This report provides a record of the flood of September 16, 1975, and associated hydrologic data. These data can be used in making rational decisions in formulating effective flood-plain regulations that would minimize flood problems in the Tallaboa Valley.
The Tallaboa Valley (fig. 1) lies on the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico about 12 km (7.5 mi) west of the city of Ponce. The climate is semiarid with a mean annual precipitation of about 1,020 mm (40 in). It is a relatively small valley which until the late fifties was dedicated mainly to the product ion of sugarcane. Since then, the economy started changing from agriculture to industry. At present the lower part of the valley is completely industrialized. The upper part of the valley is used for agriculture--mostly as pastureland. The reach from Highway 132 downstream to the new Highway 2 is mainly agricultural with a few scattered communities. The lower part of the valley that includes the area from the Highway 2 bridge to the mouth is covered with heavy industry concerned with the refinement of oil, and associated industries.
The continuous growth of industry and consequently of the urban area of Peñuelas has encouraged growth onto the
flood plain. The study area is subject to flooding by the Rio Tallaboa and the Rio Guayanes, its main tributary. The Rio Guayanes is the- cause of flooding in the urban area of Penuelas, encompassing the reach from the northern edge of town downstream to Highway 132 where it joins the Rio Tallaboa.
Data are generally referred to in SI (International System) units followed by corresponding inch-pound units in parentheses. The SI units.may be converted to inch-pound units by multiplying the units given by the factors shown.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri801283","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K.G., 1981, Floods of September 16, 1975 in the Tallaboa Valley, Puerto Rico (WRI/OFR): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-1283, 5 Plates: 17.00 x 22.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri801283.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 17.00 x 22.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1283/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":360551,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1283/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360552,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1283/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360553,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1283/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360554,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1283/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1283/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Tallaboa Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.7690658569336,\n 17.96567026450932\n ],\n [\n -66.67808532714842,\n 17.96567026450932\n ],\n [\n -66.67808532714842,\n 18.116160664342022\n ],\n [\n -66.7690658569336,\n 18.116160664342022\n ],\n [\n -66.7690658569336,\n 17.96567026450932\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"WRI/OFR","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db5448fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Karl G.","contributorId":7680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53612,"text":"ofr81690 - 1981 - Availability and Quality of Water from Underground Coal Mines in Johnson and Martin Counties, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:11","indexId":"ofr81690","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-690","title":"Availability and Quality of Water from Underground Coal Mines in Johnson and Martin Counties, Kentucky","docAbstract":"This report provides water users with detailed information on the location, quantity, and quality of water available from underground coal mines in the Breathitt Formation of Pennsylvanian age in part of eastern Kentucky. The principal coal seams mined are the Van Lear in Johnson County and the Alma in Martin County. Coal mines that contained water were located by field inventory and coal-mine maps.\r\n\r\nThe principal factors that affect the occurrence of water in coal mines are the size of the recharge area overlying the mine, the intensity and duration of precipitation, and the altitude of the mine relative to that of the nearest perennial stream.\r\n\r\nTen above-drainage mines (that is, mines at higher elevations than that of the nearest perennial stream) are considered potential sources of water. Discharge from these mines ranged from 12 to 1,700 gallons per minute. The highest sustained discharge from a mine ranged from 750 to 1,200 gallons per minute.\r\n\r\nThe water in coal mines is part of the hydrologic system and varies seasonally with precipitation. Annual discharge from most above-drainage mines ranged from 3 to 10 percent of annual precipitation on the 1and-surface area above the mine.\r\n\r\nEight below-drainage mines are considered potential sources of water. Two were test-pumped at rates of 560 to 620 gallons per minute for as long as 6 hours. After test pumping the Warfield Mining No. 1 mine during September 1977 and March 1978, the recovery (or recharge) rates were significantly different. In September, the recharge rate was about 1,150 gallons per minute, but in March the recharge rate was 103,500 gallons per minute. This difference reflects the seasonal variations in the amount of water available to the ground-water system. Estimates of water stored in below-drainage mines ranged from 22 to 1,462 million gallons. This storage represents a safety factor sufficient to provide water through periods of limited recharge to the mine.\r\n\r\nMost mine water is of the calcium magnesium sulfate type. In general, water from below-drainage mines had lower concentrations of dissolved constituents and higher pH than water from mines above drainage. The hardness of water ranged from soft to very hard and pH ranged -from 3.1 to 8.0 units. Dissolved iron ranged from 0.01 to 64 milligrams per liter. Phenol concentrations in water from eight coal mines ranged from 0 to 5 micrograms per liter.\r\n\r\nThere seems to be a significant difference in the chemical quality of water from above- and below-drainage mines. The concentration of most constituents was lower in water from below-drainage mines than it was from above-drainage mines.\r\n\r\nThe better quality water from below-drainage mines may reflect (1) lower mineralization resulting from less atmospheric oxygen available to react with pyrite or, (2) the result of sampling only the upper zones of water in below-drainage mines where the water has been diluted by less mineralized surface water or inflow or recharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr81690","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Geological Survey and the University of Kentucky","usgsCitation":"Mull, D.S., Cordivio1a, S., and Risser, D.W., 1981, Availability and Quality of Water from Underground Coal Mines in Johnson and Martin Counties, Kentucky (WRI/OFR 81-690): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-690, viii, 55 p.; Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81690.","productDescription":"viii, 55 p.; Plates","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0690/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87487,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0690/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83,37.666666666666664 ], [ -83,38 ], [ -82.58333333333333,38 ], [ -82.58333333333333,37.666666666666664 ], [ -83,37.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"WRI/OFR 81-690","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mull, D. S.","contributorId":43331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordivio1a, Steven","contributorId":26357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordivio1a","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53613,"text":"wri81690 - 1981 - Availability and Quality of Water from Underground Coal Mines in Johnson and Martin Counties, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:11","indexId":"wri81690","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-690","title":"Availability and Quality of Water from Underground Coal Mines in Johnson and Martin Counties, Kentucky","docAbstract":"This report provides water users with detailed information on the location, quantity, and quality of water available from underground coal mines in the Breathitt Formation of Pennsylvanian age in part of eastern Kentucky. The principal coal seams mined are the Van Lear in Johnson County and the Alma in Martin County. Coal mines that contained water were located by field inventory and coal-mine maps.\r\n\r\nThe principal factors that affect the occurrence of water in coal mines are the size of the recharge area overlying the mine, the intensity and duration of precipitation, and the altitude of the mine relative to that of the nearest perennial stream.\r\n\r\nTen above-drainage mines (that is, mines at higher elevations than that of the nearest perennial stream) are considered potential sources of water. Discharge from these mines ranged from 12 to 1,700 gallons per minute. The highest sustained discharge from a mine ranged from 750 to 1,200 gallons per minute.\r\n\r\nThe water in coal mines is part of the hydrologic system and varies seasonally with precipitation. Annual discharge from most above-drainage mines ranged from 3 to 10 percent of annual precipitation on the 1and-surface area above the mine.\r\n\r\nEight below-drainage mines are considered potential sources of water. Two were test-pumped at rates of 560 to 620 gallons per minute for as long as 6 hours. After test pumping the Warfield Mining No. 1 mine during September 1977 and March 1978, the recovery (or recharge) rates were significantly different. In September, the recharge rate was about 1,150 gallons per minute, but in March the recharge rate was 103,500 gallons per minute. This difference reflects the seasonal variations in the amount of water available to the ground-water system. Estimates of water stored in below-drainage mines ranged from 22 to 1,462 million gallons. This storage represents a safety factor sufficient to provide water through periods of limited recharge to the mine.\r\n\r\nMost mine water is of the calcium magnesium sulfate type. In general, water from below-drainage mines had lower concentrations of dissolved constituents and higher pH than water from mines above drainage. The hardness of water ranged from soft to very hard and pH ranged -from 3.1 to 8.0 units. Dissolved iron ranged from 0.01 to 64 milligrams per liter. Phenol concentrations in water from eight coal mines ranged from 0 to 5 micrograms per liter.\r\n\r\nThere seems to be a significant difference in the chemical quality of water from above- and below-drainage mines. The concentration of most constituents was lower in water from below-drainage mines than it was from above-drainage mines.\r\n\r\nThe better quality water from below-drainage mines may reflect (1) lower mineralization resulting from less atmospheric oxygen available to react with pyrite or, (2) the result of sampling only the upper zones of water in below-drainage mines where the water has been diluted by less mineralized surface water or inflow or recharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri81690","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Geological Survey and the University of Kentucky","usgsCitation":"Mull, D.S., Cordivio1a, S., and Risser, D.W., 1981, Availability and Quality of Water from Underground Coal Mines in Johnson and Martin Counties, Kentucky (WRI/OFR 81-690): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-690, viii, 55 p.; Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri81690.","productDescription":"viii, 55 p.; Plates","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0690/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91361,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0690/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83,37.666666666666664 ], [ -83,38 ], [ -82.58333333333333,38 ], [ -82.58333333333333,37.666666666666664 ], [ -83,37.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"WRI/OFR 81-690","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d4be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mull, D. S.","contributorId":43331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordivio1a, Steven","contributorId":26357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordivio1a","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57332,"text":"wdrWV80A - 1981 - Water resources data for West Virginia, water year 1980. Appendix - coal areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-26T19:59:14.532505","indexId":"wdrWV80A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WV-80-A","title":"Water resources data for West Virginia, water year 1980. Appendix - coal areas","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1980 water year for coal regions of West Virginia consist of discharge and water-quality records collected during two sampling periods at 369 sites. Also included are sediment data from 26 sites. Data was collected as a part of the statewide Coal Hydrology project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWV80A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of West Virginia and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for West Virginia, water year 1980. Appendix - coal areas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WV-80-A, v, 228 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWV80A.","productDescription":"v, 228 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/wv-80-a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":482458,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/wv-80-a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West 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Virginia\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56902,"text":"wdrUT801 - 1981 - Water resources data for Utah, water year 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T14:59:13.016642","indexId":"wdrUT801","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"UT-80-1","title":"Water resources data for Utah, water year 1980","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1980 water year for Utah consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 294 gaging stations; stage and contents for 22 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 64 hydrologic stations, 194 partial-record stations, and 323 wells; and water levels for 36 observation wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Utah.
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Hills aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Denver ground-water basin underlies a 6,700-square-mile area extending from Greeley in the north to Colorado Springs in the south, and from the Front Range in the west to near Limon in the east. The four major bedrock aquifers that occur in the basin are the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer (the deepest aquifer), the Arapahoe aquifer, the Denver aquifer, and the Dawson aquifer (the uppermost aquifer). The Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer, which is the subject of this report, underlies the entire area of the basin in east-central Colorado (index map, fig. 1) and is an important source of water for residents in the northern Denver suburban area and in the rural areas of eastern Jefferson, Arapahoe, and Elbert Counties, Adams County, and southern Weld and El Paso Counties. About 90 percent of the estimated 1,700 wells completed in the aquifer supply water to residents and livestock. The remaining wells supply water for commercial and industrial use and limited irrigation of commercial crops.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha650","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., 1981, Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 650, 3 Plates: 34.74 x 40.63 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha650.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 34.74 x 40.63 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":90408,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/650/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405625,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16050.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":187920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":90409,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/650/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90410,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/650/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Denver basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.257,\n 38.661\n ],\n [\n -103.603,\n 38.661\n ],\n [\n -103.603,\n 40.425\n ],\n [\n -105.257,\n 40.425\n ],\n [\n -105.257,\n 38.661\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68036,"text":"ha643 - 1981 - Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Dawson aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:29","indexId":"ha643","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"643","title":"Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Dawson aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha643","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., and Romero, J.C., 1981, Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Dawson aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 643, 12 maps :col. ;on 3 sheets 112 x 74 cm. folded to 23 x 22 cm. in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha643.","productDescription":"12 maps :col. ;on 3 sheets 112 x 74 cm. folded to 23 x 22 cm. in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91824,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/643/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91825,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/643/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89291,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/643/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105,39 ], [ -105,39.75 ], [ -104.5,39.75 ], [ -104.5,39 ], [ -105,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688172","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romero, John C.","contributorId":87630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romero","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68037,"text":"ha646 - 1981 - Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Denver aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:29","indexId":"ha646","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"646","title":"Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Denver aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha646","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., and Romero, J.C., 1981, Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Denver aquifer in the Denver basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 646, 10 maps :col. ;on 3 sheets 93 x 70 cm. or smaller, folded to 23 x 19 cm., in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha646.","productDescription":"10 maps :col. ;on 3 sheets 93 x 70 cm. or smaller, folded to 23 x 19 cm., in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91826,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/646/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89292,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/646/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89293,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/646/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -10.833333333333334,39 ], [ -10.833333333333334,40 ], [ -10.666666666666666,40 ], [ -10.666666666666666,39 ], [ -10.833333333333334,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688124","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romero, John C.","contributorId":87630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romero","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55218,"text":"wdrIA801 - 1981 - Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-02T14:44:32","indexId":"wdrIA801","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IA-80-1","title":"Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1980","docAbstract":"This report was prepared by personnel of the Iowa district of the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the supervision of D. K. Leifeste, District Chief, and Alfred Clebsch Jr., Regional Hydrologist, Central Region. It was done in cooperation with the State of Iowa and with other agencies.
\nThis report is one of a series issued by Iowa. General direction for the series is by Philip Cohen, Jr., Chief Hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey, and R. J. Dingman, Assistant Chief Hydrologist for Scientific Publications and Data Management.
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for Tennessee consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and springs; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells. This report contains discharge records for 114 gaging stations; stage only records for one lake gaging station; elevation and contents for 27 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 73 stations and 45 wells; and water levels for 30 observation wells. Also included are 127 crest-stage partial-record stations, 77 low-flow partial-record stations, and 81 coal-hydrology partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various stream and spring sites not involved in the systematic data collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses, or as seepage investigations of discharge and water quality. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Tennessee.
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Denver Basin, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha647","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., Romero, J.C., and Zawistowski, S., 1981, Geologic structure, hydrology, and water quality of the Arapahoe aquifer in the Denver Basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 647, 11 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;41 x 27 cm. or smaller on sheets 104 x 90 cm. or smaller., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha647.","productDescription":"11 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;41 x 27 cm. or smaller on sheets 104 x 90 cm. or 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The flash flooding was caused by intense storms on June 30 through July 2. Total rainfall accumulation ranged from 5.8 inches near Ontario to 9.5 inches at La Farge. The resulting flood equaled or exceeded the largest ones recorded since the 1850 's and equaled or exceeded the 100-year flood frequency at the U.S. Geological Survey 's streamflow gages at La Farge and Steuben. Elevation and delineation of the flood are shown on photo mosaics developed from black and white aerial photographs. The 100-mile reach from Wauzeka to Wilton is shown. A summary of the storm conditions causing the flood and an analysis of the rainfall totals, as prepared by the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, are also included. (USGS)
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Peter E. pehughes@usgs.gov","contributorId":876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Peter","email":"pehughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hannuksela, J.S.","contributorId":18060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannuksela","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danchuk, W.J.","contributorId":46174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchuk","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8969,"text":"ofr80422 - 1981 - Model of the ground-water flow system of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers in west-central Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:48:19.995794","indexId":"ofr80422","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-422","title":"Model of the ground-water flow system of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers in west-central Alabama","docAbstract":"Hydrologic conditions for a two-aquifer system consisting of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers of Cretaceous age in west-central Alabama were simulated using a three-dimensional finite difference digital model. The model was calibrated to observed heads in the aquifers using a least squares method for obtaining the values for hydraulic parameters which provided the best fit to 28 calibration points in the model. The standard error of estimate for computed heads in the model is 3.46 feet.
Data collected during the period of 1900 to 1970 indicate that the modeled aquifer system is in a steady-state condition. The results of steady-state model simulations show that about 56 percent of the discharge from the system is by upward vertical leakage through confining beds to rivers, about 18 percent is to unregulated flowing wells, 10 percent is to pumped wells, and 16 percent is to boundaries. The areal distribution of water in the aquifer containing chloride concentrations greater than 1,000 mg/L appears to be related to flow patterns in the system.
Areas of greatest head loss in the system are those where there is natural discharge and pumpage. More than 80 percent of the head loss in the system can be attributed to natural discharge by upward leakage through the confining beds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80422","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with Geological Survey of Alabama","usgsCitation":"Gardner, R.A., 1981, Model of the ground-water flow system of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers in west-central Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-422, Report: 30 p.; 23 Figures: 7.61 x 10.38 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80422.","productDescription":"Report: 30 p.; 23 Figures: 7.61 x 10.38 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495502,"rank":24,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-24.pdf","text":"Figure 24","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495503,"rank":23,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-23.pdf","text":"Figure 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Richard Alfred","contributorId":89134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7811,"text":"ofr81686 - 1981 - Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River valley, southwestern Kansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7811,"text":"ofr81686 - 1981 - Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River valley, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"ofr81686","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River valley, southwestern Kansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":982,"text":"wsp2200 - 1983 - Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River Valley, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"wsp2200","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River Valley, southwestern Kansas"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":982,"text":"wsp2200 - 1983 - Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River Valley, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"wsp2200","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River Valley, southwestern Kansas"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-08T19:05:44.313095","indexId":"ofr81686","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-686","title":"Analysis and computer simulation of stream-aquifer hydrology, Arkansas River valley, southwestern Kansas","docAbstract":"A study was made, in cooperation with the Division of Water Resources, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, to determine geohydrologic conditions underlying nearly 110,000 acres of the Arkansas River Valley between the Colorado-Kansas State line and the Bear Creek Fault zone in southwestern Kansas. The Arkansas River meanders atop and interacts hydraulically with the area's unconfined sand and gravel aquifer. Owing to decreasing recharge and increasing discharge during the 1970's, water levels declined an average of 4 feet during 1970-79. Average annual streamflow at Syracuse, Kansas, also decreased from 232 cubic feet per second during 1951-69 to 85 cubic feet per second during 1970-79.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680da2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, R.A.","contributorId":28952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunlap, Lloyd E.","contributorId":92261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlap","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, C. G.","contributorId":52548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31091,"text":"ofr81628 - 1981 - Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Austin, Texas, metropolitan area, 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-11T16:18:31.221766","indexId":"ofr81628","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-628","title":"Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Austin, Texas, metropolitan area, 1979","docAbstract":"Hydrologic investigations of urban watersheds in Texas were begun by theU.S. Geological Survey in 1954. Studies are now in progress in Austin, Houston, and San Antonio. Studies have been completed in the Dallas and Fort Worth areas.
The Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Water Resources, began hydrologic studies in the Austin urban area in 1954. In cooperation with the city of Austin, the program was expanded in 1975 to include additional streamflow and rainfall gaging stations, and the collection of surface water-quality data. In 1978, the program was expanded to include a ground-water resources study of the South Austin metropolitan area in the Balcones fault zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81628","usgsCitation":"Slade, R., Dorsey, M., Gordon, J., Mitchell, R., and Gaylord, J., 1981, Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Austin, Texas, metropolitan area, 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-628, 281 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81628.","productDescription":"281 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0628/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160830,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0628/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Austin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.09280395507812,\n 29.991812888666043\n ],\n [\n -97.38006591796874,\n 29.991812888666043\n ],\n [\n -97.38006591796874,\n 30.615459280672667\n ],\n [\n -98.09280395507812,\n 30.615459280672667\n ],\n [\n -98.09280395507812,\n 29.991812888666043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db607f18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slade, R.M.","contributorId":84364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorsey, M.E.","contributorId":73997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, J.D.","contributorId":26684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, R.N.","contributorId":94301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gaylord, J.L.","contributorId":46520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaylord","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":9637,"text":"ofr81424 - 1981 - Outline for a hydrologic data base for Portugal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T15:18:24.17282","indexId":"ofr81424","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-424","title":"Outline for a hydrologic data base for Portugal","docAbstract":"The Agency for International Development requested the assistance of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to help the Government of Portugal in the investigation and management of ground water resources in the Algarve region. The assistance was to be provided in four specialty areas, but the scope of this report is limited to making recommendations on the design of a hydrologic data base for Portugal.
It is recommended that a small data base be developed initially to meet the needs for ground-water data in the Algarve region utilizing personnel in the Division of Geohydrology in the Directorate of Water Resources Development. This data base may eventually be expanded to cover all regions of Portugal and include all types of hydrologic data, including streamflow, precipitation, and surface-water quality, as well as groundwater data. Consideration should be given to implementing a commercial data base management system (DBMS) in 2-3 years when significant amounts of data, including surface-water data, begin to be entered from other regions of Portugal.
Training in computer programming and data base systems should be provided to provide a broad base of support for the data base system and groundwater modeling.
It is also recommended that a uniform system for identifying hydrologic sites and basins be developed for eventual use by all agencies (departments) involved in water resources development and management in Portugal.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81424","usgsCitation":"Hutchison, N.E., 1981, Outline for a hydrologic data base for Portugal: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-424, iv, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81424.","productDescription":"iv, 142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0424/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0424/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Portugal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -6.041841774705205,\n 42.33077581152199\n ],\n [\n -9.882871059050842,\n 42.33077581152199\n ],\n [\n -9.882871059050842,\n 36.77641394499072\n ],\n [\n -6.041841774705205,\n 36.77641394499072\n ],\n [\n -6.041841774705205,\n 42.33077581152199\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a3bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchison, Norman E.","contributorId":71161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchison","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57429,"text":"wdrOH802 - 1981 - Water resources data for Ohio, water year 1980: Volume 2. St. Lawrence River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T16:28:13.527222","indexId":"wdrOH802","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OH-80-2","title":"Water resources data for Ohio, water year 1980: Volume 2. St. Lawrence River Basin","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1980 water year for Ohio consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report in two volumes and one appendix contains records for water discharge at 169 gaging stations; stage and contents at 39 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 57 gaging stations and 83 wells; and water levels at 183 observation wells. Also included are data from 84 crest-stage partial-record stations; 91 low-flow partial-record stations, and 537 coal hydrology synoptic sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Ohio.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrOH802","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Ohio and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for Ohio, water year 1980: Volume 2. St. Lawrence River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OH-80-2, vii, 257 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOH802.","productDescription":"vii, 257 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":497328,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/oh-80-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181257,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/oh-80-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81535","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., and Morrissey, D.J., 1981, Hydrology of the Ferron sandstone aquifer and effects of proposed surface-coal mining in Castle Valley, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-535, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81535.","productDescription":"94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495331,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0535/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156804,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0535/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Castle Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"47\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Utah\",\"nation\":\"USA 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Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrissey, Daniel J.","contributorId":89875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011941,"text":"70011941 - 1981 - Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T23:08:29.015147","indexId":"70011941","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Investigations of formation-fluid salinities in a transect from western Georgia to the edge of the Blake Plateau off the coast of Georgia show surprisingly similar hydrochemical features offshore and onshore. A fresh-brackish wedge of groundwater (<25 g/kg total dissolved solids) lies beneath the shelf to a depth of ∼ 900 m. On land, brackish waters extend to a maximum depth of ∼ 1.2 km below sea level in Lowndes County, Georgia. In deeper horizons, hypersaline brines (> 100 g/kg) occur in Lower Cretaceous (?) strata. These strata have a pronounced evaporitic (anhydritic) character in the offshore segment. Strong salinity gradients in interstitial waters signify buried evaporite deposits at drill sites beneath the Blake Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90154-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Paull, C.K., 1981, Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 95-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90154-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.96091688004468,\n 33.8070332900253\n ],\n [\n -81.47050643744609,\n 33.8070332900253\n ],\n [\n -81.47050643744609,\n 29.204934495587977\n ],\n [\n -78.96091688004468,\n 29.204934495587977\n ],\n [\n -78.96091688004468,\n 33.8070332900253\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75d3e4b0c8380cd77d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012013,"text":"70012013 - 1981 - Geological considerations in hazardous waste disposal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T23:01:49.439277","indexId":"70012013","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological considerations in hazardous waste disposal","docAbstract":"Present regulations assume that long-term isolation of hazardous wastes - including toxic chemical, biological, radioactive, flammable and explosive wastes - may be effected by disposal in landfills that have liners of very low hydraulic conductivity. In reality, total isolation of wastes in humid areas is not possible; some migration of leachate from wastes buried in the gound will always occur.
Regulations should provide performance standards applicable on a site-by-site basis rather than rigid criteria for site selection and design. The performance standards should take into account several factors: (1) the categories, segregation, degradation and toxicity of the wastes; (2) the site hydrogeology, which governs the direction and rate of contaminant transport; (3) the attenuation of contaminants by geochemical interactions with geologic materials; and (4) the release rate of unattenuated pollutants to surface or groundwater. An adequate monitoring system is essential. The system should both test the extent to which the operation of the site meets performance standards and provide sufficient warning of pollution problems to allow implementation of remedial measures.
In recent years there has been a trend away from numerous, small disposal sites toward fewer and larger sites. The size of a disposal site should be based on the attenuation capacity of the geologic material, which has a finite, though generally not well-defined, limit. For slowly degradable wastes, engineered sites with leachate-collection systems appear to be only a temporary solution since the leachate collected will also require final disposal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90168-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., Gilkeson, R.H., and Johnson, T., 1981, Geological considerations in hazardous waste disposal: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 357-369, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90168-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"369","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222235,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a225de4b0c8380cd56f97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilkeson, R. H.","contributorId":17764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilkeson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, T.M.","contributorId":22332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186168,"text":"70186168 - 1981 - Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T20:00:11.444584","indexId":"70186168","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","docAbstract":"The increasing public awareness and concern about the hazards of toxic chemicals contaminating aquifers has created an increased need for predictive capabilities to analyze ground-water contamination problems. Several digital models to simulate the movement and concentration of ground-water contaminants have been documented recently. Most simulate the transport and dispersion of a nonreactive solute, but some include mathematically simple reaction terms to represent decay and sorption processes. For applications to field problems, these solute-transport models impose data requirements that, in general, exceed our practical capabilities to accurately describe the field properties and stresses of the hydraulic and chemical systems. Thus, interpretations based on model analyses must recognize the significance of uncertainties in input data. Models of ground-water systems should be regarded as just one tool among many that can be used in the analysis of a ground-water quality problem. Numerical simulation can help the analyst integrate available data, evaluate conceptual models, test hypotheses pertaining to flow and quality changes, and predict system responses to alternative stresses. The models do not replace field data, but they do offer a feedback mechanism that can help to guide the design of a more effective and more efficient data-collection program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems: Science of the Total Environment, v. 21, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1955e4b02ff32c699ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185632,"text":"70185632 - 1981 - Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:02:17","indexId":"70185632","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","docAbstract":"In 1979, liquid waste was injected into the subsurface of Florida by 10 injection systems at an aggregate average rate of 165,000 m3/d. All the systems inject into carbonate rocks that contain salty water. Extensive precautions are taken in the construction of the injection wells and in the monitoring of their operation to provide assurance that overlying and laterally contiguous freshwater resources do not become contaminated with either the injected waste or the saltwater displaced by the waste. Several concerns relating to the effectiveness of the confining bed above the injection zone for containing the injected wastes have arisen over the years. These concerns accentuate the value of a well-planned and implemented monitoring program from which one can evaluate the potential impact of waste injection on the subsurface environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7","usgsCitation":"Vecchioli, J., 1981, Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America: Science of Total Environment, v. 21, p. 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -83.935546875,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 26.588527147308614\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63042e4b05ec799131129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203088,"text":"70203088 - 1981 - Reservoir analysis of the Denver earthquakes: A case of induced seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:06:40","indexId":"70203088","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-18T11:29:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reservoir analysis of the Denver earthquakes: A case of induced seismicity","docAbstract":"Injection of fluid wastes into the fractured Precambrian crystalline bedrock beneath the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver triggered earthquakes in the 1960's. An analysis, based on the assumption that fluid flow in the fractured reservoir can be approximated by flow in a porous medium, is presented. The configuration and hydrologic properties of the reservoir are determined from two lines of evidence: (1) locations of earthquake hypocenters determined by seismic arrays installed at the Arsenal and (2) observed long-term decline in fluid levels in the injection well. Together these two sets of data indicate that a long, narrow reservoir, aligned in the direction N 60°W, exists. The reservoir is 3.35 km in width, extends 30.5 km to the northwest and infinitely to the southeast, and spans a depth interval from 3.7 to 7.0 km below land surface. It has a transmissivity of 1.08×10-5 m2/s and a storage coefficient of 1.0×10-5. Computed pressure buildup along the length of the reservoir is compared with the spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters. The comparison shows that earthquakes are confined to that part of the reservoir where the pressure buildup exceeds 32 bars. This critical value is interpreted as the pressure buildup above which earthquakes occur. The migration of earthquake epicenters away from the injection well, a phenomenon noted by previous investigators, can be accounted for by the outward propagation of the critical pressure buildup. The analysis is extended to examining the effects of rapid flow in fractures opened by high injection pressure. The results show that the effect is confined to a small region within 1 km of the injection well. The existence of a critical pressure buildup above which earthquakes occur is completely consistent with the theory on the role of fluid pressure in fault movement as presented by Hubbert and Rubey.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00903","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., and Bredehoeft, J.D., 1981, Reservoir analysis of the Denver earthquakes: A case of induced seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 86, no. 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