of eruption. Hyalo Ridge (2102 m elevation, whole-rock K–Ar age of 0.02 ± 0.01 Ma) is a small volcanic edifice capped by lava flows with coherent pillowed lavas and interbedded hyaloclastite exposed over nearly 400 m altitude on its east flank. Low sulphur content (<0.03 wt.%) in pillow rim glasses indicates that the lavas are degassed. It is interpreted that the vent built above the water (or ice) surface then fed lava flows that crossed a shoreline and produced pillowed flows. Pyramid Mountain is a volcanic cone 240 m high, comprised of glassy, vesicular, lapilli-tuff breccia. The highly alkalic glass contains 0.1 wt.% S (considered high), and indicates a high original volatile content and drastic quenching, probably during phreatomagmatic eruption from a meltwater-flooded vent. East of the Clearwater River a sequence of massive pillowed flows and pillow joint-block breccias is exposed from 880 to 1320 m elevation (0.27 ± 0.05 Ma). The vent location is unknown. Moderate S content (0.040–0.055 wt.%) indicates that the lavas were erupted in shallow water and are largely degassed. The S content of glass in dykes cutting the pillow breccias is low. The dykes are interpreted as lava that has flowed laterally or down into cracks
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e95-070","usgsCitation":"Hickson, C., Moore, J.G., Calk, L., and Metcalfe, P., 1995, Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, no. 7, p. 838-851, https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-070.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"838","endPage":"851","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Wells Gray- Clearwater region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ],\n [\n -119.33349609375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ],\n [\n -119.33349609375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickson, C.J.","contributorId":67256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calk, L.","contributorId":106264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Metcalfe, P.","contributorId":221675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207886,"text":"70207886 - 1995 - Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:18:00","indexId":"70207886","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:16:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We have studied 30 quenched tholeiitic lava flows recovered by 20 dredge hauls and one submersible dive along Puna Ridge, the submarine part of the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Glass grains from numerous additional flows were recovered in turbidite sands cored in the Hawaiian Trough. These quenched lavas document variable primary magma compositions; olivine and multiphase crystallization and fractionation; degassing; wall-rock stoping and assimilation; mixing in the crustal reservoir and the rift zone; entrainment of olivine xenocrysts from a hot, ductile, olivine cumulate body; and disruption of gabbro wallrocks in the rift zone.
Glass grains in turbidite sands contain up to 15⋅0wt% MgO, in contrast to < 7⋅0wt% MgO for the sampled glass rinds on lavas. The most forsteritic olivine phenocryst (F090·7) is in equilibrium with primary Kilauea liquid containing an average 16⋅5 wt% MgO, but ranging from 13⋅4 to 18⋅4%. Lavas and glass grains have more restricted P2O5/K2O and TiO2/K2O than glass inclusions in olivine, because more diverse liquids trapped as glass inclusions are mixed and homogenized before eruption. Variable trace element compositions in glass grains and whole rocks indicate that the primary liquids form by partial melting of mantle sources retaining clinopyroxene and garnet.
Orthopyroxene xenocrysts formed at moderate pressures provide evidence for a sub-crustal staging zone. Chromite and olivine crystallize in the crustal magma reservoir as the liquid cools from an average 1346°C to ∼1170°C. Low viscosities of the primary liquids (0·4 Pas) facilitate olivine settling, and the crystallized olivine forms an olivine cumulate body at the base of the reservoir. Olivine is deformed as the hot ductile dunite body flows down and away from the summit. This flow drives instability of the Hilina landslide on Kilauea. Dikes intrude the dunite, and magma flowing through the dikes disaggregates and entrains olivine xenocrysts in Puna Ridge magmas.
Primary liquids pond at or near the base of Kilauea's crustal reservoir because they are denser than more fractionated liquids that occupy the upper parts of the reservoir. The sulfur and water contents of glass rinds indicate that fractionated liquids near the top of the reservoir degas at low pressure, a process that increases their density and causes them to sink to levels where they mix with resident undegassed, near-primary liquid. The fractionated liquids near the top of the magma reservoir acquire excess Cl, owing to assimilation of hydrothermally altered roofrocks.
Magma flowing into the rift zone encounters and mixes with low-temperature, multiphase-fractionated melt. The mixed magmas typically contain rare orthopyroxene, plagioclase as sodic as andesine, olivine as fayalitic as F075 and Fe-rich augite derived from the fractionated magma. Magma flowing through dikes also dislodged fragments of gabbroic wallrocks that occur as xenoliths.
The interrelations in the Kilauean submarine lavas between host glass and glass inclusion compositions, volatile contents and mineral chemistry reveal an extraordinarily complex sequence of petrogenetic processes and events that are difficult or impossible to determine in subaerial Kilauea lavas because of crystallization, reequilibration and degassing during or after their eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.299","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., Dixon, J., and Friesen, W., 1995, Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 299-349, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, W.B.","contributorId":75532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}