Decreases in the helium concentration of soil-gas have been observed to precede six of eight recent central California earthquakes. Ten monitoring stations were established near Hollister, California and along the San Andreas Fault to permit gas collection. The data showed decreases occurring a few weeks before the earthquakes and concentrations returned to prequake levels either shortly before or after the earthquakes.
The lithologic-tectonic framework of California developed principally during Mesozoic time when various terranes of oceanic crust and island-arc crust were accreted to older sialic crust, resulting in westward growth of the continent. Emplacement of great batholithic masses of granitoid rocks cutting all these crustal types also took place during the Mesozoic period. The discrete tectonostratigraphic terranes that resulted from these events and subsequent Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic events are characterized by specific types of metallic mineral deposits or, in some terranes, by the virtual absence of deposits. Lead-silver-zinc replacement-type deposits are common in the Paleozoic carbonate terrane in the eastern part of the state and occur sporadically elsewhere in the miogeoclinal and cratonal terranes but are absent from the oceanic and island-arc terranes. The vast majority of contact metasomatic tungsten deposits, including all the large ones, are in pendants of miogeoclinal rocks in the Sierra Nevada batholith, but the important Atolia deposits reside in granitoid rocks that invade oceanic terrane. Molybdenum distribution closely follows that of tungsten. All the large contact metasomatic iron deposits in California are in craton and miogeoclinal terranes, but sparse small deposits of this type also occur in island-arc terranes of the northern Sierra Nevada and eastern Klamath Mountains. Lode gold deposits, although widely scattered, show a marked preference for oceanic and island-arc terranes that have been invaded by granitoid plutons. All the major deposits, including late Tertiary bonanza deposits such as Bodie, are in such terranes. It appears that magmatic processes were responsible for mobilizing and transporting the gold, but the metal was perhaps derived from the eugeosynclinal rocks, notably the mafic volcanics. Most mercury deposits are found in the Coast Ranges, where they commonly occur in silica-carbonate rock, an alteration product of serpentinite. The deposits appear to be spatially related to the Coast Range thrust, and the source of the mercury may have been sedimentary rocks of the underlying Franciscan assemblage. Epigenetic mineralization occurred at several different times during the Mesozoic, and again during Miocene and Pliocene time. The timing of mineralization events and the distribution of various deposit types indicate that no broad-scale zoning of epigenetic deposits exists around the Sierra Nevada batholith.Syngenetic deposits are represented mainly by massive sulfides, chert-associated manganese, and chromite. The massive sulfide deposits, with one exception, are restricted to island-arc terranes, and nearly all of these deposits are in silicic volcanic rocks. They are interpreted to be syngenetic with the enclosing rocks, although some redistribution of metals may have occurred after the original deposition. The deposits occur in volcanic sequences of at least five different ages ranging from Early Devonian to Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous and, along with their enclosing rocks, were probably formed at some distance from their present sites. Chert-associated manganese deposits occur mainly in exotic blocks of oceanic crust in melange and probably formed in fairly deep ocean environments. Chromite is confined to ultramafic rock, much of which occupies suture zones separating various accreted terranes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.4.765","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Albers, J.P., 1981, A lithologic-tectonic framework for the metallogenic provinces of California: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 4, p. 765-790, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.4.765.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e43de4b0c8380cd46507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, J. P.","contributorId":81505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012058,"text":"70012058 - 1981 - Small landslide types and controls in glacial deposits: Lower Skagit river drainage, northern cascade range, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012058","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small landslide types and controls in glacial deposits: Lower Skagit river drainage, northern cascade range, Washington","docAbstract":"Observations of 167 small, shallow landslides spanning a 22-year period on extensively logged slopes of Quaternary terraces in the lower Skagit and Baker Valleys, Washington, shows that there is a relationship between the common slope failures in this area and the slope angle, stratigraphy, and logging practices. Landslide frequency increases upvalley, as do mean annual precipitation and the frequency of perched water tables. Debris slides are most common, occur on steep slopes (>50%) composed of sand and gravel, and are most abundant in areas previously logged by the clear-cut method. Debris flows occur on shallower slopes (>30%) where the stratigraphy leads to perched water tables. Debris flows larger than 600 m2 in area appear to be unrelated to logging practices. Slump flows, described here for the first time, occur on similar slope angles and stratigraphic situations as debris flows. They differ mainly by the presence of semiconsolidated material, usually till, at the slide head. Where till is breached-commonly along road cuts-water infiltration is increased, saturating underlying fine-grained deposits, which then fail by debris flowage. Secondary slumping of till happens when the slope steepens during debris flow failure. Small landslides surrounding Lake Shannon may contribute up to 80% of the total particulate matter yield to the fluvial system at present, increasing lake sedimentation by a rate of 5 mm/yr. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02473506","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Heller, P., 1981, Small landslide types and controls in glacial deposits: Lower Skagit river drainage, northern cascade range, Washington: Environmental Geology, v. 3, no. 4, p. 221-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473506.","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02473506"},{"id":221925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9183e4b08c986b31994f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heller, P.L.","contributorId":104131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heller","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012065,"text":"70012065 - 1981 - Differentiation of delta-front and barrier lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, southwest San Juan Basin, New Mexico.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012065","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation of delta-front and barrier lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, southwest San Juan Basin, New Mexico.","docAbstract":"This Sandstone represents a regressive littoral marine unit deposited during the final retreat of the Cretaceous epeiric sea. Differences in rock type, internal and penecontemporaneous deformation structures, textural sequences, mineral composition and trace fossil content permit recognition of laterally contemporaneous delta-front and barrier lithofacies. The delta-front lithofacies consists of distal bar, distributary mouth bar, and distributary channel deposits. The barrier lithofacies consists of shoreface, beach, washover channel, tidal inlet, tidal channel, and ebb-tidal delta deposits; these lithofacies are coarsening-upward sequences of shale, siltstone and sandstone, locally scoured in the upper part by fining-upward channel deposits.-from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., and Erpenbeck, M.F., 1981, Differentiation of delta-front and barrier lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, southwest San Juan Basin, New Mexico.: Mountain Geologist, v. 18, no. 2, p. 23-34.","startPage":"23","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0109e4b0c8380cd4fa76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erpenbeck, Michael F.","contributorId":46609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erpenbeck","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012152,"text":"70012152 - 1981 - Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:42:02","indexId":"70012152","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography","docAbstract":"A modified method is described for a 1-mg sample multi-element semiquantitative spectrographic analysis. This method uses a direct-current arc source, carbon instead of graphite electrodes, and an 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere instead of air. Although this is a destructive method, an analysis can be made for 68 elements in all mineral and geochemical samples. Carbon electrodes have been an aid in improving the detection limits of many elements. The carbon has a greater resistance to heat conductance and develops a better tip, facilitating sample volatilization and counter balancing the cooling effect of a flow of the argon-oxygen mixture around the anode. Where such an argon-oxygen atmosphere is used instead of air, the cyanogen band lines are greatly diminished in intensity, and thus more spectral lines of analysis elements are available for use; the spectral background is also lower. The main advantage of using the carbon electrode and the 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere is the improved detection limits of 36 out of 68 elements. The detection limits remain the same for 23 elements, and are not as good for only nine elements. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rait, N., 1981, Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography: Chemical Geology, v. 32, no. 1-4, p. 317-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2.","startPage":"317","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266125,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6089e4b0c8380cd71514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rait, N.","contributorId":95521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rait","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011760,"text":"70011760 - 1981 - Statistics in Oklahoma's petroleum industry, 1980 ( USA).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:33","indexId":"70011760","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2944,"text":"Oklahoma Geology Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistics in Oklahoma's petroleum industry, 1980 ( USA).","docAbstract":"Using graphs and tables, outlines statistics for oil and gas drilling activity in the state, for discovery and production levels, established reserve quantities, and the market value of hydrocarbons.-L.Martin","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oklahoma Geology Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00301736","usgsCitation":"Prater, M., 1981, Statistics in Oklahoma's petroleum industry, 1980 ( USA).: Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 41, no. 6, p. 196-208.","startPage":"196","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b976de4b08c986b31ba7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prater, M.L.","contributorId":59180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prater","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012154,"text":"70012154 - 1981 - Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Laramie anorthosite complex, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:34:29","indexId":"70012154","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Laramie anorthosite complex, Wyoming","docAbstract":"A geochemical investigation of the Laramie anorthosite complex determined that monsonite associated with the complex are characterized by positive Eu anomalies and display a regular variation in composition with distance from the monzonite/county rock contact. Anorthositic rocks have major and trace element abundance typical of similar complexes. The internal variations in the monzonite were produced by in situ fractionation and contamination. The data indicate that anorthosite and monzonite cannot be comagmatic. It is proposed that the anorthosite and monzonite of the complex evolved from two distinct magmas, and that two stages of anatectic melting contributed to the evolution of the monzonite. An initial stage of partial melting was induced by intrusion of a gabbroic anorthosite magma into the lower crust; a second partial melting event occurred after emplacement where heat from the intrusions melted country rocks resulting in extensive contamination ofthe monzonite. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(81)90049-9","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Fountain, J., Hodge, D., and Allan, H.F., 1981, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Laramie anorthosite complex, Wyoming: LITHOS, v. 14, no. 2, p. 113-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(81)90049-9.","startPage":"113","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267968,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(81)90049-9"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16dce4b0c8380cd552b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, J.C.","contributorId":43104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodge, D.S.","contributorId":9403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodge","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allan, Hills F.","contributorId":84906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allan","given":"Hills","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011968,"text":"70011968 - 1981 - Analysis of variance of thematic mapping experiment data.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011968","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of variance of thematic mapping experiment data.","docAbstract":"As an example of the methodology, data from an experiment using three scales of land-use and land-cover mapping have been analyzed. The binomial proportions of correct interpretations have been analyzed untransformed and transformed by both the arcsine and the logit transformations. A weighted analysis of variance adjustment has been used. There is evidence of a significant difference among the three scales of mapping (1:24 000, 1:100 000 and 1:250 000) using the transformed data. Multiple range tests showed that all three scales are different for the arcsine transformed data. - from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Rosenfield, G., 1981, Analysis of variance of thematic mapping experiment data.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 12, p. 1685-1692.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1692","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb47e4b0c8380cd48d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenfield, G.H.","contributorId":94670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfield","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011999,"text":"70011999 - 1981 - Gas hydrates (clathrates) causing pore-water freshening and oxygen isotope fractionation in deep-water sedimentary sections of terrigenous continental margins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T23:28:32.266075","indexId":"70011999","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrates (clathrates) causing pore-water freshening and oxygen isotope fractionation in deep-water sedimentary sections of terrigenous continental margins","docAbstract":"The occurrence of gas hydrates in deep-water sections of the continental margins predicted from anomalous acoustic reflectors on seismic profiles has been confirmed by recent deep-sea drilling results. On the Pacific continental slope off Guatemala gas hydrates were brought up for the first time from two holes (497, 498A) drilled during Leg 67 of the DSDP in water depths of 2360 and 5500 m, respectively. The hydrates occur in organic matter-rich Pleistocene to Miocene terrigenous sediments. In the hydrate-bearing zone a marked decrease in interstitial water chlorinities was observed starting at about 10–20 m subbottom depth. Pore waters at the bottom of the holes (near 400 m subbottom) have as little as half the chlorinity of seawater (i.e. 9‰). Similar, but less pronounced, trends were observed during previous legs of the DSDP in other hydrate-prone segments of the continental margins where recharge of fresh water from the continent can be excluded (e.g. Leg 11). The crystallization of hydrates, like ice, excludes salt ions from the crystal structure. During burial the dissolved salts are separated from the solids. Subsidence results in a downward motion of the solids (including hydrates) relative to the pore fluids. Thawing of hydrates during recovery releases fresh water which is remixed with the pore fluid not involved in hydrate formation. The volume of the latter decreases downhole thus causing downward decreasing salinity (chlorinity). Hydrate formation is responsible for oxygen isotope fractionation with18O-enrichment in the hydrate explaining increasingly more positive δ18O values in the pore fluids recovered (after hydrate dissociation) with depth.
The Coyote Lake earthquake (ML = 5.9; August 6, 1979; epicenter about 100 km southeast of San Francisco) occurred on the Calaveras fault within a geodetic network that had been surveyed annually since 1972 to monitor strain accumulation. The rupture surface as defined by aftershocks is a vertical rectangle 20 km in length extending from a depth of 4 km to about 12 km. The observed deformation of the geodetic network constrains the average slip to be about 0.33 ± 0.05 m right lateral. Although the geodetic data furnished an exceptionally detailed picture of the preearthquake deformation, no significant premonitory anomaly associated with the Coyote Lake earthquake can be identified.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00892","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"King, N., Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1981, Preseismic and coseismic deformation associated with the Coyote Lake, California, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 892-898, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00892.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"892","endPage":"898","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b35e4b0c8380cd7e1b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012169,"text":"70012169 - 1981 - Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economies of scale.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012169","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2598,"text":"Land Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economies of scale.","docAbstract":"Seeks evidence concerning the issues of the relative efficiencies of different institutional arrangements for pollution control and the implications of control requirements for economies of scale and barriers to entry. Data is derived from the estimation of a production function for 30 pulp and paper mills in Wisconsin and Michigan. Concludes that the systematic differences in marginal treatment costs for different mills are evidence of serious inefficiencies resulting from the current (US) system of pollution control regulation. The positive association of pollution control intensity with economies of scale suggests that any pollution control regime has some negative allocational effects in this industry (and presumably others). -K.Turner","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land Economics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Pittman, R., 1981, Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economies of scale.: Land Economics, v. 57, no. 1, p. 1-17.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fc4e4b0c8380cd647da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pittman, R.W.","contributorId":20901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011754,"text":"70011754 - 1981 - Increasing the availability of national mapping products.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011754","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1991,"text":"Information Bulletin, Western Association of Map Libraries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing the availability of national mapping products.","docAbstract":"A discussion of the means employed by the US Geological Survey to facilitate map usage, covering aspects of project Map Accessibility Program including special rolled and folded map packaging, new market testing, parks and campgrounds program, expanded map dealer program, new booklet-type State sales index and catalog and new USGS map reference code. The USGS is seen as the producer of a tremendous nation-wide inventory of topographic and related map products available in unprecedented types, formats and scales, and as endeavouring to increase access to its products. The new USGS map reference code is appended. -J.C.Stone","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Information Bulletin, Western Association of Map Libraries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Roney, J., and Ogilvie, B., 1981, Increasing the availability of national mapping products.: Information Bulletin, Western Association of Map Libraries, v. 12, no. 2, p. 133-143.","startPage":"133","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3a09e4b0c8380cd61b17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roney, J.I.","contributorId":75682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roney","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogilvie, B.C.","contributorId":94036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilvie","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011806,"text":"70011806 - 1981 - Fourth Australian cartographic conference: Keynote address","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T14:54:47.527954","indexId":"70011806","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1190,"text":"Cartography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fourth Australian cartographic conference: Keynote address","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00690805.1981.10438136","usgsCitation":"Southard, R.B., 1981, Fourth Australian cartographic conference: Keynote address: Cartography, v. 12, no. 1, p. 19-25, https://doi.org/10.1080/00690805.1981.10438136.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a139ee4b0c8380cd546f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southard, Rupert B.","contributorId":17371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"Rupert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197171,"text":"70197171 - 1981 - Magnetic effects of maghemitization of oceanic crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T14:59:40","indexId":"70197171","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic effects of maghemitization of oceanic crust","docAbstract":"Both theoretical considerations and available experimental results indicate that magnetic effects of maghemitization are strongly dependent on the grain size of the originally unoxidized titanomagnetite. Maghemitization of single‐domain titanomagnetite results in a decrease in coercivity, an increase in susceptibility, and a large decrease in Q ratio. Maghemitization of multidomain titanomagnetite results in an increase in coercivity, a decrease in susceptibility, and no large changes in Q ratio. Single‐domain titanomagnetite is probably resistant to the development of a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM), whereas multidomain titanomagnetite can acquire a CRM during maghemitization. The behavior of pseudo‐single‐domain titanomagnetite, which is the main carrier of remanence in submarine extrusive rocks, is investigated by comparing the magnetic properties of the French‐American Mid‐Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS) (less than 0.1 m.y. old) and the Leg 37 (3.5 m.y. old) pillow basalts recovered from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near 37°N. Combining electron microprobe analyses, Curie temperature measurements, and cell edge determinations, we find that the FAMOUS rocks are already oxidized (z = 0.38), possibly as a result of some high‐temperature maghemitization during cooling of the magma. Comparison with the more highly oxidized (z = 0.7) Leg 37 pillow basalts indicates that low‐temperature maghemitization of such rocks does not result in appreciable changes of coercivity and susceptibility, although the Q ratio does decrease and CRM seems to be acquired. Such a CRM could account for the anomalously low magnetic inclinations observed at most of the Leg 37 sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB05p04009","usgsCitation":"Prevot, M., Lecaille, A., and Mankinen, E.A., 1981, Magnetic effects of maghemitization of oceanic crust: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B5, p. 4009-4020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB05p04009.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4009","endPage":"4020","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff44cee4b0da30c1bfdb2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prevot, M.","contributorId":75679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevot","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lecaille, A.","contributorId":49924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lecaille","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000462,"text":"1000462 - 1981 - The commercial fishery for walleyes in New York waters of Lake Erie, 1959-1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-01T09:35:20","indexId":"1000462","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The commercial fishery for walleyes in New York waters of Lake Erie, 1959-1978","docAbstract":"A limited commercial gill-net fishery for walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in New York waters of Lake Erie was established in the 1950's. Since then year class strengths have varied considerably; four have been outstanding- those of 1959, 1962, 1964, and 1971. A rapid rate of rise in water temperature during spawning and incubation was positively correlated with the strength of these year classes. Each time a strong year class appeared, small-mesh gill-net effort was markedly increased, and an average of 46% of the fish of each year class was harvested at age I before they were sexually mature. If the smallmesh gill-net fishery had not been operating, the total annual production by the largemesh gill-net fishery could have been increased by an average of 35%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)1<112:TCFFWI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wolfert, D., 1981, The commercial fishery for walleyes in New York waters of Lake Erie, 1959-1978: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 1, no. 2, p. 112-126, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)1<112:TCFFWI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"112","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfert, D.R.","contributorId":25103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfert","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197260,"text":"70197260 - 1981 - The relation between exploration economics and the characteristics of mineral deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T12:51:54","indexId":"70197260","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The relation between exploration economics and the characteristics of mineral deposits","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The economics of exploration for energy resources","language":"English","publisher":"JAI Press","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Mosier, D., 1981, The relation between exploration economics and the characteristics of mineral deposits, chap. of The economics of exploration for energy resources, p. 313-326.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15c30ee4b092d9651e23d0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ramsey, J. B.","contributorId":205208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramsey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736443,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosier, D.L.","contributorId":21965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187187,"text":"70187187 - 1981 - Considerations in planning a land use and land cover resources inventory update program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T18:05:48","indexId":"70187187","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Considerations in planning a land use and land cover resources inventory update program","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"In-place resource inventories; principles and practices: Proceedings of a national workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Soc. Am. Foresters","usgsCitation":"Milazzo, V., 1981, Considerations in planning a land use and land cover resources inventory update program, in In-place resource inventories; principles and practices: Proceedings of a national workshop, p. 135-143.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"135","endPage":"143","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59006083e4b0e85db3a5df25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milazzo, V.A.","contributorId":41895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000157,"text":"1000157 - 1981 - Estimation of alewife biomass in Lake Michigan, 1967-1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-01T10:53:37","indexId":"1000157","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of alewife biomass in Lake Michigan, 1967-1978","docAbstract":"The buildup of salmonid populations in Lake Michigan through annual stockings of hatchery-reared fish may become limited by the quantity of forage fish, mainly alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, available for food. As a part of a continuing examination of salmonid predator-prey relations in Lake Michigan, we traced changes in alewife biomass estimated from bottom-trawl surveys conducted in late October and early November 1967–1978. Weight of adult alewives trawled per 0.5 hectare of bottom (10-minute drag) at 16 depths along eight transects between 1973 and 1977 formed a skewed distribution: 72 of 464 drags caught no alewives; 89 drags caught less than 1 kg; and 2 drags caught more than 100 kg (maximum 159 kg). Analysis of variance in normalized catch per tow indicated highly significant differences between the main effects of years and depths, and highly significant differences in the interactions of years and transects, years and depths, and transects and depths. Five geographic and depth strata, formed by combining parts of transects wherein mean catch rate did not differ significantly, were the basis for calculating annual estimates of adult alewife biomass (with 90% confidence intervals). Estimated biomass of alewives (±90% confidence limits) in Lake Michigan proper (Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay excluded) rose gradually from 46,000 (±9,000) t in 1967 to 114,000 (±17,000) t in 1973, declined to 45,000 (±8,000) t in 1977, and rose to 77,000 (±19,000) t in 1978.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<575:EOABIL>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hatch, R.W., Haack, P.M., and Brown, E.H., 1981, Estimation of alewife biomass in Lake Michigan, 1967-1978: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 110, no. 4, p. 575-584, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<575:EOABIL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"584","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Richard W.","contributorId":82245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haack, Paul M.","contributorId":75473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011866,"text":"70011866 - 1981 - The Algerian earthquake of October 10, 1980 - a preliminary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T15:55:29","indexId":"70011866","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Algerian earthquake of October 10, 1980 - a preliminary report","docAbstract":"The earthquake occurred at 1.25 pm local time and had a surface-wave magnitude of 7.3. The main event was followed by an aftershock 3 hours later with a magnitude of 6.0. The main earthquake epicenter was located 170 km from the capital, Algiers. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","issn":"00460931","usgsCitation":"Espinosa, A.F., 1981, The Algerian earthquake of October 10, 1980 - a preliminary report: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 1, p. 23-33.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba679e4b08c986b321158","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Espinosa, A. F.","contributorId":63782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espinosa","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25883,"text":"wri8151 - 1981 - Designation of principal water-supply aquifers in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:53:20.208195","indexId":"wri8151","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-51","title":"Designation of principal water-supply aquifers in Minnesota","docAbstract":"Fourteen aquifers, ranging from Quaternary to Precambrian in age, have been identified as the principal sources of water to wells in Minnesota. Half the municipal population anc nearly all the rural population depend on water from these aquifers. Buried and surficial sand and gravel aquifers of Quaternary age occur in nearly all areas of the State and are composed of outwash, beach-ridge, valley-train, and ice-contact deposits. Cretaceous aquifers, absent in the northeast, are nearly continuous in the western half, and are thin or discontinuous in the central and southeast areas. Sandstone and carbonate rocks of Paleozoic and late Precambrian age in southeastern and northwestern Minnesota comprise the Cedar Valley-Maquoketa-Dubuque-Galena, Red River-Winnipeg, St. Peter, Prairie du Chien-Jordan, Franconia-Ironton-Galesville, and Mount Simon-Hinckley-Fond du Lac aquifers. Aquifers of early Precambrian age occur in all but southeastern Minnesota and include the North Shore Volcanic Group, Sioux Quartzite, Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks, Biwabik Iron-formatIon, and undifferentiated Precambrian rocks.
\nThe State's ground water generally contains less than 1,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids, except in the extreme southwest, northeast, and western areas. Mineralized water is present at depth throughout the State. Freshwater extends to depths of about 1,000 feet in the center of the Hollandale embayment and in the Twin Cities basin. Six principal water-quality types are present in the .aquifers. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water, the most common, is generally present throughout the upper part of the ground-water system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri8151","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Adolphson, D.G., Ruhl, J.F., and Wolf, R.J., 1981, Designation of principal water-supply aquifers in Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-51, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8151.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415461,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Computer modeling of major element compositions has shown that these rocks could be derived from common parental magmas by successive degrees of fractional crystallization. However, the P2O5/K2O ratio averages 0.83 at 95°W and 1.66 at 85°W and implies distinct mantle source compositions for the two areas. These source regions also have different rare earth element (REE) abundance patterns, with [La/Sm]EF = 0.67 at 95°W and 0.46 at 85°W. The sequence of fractionated lavas differs for the two areas and indicates earlier fractionation of apatite and titanomagnetite in the lavas from 95°W. The mantle source regions for these two areas are interpreted to be depleted in incompatible (and volatile?) elements, although the source region beneath 95°W is less severely depleted in La and K. Incompatible trace element abundances in 26 samples are used to infer that the range of Fe-Ti-rich basalt from 85°W represents 19 to 35% residual liquid following crystal fractionation of a mineral assemblage of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine. The most highly differentiated samples have also had less than 1% titanomagnetite removed. Most samples from 85°W can be related to a common parental magma that contained approximately 9 wt % FeO*, 1 wt % TiO2, and had an Mg number (Mg# = 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) of about 65. Although the samples from 95°W cannot all be derived from a common parental magma, the inferred parental magmas may have been derived by varying degrees of partial melting of a common source. The fractionation sequence consists of two parts: an initial iron enrichment trend followed by a silica enrichment trend. We interpret the trace element data to indicate that the most iron rich lavas represent about 32% residual liquid derived by crystal fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine from a parental magma with an Mg number of about 66. The silica enrichment trend results from crystallization of titanomagnetite and some apatite. Fractionation of pigeonite, which is a minor phase in the major element models, cannot be distinguished from clinopyroxene fractionation by using trace elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09469","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Frey, F., Thompson, G., and Rindge, S., 1981, Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9469-9482, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09469.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"9469","endPage":"9482","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b1fe4b0c8380cd6f340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, G.","contributorId":55958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rindge, S.","contributorId":55959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rindge","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012008,"text":"70012008 - 1981 - Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11117,"text":"ofr8095 - 1980 - Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California","indexId":"ofr8095","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70012008,"text":"70012008 - 1981 - Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.","indexId":"70012008","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California."},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-09T11:08:09","indexId":"70012008","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.","docAbstract":"3 strike slip displacements of strata with known approximate ages have been measured at 2 locations on the San Jacinto fault zone. Minimum horizontal offset between 5.7 and 8.6km in no more than 0.73Myr NE of Anza indicates 8-12 mm/yr average slip rate since late Pleistocene time. Horizontal slip of 1.7m has been calculated for the youngest sediment of Lake Cahuilla since its deposition 271- 510 yr BP. The corresponding slip rate is 2.8-5.0 mm/yr. Right lateral offset of 10.9m measured on a buried stream channel older than 5060 yr BP but younger than 6820 yr BP yields average slip rates for the intermediate time periods, 400 to 6000 yr BP of 1-2 mm/yr. The rates of slip suggest a relatively quiescent period from about 4000 BC to about 1600 AD.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB03p01754","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sharp, R.V., 1981, Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, no. B3, p. 1754-1762, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB03p01754.","startPage":"1754","endPage":"1762","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265427,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB03p01754"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc146e4b08c986b32a4e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}