{"pageNumber":"5559","pageRowStart":"138950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165626,"records":[{"id":70156532,"text":"70156532 - 1974 - Palynological applications of principal component and cluster analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T18:03:10","indexId":"70156532","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological applications of principal component and cluster analyses","docAbstract":"

Two multivariate statistical methods are suggested to help describe patterns in pollen data that result from changes in the relative frequencies of pollen types produced by past climatic and environmental variations. These methods, based on a geometric model, compare samples by use of the product-moment correlation coefficient computed from data subjected to a centering transformation. If there are m samples and n pollen types, then the data can be regarded as a set of m points in an n-dimensional space. The first method, cluster analysis, produces a dendrograph or clustering tree in which samples are grouped with other samples on the basis of their similarity to each other. The second method, principal component analysis, produces a set of variates that arc linear combinations of the pollen samples, are uncorrelated with each other, and best describe the data using a minimum number of dimensions. This method is useful in reducing the dimensionality of data sets. A further transformation known as varimax rotation acts on a subset of the principal components to make them easier to interpret. Both methods offer the advantages of reproducibility of results and speed in pattern description. Once the patterns in the data have been described, however, they must be interpreted by the palynologist. An application of the methods in palynology is shown by using data from Osgood Swamp, Calif.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Adam, D.P., 1974, Palynological applications of principal component and cluster analyses: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 727-741.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"741","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4031e4b0518e354d1117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156528,"text":"70156528 - 1974 - Evidence for the presence of a heart in Paleozoic ostracodes inconclusive","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T13:29:56","indexId":"70156528","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for the presence of a heart in Paleozoic ostracodes inconclusive","docAbstract":"

The presence of a heart in some Paleozoic ostracodes has been inferred by analogy with some living myodocopids that have this organ, and an ordinal classification of the leperditiids has been proposed because of this inference. A review of the present knowledge of the internal shell structure of living myodocopids indicates that there is no basis for interpreting certain markings preserved on fossil molds and steinkerns as indicating the presence of a heart.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Sohn, I.G., 1974, Evidence for the presence of a heart in Paleozoic ostracodes inconclusive: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 723-726.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"723","endPage":"726","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402ee4b0518e354d10fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohn, I. G.","contributorId":70751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohn","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156511,"text":"70156511 - 1974 - Distribution and occurrence of rare earths in the thorium veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T10:21:09","indexId":"70156511","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and occurrence of rare earths in the thorium veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho","docAbstract":"

Rare earths, although equal to or more abundant than thorium in many thorium veins, are much less abundant than thorium in the veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho. Total rare-earth content of these veins ranges from 0.00111 to 0.197 percent in 12 samples from 10 veins; the thoria (ThO2 ) content, from 0.011 to 5.84 percent. The rare-earth oxide to thoria ratios range from 0.0019 to 3.22. Only two samples contained more rare earths than thorium, and these two samples came from veins related to a fault near the base of a thick sill; the others came from veins near the top of the same sill.

\n

The relative amounts of the individual lanthanides are remarkably similar in the Hall Mountain veins, although cerium, gadolinium, or dysprosium are the most abundant in different samples. These veins differ in lanthanide distribution both from the Earth's crust and from the thorium veins of the Lemhi Pass district, Idaho and Montana, in that they contain chiefly yttrium-group rare earths. Most of the rare earths occur in thorite, whose atomic structure will accommodate wide-ranging proportions of the rare earths. Cenosite, one of the few minerals with a high content of the yttrium group of rare earths, was found in one vein.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Shaw, V.E., and Wahlberg, J.S., 1974, Distribution and occurrence of rare earths in the thorium veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 677-683.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"683","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Hall Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.96\n ],\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.97\n ],\n [\n -116.42,\n 48.97\n ],\n [\n -116.42,\n 48.96\n ],\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.96\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402ee4b0518e354d10f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, Van E.","contributorId":146896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Van","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahlberg, James S.","contributorId":10481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahlberg","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156493,"text":"70156493 - 1974 - Major chemical characteristics of Mesozoic Coast Range ophiolite in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-15T11:42:52","indexId":"70156493","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major chemical characteristics of Mesozoic Coast Range ophiolite in California","docAbstract":"

Sixty-four major element analyses of rocks representative of the Coast Range ophiolite in California were compared with analyses of other onland ophiolite sequences and those of rocks from oceanic ridges. The rocks can be classed in five groups harzburgite-dunite, clinopyroxenite-wehrlite, gabbro, basalt-spilite, and keratophyre-quartz keratophyre which on various diagrams occupy nonoverlapping fields. The harzburgite-dunite from onland ophiolite and ocean ridges are comparable and very low in alkalies. Possible differentiation trends defined on AFM diagrams by other rocks from onland ophiolites and ocean ridges suggest two lines of descent: (1) A trend much like the calc-alkalic trend, though shifted somewhat toward higher iron, and (2) an iron-enrichment trend defined chiefly by the more iron-rich gabbros and amphibolite. MgO-variation diagrams for rocks from the Coast Range ophiolite further distinguish the iron-rich gabbros and amphibolite from the other rock groups and indicate that the iron enrichment, unlike that of the Skaergaard trend, is related to the formation of amphibole. Ophiolite sequences that include the most silicic rock types, such as quartz keratophyre, also exhibit the most pronounced dual lines of descent, suggesting that the silicic rocks and the amphibole-rich gabbros are somehow related. Although the major element chemistry of the Coast Range ophiolite is clearly like that of rocks dredged from oceanic ridges, it is not sufficiently diagnostic to discriminate among the choices of a spreading ridge, an interarc basin, or perhaps even the root zone of an island arc as the site of ophiolite formation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Bailey, E.H., and Blake, 1974, Major chemical characteristics of Mesozoic Coast Range ophiolite in California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 637-656.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"637","endPage":"656","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70156493/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -125,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -125,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb9e4b0518e3546f020","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, E. H.","contributorId":44509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blake","contributorId":146895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156523,"text":"70156523 - 1974 - Redescription of the Early Cambrian Helenia bella Walcott, an appendage of Hyolithes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T12:22:07","indexId":"70156523","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Redescription of the Early Cambrian Helenia bella Walcott, an appendage of Hyolithes","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Yochelson, E.L., 1974, Redescription of the Early Cambrian Helenia bella Walcott, an appendage of Hyolithes: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 717-722.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"722","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307236,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","tableOfContents":"

In accordance with the suggestion of Howell and Stubblefield and subsequent workers, Helenia has been reinterpreted as a hyolithid appendage. Isolated specimens of the Early Cambrian H. bella Walcott are flattened, are bladelike in cross section, and have an elaborate, irregular ornament covering both surfaces. The specimens are strongly arched and slightly twisted in the third dimension. Presumably these were paired structures which extended outward from openings between the shell and the operculum of the hyolithid and curved down to touch the substrate midway along their length and then upward and posteriorward at the tips. As suggested earlier, their prime function was to provide lateral stability. There is no obvious way that these appendages could have played a major role in locomotion. However, the upper edges of the appendages could have acted as a fulcrum for the operculum; contraction of small muscles running between the operculum and the appendages assisted the ventral part of the operculum to swing upward.

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4031e4b0518e354d1119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yochelson, Ellis L.","contributorId":90802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochelson","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156521,"text":"70156521 - 1974 - Continental depositon of Antarctic tillite indicated by carbon and oxygen isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T17:55:09","indexId":"70156521","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continental depositon of Antarctic tillite indicated by carbon and oxygen isotopes","docAbstract":"

Freshwater deposition of the upper Paleozoic, Gondwana tillite in the Pensacola Mountains is indicated by low δ values of +4.9 to +6.1 permil δ0 1 8 (SMOW) and -1.8 to -15.9 permil δC1 3 (PDB) in primary sedimentary calcite within the tillite. In contrast, Cambrian marine limestone from the Pensacola Mountains contains heavy isotopic abundances that are entirely characteristic of marine deposition.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, D.L., and Friedman, I., 1974, Continental depositon of Antarctic tillite indicated by carbon and oxygen isotopes: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 711-715.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"711","endPage":"715","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Pensacola Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -58.16162109375,\n -83.54491212570046\n ],\n [\n -45.615234375,\n -83.54491212570046\n ],\n [\n -45.615234375,\n -82.20528216036382\n ],\n [\n -58.16162109375,\n -82.20528216036382\n ],\n [\n -58.16162109375,\n -83.54491212570046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402de4b0518e354d10e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156496,"text":"70156496 - 1974 - Ultramafic rocks of the Eagle quadrangle, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T18:00:40","indexId":"70156496","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ultramafic rocks of the Eagle quadrangle, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"

More than 97 separate occurrences of ultramafic rocks, some of which are included in a north west-trending zone of alpine-type ultramafic rocks, have been mapped in the Eagle quadrangle, east-central Alaska. They are divided into three groups primarily on the basis of degree of serpentinization. Group I consists of lens-shaped bodies of serpentinite 1 m2 (10 ft2) to several 100 m2 (1,000 ft2) in area. Relict textures and presence of bastite indicate that the original rock was harzburgite and dunite. Group II consists of bodies composed of partially serpentinized harzburgite and dunite and includes the large Mount Sorenson and American Creek bodies. Group III is dominantly hornblendite and pyroxenite, probably intrusive and not genetically related to groups I and II. The authors believe that the ultramafic bodies of groups I and II are alpine-type peridotites and may include dismembered ophiolitc. The Tintina fault system could have provided a zone of weakness along which mantle material was tectonically emplaced or it may have been a plate boundary in late Paleozoic time. If it represents a plate boundary, the metamorphic terrane which lies between the Tintina and Denali fault systems would have to be allochthonous, perhaps originating as a northward-moving slice of continental crustal material. During the course of the movement as the two continental masses approached and perhaps collided, mantle peridotite and oceanic crustal material were squeezed up along the continental margin onto the continental slice.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Foster, H.L., and Keith, T.E., 1974, Ultramafic rocks of the Eagle quadrangle, east-central Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 657-669.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"657","endPage":"669","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 63\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e493ae4b0e7a44bc41ad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156498,"text":"70156498 - 1974 - Barium in hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:22:02","indexId":"70156498","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Barium in hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nevada","docAbstract":"

In a magmatic environment, barium usually substitutes for potassium in the crystallizing silicates, and the two increase together in rocks late in the differentiation sequence. Results of this study show the opposite trend in an equivalent of a large part (63-76 percent SiO2) of the classic differentiation sequence that resulted mainly from assimilation of chemically distinct host rocks. The barium content of the hybrid granitoid rock appears to be controlled mainly by the barium contents of the various sedimentary rock types assimilated.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Lee, D., and Doering, W.P., 1974, Barium in hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 671-675.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"675","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Snake Creek, Williams Canyon, Pole Canyon, Can Young Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.57366943359375,\n 38.20581359813473\n ],\n [\n -114.57366943359375,\n 39.66702799810167\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 39.66702799810167\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 38.20581359813473\n ],\n [\n -114.57366943359375,\n 38.20581359813473\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb0e4b0518e3546efdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Donald E.","contributorId":11615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Donald E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doering, Willis P.","contributorId":9650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doering","given":"Willis","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156516,"text":"70156516 - 1974 - Rubidium-strontium dating of the trondhjemite of Rio Brazos, New Mexico and of the Kroenke Granodiorite, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T11:55:14","indexId":"70156516","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rubidium-strontium dating of the trondhjemite of Rio Brazos, New Mexico and of the Kroenke Granodiorite, Colorado","docAbstract":"

The quartz-eye trondhjemite and associated hornblendite near Rio Brazos, Brazos Peak quadrangle, New Mexico, and the Kroenke Granodiorite of the Mount Harvard quadrangle and Sawatch Range, Colo., lie on an approximate 1,700-m.y. Rb-Sr isochron. Their initial         8 7Sr/ 8 6Sr ratio is about 0.7026. Six samples of the trondhjemite of Rio Brazos contain 8-43 ppm Rb and 57-194 ppm Sr, and six of the Kroenke intrusive, 53-99 ppm Rb and 314-595 ppm Sr. The Rio Brazos intrusive contains more SiO2 but less Al2O3 and K2O than does the Kroenke intrusive. The hornblendite contains much MgO and CaO but is low in alkalies; two samples show 2.5-3.2 ppm Rb and 288-431 ppm Sr. These rocks are of the same general age as the much more abundant, typically calc-alkaline Boulder Creek Granodiorite and associated intrusives of Colorado and northern New Mexico.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., Peterman, Z.E., Henderson, W., and Hildreth, R., 1974, Rubidium-strontium dating of the trondhjemite of Rio Brazos, New Mexico and of the Kroenke Granodiorite, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 705-709.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"709","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rio Brazos, Mount Harvard","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.1,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -106.1,\n 36.34\n ],\n [\n -105.9,\n 36.34\n ],\n [\n -105.9,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -106.1,\n 36.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.417,\n 38.84\n ],\n [\n -106.417,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 38.84\n ],\n [\n -106.417,\n 38.84\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4031e4b0518e354d111f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Fred","contributorId":78332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henderson, W.T.","contributorId":66412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hildreth, R.E.","contributorId":146899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156515,"text":"70156515 - 1974 - Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in rutile and in mafic igneous rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T11:16:50","indexId":"70156515","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in rutile and in mafic igneous rocks","docAbstract":"

Minor and major levels of vanadium in rutile are separated from titanium and iron by sample fusion with sodium carbonate followed by water leach and filtration. The filtrate is then acidified with hydrochloric acid. Silicates are decomposed with a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids, and iron is separated by extraction of its chloride with diethyl ether. Sample vanadium in hydrochloric acid is then quantitatively reduced to vanadium(IV) with sulfurous acid. The remaining sulfur dioxide is expelled by heating. Vanadium (IV) then is reacted with excess of iron(III) at reduced acidity (pH 5) in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline to yield the orange-red iron(II) 1,10-phenanthroline complex. Iron(II) generated by vanadium(IV) is a measure of total vanadium in the sample. The proposed method is free from elemental interferences because the color development cannot take place without the two redox reactions described above, and these are, under the outlined experimental conditions, quantitative only for vanadium.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Marinenko, J., and Mei, L., 1974, Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in rutile and in mafic igneous rocks: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 701-703.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"703","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4032e4b0518e354d1128","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinenko, John","contributorId":102861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mei, Leung","contributorId":40204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mei","given":"Leung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156514,"text":"70156514 - 1974 - Buddingtonite, ammonium feldspar, in the Phosphoria Formation, southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T10:55:42","indexId":"70156514","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Buddingtonite, ammonium feldspar, in the Phosphoria Formation, southeastern Idaho","docAbstract":"

Buddingtonite is distributed widely in the rocks of the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation in southeastern Idaho and occurs in amounts up to about 50 percent. Most of the buddingtonite is in the middle mudstone interval of the member between two phosphate-rich intervals. The composition of the buddingtonite, in terms of a buddingtonite K-feldspar series, shows an apparent range of Bd82KF18 to Bd13KF87, and compositions of Bd72KF28 to Bd50KF50 may be the most common. The predominant silicate mineral suite consists of buddingtonite-albite-illite. Albite is present in amounts up to about 20 percent. Buddingtonite may have developed directly from volcanic glass in the presence of abundant ammonium, derived from the decomposition of organic matter, in interstitial waters, or it may have formed at some later diagenetic stage from other products of volcanic glass alteration, such as montmorillonite or zeolites.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Gulbrandsen, R.A., 1974, Buddingtonite, ammonium feldspar, in the Phosphoria Formation, southeastern Idaho: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 693-696.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"696","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Meade Peak","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.5,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402ce4b0518e354d10e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulbrandsen, R. A.","contributorId":48543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulbrandsen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156513,"text":"70156513 - 1974 - Optical and X-ray crystallographic investigations of strontioginorites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T18:02:10","indexId":"70156513","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optical and X-ray crystallographic investigations of strontioginorites","docAbstract":"

Compositional, optical, and unit-cell data are presented for a suite of strontioginorites. These crystals show that Sr:Ca ≈ 1 is preferred. Lack of variation in the Sr:Ca resulted in no meaningful correlation between composition and physical properties.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Christian, R.P., Eberlein, G., and Konnert, J.A., 1974, Optical and X-ray crystallographic investigations of strontioginorites: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 699-700.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"699","endPage":"700","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4030e4b0518e354d1113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, Ralph P.","contributorId":91739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberlein, G. Donald","contributorId":52564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberlein","given":"G. Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konnert, Judith A.","contributorId":146897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konnert","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156512,"text":"70156512 - 1974 - Origin of spongy cherts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T10:28:20","indexId":"70156512","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of spongy cherts","docAbstract":"

The spongy-textured surface in some cherts, visible on electron micrographs, is inherited from authigenic cristobalite. Spongy bedded cherts were originally bedded porcelanites similar to the porcelanite in the Miocene Monterey Formation of California.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Madsen, B.M., 1974, Origin of spongy cherts: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 685-687.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"685","endPage":"687","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4030e4b0518e354d1115","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madsen, Beth M.","contributorId":82761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206972,"text":"70206972 - 1974 - Chemical weathering of serpentinite in the eastern Piedmont of Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T12:05:53","indexId":"70206972","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T12:02:31","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical weathering of serpentinite in the eastern Piedmont of Maryland","docAbstract":"

Weathering processes in a small watershed (Soldiers Delight) underlain by Serpentinite in the Piedmont of Maryland were studied by means of a mass balance technique and were compared with the processes operative in a watershed uncertain by schist. The two terranes are downwasting at a rate of 2.4 m per m.y., but chemical weathering much more strongly affects the Serpentinite (2.2 m per m.y.) than the schist (1.2 m per m.y.). The serpentinite lacks a saprolite cover because resistate minerals are absent and alumina in the bedrock is scarce. In contrast, the schist contains both quartz and a source of alumina in the alumino-silicate minerals and, as a result, has a thick saprolite mantle. Relatively small amounts of secondary quartz, chalcedony, and 14Å clay minerals are synthesized in the serpentinite watershed, but relatively large amounts of gibbsite and clay minerals (kaolinite and vermiculite) are formed during the weathering of the schist. The hydrologic consequences in the serpentinite terrane compared with the schist watershed are increased flood-flow discharge, greater fluctuation in seasonal, instantaneous base-flow discharge, and pronounced seasonal fluctuations in total discharge. The serpentinite stream water averaged 205 ppm of total dissolved solids in the base flow compared to 25 ppm in the schist. Stream water from the serpentinite is of the magnesium bicarbonate type; that from the schist is sodium-calcium bicarbonate type. On the serpentinite, substantial land-surface reduction (denudation) is effected by chemical weathering; mechanical weathering is secondary. On the schist terrane, mechanical weathering is the primary agent that lowers the land surface, even though chemical weathering has reduced the rock mass ay almost one-half. © 1974 Geological Society of America.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<437:CWOSIT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cleaves, E., Fisher, D.W., and Bricker, O., 1974, Chemical weathering of serpentinite in the eastern Piedmont of Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, no. 3, p. 437-444, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<437:CWOSIT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"437","endPage":"444","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleaves, E.T.","contributorId":41148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, D. W.","contributorId":127082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206969,"text":"70206969 - 1974 - Oxidation effect on the analysis of iron in the interstitial water of recent anoxic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T08:06:35","indexId":"70206969","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T11:28:33","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxidation effect on the analysis of iron in the interstitial water of recent anoxic sediments","docAbstract":"

Recent studies on the changes in composition of interstitial water during its separation from sediments1-3 prompted us to evaluate the effect of squeezing on the concentration of ferrous iron within the interstitial water. Sediment samples were taken in northern Chesapeake Bay (38°56′ N and 76°25′ W) with a Benthos gravity corer. Layers of sediment were immediately extruded from the plastic coring tube and loaded into nylon squeezer barrels. The interstitial water was squeezed from the sediment through a 0.22 μm Millipore filter by the pressure of nitrogen acting against a rubber diaphragm4. The water drained directly into a calibrated test tube containing a solution of o-phenanthroline, buffered at pH 3.6, and the iron content was determined colorimetrically5. © 1974 Nature Publishing Group.

","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/249237a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Troup, B., Bricker, O., and Bray, J., 1974, Oxidation effect on the analysis of iron in the interstitial water of recent anoxic sediments: Nature, v. 249, no. 5454, p. 237-239, https://doi.org/10.1038/249237a0.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"237","endPage":"239","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.78369140625,\n 39.487084981687495\n ],\n [\n -75.78369140625,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -75.992431640625,\n 39.69873414348139\n ],\n [\n -76.32202148437499,\n 39.614152077002664\n ],\n [\n -76.728515625,\n 39.39375459224348\n ],\n [\n -76.92626953125,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -77.01416015625,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -76.607666015625,\n 37.61423141542417\n ],\n [\n -76.56372070312499,\n 37.046408899699564\n ],\n [\n -75.87158203125,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -75.552978515625,\n 37.735969208590504\n ],\n [\n -75.82763671875,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -76.09130859375,\n 38.7283759182398\n ],\n [\n -75.78369140625,\n 39.487084981687495\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"249","issue":"5454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troup, B.N.","contributorId":220976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troup","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bray, J.T.","contributorId":220977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bray","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207632,"text":"70207632 - 1974 - An experimental study of the partitioning of a rare earth element (Gd) in the system diopside—Aqueous vapour","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T14:51:41.72413","indexId":"70207632","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T11:22:33","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental study of the partitioning of a rare earth element (Gd) in the system diopside—Aqueous vapour","docAbstract":"

The partitioning of Gd in the experimental system diopside-aqueous vapor as a function of temperature, pressure, composition of the phases, time, grain size, solid-liquid ratio and Gd concentration has been investigated. A radioactive tracer measurement was used to determine Gd concentration in the separated phases. Diposides were reacted with aqueous vapor containing tracer Gd and reversibility was tested by reacting Gd-doped diopsides with pure aqueous vapor. Equilibration of Gd between the bulk of the diopside and the liquid was found to be limited by the slow rate of Gd diffusion in diopside, maximum value of D = 2 × 10−15cm2sec−1 at 800°C and 1 kb. Depending on whether the diopside was previously synthesized or synthesized from an oxide mix during the experiment, Gd concentrations were zoned in the crystal such that higher concentrations existed at the edges or center, respectively. Equilibrium is difficult to achieve in these experiments, but at the optimum experimental conditions for equilibration, the Gd diopside-aqueous vapor distribution coefficient is 20 ± 6 (800°C, 1 kb) in approximate agreement with previous results of 55 ± 23. Changing the composition of the aqueous vapor indicated that possible mechanisms for Gd substitution included coupling of Gd3+ with H+ or Na+ replacing 2Ca2+, or substitution of 2Gd3+ for 3Ca2+ with formation of a cation vacancy.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(74)90040-4","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., and Frey, F.A., 1974, An experimental study of the partitioning of a rare earth element (Gd) in the system diopside—Aqueous vapour: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 38, no. 4, p. 545-565, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(74)90040-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"565","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, Frederick A.","contributorId":167154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frey","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24632,"text":"Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, MIT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231176,"text":"70231176 - 1974 - Geology and mineral resources of the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles, Carbon and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-02T16:05:19.039387","indexId":"70231176","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T10:46:51","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10737,"text":"Atlas","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"195cd","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles, Carbon and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

The Lehighton and Palmerton 73 1/2-minute quadrangles cover an area of about 112 square miles of diversified terrain in the folded Appalachian Mountain and Great Valley sections of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province in Carbon, Lehigh, and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania. The Lehigh River and Blue Mountain are the prominent features of the topography. Rock units defined and mapped in the area are the lithified sediments that were deposited in a variety of offshore marine, marine shelf, marginal marine, and fluvial environments associated with two phases of basin filling. The rocks are separated into four lithotectonic units, each deformed semi-independently of adjacent lithotectonic units. Decollements presumably separate the lithotectonic units.

Lithotectonic unit 1 consists of about 12,000 feet of slate and graywacke of the Middle and Upper Ordovician Martinsburg Formation. This unit contains mainly asymmetric, similar, and nearly isoclinal folds, with wave lengths of 1,000 to 3,000 feet and amplitudes of 400 to 2,000 feet, formed mainly by passive flow and slip. Lithotectonic unit 2 includes about 3,100 feet of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and conglomerate of the Shawangunk Formation (Ordovician(?) and Silurian), Bloomsburg Red Beds (Silurian), and the lower part of the Poxono Island Formation (Silurian). This unit contains mainly asymmetric and concentric folds, with wavelengths of about one mile and amplitudes of 1,500 to 5,000 feet, formed by flexural slip with minor passive slip and flow. Lithotectonic unit 3 contains about 750 feet of limestone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and dolomite of the upper part of the Poxono Island Formation, Bossardville Limestone, and Decker Formation (all Silurian), the Coeymans and New Scotland Formations, Shriver Chert, and Ridgeley Formation of the Oriskany Group and the Schoharie-Esopus Formation (all Lower Devonian), and the Palmerton Formation and Buttermilk Falls Limestone (both Middle Devonian). This unit has asymmetric, concentric, similar, and flap folds, with wavelengths of 1,000 to 1,500 feet and amplitudes of about 1,550 feet, formed by flexural slip and flow and passive slip and flow. Lithotectonic unit 4 consists of more than 13,000 feet of sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, and shale of the Middle Devonian Marcellus and Mahantango Formations, the Upper Devonian Trimmers Rock and Catskill Formations, the Devonian-Mississippian Spechty Kopf Forma tion, the Mississippian Pocono and Mauch Chunk Formations, and the Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation. This unit contains nearly symmetric, concentric flexural-slip folds with wavelengths of more than five miles and amplitudes of about one mile.

Surficial deposits occur throughout the mapped area and include: Pleistocene pre-lllinoian(?) till and outwash(?), lllinoian(?) till and outwash, Wisconsinan outwash, shale-chip rubble, boulder fields, and colluvium; and Holocene alluvium, landslide deposits, and man-made dumps.

The rocks of the mapped area, except for the deeply weathered lime stones, generally have good slope stability and foundation support strength, moderate to low primary infiltration capacity and aquifer potential but moderate to high secondary values for these properties, moderate resistance to weathering, and are moderately difficult to difficult to excavate. All of these properties are strongly influenced by the abundant bedding, cleavage, and joint partings of the rocks. Similar evaluations for the surficial deposits indicate less desirable values except for the ease of excavation of most of the unconsolidated materials.

Currently active and potential mineral resources are numerous in the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles and include slate, sand, paint ore, building stone, crushed rock, lightweight aggregate, clinker residue, clay, hydraulic cement, and roofing granules.

","language":"English","publisher":"Pennsylvania Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Epstein, J.B., Sevon, W., and Glaeser, J.D., 1974, Geology and mineral resources of the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles, Carbon and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania: Atlas 195cd, Report: xxii, 460 p.; 4 Plates: 51.60 x 40.70 inches or smaller.","productDescription":"Report: xxii, 460 p.; 4 Plates: 51.60 x 40.70 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://maps.dcnr.pa.gov/publications/Default.aspx?id=189"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Carbon County, Northampton County","otherGeospatial":"Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.875\n ],\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.875\n ],\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sevon, W. D.","contributorId":38650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sevon","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glaeser, J. Douglas","contributorId":291241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glaeser","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206727,"text":"70206727 - 1974 - Contributions to the petrography and geochronology of volcanic rocks from the leeward Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-17T23:22:48.172208","indexId":"70206727","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T07:37:15","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contributions to the petrography and geochronology of volcanic rocks from the leeward Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"

Petrographic and chemical analyses of basalt from Nihoa Island, Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, and Midway Atoll, all in the leeward part of the Hawaiian chain, confirm that these islands are subaerial remnants of tholeiitic shield volcanoes similar to those that form the principal Hawaiian Islands. Chemistry suggests that Gardner Pinnacles may be part of the alkalic cap on a tholeiitic shield. Weighted mean potassium-argon ages of 7.0 ± 0.3 m.y. for Nihoa, 10.0 ± 0.4 m.y. for Necker, 11.7 ± 0.4 m.y. for French Frigate, and 17.9 ± 0.6 m.y. for Midway demonstrate that the ages of these volcanoes increase northwestward, continuing the trend of increasing age away from the active volcano of Kilauea shown by the main islands. The increase in age with distance along the chain, however, appears to be nonlinear. The results support the general hypothesis that the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chain have a common origin and were formed as the Pacific plate moved northwestward over a melting spot in the mantle.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<727:CTTPAG>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dalrymple, G.B., Lanphere, M.A., and Jackson, E.D., 1974, Contributions to the petrography and geochronology of volcanic rocks from the leeward Hawaiian Islands: GSA Bulletin, v. 85, no. 5, p. 727-738, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<727:CTTPAG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"738","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"French Frigate Shoals, Midway Atoll, Necker Island, Nihoa Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.52670288085938,\n 28.03077347989913\n ],\n [\n -177.05703735351562,\n 28.03077347989913\n ],\n [\n -177.05703735351562,\n 28.34185623600469\n ],\n [\n -177.52670288085938,\n 28.34185623600469\n ],\n [\n -177.52670288085938,\n 28.03077347989913\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.70894098281858,\n 23.570792220873134\n ],\n [\n -164.69274044036865,\n 23.570792220873134\n ],\n [\n -164.69274044036865,\n 23.58121552261243\n ],\n [\n -164.70894098281858,\n 23.58121552261243\n ],\n [\n -164.70894098281858,\n 23.570792220873134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.94156646728516,\n 23.041193363506817\n ],\n [\n -161.89796447753906,\n 23.041193363506817\n ],\n [\n -161.89796447753906,\n 23.074836102508872\n ],\n [\n -161.94156646728516,\n 23.074836102508872\n ],\n [\n -161.94156646728516,\n 23.041193363506817\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.7079162597656,\n 23.328385285476894\n ],\n [\n -165.531005859375,\n 23.328385285476894\n ],\n [\n -165.531005859375,\n 24.196868919249656\n ],\n [\n -166.7079162597656,\n 24.196868919249656\n ],\n [\n -166.7079162597656,\n 23.328385285476894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, E. D.","contributorId":120010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207288,"text":"70207288 - 1974 - Geologic framework of the Kuluncak-Sofular Area, East-Central Turkey, and K-Ar ages of igneous rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T06:53:53","indexId":"70207288","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T07:12:05","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Geologic framework of the Kuluncak-Sofular Area, East-Central Turkey, and K-Ar ages of igneous rocks","docAbstract":"

The Kuluncak-Sofular area, located about midway between Sivas and Malatya in east-central Turkey is underlain by a variety of sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks. The sedimentary rocks have been deposited on a pre-Campanian serpentinite basement and include Cretaceous conglomerate, graywacke, tuff, and limestone; Eocene arkosic sandstone, conglomerate, and limestone; and Miocene limestone and dolomite. K-Ar ages determined for volcanic and intrusive rocks from the same area are 75.5 m.y. for alkalic diabase that intrudes the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks; 74.3 and 71.1 m.y. for trachyte that partly overlies and partly intrudes the same Upper Cretaceous sequence; 65.2 m.y. for alkalic syenite that intrudes Upper Cretaceous limestone; 18.7 to 16.8 m.y. for andesite and basalt that overlie middle to late Eocene sedimentary rocks; and 14.1 m.y. for a dacite plug that cuts Miocene limestone. © 1974 Geological Society of America.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<1785:GFOTKA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Leo, G.W., Marvin, R.F., and Mehnert, H.H., 1974, Geologic framework of the Kuluncak-Sofular Area, East-Central Turkey, and K-Ar ages of igneous rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, no. 11, p. 1785-1788, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<1785:GFOTKA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"1785","endPage":"1788","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370294,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Turkey","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[36.91313,41.33536],[38.34766,40.94859],[39.51261,41.10276],[40.37343,41.01367],[41.55408,41.53566],[42.61955,41.58317],[43.58275,41.09214],[43.75266,40.7402],[43.65644,40.25356],[44.40001,40.005],[44.79399,39.713],[44.10923,39.42814],[44.4214,38.28128],[44.22576,37.97158],[44.7727,37.17044],[44.29345,37.00151],[43.94226,37.25623],[42.77913,37.38526],[42.34959,37.22987],[41.21209,37.07435],[40.67326,37.09128],[39.52258,36.71605],[38.69989,36.71293],[38.16773,36.90121],[37.06676,36.62304],[36.73949,36.81752],[36.68539,36.2597],[36.41755,36.04062],[36.14976,35.82153],[35.78208,36.275],[36.16082,36.65061],[35.55094,36.56544],[34.71455,36.79553],[34.02689,36.21996],[32.50916,36.10756],[31.6996,36.64428],[30.62162,36.67786],[30.3911,36.26298],[29.69998,36.14436],[28.7329,36.67683],[27.64119,36.65882],[27.04877,37.65336],[26.31822,38.20813],[26.8047,38.98576],[26.17079,39.46361],[27.28002,40.42001],[28.81998,40.46001],[29.24,41.21999],[31.14593,41.08762],[32.34798,41.73626],[33.51328,42.01896],[35.1677,42.04022],[36.91313,41.33536]]],[[[27.19238,40.69057],[26.35801,40.15199],[26.04335,40.61775],[26.05694,40.82412],[26.2946,40.93626],[26.6042,41.56211],[26.11704,41.8269],[27.13574,42.14148],[27.99672,42.00736],[28.11552,41.62289],[28.98844,41.29993],[28.80644,41.05496],[27.61902,40.99982],[27.19238,40.69057]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Turkey\"}}]}","volume":"85","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leo, Gerhard W.","contributorId":26307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"Gerhard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197655,"text":"70197655 - 1974 - Origin of Franciscan melanges in Northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-15T12:01:37","indexId":"70197655","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3842,"text":"SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Origin of Franciscan melanges in Northern California","docAbstract":"

In northern California, chaotic Franciscan melange occurs beneath the overlying ophiolite and Great Valley Sequence. Identical melanges occur to the west, separating well-bedded, coherent Franciscan units that differ markedly in age. Detailed studies in several places indicate that these melanges mark the boundaries of imbricate thrust sheets, and they appear to occur at several discrete structural horizons.

The melange comprises blocks of graywacke, greenstone, chert, serpentinite, and isolated so-called knockers of high-grade blueschist and eclogite set in a matrix of sheared and quartz-veined mudstone and minor sandstone. Except for the blocks of high-grade schist, these rocks are similar to, but more deformed than, the orderly sedimentary, volcanic, and other rocks that occur immediately above the Coast Range thrust at the base of the Great Valley Sequence. Unlike the other Franciscan units, the melanges contain relatively abundant fossils, mainly Buchia, radiolarians, and dinoflagellates. Significantly, all of these fossils are of Tithonian to Valanginian age.

We suggest, on the basis of similarity of lithology and fossil content, that the matrix of the melanges represents a distal, or seaward, portion of the basal sediments of the Great Valley Sequence and that the abundant greenstone, chert, and serpentinite found as tectonic blocks within the melanges were derived from the underlying oceanic crust and upper mantle.

Formation of the melanges must be related to multiple subduction of separate plates, the melange beinggenerated repeatedly from the ultramafic-mafic-chert and Buchia-hearing shale and minor graywacke sequence that constitutes the oldest rocks of the Coast Ranges. This process of subduction probably began in the Early Cretaceous and continued into the Tertiary, as Eocene fossils have been found recently in deformed Franciscan (coastal belt) rocks structurally below the melanges.

The tectonic blocks of high-grade blueschist and eclogite were formed during an earlier period of subduction, then embedded in serpentinite and carried westward by flow in the upper mantle. During subsequent subduction, the serpentinite and embedded blocks of schist were tectonically mixed with the overlying volcanic rocks, chert, graywacke, and fossiliferous shale.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","doi":"10.2110/pec.74.19","usgsCitation":"Blake, M.C., and Jones, D.L., 1974, Origin of Franciscan melanges in Northern California: SEPM Special Publication, p. 345-357, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.74.19.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blake, M. Clark Jr.","contributorId":56675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Clark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197783,"text":"70197783 - 1974 - Geologic sketch of the Klamath Mountains and Coast Ranges of northern California and southern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T09:50:30","indexId":"70197783","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geologic sketch of the Klamath Mountains and Coast Ranges of northern California and southern Oregon","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic guide to the southern Klamath Mountains: Geological Society of Sacramento, Annual Field Trip Guidebook","language":"English","publisher":"Department of Geology, California State University","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., Wolfe, E., Blake, M., and Cunningham, C., 1974, Geologic sketch of the Klamath Mountains and Coast Ranges of northern California and southern Oregon, chap. of Geologic guide to the southern Klamath Mountains: Geological Society of Sacramento, Annual Field Trip Guidebook, p. 46-53.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blake, M.C. Jr.","contributorId":27094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cunningham, C.G.","contributorId":47067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198191,"text":"70198191 - 1974 - Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:56:18","indexId":"70198191","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3284,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy","docAbstract":"

Multiring impact basins, formed after solidification of the lunar crust, account for most or all premare regional deposits and structures expressed in the lunar landscape and for major topographic and gravity variations. A fresh basin has two or more concentric mountain rings, a lineated ejecta blanket, and secondary impact craters. Crackled material on the floor may be impact melt. The ejecta blanket was emplaced at least partly as a ground‐hugging flow and was probably hot. A suggested model of basin formation is that the center lifts up and the rings form by inward collapse during evisceration. The resulting basin is shallow and has a central uplift of the mantle. This results in a central gravity high and a ring low. Later flooding by mare basalt has since modified most near side basins. Highland deposits of plains, furrowed and pitted terrain, and various hills, domes, and craters that were interpreted before the Apollo missions as being volcanic can now be interpreted as being basin related. A province map of the whole moon shows that the relatively young Orientale and Imbrium basins imprinted and rejuvenated much of the moon's surface; older basins must have also. The most primitive cratered surface remaining is mostly on the far side, distant from Imbrium and Orientale and other large relatively young basins. All five lunar landings in the highlands sampled stratigraphic units probably related to basins. Several nearly obliterated basins have been discovered recently, including a deep one on the far side that is as wide as the moon's radius. The presence of these ancient basins suggests that the surface is effectively saturated by basins and that many others were completely destroyed by later impacts. Basin impacts may have churned the lunar crust to large depths.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG012i003p00309","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Wilhelms, D., and Scott, D.H., 1974, Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 12, no. 3, p. 309-327, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG012i003p00309.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilhelms, D.E.","contributorId":82302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelms","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207250,"text":"70207250 - 1974 - Earthquake mechanism and displacement fields close to fault zones: Report on the Sixth GEOP Research Conference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-01T19:45:33.776537","indexId":"70207250","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-13T11:26:47","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake mechanism and displacement fields close to fault zones: Report on the Sixth GEOP Research Conference","docAbstract":"

The Sixth Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean Physics (GEOP) Research Conwas held on February 4–5, 1974, at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, in La Jolla, California. It was attended by about 100 persons.

James N. Brune, program chairman, opened the conference and delivered the introductory address, a somewhat extended version of which is printed elsewhere in this issue. Brune's paper and the following summaries of the sessions constitute a report of the conference.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/EO055i009p00836","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.R., Berger, J., Mueller, I.I., Savage, J.C., and Weertman, J., 1974, Earthquake mechanism and displacement fields close to fault zones: Report on the Sixth GEOP Research Conference: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 55, no. 9, p. 836-840, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO055i009p00836.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"840","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141210-103011673","text":"External Repository"},{"id":370248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Jon","contributorId":66540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, Ivan I.","contributorId":221239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Ivan","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weertman, J.","contributorId":221240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weertman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207247,"text":"70207247 - 1974 - Geodetic determination of strain at the Nevada Test Site following the Handley event","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:16:33.731847","indexId":"70207247","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-13T10:30:05","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic determination of strain at the Nevada Test Site following the Handley event","docAbstract":"

Repeated surveys of a trilateration network (aperture greater than 20 km) centered on ground zero for the HANDLEY event, a nuclear explosion at the Nevada Test Site with yield in excess of 1 megaton, suggest that the explosion induced an east-west extension of the network by more than 50 mm. In the year following the detonation, this deformation reversed such that the final configuration represented a small east-west contraction from the pre-HANDLEY state. In the subsequent 2-year period, only minor deformation was detected. Thus, the overall response of Pahute Mesa may be described as stable. The explosion-induced deformation is thought to be partly due to slip on faults driven by the large-amplitude seismic waves from the explosion. The mechanism of the postshot relaxation is not understood.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0640010115","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Kinoshita, W.T., and Prescott, W., 1974, Geodetic determination of strain at the Nevada Test Site following the Handley event: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 64, no. 1, p. 115-129, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0640010115.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370243,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pahute Mesa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.45,\n 37.00\n ],\n [\n -116.15,\n 37.00\n ],\n [\n -116.15,\n 37.30\n ],\n [\n -116.45,\n 37.30\n ],\n [\n -116.45,\n 37.00\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1974-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinoshita, W. T.","contributorId":41494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinoshita","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207245,"text":"70207245 - 1974 - Effects of the Bear Valley and San Juan Bautista earthquakes of 1972 on Geodimeter line lengths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:18:32.840319","indexId":"70207245","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-13T10:03:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of the Bear Valley and San Juan Bautista earthquakes of 1972 on Geodimeter line lengths","docAbstract":"

Measurements of lines of the California Geodimeter network in the vicinity of the epicenters of four 1972 earthquakes (magnitudes 4.7, 4.7, 4.8, and 5.1) along the San Andreas fault system indicate that no significant anomalous changes in line length preceded or accompanied those earthquakes. Within the precision of measurement, the data are consistent with a linear change in line length with time. Measurements of two 20-km-long lines made 2 days before and 1 day after a magnitude 4.7 earthquake showed no significant change even though the epicenter of the earthquake was only about 15 km from each of the three stations at the end points of the lines.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0640010065","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., and Savage, J.C., 1974, Effects of the Bear Valley and San Juan Bautista earthquakes of 1972 on Geodimeter line lengths: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 64, no. 1, p. 65-72, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0640010065.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Bauista","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.64886474609375,\n 36.18665862660454\n ],\n [\n -121.01989746093749,\n 36.18665862660454\n ],\n [\n -121.01989746093749,\n 36.681636065615216\n ],\n [\n -121.64886474609375,\n 36.681636065615216\n ],\n [\n -121.64886474609375,\n 36.18665862660454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}