Volcanism in the Tharsis province of Mars occurred in several different areas and was generally continuous without large time intervals between eruptive episodes. Major lava flow units are numerous and extensive, but relatively thin. In many places, impact craters on buried surfaces project above younger flows that overlie them. A new application of crater dating methods has been developed to aid in the identification of these buried surfaces and to determine their lateral extent. The technique is especially adaptable to the Tharsis region where the stratigraphic succession of major flow units has been established by detailed geologic mapping. Knowledge of the overall stratigraphy allows correlations to be made between known and unknown surfaces by comparing their crater frequencies at diameters large enough to insure their recognition on the buried unit. The method has been applied to aid in the restoration of buried rock units and to construct a series of paleostratigraphic maps showing the sequence of major eruptive events in the Tharsis region.
Plate motion below the seismogenic layer along the San Andreas fault system in California is generally assumed to occur by aseismic slip along a deeper extension of the fault. It is also possible that below the seismogenic layer, deformation is distributed laterally over a zone. Several observed features of the San Andreas fault in California have implications about the mode of accommodation of relative motion along the plate boundary beneath the seismogenic zone: the shallow depth of all earthquakes in California, the depth to which coseismic slip occurred during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the broad zone of strain accumulation, the broad heat flow anomaly, and the existence of widely separated parallel faults. The observations strongly imply that below the seismogenic zone, relative motion is distributed over a zone and occurs by inelastic flow rather than by aseismic slip on discrete fault planes. The existence of multiple faults further suggests that tractions at the base of the brittle layer are significant over time periods of years to hundreds of years.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00999","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., and Nur, A., 1981, The accommodation of relative motion at depth on the San Andreas fault system in California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 999-1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00999.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"999","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba99be4b08c986b3223a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nur, A.","contributorId":31114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012080,"text":"70012080 - 1981 - A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of 'tight' rocks-II. Application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:00:59","indexId":"70012080","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of 'tight' rocks-II. Application","docAbstract":"In Part I a general analytical solution for the transient pulse test was presented. Part II presents a graphical method for analyzing data from a test to obtain the hydraulic properties of the sample. The general solution depends on both hydraulic conductivity and specific storage and, in theory, analysis of the data can provide values for both of these hydraulic properties. However, in practice, one of two limiting cases may apply in which case it is possible to calculate only hydraulic conductivity or the product of hydraulic conductivity times specific storage. In this paper we examine the conditions when both hydraulic parameters can be calculated. The analyses of data from two tests are presented. In Appendix I the general solution presented in Part I is compared with an earlier analysis, in which compressive storage in the sample is assumed negligible, and the error in calculated hydraulic conductivity due to this simplifying assumption is examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(81)90980-3","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., Cooley, C., Silliman, S.E., Bredehoeft, J., and Hsieh, P.A., 1981, A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of 'tight' rocks-II. Application: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 18, no. 3, p. 253-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90980-3.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e604e4b0c8380cd470db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, C.","contributorId":53091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silliman, Stephen E.","contributorId":72130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silliman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bredehoeft, J.D.","contributorId":12836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012077,"text":"70012077 - 1981 - Rank of coal beds of the Narragansett basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:42:56.756496","indexId":"70012077","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rank of coal beds of the Narragansett basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Coal of the Narragansett basin generally has been considered to be anthracite and/or meta-anthracite. However, no single reliable method has been used to distinguish these two ranks in this basin. Three methods — chemical, X-ray, and petrographic — have been used with some degree of success on coal of the Narragansett basin, but too often the results are in conflict. Chemical methods have been limited by inadequate sampling on a coal-bed-by-coal-bed basis and by a lack of analyses made according to (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974) standard specifications.
In addition, when corrections are made by using the Parr formulas, as required by the ASTM (1974) procedures, the generally high to very high ash content of coal from the Narragansett basin causes the fixed-carbon content to appear higher than it actually is. X-ray methods using the degree of graphitization as a measure of rank are not reliable because some of the graphite is related to shearing and brecciation associated with folding and faulting. Petrographic methods using reflectance on vitrinite give results that are generally consistent with results from chemical determinations. However, it is not clear whether the mean maximum reflectance or mean bireflectance is a better indicator of similar rank of such high-rank coals that have been structurally deformed.
Coal from the Cranston Mine, RI, is probably meta-anthracite and coal from the Portsmouth Mine is probably anthracite. These ranks are based on chemical,X-ray, and petrographic data and are supported by associated metamorphic mineral assemblages that indicate that the Cranston Mine is in a higher metamorphic zone than the zone containing the Porthmouth Mine. Interpretation of the rank of Mansfield, MA, coal on the basis of extant chemical data is difficult because it is an impure coal with an ash content of 33 to 50%. Reflectance data indicate that the Mansfield, Foxborough, and Plainville coals in the northern part of the Narragansett basin are meta-anthracite but this is in disagreement with the rank suggested by the low degree of metamorphism of the associated rocks.
Garnet-two-mica granites of Jurassic (160 ± 3 m.y.) and Cretaceous (83 ± 1.3 m.y.) ages intrude amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks of Precambrian age and lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the northern part of the Ruby Mountains, Nevada. High initial 87Sr/86Sr and high values of δ18O for minerals suggest a dominantly sedimentary source for the magmas. Total rare-earth contents are low and less fractionated (CeN/YbN = 10) than granitic rocks of similar composition in the Sierra Nevada and show a negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.57). These data are consistent with melting in the stability field of plagioclase with little contribution to the melt from refractory minerals such as zircon, sphene, and apatite. Minor euhedral garnets are manganese-rich and magnesium-poor (al60sp34py3.6gr2.8) compared to garnet (al79sp6py13gr2) in the intruded metamorphic rocks and show an increase in manganese and a decrease in calcium in the outer few microns. Fractionation of magnesium-iron between garnet and biotite, and of sodium-potassium between K-feldspar and plagioclase in the granites suggest submagmatic equilibration temperatures, in the range of 365° to 505°C, whereas oxygen isotope equilibration temperatures for two granites are higher at 480° and 570°C. The compositions of the granites plot near minimum melting compositions in the water-saturated quartz-albite-orthoclase system. Comparison of muscovite plus quartz stability, the water-saturated granite solidus, and experimental garnet-melt equilibria suggests pressures of crystallization no lower than about 3.5 kbar. This pressure is compatible with that estimated from garnet-plagioclase-sillimanite-quartz equilibria for the intruded metasedimentary rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10591","usgsCitation":"Kistler, R.W., Ghent, E.D., and O’Neil, J.R., 1981, Petrogenesis of garnet two-mica granites in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10591-10606, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10591.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10591","endPage":"10606","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Ruby Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.75,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7780e4b0c8380cd784f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghent, E. D.","contributorId":90037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghent","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011808,"text":"70011808 - 1981 - Transverse tectonic boundaries near Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:05:14.62261","indexId":"70011808","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transverse tectonic boundaries near Kodiak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Transverse tectonic boundaries exist at the northeast and southwest ends of the Kodiak islands, so that the Aleutian arc-trench system is longitudinally segmented in this area. Evidence for the transverse boundaries includes alignments of such geologic features as offset volcanic lineations, terminations of structural trends, and boundaries of discrete zones of earthquake aftershock sequences. The boundaries appear to be broad zones of disruption that began to form during the late Miocene or Pliocene. Although oceanic fracture zones and seamount chains intersect the continental margin near the boundaries, subduction of these features probably did not cause the tectonic boundaries. The fracture zones and seamount chains have swept northeastward along the margin, at least since the late Pliocene, because of the direction of convergence of the Pacific and North American plates.
The Methyl isobutyl ketone-Amine synerGistic Iodkte Complex (MAGIC) extraction system offers the advantage that a large number of trace elements can be rapidly determined with a single sample preparation procedure. However, many of the elements extracted by the MAGIC system form volatile organometallic halide salts when the organic extract is heated in the graphite furnace. High concentrations of some elements such as Cu and Zn extracted by the system from anomalous geological samples produce serious interferences when certain other elements are determined by flameless atomic absorption. Stripping systems have been developed using solutions of HNO3, H2SO4, and CH3COOH individually or combined with H2O2 in order to circumvent these problems. With these systems most of the elements in the organic extract can be sequentially stripped into an aqueous phase. Organometallic volatilization and the most serious interelement interferences, therefore, can be eliminated by stripping with various combinations of reagents in a series of steps.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00224a018","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.R., and Viets, J.G., 1981, Back-extraction of trace elements from organometallic-halide extracts for determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 53, no. 1, p. 65-70, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00224a018.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef8ce4b0c8380cd4a2ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. Robert","contributorId":90879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Viets, John G.","contributorId":84510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":37144,"text":"rp142 - 1981 - Key to trematodes reported in waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T13:02:00","indexId":"rp142","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"142","title":"Key to trematodes reported in waterfowl","docAbstract":"This key is the second in a series for identification of the helminths reported in waterfowl (Family Anatidae, Order Anseriformes). The first was a key to nematodes (McDonald 1974).
\nThe trematodes show the greatest variety of forms among the helminth parasites of waterfowl, including over half of all species reported; sometimes this group also includes the greatest part of the worms in a single bird. Over 500 species of trematodes have been reported in waterfowl. Almost all of these have been included in the present set of keys; it was not possible, however, to obtain the descriptions of a few forms (7 of 525).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"McDonald, M.E., 1981, Key to trematodes reported in waterfowl: Resource Publication 142, 156 p.","productDescription":"156 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/rp142.jpg"},{"id":309496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/rp/0142/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Malcolm Edwin","contributorId":95522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"Edwin","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":217561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012121,"text":"70012121 - 1981 - Potential for geophysical experiments in large scale tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:07:22.832438","indexId":"70012121","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential for geophysical experiments in large scale tests","docAbstract":"Potential research applications for large-specimen geophysical experiments include measurements of scale dependence of physical parameters and examination of interactions with heterogeneities, especially flaws such as cracks. In addition, increased specimen size provides opportunities for improved recording resolution and greater control of experimental variables. Large-scale experiments using a special purpose low stress (<40 MPa) biaxial apparatus demonstrate that a minimum fault length is required to generate confined shear instabilities along pre-existing faults. Experimental analysis of source interactions for simulated earthquakes consisting of confined shear instabilities on a fault with gouge appears to require large specimens (˜1m) and high confining pressures (> 100 MPa).
All Martian channels and valleys visible at a resolution of 125 to 300 meters between 65°N and 65°S were mapped at a scale of 1:5,000,000 and the maps then digitized. Correlations of valley presence with other surface features show that almost all valleys are in the old cratered terrain. preferentially in areas of low albedo, low violet/red ratios, and high elevation. The networks are open, the individual drainage basins are small relative to Earth, and large distances separate the basins, features which all suggest an immature drainage system. The simplest explanation of the correlations and the restriction of valley networks to old terrain is that the channels themselves are old, and that the climatic conditions necessary for their formation did not prevail for long after the decline in the cratering rate around 3.9 billion years ago. Two types of outflow channel are distinguished: unconfined, in which broad swaths of terrain are scoured, and confined, in which flow is restricted to discrete channels. The outflow channels have a wide range of ages and may form under present climatic conditions. Fretted channels are largely restrited to two latitude belts centered on 40°N and 45°S, where relatively rapid erosion along escarpments results from mass wasting. They probably form by enlargement of preexisting channels by escarpment retreat.
The Coyote Lake earthquake (ML = 5.9; August 6, 1979; epicenter about 100 km southeast of San Francisco) occurred on the Calaveras fault within a geodetic network that had been surveyed annually since 1972 to monitor strain accumulation. The rupture surface as defined by aftershocks is a vertical rectangle 20 km in length extending from a depth of 4 km to about 12 km. The observed deformation of the geodetic network constrains the average slip to be about 0.33 ± 0.05 m right lateral. Although the geodetic data furnished an exceptionally detailed picture of the preearthquake deformation, no significant premonitory anomaly associated with the Coyote Lake earthquake can be identified.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00892","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"King, N., Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1981, Preseismic and coseismic deformation associated with the Coyote Lake, California, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 892-898, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00892.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"892","endPage":"898","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b35e4b0c8380cd7e1b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015414,"text":"1015414 - 1981 - Fischkrankheiten: 4th revised edition, edited by W. Schaperclaus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-10T17:16:12","indexId":"1015414","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3655,"text":"Tropical Fish Hobbyist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fischkrankheiten: 4th revised edition, edited by W. Schaperclaus","docAbstract":"Review of: Schäperclaus, W., 1979 Fischkrankheiten, vols. 1 and 2. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 1089 p. 4th edition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical Fish Hobbyist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"437/FH1979","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., 1981, Fischkrankheiten: 4th revised edition, edited by W. Schaperclaus: Tropical Fish Hobbyist, v. 29, no. 10, p. 80-80.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015395,"text":"1015395 - 1981 - [Book review] The recovery process in damaged ecosystems, edited by J. Cairns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-18T17:16:15","indexId":"1015395","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The recovery process in damaged ecosystems, edited by J. Cairns","docAbstract":"Review of: The recovery process in damaged ecosystems; J. Cairnsed.; 1980; Ann Arbor Science Publisher, Ann Arbor, Michigan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446-6-6","collaboration":"None/FC","usgsCitation":"Goodyear, C., 1981, [Book review] The recovery process in damaged ecosystems, edited by J. Cairns: Fisheries, v. 6, no. 6, p. 59-60, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-6-6.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262704,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-6-6"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodyear, C.P.","contributorId":11538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015354,"text":"1015354 - 1981 - [Book review] Developments in biological standardization (Vol. 49): Fish Biologics: Seriodiagnostics and Vaccines, edited by W. Hennessen and D. P. Andersen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:15","indexId":"1015354","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1647,"text":"Fish Health News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Developments in biological standardization (Vol. 49): Fish Biologics: Seriodiagnostics and Vaccines, edited by W. Hennessen and D. P. Andersen","docAbstract":"Review of: Developments in Biologicals, Vol. 49. Fish Biologics: Serodiagnostics and Vaccines. International Symposium, Leetown, W.Va., April 1981. Editor(s): Hennessen, W. (Bern); Andersen, D.P. (Leetown, W.Va.); Society/Societies: International Association of Biological Standardization, XII + 496 p., 90 fig., 110 tab., soft cover, 1981. ISBN: 978-3-8055-3471-0.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fish Health News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","collaboration":"635/FH","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.P., 1981, [Book review] Developments in biological standardization (Vol. 49): Fish Biologics: Seriodiagnostics and Vaccines, edited by W. Hennessen and D. P. Andersen: Fish Health News, v. 10, no. 2, p. ii-ii.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"ii","endPage":"ii","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dcd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174415,"text":"70174415 - 1981 - Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T14:32:08","indexId":"70174415","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica","docAbstract":"The relationship between body size and concentrations of Cu and Ag varied from strongly positive to strongly negative in four populations of the bivalve Macoma balthica in San Francisco Bay. The correlations appeared to be influenced by the degree of enrichment in tissues, size-dependent differences and seasonal variations in growth rate, and size-dependent differences in uptake rates. The use of benthic indicator organisms to assess metal contamination requires understanding the relationship between metal concentration and body size at least within each population, and in some cases within each sample from each population.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f81-146","usgsCitation":"Strong, C.R., and Luoma, S.N., 1981, Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 9, p. 1059-1064, https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-146.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1064","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c347e4b0e02680be59fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strong, Carol R.","contributorId":172812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strong","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175620,"text":"70175620 - 1981 - Drainage areas of Texas streams, Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:42:56","indexId":"70175620","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5176,"text":"Texas Department of Water Resources Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"LP-145","title":"Drainage areas of Texas streams, Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Tovar, F., and Maldonado, B.N., 1981, Drainage areas of Texas streams, Colorado River Basin: Texas Department of Water Resources Report LP-145, 36 p.","productDescription":"36 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58ac3e4b03bcb0104bb85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tovar, F.H.","contributorId":42116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tovar","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maldonado, B. N.","contributorId":173785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldonado","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175618,"text":"70175618 - 1981 - Application and analysis of borehole data for the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:40:13","indexId":"70175618","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5176,"text":"Texas Department of Water Resources Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"LP-139","title":"Application and analysis of borehole data for the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Maclay, R., Small, T.A., and Rettman, P., 1981, Application and analysis of borehole data for the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas: Texas Department of Water Resources Report LP-139, 88 p.","productDescription":"88 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58abde4b03bcb0104bb5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maclay, R.W.","contributorId":72804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Small, T. A.","contributorId":105731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rettman, P.L.","contributorId":60663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettman","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176039,"text":"70176039 - 1981 - Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1934-79","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T10:28:55","indexId":"70176039","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5177,"text":"Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"39","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1934-79","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R., Maclay, R., Grimm, K.C., and Davis, M., 1981, Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1934-79: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 39, 133 p.","productDescription":"133 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6aeefe4b0f2f0cebe4604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, R.D.","contributorId":95043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maclay, R.W.","contributorId":72804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grimm, K. C.","contributorId":173997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimm","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, M.F.","contributorId":79400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":7203,"text":"ofr81366 - 1981 - Geotechnical laboratory test results on piston core samples taken from the mid-Atlantic upper continental slope by the U.S. Geological Survey during September 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T17:54:18.664515","indexId":"ofr81366","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-366","title":"Geotechnical laboratory test results on piston core samples taken from the mid-Atlantic upper continental slope by the U.S. Geological Survey during September 1979","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81366","usgsCitation":"Olsen, H.W., Booth, J.S., Robb, J.E., Gardner, W.S., Singh, R.D., Swanson, P.G., Mayne, P.W., and Hamadock, R.G., 1981, Geotechnical laboratory test results on piston core samples taken from the mid-Atlantic upper continental slope by the U.S. Geological Survey during September 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-366, 744 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81366.","productDescription":"744 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401687,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0366/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0366/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, James S.","contributorId":93477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":154743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robb, James E.","contributorId":292258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, William S.","contributorId":292259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Singh, Ram D.","contributorId":292260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ram","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swanson, Paul G.","contributorId":97376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mayne, Paul W.","contributorId":292261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayne","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hamadock, R. Gregory","contributorId":292262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamadock","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70012148,"text":"70012148 - 1981 - Authigenic kaolinite and associated pyrite in chalk of the Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Eastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-22T11:10:33.508028","indexId":"70012148","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Authigenic kaolinite and associated pyrite in chalk of the Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Eastern Colorado","docAbstract":"Cores from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Cretaceous Niobrara Formation have several zones containing authigenic kaolinite as spherical, moldic, polycrystalline aggregates that occur within single or multichambered foraminiferal tests and are commonly associated with framboidal pyrite. Such kaolinite is inferred to result from volcanic ash deposited during chalk sedimentation. Shortly after burial, a colloidal aluminous gel or solution formed from the unstable ash and moved into organic-rich foraminiferal tests, where sulfate-reducing bacteria created a favorable microenvironment for the simultaneous crystallization of kaolinite and pyrite.
","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/212F7CD4-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Pollastro, R.M., 1981, Authigenic kaolinite and associated pyrite in chalk of the Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Eastern Colorado: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, no. 2, p. 553-562, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7CD4-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222522,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eeede4b0c8380cd4a036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollastro, R. M.","contributorId":6809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollastro","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012142,"text":"70012142 - 1981 - Electrical properties of granite with implications for the lower crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:12:48.425489","indexId":"70012142","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrical properties of granite with implications for the lower crust","docAbstract":"The electrical properties of granite appear to be dominantly controlled by the amount of free water in the granite and by temperature. Minor contributions to the electrical properties are provided by hydrostatic and lithostatic pressure, structurally bound water, oxygen fugacity, and other parameters. The effect of sulfur fugacity may be important but is experimentally unconfirmed. In addition to changing the magnitude of electrical properties, the amount and chemistry of water in granite significantly changes the temperature dependence of the electrical properties. With increasing temperature, changes in water content retain large, but lessened, effects on electrical properties. Near room temperature, a monolayer of water will decrease the electrical resistivity by an order of magnitude. Several weight-percent water may decrease the electrical resistivity by as much as 9 orders of magnitude and decrease the thermal activation energy by a factor of 5. At elevated temperatures just below granitic melting, a few weight-percent water may still decrease the resistivity by as much as 3 orders of magnitude and the activation energy by a factor of 2. Above the melting temperature (650° to 1100°C depending upon water pressure), a few weight-percent water will decrease the resistivity by less than an order of magnitude and will barely change the activation energy. Remarkably, the few weight-percent water must be present as free water. Experiments with hydrated hornblende schist (with structural water) indicate an electrical resistivity very similar to that for dry granite. The implications of these results, together with the findings of deep magnetic sounding and magnetotelluric surveys, suggest much more free water than is commonly associated with the lower crust and possibly into the upper mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00931","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Olhoeft, G., 1981, Electrical properties of granite with implications for the lower crust: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 931-936, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00931.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"936","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0890e4b0c8380cd51b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001490,"text":"1001490 - 1981 - Grazing intensity effects on the breeding avifauna of North Dakota native grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T01:31:09.140636","indexId":"1001490","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grazing intensity effects on the breeding avifauna of North Dakota native grasslands","docAbstract":"A breeding bird census and plant survey was conducted on 180 samples of lightly, moderately, and heavily grazed and hayed native grasslands in North Dakota in 1974. The ten most important cover plants on each of eight major physiographic landforms in three of the four regions (the Agassiz Lake Plain excluded) overlapped so extensively that only 19 species were involved: 13 grasses or sedges, four forbs, one shrub, and one clubmoss. Bird densities were generally highest in (i) regions and landforms containing numerous natural basin wetlands, (ii) flatter, glaciated landforms containing more fertile soils, and (iii) landforms of greater relief and high habitat heterogeneity. Avian species richness tended to decrease with increased grazing intensity, but total bird density increased due to higher populations of a few species, and hayland that had been mowed and raked during the previous growing season was highly attractive to some species.","language":"English","publisher":"Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H., 1981, Grazing intensity effects on the breeding avifauna of North Dakota native grasslands: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 95, no. 4, p. 404-417.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"404","endPage":"417","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422585,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/352420"},{"id":133817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0fe4b07f02db6a0371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}