Steamboat Springs, Nevada, an area of present-day hot springs, clearly illustrates the genetic dependence of some kaolin deposits on hot-spring activity. Andesite, granodiorite and arkosic sediments are locally altered at the land surface to siliceous residues consisting of primary quartz and anatase, plus opal from primary silicates. These siliceous residues commonly exhibit the textural and structural features of their unaltered equivalents. Beneath the siliceous residues, kaolin and alunite replace primary silicates and fill open spaces, forming a blanketlike deposit. Beneath the kaolin-alunite zone, montmorillonite, commonly accompanied by pyrite, replaces the primary silicates. On the ground surface, the same alteration mineral zones can be traced outward from the siliceous residue; however, hematite rather than pyrite accompanies montmorillonite.
Chemical analysis indicates that sulfuric acid is the active altering agent. The acid forms from hydrogen sulfide that exsolves from deep thermal water, rises above the water table and is oxidized by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living near the ground surface. This acid dissolves in precipitation or condensed water vapor and percolates downward destroying most of the primary minerals producing a siliceous residue. Coincidence of the water table with the downward transition from siliceous residue to kaolin-alunite signifies decreasing hydrogen metasomatism because of dilution of descending acid by ground water.
In hot-spring areas, beds of siliceous sinter deposited at the surface by hypogene thermal water look, superficially, like areas of surficial acid alteration. Features diagnostic of a surficial alteration are the relict rock structures of a siliceous residue and a kaolin-alunite zone immediately beneath.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1974.0220104","usgsCitation":"Schoen, R., White, D.E., and Hemley, J., 1974, Argillization by descending acid at Steamboat Springs, Nevada: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 22, no. 1, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1974.0220104.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Steamboat Springs","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed75e4b0c8380cd49803","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoen, Robert","contributorId":22418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoen","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemley, J.J.","contributorId":59556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010218,"text":"70010218 - 1974 - A solvent extraction study of molybdenum chloride and molybdenum thiocyanate complexes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T14:15:59.65817","indexId":"70010218","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A solvent extraction study of molybdenum chloride and molybdenum thiocyanate complexes","docAbstract":"The effect of reducing agents on molybdenum(VI) solutions in hydrochloric acid was studied by a solvent extraction technique to elucidate the composition of the colored molybdenum thiocyanate complex. Neither copper(I) chloride nor ascorbic acid have any effect on the extraction of MoO2Cl2; it is inferred that tin(II) chloride reduces Mo(VI) stepwise to a polynuclear Mo(V)·Mo(VI) complex and then to Mo(V). The colored thiocyanate complex produced by copper(I) and by ascorbic acid differs only slightly in extraction characteristics from the uncolored Mo(VI) complex. It is suggested that the color may be produced by an isomerization reaction of MoO2(SCN)2, and thus that the colored species may be a hexavalent rather than pentavalent molybdenum complex.
A rapid procedure for the determination of microgram amounts of molybdenum in rocks is described. After acid decomposition, molybdenum is extracted from a hydrochloric acid solution into xylene with tributyl phosphate. After back-extraction with water, molybdenum is extracted as the α-benzoinoximate into chloroform, stripped into hydrochloric acid extracted as the thiocyanate into amyl alcohol, and determined spectrophotometrically. The molybdenum thiocyanate color produced is stable, sensitive, and reproducible. Results of analyses of several of the U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks are given.
Population-density maps of craters in three size ranges (0.6 to 1.2 km, 4 to 10 km, and >20 km in diameter) were compiled for most of Mars from Mariner 9 imagery. These data provide: historical records of the eolian processes (0.6 to 1.2 km craters); stratigraphic, relative, and absolute timescales (4 to 10 km craters); and a history of the early postaccretional evolution of the uplands (> 20 km craters).
Based on the distribution of large craters (>20 km diameters), Mars is divisible into two general classes of terrain, densely cratered and very lightly cratered—a division remarkably like the uplands-maria dichotomy of the moon. It is probable that this bimodal character in the density distribution of large craters arose from an abrupt transition in the impact flux rate from an early intense period associated with the tailing off of accretion to an extended quiescent epoch, not from a void in geological activity during much of Mars' history. Radio-isotope studies of Apollo lunar samples show that this transition occurred on the moon in a short time.
The intermediate-sized craters (4 to 10 km diameter) and the small-sized craters (0.6 to 1.2 km diameter) appear to be genetically related. The smaller ones are apparently secondary impact craters generated by the former. Most of the craters in the larger of these two size classes appear fresh and uneroded, although many are partly buried by dust mantles. Poleward of the 40° parallels the small fresh craters are notably absent owing to these mantles. The density of small craters is highest in an irregular band centered at 20°S. This band coincides closely with (1) the zone of permanent low-albedo markings; (2) the “wind equator” (the latitude of zero net north or south transport at the surface); and (3) a band that includes a majority of the small dendritic channels. Situated in the southermost part of the equatorial unmantled terrain which extends from about 40°N to 40°S, this band is apparently devoid of even a thin mantle. Because this belt is also coincident with the latitutde of maximum solar insolation (periapsis occurs near summer solstice), we suggest that this band arises from the asymmetrical global wind patterns at the surface and that the band probably follows the latitude of maximum heating which migrates north and south from 25°N to 25°S within the unmantled terrain on a 50,000 year timescale.
The population of intermediate-sized craters (4–10 km diameter) appears unaffected by the eolian mantles, at least within the ±45° latitudes. Hence the local density of these craters is probably a valid indicator of the relative age of surfaces generated during the period since the uplands were intensely bombarded and eroded. It now appears that the impact fluxes at Mars and the moon have been roughly the same over the last 4 b.y. because the oldest postaccretional, mare-like surfaces on Mars and the moon display about the same crater density. If so, the nearness of Mars to the asteroid belt has not generated a flux 10 to 25 times greater than the lunar flux. Whereas the lunar maria show a variation of about a factor of three in crater density from the oldest to the youngest major units, analogous surfaces on Mars show a variation between 30 and 50. This implies that periods of active eolian erosion, tectonic evolution, volcanic eruption, and possibly fluvial modification have been scattered throughout Martian history since the formation and degradation of the martian uplands and not confined to small, ancient or recent, epochs. These processes are surely active on the planet today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(74)90175-4","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., Condit, C., West, R., Herman, B., and Kreidler, T.J., 1974, Martian planetwide crater distributions: Implications for geologic history and surface processes: Icarus, v. 22, no. 3, p. 239-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(74)90175-4.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"263","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5234e4b0c8380cd6c23d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Condit, C.D.","contributorId":60250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condit","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.A.","contributorId":51019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herman, B.M.","contributorId":24494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kreidler, T. J.","contributorId":57460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreidler","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011076,"text":"70011076 - 1974 - Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:20:58.585897","indexId":"70011076","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","docAbstract":"Lava tubes and channels develop around active sources of low viscosity lava. The channels normally form without erosion; however, sustained flow can result in the incision of a lava channel and simulation of fluvial erosion features. Lava erosion by means of thermal incision was modelled by computer, erosion rates calculated, and these compared with rates observed terrestrially. Lunar sinuous rilles are examined in light of the proposed lava erosion. The mechanism explains many features of lunar rilles that were heretofore puzzling and implies erosion rates comparable to terrestrial rates. Many Mars channels also appear to form by the action of lava; however, the larger, more spectacular Mars channels do not appear to have been formed by the same process.
Rates of accumulation of Fe and Mn, as well as Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Hg, U and Th have been determined for five ferromanganese deposits from four localities in the South Pacific Ocean.
Manganese is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate roughly equivalent to that found to be accumulating in sediments in the same area. Iron shows a deficiency in accumulation in nodules and crusts with respect to sediments, especially near the continents, but also in the central and south-central Pacific. Copper is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate one order of magnitude less than the surrounding sediments.
This is interpreted as meaning that most of the Mn is supplied as an authigenic phase to both sediments and nodules while Fe is supplied mostly by ferromanganese micro-nodules and by detrital and adsorbed components of sediments; and Cu is enriched in sediments relative to nodules and crusts most probably through biological activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(74)90019-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kraemer, T., and Schornick, J., 1974, Comparison of elemental accumulation rates between ferromanganese deposits and sediments in the South Pacific Ocean: Chemical Geology, v. 13, no. 3, p. 187-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(74)90019-9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ee4b0c8380cd4d066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraemer, T.","contributorId":90040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schornick, J.C.","contributorId":49790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schornick","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010201,"text":"70010201 - 1974 - A probe for sampling interstitial waters of stream sediments and bog soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:22:00.645396","indexId":"70010201","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A probe for sampling interstitial waters of stream sediments and bog soils","docAbstract":"A probe for sampling interstitial waters of stream sediments and bog soils is described. Samples can be obtained within a stratigraphic interval of 2–3 cm, to a depth of 60–80 cm, and with little or no contamination of the samples by sediment or air.
40Ar/39Ar age spectra and 40Ar/36Ar vs 39Ar/36Ar isochrons were determined by incremental heating for 11 terrestrial rocks and minerals whose geology indicates that they represent essentially undisturbed systems. The samples include muscovite, biotite, hornblende, sanidine, plagioclase, dacite, diabase and basalt and range in age from 40 to 1700 m.y. For each sample, the 40Ar/39Ar ratios, corrected for atmospheric and neutron-generated argon isotopes, are the same for most of the gas fractions released and the age spectra, which show pronounced plateaus, thus are consistent with models previously proposed for undisturbed samples. Plateau ages and isochron ages calculated using plateau age fractions are concordant and appear to be meaningful estimates of the crystallization and cooling ages of these samples. Seemingly anomalous age spectrum points can be attributed entirely to small amounts of previously unrecognized argon loss and to gas fractions that contain too small (less than 2 per cent) a proportion of the 39Ar released to be geologically significant. The use of a quantitative abscissa for age spectrum diagrams is recommended so that the size of each gas fraction is readily apparent. Increments containing less than about 4–5 per cent of the total 39Ar released should be interpreted cautiously. Both the age spectrum and isochron methods of data reduction for incremental heating experiments are worthwhile, as each gives slightly different but complementary information about the sample from the same basic data. Use of a least-squares fit that allows for correlated errors is recommended for 40Ar/36Ar vs 39Ar/36Ar isochrons. The results indicate that the 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating technique can be used to distinguish disturbed from undisturbed rock and mineral systems and will be a valuable geochronological tool in geologically complex terranes.
A revised list of reference samples of interest to geoscientists has been extended to include samples for the agronomist, the archaeologist and the environmentalist. In addition to the source from which standard samples may be obtained, references or pertinent notes for some samples are included.
The number of rock reference samples is now almost adequate, and the variety of ore samples will soon be sufficient. There are very few samples for microprobe work. Oil shales will become more important because of the outlook for world petroleum resources. The dryland equivalent of a submarine basalt might be useful in studies of sea-floor spreading and of the geochemistry of basalts.
The Na- and K-feldspars of BCS (British Chemical Standards—Bureau of Analysed Samples), NBS (National Bureau of Standards), and ANRT (Association Kationale de la Recherche Technique) could serve as trace-element standards if such data were available. Similarly, the present NBS flint and plastic clays, as well as their predecessors, might be useful for archaeological pottery studies. The International Decade for Ocean Exploration may stimulate the preparation of ocean-water standards for trace elements or pollutants and a standard for manganese nodules.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(74)90158-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Flanagan, F., 1974, Reference samples for the earth sciences: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1731-1744, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(74)90158-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1731","endPage":"1744","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a42be4b0e8fec6cdba8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanagan, F.J.","contributorId":50139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000325,"text":"1000325 - 1974 - Dieldrin and DDT: accumulation from water and food by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:33","indexId":"1000325","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3150,"text":"Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dieldrin and DDT: accumulation from water and food by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the laboratory","docAbstract":"In the laboratory we measured the amounts of dieldrin and p,p'DDT accumulated by fish from contaminated water and food to determine how fish from Lake Michigan accumulate high concentrations of these insecticides from an environment where the concentrations in water are generally less than 0.01 ppb. Eight groups of yearling lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to different combinations of dieldrin and p,p'DDT in water and food. Concentrations of dieldrin and p,p'DDT ranged from 0.006 to 0.010 ppb in water and from 1,700 to 2,300 ppb in food (Oregon moist pellets).\r\nAfter 152 days of exposure to insecticides in water, fish had accumulated an average of 478 ppb dieldrin or 352 ppb p,p'DDT. Fish exposed to dieldrin and p,p'DDT in food accumulated 470 and 648 ppb, respectively. However, it was difficult to determine exactly how much of either insecticide was accumulated from the food because trace amounts (0.003-0.004 ppb) had leached from food or feces. After exposure to the insecticide was terminated, fish eliminated dieldrin at a much faster rate than p,p'DDT. In fish exposed to a combination of dieldrin and p,p'DDT in water and then held for 125 days in uncontaminated water, the total amount of dieldrin (I?g) declined 89%, but the total amount of p,p'DDT remained unchanged.\r\nWe used data from this study to estimate how much p,p'DDT adult Lake Michigan coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) accumulated from water and from food during a 104-day period (May-August 1968). The estimates suggest that during these months coho salmon accumulated most of the body burden of p,p'DDT from food.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Reinert, R.E., Stone, L.J., and Bergman, H.L., 1974, Dieldrin and DDT: accumulation from water and food by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the laboratory: Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Research, v. 17, p. 52-58.","productDescription":"p. 52-58","startPage":"52","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinert, Robert E.","contributorId":101214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Linda J.","contributorId":30173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergman, Harold L.","contributorId":99099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001553,"text":"1001553 - 1974 - Upland nesting. Creating a sea of grass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-11T11:27:42","indexId":"1001553","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1408,"text":"Ducks Unlimited","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upland nesting. Creating a sea of grass","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ducks Unlimited","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Duebbert, H., 1974, Upland nesting. Creating a sea of grass: Ducks Unlimited, v. 38, p. 20, 22-23, 33.","productDescription":"p. 20, 22-23, 33","startPage":"20, 22","endPage":"23, 33","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a23e4b07f02db60d369","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duebbert, Harold F.","contributorId":11544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duebbert","given":"Harold F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001205,"text":"1001205 - 1974 - Nematode parasites of waterfowl (Anseriformes) from western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T10:54:41","indexId":"1001205","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3768,"text":"Wildlife Disease","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nematode parasites of waterfowl (Anseriformes) from western United States","docAbstract":"Thirty-four species of nematodes were found in 415 Anseriformes (Anatidae) of 27 species; 93.7% of birds over 4 weeks old were infected. Data on prevalence, host specificity, age of host, and geographic distribution are given. Infections were more intense in sick birds and birds in poor physical condition. Accidental or abnormal infection was more likely in sick than in normal birds. From 1 to 13 species of nematodes are reported from each host species, including 118 new host records, 3 nematodes new for North America, and 1 new species. Multiple infections were present in 76.5% of birds parasitized; eight species of nematodes were found in one whistling swan (Olor columbianus).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Disease","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"McDonald, M., 1974, Nematode parasites of waterfowl (Anseriformes) from western United States: Wildlife Disease, no. 64, p. 19-19.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"64","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, M.E.","contributorId":33661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001606,"text":"1001606 - 1974 - Homing to nest baskets by wild female mallards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-16T06:42:44","indexId":"1001606","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Homing to nest baskets by wild female mallards","docAbstract":"A high rate of homing to nest baskets by adult female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) was observed in prairie potholes of North Dakota. One hundred and thirteen female mallards were caught on nest baskets, banded, and marked with nasal saddles. Forty-six percent homed at least once to nest baskets in the marshes where they were previously captured. Two-thirds of the returnees were observed in the same baskets where they had been caught. The observed rate of homing by previously successful nesters (52 percent) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than by unsuccessful nesters (16 percent). Nesting success was 83 percent in the year of marking and 90 percent in subsequent years. Seven (5 percent) of an estimated 140 marked female 1-day-old ducklings that hatched in nest baskets were recaptured as nesting adults in baskets. Five of these hens returned to their natal marshes, and two others were found within 2 km of their natal marshes. Band recovery data indicated that 91 percent of the hunting mortality occurred within 10 km of the banding locations. Information on estimated rate of annual survival and the observed rate of homing suggests that nearly all surviving marked adults returned to within 10 km of the marshes where they were banded.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800038","usgsCitation":"Doty, H.A., and Lee, F., 1974, Homing to nest baskets by wild female mallards: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 38, no. 4, p. 714-719, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800038.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"714","endPage":"719","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.525390625,\n 47.37603463349758\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 47.37603463349758\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 47.98256841921405\n ],\n [\n -98.525390625,\n 47.98256841921405\n ],\n [\n -98.525390625,\n 47.37603463349758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doty, Harold A.","contributorId":17565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doty","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, F.B.","contributorId":30174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000324,"text":"1000324 - 1974 - Immature insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera) collected from deep water in western Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T11:31:51","indexId":"1000324","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immature insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera) collected from deep water in western Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Five species of aquatic insects - two plecopterans, two trichopterans, and one ephemeropteran - usually found in streams or ponds were collected in water 32-100 m deep in western Lake Superior. All appear to be new records for the lake and all were collected from far greater depths than previously recorded for these forms.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f74-018","usgsCitation":"Selgeby, J.H., 1974, Immature insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera) collected from deep water in western Lake Superior: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 31, no. 1, p. 109-111, https://doi.org/10.1139/f74-018.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e10fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001620,"text":"1001620 - 1974 - Feeding ecology of pintail hens during reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T10:52:24","indexId":"1001620","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding ecology of pintail hens during reproduction","docAbstract":"Food supply has been acknowledged as one of eight major external factors regulating the sexual cycles of birds (Marshall 1961). Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the role of food supply as an ultimate factor regulating breeding (Marshall 1951; Lack 1954, 1968; Wynne-Edwards 1962; and others). Another potential influence of food is its being a proximate stimulus to breeding. When certain foods become available they may act as a stimulus as the female requires them to meet her dietary needs during egg formation. Lack (1966a: 24) suggested that the average date of laying by the Great Tit (Parus major) probably resulted from a correlation between spring temperatures and the time of appearance of the insect foods the adult females need to form eggs. He also cited other passerines whose breeding was affected by food supply available to the female. In waterfowl it has been suggested that laying females require invertebrate foods (Moyle 1961, Leitch 1964). If true, this implies that the timing of laying is influenced by those environmental changes that affect food supply.
The Pintail (Anas acuta) lives primarily on plant foods during much of the year (Martin et al. 1951); thus a study of feeding ecology during the nesting season provided an opportunity to evaluate the significance of an invertebrate food source to females during the period of egg formation. Marshall (1951) stated that essentially vegetarian species appear compelled to switch at least partially to a heavier protein diet when feeding their developing young. Production of a clutch of eggs, like tissue growth in the young, requires a special dietary need that presumably should be reflected in the diet of vegetarian species during the period that eggs are being formed. This paper describes the diet of the female Pintail prior to, during, and after laying and discusses the impact of certain environmental and physiological changes on Pintail breeding.
Concentrations of DDT residues were higher in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from southern Lake Michigan in 1966–70 (average 18.1 ppm in fish 558–684 mm long) than in lake trout of the same size-class from Lake Superior in 1968–69 (4.4 ppm), and higher in adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from Lake Michigan in 1968–71 (averages for different year-classes, 9.9–14.0 ppm) than in those from Lake Erie in 1969 (2.2 ppm). Residues were significantly higher in lake trout from southern Lake Michigan than in those from the northern part of the lake. In lakes Michigan and Superior, the levels increased with length of fish and percentage oil. In Lake Michigan coho salmon, the residues remained nearly stable (2–4 ppm) from September of the 1st yr of lake residence through May or early June of the 2nd yr, but increased three to four times in the next 3 mo. Residues in Lake Erie coho salmon did not increase during this period, which preceded the spawning season. Although the concentrations of total residues in whole, maturing Lake Michigan coho salmon remained unchanged from August 1968 until near the end of the spawning season in January 1969, the residues were redistributed in the tissues of the spawning-run fish; concentrations in the loin and brain were markedly higher in January than in August. This relocation of DDT residues accompanied a marked decrease in the percentage of oil in the fish, from 13.2 in August to 2.8 in January. Concentrations of residues were relatively high in eggs of both lake trout (4.6 ppm) and coho salmon (7.4–10.2 ppm) from Lake Michigan. The percentage composition of the residues (p,p′DDE, o,p′/DDT, p,p′DDT, and p,p′DDT) did not differ significantly with life stage, size, age, or locality, or date of collection of lake trout or coho salmon.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f74-031","usgsCitation":"Reinert, R.E., and Bergman, H.L., 1974, Residues of DDT in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from the Great Lakes: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 31, no. 2, p. 191-199, https://doi.org/10.1139/f74-031.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"199","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6053cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinert, Robert E.","contributorId":101214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, Harold L.","contributorId":99099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001469,"text":"1001469 - 1974 - Social behavior of breeding gadwalls in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T09:40:34","indexId":"1001469","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social behavior of breeding gadwalls in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Responses of duck pairs encountering other ducks were categorized by McKinney (1965a) as displays, attack, escape and avoidance, sexual pursuit, and sociability. Gadwalls (Anas strepera) show all these responses on the breeding grounds, and characteristic behavior patterns occur depending on the reproductive state of the birds involved. The responses of paired ducks to unpaired males on the breeding grounds have not been described for the Gadwall or any other species. The function of aerial flights (McKinney 1965a) is also confused in the literature. The objectives of this paper are to describe the responses of paired breeding Gadwalls to other Gadwall pairs and unmated drakes and to dis- cuss the possible reasons for the type of spacing behavior Gadwall pairs exhibit.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, T., 1974, Social behavior of breeding gadwalls in North Dakota: The Auk, v. 91, no. 2, p. 375-386.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"386","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341417,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084516"}],"volume":"91","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edda0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, T.J.","contributorId":56177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003486,"text":"1003486 - 1974 - Removal and deactivation of antimycin using carbon and chlorine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-05T16:45:58.347416","indexId":"1003486","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removal and deactivation of antimycin using carbon and chlorine","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1974)36[19:RADOAU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., and Marking, L.L., 1974, Removal and deactivation of antimycin using carbon and chlorine: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 36, no. 1, p. 19-19, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1974)36[19:RADOAU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Verdel K.","contributorId":81836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Verdel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, Leif L.","contributorId":52239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"Leif","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":944881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001689,"text":"1001689 - 1974 - Habitat management considerations for prairie chickens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T13:13:28","indexId":"1001689","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat management considerations for prairie chickens","docAbstract":"Lack of nesting and brood rearing habitat appears to be the universal limiting factor for prairie chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) throughout their range. Grasslands are essential to prairie chickens, but vary widely in quality and thus in their ability to support prairie chickens. High-quality habitat is grassland providing residual vegetation averaging about 20 inches in height in spring and sufficiently dense to completely conceal a nesting prairie chicken. Annually grazed, annually hayed, or long-term (10 years or more) idled habitats are undesirable. The most successful method for maintaining high-quality nest-brood habitat is prescribed burning at 3- to 5-year intervals; such habitat may be established by seeding grass or grass-legume mixtures. Seeded habitat may be maintained by prescribed burning at 3- to 5-year intervals. Management units should contain at least 2 square miles of high-quality habitat within an area not to exceed 8 square miles. High-quality habitat blocks should be at least 160 acres with a minimum width of one-half mile. Based on available evidence, funding to provide winter food or cover is not recommended.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Crookston, MN","usgsCitation":"Kirsch, L., 1974, Habitat management considerations for prairie chickens: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 2, p. 124-129.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64881e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirsch, L.M.","contributorId":43701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirsch","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000356,"text":"1000356 - 1974 - Short-term fate of dietary dieldrin in the digestive tract of juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T11:08:13","indexId":"1000356","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short-term fate of dietary dieldrin in the digestive tract of juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)","docAbstract":"Short-term fate of dietary dieldrin in the digestive tract of fishes is poorly known. Studies of the uptake, distribution, and elimination of chlorinated hydrocarbons have suggested that uptake or degradation is rapid in the intestine (GROSS 1969; MACEK et al. 1970; GRZENDA et al. 1970, 1971). The present study was designed to determine the short-term fate of a single oral dose of dieldrin in the digestive tract of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01685015","usgsCitation":"Stewart, D.J., and Stein, R., 1974, Short-term fate of dietary dieldrin in the digestive tract of juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 11, no. 6, p. 563-566, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01685015.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"566","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/47979>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":128937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6554d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Donald J.","contributorId":33660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Roy A.","contributorId":21494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Roy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000487,"text":"1000487 - 1974 - An elutriation apparatus for macroinvertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T11:19:50","indexId":"1000487","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An elutriation apparatus for macroinvertebrates","docAbstract":"An inexpensive hydropneumatic apparatus screens macroinvertebrates from bottom samples containing silt, mud, or clay. The elutriator, an acrylic cylinder with screened windows, cemented on an upright plastic funnel, retains benthic fauna while the sediment is washed away. The apparatus yields clean samples and has reduced the time required to sort benthos samples by more than 80%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","publisherLocation":"Waco, TX","doi":"10.4319/lo.1974.19.3.0538","usgsCitation":"Worswick, J.M., and Barbour, M., 1974, An elutriation apparatus for macroinvertebrates: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 19, no. 3, p. 538-540, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1974.19.3.0538.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"538","endPage":"540","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266967,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1974.19.3.0538"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684466","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worswick, Joseph M. Jr.","contributorId":11162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worswick","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barbour, Michael T.","contributorId":83064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbour","given":"Michael T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000494,"text":"1000494 - 1974 - Effect of acclimation temperature and heat shock on vulnerability of fry of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to predation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T11:14:04","indexId":"1000494","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of acclimation temperature and heat shock on vulnerability of fry of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to predation","docAbstract":"Fry of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) acclimated to 10, 15, and 18 C were exposed to temperatures of 24.5, 25, and 28 C for 1 min and then immediately returned to water at their acclimation temperature, in test tanks containing yearling yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The number of attacks on the fry and the number captured and eaten in 30 min were recorded in separate tests of shocked and unshocked (control) whitefish.Significantly more whitefish were captured per attack (data for shocked and unshocked fry combined) at 15 and 18 C than at 10 C; and shocked fry were significantly more vulnerable to capture by the perch than were unshocked controls.
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