The potentiometric surface of the Wilcox-Carrizo aquifer in central northwestern Louisiana is shown by contours using data collected from 1960 to 1980. The aquifer is not affected by regional water-level declines as no large pumping centers have been developed. Seasonal water-level fluctuations in wells are generally less than 10 feet annually.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr801179","usgsCitation":"Ryals, G., 1981, Potentiometric surface of the Wilcox-Carrizo aquifer; Bienville, Red River, and northern Natchitoches, and southern Webster Parishes, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1179, 1 Plate: 18.00 x 15.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801179.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 18.00 x 15.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144036,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":38706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1179/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416885,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75360.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","county":"Bienville Parish, Natchitoches Parish, Red River Parish, Webster Parish","otherGeospatial":"Wilcox-Carrizo aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.6083,\n 32.5833\n ],\n [\n -93.6083,\n 31.8864\n ],\n [\n -92.7778,\n 31.8864\n ],\n [\n -92.7778,\n 32.5833\n ],\n [\n -93.6083,\n 32.5833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b802","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryals, G.N.","contributorId":47374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryals","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011932,"text":"70011932 - 1981 - Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:01:57.636035","indexId":"70011932","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity","docAbstract":"A wide range of rock types (abyssal tholeiite, Fe-Ti-rich basalt, andesite, and rhyodacite) were dredged from near 95°W and 85°W on the Galapagos spreading center. Computer modeling of major element compositions has shown that these rocks could be derived from common parental magmas by successive degrees of fractional crystallization. However, the P2O5/K2O ratio averages 0.83 at 95°W and 1.66 at 85°W and implies distinct mantle source compositions for the two areas. These source regions also have different rare earth element (REE) abundance patterns, with [La/Sm]EF = 0.67 at 95°W and 0.46 at 85°W. The sequence of fractionated lavas differs for the two areas and indicates earlier fractionation of apatite and titanomagnetite in the lavas from 95°W. The mantle source regions for these two areas are interpreted to be depleted in incompatible (and volatile?) elements, although the source region beneath 95°W is less severely depleted in La and K. Incompatible trace element abundances in 26 samples are used to infer that the range of Fe-Ti-rich basalt from 85°W represents 19 to 35% residual liquid following crystal fractionation of a mineral assemblage of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine. The most highly differentiated samples have also had less than 1% titanomagnetite removed. Most samples from 85°W can be related to a common parental magma that contained approximately 9 wt % FeO*, 1 wt % TiO2, and had an Mg number (Mg# = 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) of about 65. Although the samples from 95°W cannot all be derived from a common parental magma, the inferred parental magmas may have been derived by varying degrees of partial melting of a common source. The fractionation sequence consists of two parts: an initial iron enrichment trend followed by a silica enrichment trend. We interpret the trace element data to indicate that the most iron rich lavas represent about 32% residual liquid derived by crystal fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine from a parental magma with an Mg number of about 66. The silica enrichment trend results from crystallization of titanomagnetite and some apatite. Fractionation of pigeonite, which is a minor phase in the major element models, cannot be distinguished from clinopyroxene fractionation by using trace elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09469","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Frey, F., Thompson, G., and Rindge, S., 1981, Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9469-9482, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09469.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"9469","endPage":"9482","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b1fe4b0c8380cd6f340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, G.","contributorId":55958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rindge, S.","contributorId":55959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rindge","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012008,"text":"70012008 - 1981 - Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11117,"text":"ofr8095 - 1980 - Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California","indexId":"ofr8095","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70012008,"text":"70012008 - 1981 - Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.","indexId":"70012008","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California."},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-09T11:08:09","indexId":"70012008","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.","docAbstract":"3 strike slip displacements of strata with known approximate ages have been measured at 2 locations on the San Jacinto fault zone. Minimum horizontal offset between 5.7 and 8.6km in no more than 0.73Myr NE of Anza indicates 8-12 mm/yr average slip rate since late Pleistocene time. Horizontal slip of 1.7m has been calculated for the youngest sediment of Lake Cahuilla since its deposition 271- 510 yr BP. The corresponding slip rate is 2.8-5.0 mm/yr. Right lateral offset of 10.9m measured on a buried stream channel older than 5060 yr BP but younger than 6820 yr BP yields average slip rates for the intermediate time periods, 400 to 6000 yr BP of 1-2 mm/yr. The rates of slip suggest a relatively quiescent period from about 4000 BC to about 1600 AD.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB03p01754","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sharp, R.V., 1981, Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, southern California.: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, no. B3, p. 1754-1762, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB03p01754.","startPage":"1754","endPage":"1762","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265427,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB03p01754"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc146e4b08c986b32a4e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10473,"text":"ofr801256 - 1981 - Distribution and petrology of the Anderson-Coyote Reservoir volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T19:40:12.338087","indexId":"ofr801256","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1256","title":"Distribution and petrology of the Anderson-Coyote Reservoir volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr801256","usgsCitation":"Nakata, J.K., 1981, Distribution and petrology of the Anderson-Coyote Reservoir volcanic rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1256, x, 130 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801256.","productDescription":"x, 130 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420171,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11506.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":38338,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38337,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1256/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1256/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Anderson-Coyote Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.667,\n 37.187\n ],\n [\n -121.667,\n 36.983\n ],\n [\n -121.456,\n 36.983\n ],\n [\n -121.456,\n 37.187\n ],\n [\n -121.667,\n 37.187\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakata, John K.","contributorId":32518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011972,"text":"70011972 - 1981 - Lu-Hf total-rock age for the Amîtsoq gneisses, West Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T13:20:26","indexId":"70011972","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lu-Hf total-rock age for the Amîtsoq gneisses, West Greenland","docAbstract":"Lu-Hf total-rock data for the Amîtsoq gneisses of West Greenland yield an age of 3.55±0.22Gy(2σ), based on the decay constant λ176Lu=1.96×10−11y−1, and an initial176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.280482±33. The result is in good agreement with Rb-Sr total-rock and U-Pb zircon ages. In spite of severe metamorphism of the area at 2.9 Gy, zircons from two of the samples have remained on the total-rock line, and define points close to the initial Hf ratio. The initial176Hf/177Hf lies close to a chondritic Hf isotopic evolution curve from 4.55 Gy to present. This is consistent with the igneous precursors to the Amîtsoq gneisses having been derived from the mantle at or shortly before 3.6 Gy. Anomalous relationships between Hf concentration and the176Lu/177Hf ratio may suggest that trace element abundances in the Amîtsoq gneisses are partly controlled by processes related to metamorphism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(81)90093-5","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Pettingill, H., and Patchett, P., 1981, Lu-Hf total-rock age for the Amîtsoq gneisses, West Greenland: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 55, no. 1, p. 150-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90093-5.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"156","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a81e4b0c8380cd68e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettingill, H.S.","contributorId":70114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettingill","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patchett, P. J.","contributorId":55152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patchett","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011808,"text":"70011808 - 1981 - Transverse tectonic boundaries near Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:05:14.62261","indexId":"70011808","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transverse tectonic boundaries near Kodiak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Transverse tectonic boundaries exist at the northeast and southwest ends of the Kodiak islands, so that the Aleutian arc-trench system is longitudinally segmented in this area. Evidence for the transverse boundaries includes alignments of such geologic features as offset volcanic lineations, terminations of structural trends, and boundaries of discrete zones of earthquake aftershock sequences. The boundaries appear to be broad zones of disruption that began to form during the late Miocene or Pliocene. Although oceanic fracture zones and seamount chains intersect the continental margin near the boundaries, subduction of these features probably did not cause the tectonic boundaries. The fracture zones and seamount chains have swept northeastward along the margin, at least since the late Pliocene, because of the direction of convergence of the Pacific and North American plates.
Submarine-fan sandstones of the Great Valley sequence west of the Sacramento Valley, California, have low porosities and permeabilities (64 samples averaged 10.1% porosity and 0.87 millidarcies permeability). However, petrography and scanning electron microscope studies indicate that most sands in almost all submarine fan environments are originally porous and permeable. Thin turbidite sandstones deposited in areas dominated by shale in outer-fan, basin-plain, and overbank environments are cemented mainly by calcite; shale dewatering is inferred to contribute to rapid cementation early in the burial process. Sands deposited in inner- and middle-fan channels within interchannel and fan-fringe environments that contain only thin shale beds have small percentages of intergranular matrix or cement. The original porosity is substantially reduced mechanically at shallow depths and by pressure solution at deeper levels. Permeability decreases systematically with increasing age of the rocks, presumably as a result of increasing burial depths. Computer-run stepwise regression analyses show that the porosity is inversely related to the percentage of calcite cement. Such parameters as the contents of quartz, feldspar, and unstable rock fragments have no correlative effect on either porosity or permeability. The results reported here indicate original porosity and permeability can be high in deep-water submarine fans and that fan environments dominated by sand (with high sand/shale ratios) are more likely to retain higher porosity and permeability to greater depths than sand interbedded with thick shale sequences.
Equipment has been designed and tested for ground-based and airborne sounding of temperate glaciers. The transmitter is a free-running pulse generator that uses avalanche-mode transistor breakdown to create high-voltage pulses. The transmit and receive antennas are resistively loaded dipoles; for the airborne system, a twin-lead transmit element and a three-layer coaxial receive element are used on the inboard end of the respective antennas. The sounders are broadband systems; oscilloscopes are used for receivers. The oscilloscope trace is recorded photographically in the ground-based systems. A sampling oscilloscope is used in the airborne system—the sampling process strobes the waveform to audio frequencies so that it can be recorded on magnetic tape. Echoes have been obtained from ice depths of 550 m using the airborne system and about 1 000 m using the ground-based system.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Karger","doi":"10.1159/000149269","usgsCitation":"Roizman, B., Carmichael, L., Deinhardt, F., de-The, G., Nahmias, A., Plowright, W., Rapp, F., Sheldrick, P., Takahashi, M., and Wolf, K., 1981, Herpesviridae: Definition, provisional nomenclature, and taxonomy: Intervirology, v. 16, no. 4, p. 201-217, https://doi.org/10.1159/000149269.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roizman, B.","contributorId":40158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roizman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, L.E.","contributorId":33263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deinhardt, F.","contributorId":46457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deinhardt","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"de-The, G.","contributorId":97044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de-The","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nahmias, A.J.","contributorId":41776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nahmias","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Plowright, W.","contributorId":97452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plowright","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rapp, F.","contributorId":66631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sheldrick, P.","contributorId":99085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheldrick","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Takahashi, M.","contributorId":92617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70011969,"text":"70011969 - 1981 - Determination of organic-matter content of Appalachian Devonian shales from gamma-ray logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:53:00.585526","indexId":"70011969","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of organic-matter content of Appalachian Devonian shales from gamma-ray logs","docAbstract":"The organic-matter content of the Devonian shale of the Appalachian basin is important for assessing natural-gas resources. In most of the western part of the Appalachian basin the organic-matter content of the Devonian shale can be estimated from gamma-ray wire-line logs. Organic-matter contents estimated using these logs are compared with determinations from direct laboratory analyses of organic carbon for 74 intervals of varying thickness from 12 widely separated wells. The cumulative pool of gamma-ray logs for the Devonian shale forms a large and geographically broad data base. The approach may also be applicable to other formations.-from Author","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B5949A-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., 1981, Determination of organic-matter content of Appalachian Devonian shales from gamma-ray logs: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 7, p. 1285-1298, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B5949A-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1285","endPage":"1298","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.67006023839807,\n 42.64702735316396\n ],\n [\n -83.03139607752705,\n 42.64702735316396\n ],\n [\n -83.03139607752705,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -78.67006023839807,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -78.67006023839807,\n 42.64702735316396\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffbae4b0c8380cd4f370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011984,"text":"70011984 - 1981 - Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies-A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T19:48:14","indexId":"70011984","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies-A progress report","docAbstract":"Photogrammetry has played an important role in geologic mapping for many years; however, only recently have attempts been made to automate mapping functions for geology. Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies have been developed and are currently in use in offices of the Geological Survey of Greenland at Copenhagen, Denmark, and the U.S. Geological Survey at Denver, Colorado. Though differing somewhat, the systems are similar in that they integrate Kern PG-2 photogrammetric plotting instruments and small desk-top computers that are programmed to perform special geologic functions and operate flat-bed plotters by means of specially designed hardware and software. A z-drive capability, in which stepping motors control the z-motions of the PG-2 plotters, is an integral part of both systems. This feature enables the computer to automatically position the floating mark on computer-calculated, previously defined geologic planes, such as contacts or the base of coal beds, throughout the stereoscopic model in order to improve the mapping capabilities of the instrument and to aid in correlation and tracing of geologic units. The common goal is to enhance the capabilities of the PG-2 plotter and provide a means by which geologists can make conventional geologic maps more efficiently and explore ways to apply computer technology to geologic studies. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(81)90012-0","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Pillmore, C.L., Dueholm, K., Jepsen, H., and Schuch, C., 1981, Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies-A progress report: Photogrammetria, v. 36, no. 5, p. 159-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(81)90012-0.","startPage":"159","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269812,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(81)90012-0"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f96fe4b0c8380cd4d5e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dueholm, K.S.","contributorId":98338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dueholm","given":"K.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jepsen, H.S.","contributorId":105856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jepsen","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuch, C.H.","contributorId":96419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuch","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011975,"text":"70011975 - 1981 - 210Pb method for estimating the rate of carbonate sand sedimentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T12:44:13","indexId":"70011975","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"210Pb method for estimating the rate of carbonate sand sedimentation","docAbstract":"The plot of 210Pb activity against depth in carbonate sands on the Virgin Island Bank is a negative asymmetric hyperbolic curve. As depth increases, an initial rapid decrease in 210Pb activity caused by the decay of unsupported 210Pb and 226Ra is followed by increasing activity as a result of 210Pb achieving equilibrium with in growing 230Th. As this curve is time dependent, an estimate of the relative ages in carbonate sequences and the rates of net carbonate accumulation can be made. The ease of 210Pb activity determinations makes this procedure an attractive method in obtaining carbonate sand accumulation rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02462440","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Holmes, C.W., 1981, 210Pb method for estimating the rate of carbonate sand sedimentation: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 3-4, p. 237-241, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02462440.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205133,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462440"},{"id":221626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e251e4b0c8380cd45aaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011982,"text":"70011982 - 1981 - Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:42:05.665007","indexId":"70011982","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman","docAbstract":"The Samail ophiolite is part of an elongate belt in the Middle East that forms an integral part of the Alpine mountain chains that make up the northern boundary of the Arabian-African plate. The Samail ophiolite represents a portion of the Tethyan ocean crust formed at a spreading center of Middle Cretaceous age (Cenomanian). During the Cretaceous spreading of the Tethyan Sea, Gondwana Land continued its dispersal, and the Arabian-African plate drifted northward about 10°. These events combined with the opposite rotation of Eurasia and Africa initiated the closing of the Tethyan during the Late Cretaceous. At the early stages of closure, downwarping of the Arabian continental margin combined with the compressional forces of closure from the Eurasian plate initiated obduction of the Tethyan oceanic crust along preexisting transform faults, and still hot oceanic crust was detached along oblique northeast dipping thrust faults. Amphibolites developed at the base of the detached hot peridotite as it was thrust southward over oceanic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Plate configurations combined with palinspastic reconstructions show that subduction and attendant large-scale island arc volcanism did not commence until after the Tethyan sea began to close and after the Samail ophiolite was emplaced southward across the Arabian continental margin. The Samail ophiolite nappe now rests upon a melange consisting mainly of pelagic sediments, volcanics, and detached fragments of the basal amphibolites which in turn rest on autochthonous shelf carbonates of the Arabian platform. Laterites and conglomerates with reworked laterites on the eroded upper surface of the ophiolite indicate a period of emergence prior to the deposition of shallow water Maestrichtian carbonates. Following emplacement (Eocene) of the Samail ophiolite, the Tethyan oceanic crust began northward subduction, and active arc volcanism started just north of the present Jaz Murian depression in Iran.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p02497","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., 1981, Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 2497-2508, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02497.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2497","endPage":"2508","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba479e4b08c986b320370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014439,"text":"1014439 - 1981 - Significance of nitrogen metabolism: why does the salmonid require a high protein diet?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:10","indexId":"1014439","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3330,"text":"Salmonid","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of nitrogen metabolism: why does the salmonid require a high protein diet?","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Salmonid","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"None/TL","usgsCitation":"Rumsey, G.L., 1981, Significance of nitrogen metabolism: why does the salmonid require a high protein diet?: Salmonid, v. 5, no. 4, p. 20-24.","productDescription":"p. 20-24","startPage":"20","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3ce7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011985,"text":"70011985 - 1981 - Application of capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry/computer techniques to synoptic survey of organic material in bed sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T16:56:52.244241","indexId":"70011985","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry/computer techniques to synoptic survey of organic material in bed sediment","docAbstract":"A bed sediment sample taken from an area impacted by heavy industrial activity was analyzed for organic compounds of environmental significance. Extraction was effected on a Soxhlet apparatus using a freeze-dried sample. The Soxhlet extract was fractionated by silica gel micro-column adsorption chromatography. Separation and identification of the organic compounds was accomplished by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. More than 50 compounds were identified; these include saturated hydrocarbons, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes and ketones. The role of bed sediments as a source or sink for organic pollutants is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84119-2","usgsCitation":"Steinheimer, T.R., Pereira, W.E., and Johnson, S.M., 1981, Application of capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry/computer techniques to synoptic survey of organic material in bed sediment: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 129, no. C, p. 57-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84119-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec97e4b0c8380cd4937d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinheimer, Thomas R.","contributorId":63943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinheimer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":95552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Sharon M.","contributorId":42352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011807,"text":"70011807 - 1981 - Petrogenesis of garnet two-mica granites in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:11:07.128286","indexId":"70011807","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of garnet two-mica granites in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada","docAbstract":"Garnet-two-mica granites of Jurassic (160 ± 3 m.y.) and Cretaceous (83 ± 1.3 m.y.) ages intrude amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks of Precambrian age and lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the northern part of the Ruby Mountains, Nevada. High initial 87Sr/86Sr and high values of δ18O for minerals suggest a dominantly sedimentary source for the magmas. Total rare-earth contents are low and less fractionated (CeN/YbN = 10) than granitic rocks of similar composition in the Sierra Nevada and show a negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.57). These data are consistent with melting in the stability field of plagioclase with little contribution to the melt from refractory minerals such as zircon, sphene, and apatite. Minor euhedral garnets are manganese-rich and magnesium-poor (al60sp34py3.6gr2.8) compared to garnet (al79sp6py13gr2) in the intruded metamorphic rocks and show an increase in manganese and a decrease in calcium in the outer few microns. Fractionation of magnesium-iron between garnet and biotite, and of sodium-potassium between K-feldspar and plagioclase in the granites suggest submagmatic equilibration temperatures, in the range of 365° to 505°C, whereas oxygen isotope equilibration temperatures for two granites are higher at 480° and 570°C. The compositions of the granites plot near minimum melting compositions in the water-saturated quartz-albite-orthoclase system. Comparison of muscovite plus quartz stability, the water-saturated granite solidus, and experimental garnet-melt equilibria suggests pressures of crystallization no lower than about 3.5 kbar. This pressure is compatible with that estimated from garnet-plagioclase-sillimanite-quartz equilibria for the intruded metasedimentary rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10591","usgsCitation":"Kistler, R.W., Ghent, E.D., and O’Neil, J.R., 1981, Petrogenesis of garnet two-mica granites in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10591-10606, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10591.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10591","endPage":"10606","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Ruby Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.75,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7780e4b0c8380cd784f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghent, E. D.","contributorId":90037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghent","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011978,"text":"70011978 - 1981 - Mars: Paleostratigraphic restoration of buried surfaces in Tharsis Montes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-20T13:16:40.690762","indexId":"70011978","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars: Paleostratigraphic restoration of buried surfaces in Tharsis Montes","docAbstract":"Volcanism in the Tharsis province of Mars occurred in several different areas and was generally continuous without large time intervals between eruptive episodes. Major lava flow units are numerous and extensive, but relatively thin. In many places, impact craters on buried surfaces project above younger flows that overlie them. A new application of crater dating methods has been developed to aid in the identification of these buried surfaces and to determine their lateral extent. The technique is especially adaptable to the Tharsis region where the stratigraphic succession of major flow units has been established by detailed geologic mapping. Knowledge of the overall stratigraphy allows correlations to be made between known and unknown surfaces by comparing their crater frequencies at diameters large enough to insure their recognition on the buried unit. The method has been applied to aid in the restoration of buried rock units and to construct a series of paleostratigraphic maps showing the sequence of major eruptive events in the Tharsis region.
In experiments designed to determine the manner in which copper is partitioned among selected phases that constitute geologic media, we have applied the five-step sequential extraction procedure of Chao and Theobald to the analysis of drill core, soils, and stream sediments of the Rio Vivi and Rio Tanama porphyry copper districts of Puerto Rico. The extraction procedure affords a convenient means of determining the trace-metal content of the following fractions: (1) Mn oxides and “reactive” Fe oxides; (2) “amorphous” Fe oxides; (3) “crystalline” Fe oxides; (4) sulfides and magnetite; and (5) silicates. An additional extraction between steps (1) and (2) was performed to determine organic-related copper in stream sediments.
The experimental results indicate that apportionment of copper among phases constituting geologic media is a function of geochemical environment. Distinctive partitioning patterns were derived from the analysis of drill core from each of three geochemical zones: (a) the supergene zone of oxidation; (b) the supergene zone of enrichment; and (c) the hypogene zone; and similarly, from the analysis of; (d) soils on a weakly leached capping; (e) soils on a strongly leached capping; and (f) active stream sediment.
The experimental results also show that geochemical contrasts (anomaly-to-background ratios) vary widely among the five fractions of each sampling medium investigated, and that at least one fraction of each medium provides substantially stronger contrast than does the bulk medium. Fraction (1) provides optimal contrast for stream sediments of the district; fraction (2) provides optimal contrast for soils on a weakly leached capping; fraction (3) provides optimal contrast for soils on a strongly leached capping.
Selective extraction procedures appear to have important applications to the orientation and interpretive stages of geochemical exploration. Further investigation and testing of a similar nature are recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Chao, T.T., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1981, The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 15, no. 1-3, p. 563-581, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"581","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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Rico\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae7de4b08c986b32412f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011977,"text":"70011977 - 1981 - Experimental seawater-basalt interaction at 300°C, 500 bars, chemical exchange, secondary mineral formation and implications for the transport of heavy metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T13:23:30","indexId":"70011977","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental seawater-basalt interaction at 300°C, 500 bars, chemical exchange, secondary mineral formation and implications for the transport of heavy metals","docAbstract":"Seawater and NaCl solutions were reacted with basalt (basalt glass and diabase) for several months at 300°C, 500 bars and a water/rock ratio of 10.
\nDuring reaction, seawater was significantly modified, increasing in Ca, H2S, CO2. SiO2, K. Fe, Mn. Ba, Al and H+, and decreasing in Mg and SO4. Basalt glass was completely replaced by smectite, wairakite, anhydrite and hematite, and diabase was partially replaced by mixed layered smectite-chlorite, anhydrite and magnetite (?). Diabase was altered more slowly than basalt glass and the corresponding changes in seawater chemistry were less pronounced.
\nBasalt glass reacted with a 0.45 m NaCl solution resulted in the formation of smectite, albite. truscottite and wairakite. Solutions from this experiment were characterized by a relatively high pH and dominated by Ca for Na exchange reactions. At no point in this experiment were heavy metals solubilized, in contrast to the seawater experiments. This behavior illustrates the fundamental importance of seawater chemistry to heavy-metal solubility; that is, the removal of Mg from seawater generates acidity which maintains heavy metals in solution. Apparently seawater chlorinity is not capable of enhancing heavy-metal solubility by chloride complexing.
\nSeafloor heavy-metal deposits can result from the following:
\n