Fourteen aquifers, ranging from Quaternary to Precambrian in age, have been identified as the principal sources of water to wells in Minnesota. Half the municipal population anc nearly all the rural population depend on water from these aquifers. Buried and surficial sand and gravel aquifers of Quaternary age occur in nearly all areas of the State and are composed of outwash, beach-ridge, valley-train, and ice-contact deposits. Cretaceous aquifers, absent in the northeast, are nearly continuous in the western half, and are thin or discontinuous in the central and southeast areas. Sandstone and carbonate rocks of Paleozoic and late Precambrian age in southeastern and northwestern Minnesota comprise the Cedar Valley-Maquoketa-Dubuque-Galena, Red River-Winnipeg, St. Peter, Prairie du Chien-Jordan, Franconia-Ironton-Galesville, and Mount Simon-Hinckley-Fond du Lac aquifers. Aquifers of early Precambrian age occur in all but southeastern Minnesota and include the North Shore Volcanic Group, Sioux Quartzite, Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks, Biwabik Iron-formatIon, and undifferentiated Precambrian rocks.
\nThe State's ground water generally contains less than 1,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids, except in the extreme southwest, northeast, and western areas. Mineralized water is present at depth throughout the State. Freshwater extends to depths of about 1,000 feet in the center of the Hollandale embayment and in the Twin Cities basin. Six principal water-quality types are present in the .aquifers. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water, the most common, is generally present throughout the upper part of the ground-water system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri8151","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Adolphson, D.G., Ruhl, J.F., and Wolf, R.J., 1981, Designation of principal water-supply aquifers in Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-51, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8151.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415461,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Three principal mechanisms of sediment movement by wind were studied by examining the size distribution of deposits in telephone poles (saltation and suspension), feeder pens and abandoned buildings (saltation and suspension), and gravel ripples (surface creep). The maximum grain sizes of rocks lodged in telephone poles at heights of 240, 160, and 80 cm are 7 mm X 11 mm X 6 mm, 10 mm X 15 mm X 6 mm, and 20 mm X 23 mm X 5 mm, respectively. In some areas with rocky soils, lag materials formed gravel ripples.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628568","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Sakamoto-Arnold, C.M., 1981, Eolian features produced by the December 1977 windstorm, southern San Joaquin Valley, California: Journal of Geology, v. 89, no. 1, p. 129-137, https://doi.org/10.1086/628568.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a00e4b0c8380cd52152","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakamoto-Arnold, C. 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Each plot was visited once and 8 sets of aerial photographs were obtained in 3 years. Density of wetland basins was 11.00 ha/km2, and area averaged 9.7 ha/km2. Seasonal and temporary wetlands were most abundant; semipermanent wetlands occupied the greatest area. Basin size was positively correlated with water permanence. Discriminant function analysis based on size and an index to wetness derived from photographs misclassified 33% of the wetland basins. Forty percent of the wetlands were tilled. Photography of sample plots is potentially useful for determining number of basins and wetland area, but precise classification of plant communities in this region would require ground study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., Gilmer, D., and Mechlin, L., 1981, Characteristics of central North Dakota wetlands determined from sample aerial photographs and ground study: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 9, no. 4, p. 280-288.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"288","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.656494140625,\n 46.32417161725691\n ],\n [\n -99.06372070312499,\n 46.32417161725691\n ],\n [\n -99.06372070312499,\n 47.37603463349758\n ],\n [\n -101.656494140625,\n 47.37603463349758\n ],\n [\n -101.656494140625,\n 46.32417161725691\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mechlin, L.M.","contributorId":88299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mechlin","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":7000042,"text":"7000042 - 1981 - Plain geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"7000042","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Plain geology","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000042","usgsCitation":"Smith, G.O., 1981, Plain geology: General Interest Publication, 15 p. : ill. ; 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000042.","productDescription":"15 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18610,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/plain.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115655,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000042/report.pdf","size":"2440","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":197861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000042/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George Otis","contributorId":19538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Otis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001436,"text":"1001436 - 1981 - Recent scoter brood observations at Churchill, Manitoba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T16:53:49.795827","indexId":"1001436","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1063,"text":"Blue Jay","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent scoter brood observations at Churchill, Manitoba","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Saskatchewan","doi":"10.29173/bluejay4340","usgsCitation":"Faanes, C.A., 1981, Recent scoter brood observations at Churchill, Manitoba: Blue Jay, v. 39, no. 4, p. 223-224, https://doi.org/10.29173/bluejay4340.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"224","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480569,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.29173/bluejay4340","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Manitoba","city":"Churchill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -93.66943359374999,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -93.66943359374999,\n 58.88194208135912\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 58.88194208135912\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 58.44773280389084\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64858e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faanes, C. A.","contributorId":8790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faanes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170513,"text":"70170513 - 1981 - News from the observatories; the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-24T10:56:53","indexId":"70170513","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"News from the observatories; the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Bell, G., 1981, News from the observatories; the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 4, p. 145-149.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"149","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":320453,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571dee2ce4b071321fe56413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, G.","contributorId":21777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011950,"text":"70011950 - 1981 - Stratigraphic and economic significance of Mississippian sequence at North Georgetown Canyon, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:55:47.055547","indexId":"70011950","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and economic significance of Mississippian sequence at North Georgetown Canyon, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Mississippian sequence exposed at North Georgetown Canyon, Idaho is newly recognised as a facies belt, which adds to knowledge of Mississippian stratigraphy and petroleum geology in the Overthrust belt of Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. In the newly recognized facies belt in the Aspen Range, the Madison Group is represented by the Lodgepole Limestone and Mission Canyon Limestone. The overlying beds of middle Osagean to middle Chesterian age are a unique combination of deep-basin shallowing upward to peritidal lithofacies (the Aspen Range Formation). An organic-rich phosphatic member at the base of this is a possible petroleum source rock. Westward thinning of the Mission Canyon Limestone suggests a pinch-out that may provide stratigraphic traps for petroleum.-from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59562-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Sando, W., Sandberg, C., and Gutschick, R., 1981, Stratigraphic and economic significance of Mississippian sequence at North Georgetown Canyon, Idaho: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 8, p. 1433-1443, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59562-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1433","endPage":"1443","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"65","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98c6e4b08c986b31c133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sando, W.J.","contributorId":59470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gutschick, R.C.","contributorId":23277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutschick","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011918,"text":"70011918 - 1981 - The Redskin granite: Evidence for thermogravitational diffusion in a Precambrian granite batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:04:04.778321","indexId":"70011918","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Redskin granite: Evidence for thermogravitational diffusion in a Precambrian granite batholith","docAbstract":"The 1000-Ma-old composite Pikes Peak batholith consists largely of medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite but is intruded by several smaller granite plutons. Two of these, the Tarryall Mountains batholith and the Redskin Granite (Hawley, 1969; Hawley and Wobus, 1977), are here interpreted as cupolas atop the main mass of the Pikes Peak batholith.
Chemical analysis for 38 elements in rocks from the Redskin Granite, the Tarryall Mountains batholith, and the biotite granite of the Pikes Peak batholith support the contention that the compositions of the smaller plutons are unlikely to have evolved from that of the main mass of the batholith by crystal fractionation. It is believed that these compositions arose through liquid-state fractionation processes, possibly the convection-aided thermogravitational model of Shaw et al. (1976).
It is important to recognize that the chemical signature of this fractionation process can be discerned in holocrystalline rocks as well as in their glassy equivalents because the process may be instrumental in the formation of some kinds of lithophile ore deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10423","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S., 1981, The Redskin granite: Evidence for thermogravitational diffusion in a Precambrian granite batholith: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10423-10430, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10423.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"10423","endPage":"10430","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220729,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8afe4b08c986b321da0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludington, S.","contributorId":91987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171193,"text":"70171193 - 1981 - Enzymes and other biochemical indicators of toxicant effects in fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T13:16:34","indexId":"70171193","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Enzymes and other biochemical indicators of toxicant effects in fishes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second Interagency Workshop on In-Situ Water-Quality Sensing: Biological Sensors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Second Interagency Workshop on In-Situ Water-Quality Sensing: Biological Sensors","conferenceDate":"April 28-30, 1980","conferenceLocation":"Pensacola Beach, FL","language":"English","publisher":"National Marine Pollution Program Office","usgsCitation":"Passino, D.R., 1981, Enzymes and other biochemical indicators of toxicant effects in fishes, in Second Interagency Workshop on In-Situ Water-Quality Sensing: Biological Sensors, Pensacola Beach, FL, April 28-30, 1980, p. 19-43.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccb7e4b07e28b662dc99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Passino, Dora R. May","contributorId":23877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R. May","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011924,"text":"70011924 - 1981 - The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the Brantley damsite, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T16:50:32.259773","indexId":"70011924","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1761,"text":"Geoexploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the Brantley damsite, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to develop techniques to correlate hydraulic conductivity tests with geophysical logs. In addition, the relationships obtained from boreholes were correlated to surface resistivity soundings in an effort to define areas of potential high water loss at the proposed site for Brantley Dam.
Hydraulic conductivity obtained from water injection pump tests is correlated with neutron logs. Archie's Law and experimental relationships of neutron logs and cores are used for the quantitative evaluation of resistivity. Average porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity are mapped to a depth of 300 ft. based on the geophysical data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7142(81)90024-7","usgsCitation":"Schimschal, U., 1981, The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the Brantley damsite, New Mexico: Geoexploration, v. 19, no. 2, p. 115-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(81)90024-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Brantley Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.38192943020395,\n 32.54601481041175\n ],\n [\n -104.38192943020395,\n 32.541825554885506\n ],\n [\n -104.37933660442674,\n 32.541825554885506\n ],\n [\n -104.37933660442674,\n 32.54601481041175\n ],\n [\n -104.38192943020395,\n 32.54601481041175\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf24e4b08c986b324598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimschal, U.","contributorId":46215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimschal","given":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011903,"text":"70011903 - 1981 - Plate-tectonic mechanism of Laramide deformation.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:33","indexId":"70011903","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1335,"text":"Contributions to Geology - University of Wyoming, Laramie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plate-tectonic mechanism of Laramide deformation.","docAbstract":"The Laramide compressive deformation of the craton was caused by a clockwise rotation of about 2-4o of the Colorado Plateau region relative to the continental interior, during late Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. Late Paleozoic and Neogene deformation of the craton also were produced by motion of a southwestern subplate relative to the continental interior. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Geology - University of Wyoming, Laramie","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, W., 1981, Plate-tectonic mechanism of Laramide deformation.: Contributions to Geology - University of Wyoming, Laramie, v. 19, no. 2, p. 87-92.","startPage":"87","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c24e4b0c8380cd79801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, W.","contributorId":46683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170296,"text":"70170296 - 1981 - A visit to Tangshan, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-15T16:14:38","indexId":"70170296","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A visit to Tangshan, China","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Gere, J., and Shah, H., 1981, A visit to Tangshan, China: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 1, p. 4-11.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":320088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210ace4b0ef3b7ca643c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gere, J.M.","contributorId":168635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gere","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shah, H.C.","contributorId":168636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shah","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170292,"text":"70170292 - 1981 - Etna erupts again; a VEST report of the March 1981 eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-15T16:01:22","indexId":"70170292","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Etna erupts again; a VEST report of the March 1981 eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Guest, J.E., Kilburn, C., Lopes, R.M., Murray, J., Pinkerton, H., Sanderson, T., and Scott, S., 1981, Etna erupts again; a VEST report of the March 1981 eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 4, p. 134-139.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":320084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210b0e4b0ef3b7ca643de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guest, J. E.","contributorId":98749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guest","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilburn, C.R.J.","contributorId":168629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kilburn","given":"C.R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopes, R. M. C.","contributorId":49506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, J.B.","contributorId":58858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pinkerton, H.","contributorId":168630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pinkerton","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sanderson, T.J.O","contributorId":168631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanderson","given":"T.J.O","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scott, S.C.","contributorId":168632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70012006,"text":"70012006 - 1981 - Identification of kaolins and associated minerals in altered volcanic rocks by infrared spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T15:16:24","indexId":"70012006","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of kaolins and associated minerals in altered volcanic rocks by infrared spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Mid-infrared spectroscopy (2.5-50 /µm) has been extensively used to identify and characterize clays and associated minerals in rocks and soils, with particular emphasis on the 3-, 10-, and 20-/µm regions (Farmer and Russell, 1967; Farmer, 1968; White, 1971; Van der Marel and Beutelspacher, 1976). However, application of mid-infrared spectroscopy in remote-sensing activities has been restricted because the spectral information occurs only as a small perturbation to the emitted radiation from the earth's surface, and much of that which is especially relevant to clays (e.g., the 3.0-µm region) is obscured by atmospheric absorption.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290114","usgsCitation":"Hunt, G.R., and Halley, R., 1981, Identification of kaolins and associated minerals in altered volcanic rocks by infrared spectroscopy: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 29, no. 1, p. 76-78, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290114.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a382ee4b0c8380cd61492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Graham R.","contributorId":84342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":76244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011952,"text":"70011952 - 1981 - Interpretation of changes in water level accompanying fault creep and implications for earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:54:28.337138","indexId":"70011952","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of changes in water level accompanying fault creep and implications for earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"Quantitative calculations for the effect of a fault creep event on observations of changes in water level in wells provide an approach to the tectonic interpretation of these phenomena. For the pore pressure field associated with an idealized creep event having an exponential displacement versus time curve, an analytic expression has been obtained in terms of exponential-integral functions. The pore pressure versus time curves for observation points near the fault are pulselike; a sharp pressure increase (or decrease, depending on the direction of propagation) is followed by more gradual decay to the normal level after the creep event. The time function of the water level change may be obtained by applying the filter—derived by A. G. Johnson and others to determine the influence of atmospheric pressure on water level—to the analytic pore pressure versus time curves. The resulting water level curves show a fairly rapid increase (or decrease) and then a very gradual return to normal. The results of this analytic model do not reproduce the steplike changes in water level observed by Johnson and others. If the procedure used to obtain the water level from the pore pressure is correct, these results suggest that steplike changes in water level are not produced by smoothly propagating creep events but by creep events that propagate discontinously, by changes in the bulk properties of the region around the well, or by some other mechanism. In addition, simplistic calculations show that significant pressure field variations and water level changes near the surface may be expected to accompany a propagating creep event on a buried fault. Water level changes of as much as several meters may be expected at the surface for a creep event having a dislocation amplitude of l m on a semi-infinite dislocation surface extending downward from a depth of 10 km and propagating horizontally at a rate of 10 km/day. The maximum near-surface effect should be observed at a horizontal distance from the fault about equal to the depth of the top of the dislocation surface. These results are consistent with the observations made in China of large water level changes preceding large earthquakes, if some sort of aseismic creep event at depth precedes these earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09259","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wesson, R.L., 1981, Interpretation of changes in water level accompanying fault creep and implications for earthquake prediction: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9259-9267, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09259.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"9259","endPage":"9267","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d6ae4b0c8380cd6355f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011901,"text":"70011901 - 1981 - Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: II. Geochemistry: Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:25:10.621745","indexId":"70011901","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1787,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part I","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: II. Geochemistry: Summary","docAbstract":"The geology and petrology of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the region of California between 38° and 35°45'N latitude and 117°30' and 120°W longitude, including the rocks of a major potassic magmatic province on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, have been described in Part I (Moore and Dodge, 1980) of this study. The geochemical features of these rocks may provide clues to their origin and aid in comparing and contrasting the Sierra Nevada potassic province with other localized potassic provinces elsewhere in the world.
Basaltic rocks occur in numerous small lava-flow remnants, dikes, and plugs that intrude the predominantly granitic terrain of the western slope of the southern Sierra Nevada. Leucite-bearing rocks are present at several localities in this western region. More voluminous basalt, commonly associated with rhyolite, is present east of the range in the Basin and Range province. However, leucite-bearing rocks have been found-at only one locality in this region. Most of the late Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the southern Sierra Nevada eastward through Owens Valley and in the extreme western Basin-Range occur in five rather distinctive areas—the San Joaquin-Kings, Kern, Big Pine, and Coso volcanic fields, and the Mono-Long Valley volcanic center (Fig. 1).
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.S., and Taranik, J., 1981, Remote sensing: Geotimes, v. 26, no. 2, p. 51-53.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593ad71ce4b0764e6c602194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. S. Jr.","contributorId":119999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taranik, J. V.","contributorId":91658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taranik","given":"J. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012004,"text":"70012004 - 1981 - Matrix modification with silver for the electrothermal atomization of arsenic and selenium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T16:58:51.554955","indexId":"70012004","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Matrix modification with silver for the electrothermal atomization of arsenic and selenium","docAbstract":"Silver as a matrix modifier is shown to improve the carbon-rod atomization of both arsenic and selenium for atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to nickel, the efficiency of silver is greater for arsenic and about the same for selenium. Silver fulfils two functions in its reaction, namely stabilization during the ashing stage and enhancement of absorbance in the final atomization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84103-9","usgsCitation":"Sanzolone, R.F., and Chao, T.T., 1981, Matrix modification with silver for the electrothermal atomization of arsenic and selenium: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 128, no. C, p. 225-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84103-9.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a528ee4b0c8380cd6c4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70195717,"text":"70195717 - 1981 - Food of the Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, and northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, off California and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T20:05:04.110882","indexId":"70195717","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Food of the Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, and northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, off California and Washington","title":"Food of the Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, and northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, off California and Washington","docAbstract":"Our knowledge of the feeding habits of the Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, and the Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, is based on examination of the stomach contents of stranded animals, animals accidentally taken in commercial fishing gear, those taken in the western Pacific commercial fishery, and animals that died during capture attempts. Of these only a few were normally feeding animals taken at sea, whose stomach contents were thoroughly examined. Fished and squids previously identified from stomachs of dolphins and porpoises by various investigators are listed in Table 1.
This paper documents the stomach contents of 44 Pacific white-sided dolphin and 9 Dall's porpoise collected at sea off California and Washington. All animals were collected by the authors during pelagic fur seal studies with the exception of three dolphins which were collected by a staff biologist during whale research voyages off California. Comparisons of stomach contents are made between the Pacific white-sided dolphins, Dall's porpoise, and northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, collected near the same locations and usually on the same day. Mention of the dolphin, porpoise , and seal in this paper refers to the above-named species unless noted otherwise.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Stroud, R.K., Fiscus, C.H., and Kajimura, H., 1981, Food of the Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, and northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, off California and Washington: Fishery Bulletin, v. 78, no. 4, p. 951-959.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"951","endPage":"959","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352096,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/78-4/784toc.html"},{"id":352098,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352097,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/78-4/stroud.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, 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view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:59:56","indexId":"70140560","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2306,"text":"Journal of Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volgograd and vicinity: a Landsat view","docAbstract":"Many diverse features can be discerned on the Landsat image of Volgograd and vicinity. 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