Correlation of flows at pairs of streamgages were evaluated using a Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient to better identify gages that can be used as index gages to estimate daily flow at ungaged stream sites in West Virginia. Much of West Virginia (77 percent) is within areas where Spearman’s rho for daily streamflow between streamgages on unregulated streams (unregulated streamgages) is greater than 0.9; most withdrawals from ungaged streams for shale gas well hydraulic fracturing are being made in these areas. Most of West Virginia (>99 percent) is within zones where Spearman’s rho between streamgages on unregulated streams is greater than 0.85. Withdrawals for hydraulic fracturing are made from ungaged streams in areas where Spearman’s rho between streamgages on unregulated streams is less than 0.9, but because spatial correlation is partly a function of the density of the streamgaging network, adding or reactivating several streamgages would be likely to result in correlations of 0.90 or higher in these areas.
\nSeasonal differences in the strength and spatial extent of correlations of daily streamflows are great. The strongest correlations among streamgages are for fall, followed by spring, then winter. One possible explanation for the weak correlations for summer may be that precipitation and runoff associated with convective storms affect one basin and miss nearby basins. A comparison of correlation patterns during previously identified climatic periods shows that the strongest correlations occurred during 1963–69, a period of drought, and the weakest during 1970–79, a wet period. The apparent effect of frequent rain during 1970–79 overshadowed streamgage-network density, which was at its historic maximum in West Virginia at that time, so that the extent of areas with high correlation to at least one streamgage was smaller during 1970–79 than during 1963–69. Correlations for 1992 to 2011 were slightly weaker than those for 1963 to 1969.
\nThe relation between correlation and distance between basin centroids was determined to be stronger for streamgage pairs in the Ohio River Basin than for pairs in the Atlantic Slope River Basins, which in turn was stronger than the relation between pairs of streamgages split between the two major basins. Quantile regression equations were developed for these three comparisons to estimate the Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient for streamgage pairs using distance between basin centroids as a predictor variable. The equations can be used for streamgage network planning. For the Ohio River Basin, the distance between basin centroids at which 50 percent of streamgage pairs would exceed a Spearman’s rho of 0.95 is 9 miles. The distance between basin centroids at which 50 percent of streamgage pairs would exceed a Spearman’s rho of 0.90 is 25 miles, and the distance at which 50 percent of streamgage pairs would exceed a Spearman’s rho of 0.85 is 48 miles. For the Atlantic Slope River Basins, the distance between basin centroids at which 50 percent of streamgage pairs would exceed a Spearman’s rho of 0.95 is 1 mile. The distance between basin centroids at which 50 percent of streamgage pairs would exceed a Spearman’s rho of 0.90 is 13 miles, and the distance at which 50 percent of streamgage pairs would exceed a Spearman’s rho of 0.85 is 41 miles. For pairs of streamgages split between the two major basins, the regression equation gives a value of 0.84 for the correlation coefficient at zero miles. On maps of correlations, the shape of strongly correlated areas for streamgages in the Ohio River Basin is generally round. In the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province, which generally coincides with the Atlantic Slope River Basins within the study area, areas strongly correlated with streamgages generally coincide with major valleys.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145061","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection Division of Water and Waste Management, Water Use Section","usgsCitation":"Messinger, T., and Paybins, K.S., 2014, Correlations of daily flows at streamgages in and near West Virginia, 1930-2011, and streamflow characteristics relevant to the use of index streamgages (Originally posted June 26, 2014; Revised and reposted August 28, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5061, Report: viii, 82 p.; Tables 10, 11, 16-22; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145061.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 82 p.; Tables 10, 11, 16-22; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"96","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1930-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-045700","costCenters":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145061.jpg"},{"id":289065,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5061/"},{"id":289067,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5061/support/sir2014-5061-tables.xlsx"},{"id":289066,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5061/support/sir2014-5061.pdf"},{"id":289068,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5061/support"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Slope River Basins;Ohio River Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.0,36.8 ], [ -83.0,40.64 ], [ -77.4,40.64 ], [ -77.4,36.8 ], [ -83.0,36.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted June 26, 2014; Revised and reposted August 28, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ad32d7e4b0729c154181a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Messinger, Terence 0000-0003-4084-9298 tmessing@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-9298","contributorId":2717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messinger","given":"Terence","email":"tmessing@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70240954,"text":"70240954 - 2014 - Inundation of a barrier island (Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, USA) during a hurricane: Observed water-level gradients and modeled seaward sand transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T15:18:15.90432","indexId":"70240954","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-26T09:12:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7357,"text":"JGR Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inundation of a barrier island (Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, USA) during a hurricane: Observed water-level gradients and modeled seaward sand transport","docAbstract":"Large geomorphic changes to barrier islands may occur during inundation, when storm surge exceeds island elevation. Inundation occurs episodically and under energetic conditions that make quantitative observations difficult. We measured water levels on both sides of a barrier island in the northern Chandeleur Islands during inundation by Hurricane Isaac. Wind patterns caused the water levels to slope from the bay side to the ocean side for much of the storm. Modeled geomorphic changes during the storm were very sensitive to the cross-island slopes imposed by water-level boundary conditions. Simulations with equal or landward sloping water levels produced the characteristic barrier island storm response of overwash deposits or displaced berms with smoother final topography. Simulations using the observed seaward sloping water levels produced cross-barrier channels and deposits of sand on the ocean side, consistent with poststorm observations. This sensitivity indicates that accurate water-level boundary conditions must be applied on both sides of a barrier to correctly represent the geomorphic response to inundation events. More broadly, the consequence of seaward transport is that it alters the relationship between storm intensity and volume of landward transport. Sand transported to the ocean side may move downdrift, or aid poststorm recovery by moving onto the beach face or closing recent breaches, but it does not contribute to island transgression or appear as an overwash deposit in the back-barrier stratigraphic record. The high vulnerability of the Chandeleur Islands allowed us to observe processes that are infrequent but may be important at other barrier islands.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2013JF003069","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, C.R., Long, J.W., Dickhudt, P., Dalyander, P.S., Thompson, D.M., and Plant, N.G., 2014, Inundation of a barrier island (Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, USA) during a hurricane: Observed water-level gradients and modeled seaward sand transport: JGR Earth Surface, v. 119, no. 7, p. 1498-1515, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF003069.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1498","endPage":"1515","ipdsId":"IP-053447","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf003069","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":413617,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Chandeleur Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.71427201193912,\n 30.126096110029266\n ],\n [\n -89.10316960345594,\n 30.126096110029266\n ],\n [\n -89.10316960345594,\n 29.538899150119548\n ],\n [\n -88.71427201193912,\n 29.538899150119548\n ],\n [\n -88.71427201193912,\n 30.126096110029266\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, Christopher R. 0000-0001-6135-3553 csherwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-3553","contributorId":2866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Christopher","email":"csherwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Joseph W. 0000-0003-2912-1992 jwlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-1992","contributorId":3303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Joseph","email":"jwlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickhudt, Patrick 0000-0001-8003-7089 pdickhudt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8003-7089","contributorId":187402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickhudt","given":"Patrick","email":"pdickhudt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":865474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dalyander, P. 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We used an individual-based model (IBM), which allowed us to include variance in water clarity and the distribution of individual sizes. Our IBM was built with laboratory data showing that larval yellow perch feeding rates increased slightly as sediment turbidity level increased, but that both larval and juvenile yellow perch feeding rates decreased as phytoplankton level increased. Our IBM explained a majority of the variance in yellow perch length in data from the western and central basins of Lake Erie and Oneida Lake, with R2 values ranging from 0.611 to 0.742. Starvation mortality was size dependent, as the greatest daily mortality rates in each simulation occurred within days of each other. Our model showed that turbidity-dependent consumption rates and temperature are key components in determining growth and starvation mortality of age-0 yellow perch, linking fish production to land-based processes that influence water clarity. These results suggest the timing and persistence of sediment plumes and algal blooms can drastically alter the growth potential and starvation mortality of a yellow perch cohort.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2013-0528","collaboration":"University of Toledo; Ohio Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Manning, N.M., Bossenbroek, J.M., Mayer, C.M., Bunnell, D., Tyson, J.T., Rudstam, L.G., and Jackson, J.R., 2014, Modeling turbidity type and intensity effects on the growth and starvation mortality of age-0 yellow perch: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 71, no. 10, p. 1544-1553, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0528.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1544","endPage":"1553","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049840","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312144,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Toledo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bossenbroek, Jonathan M.","contributorId":98622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossenbroek","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayer, Christine M.","contributorId":50814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunnell, David B. dbunnell@usgs.gov","contributorId":141167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","email":"dbunnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tyson, Jeff T.","contributorId":68430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyson","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rudstam, Lars G.","contributorId":56609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rudstam","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jackson, James R.","contributorId":55709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70103656,"text":"sir20145085 - 2014 - Summary of U.S. Geological Survey reports documenting flood profiles of streams in Iowa, 1963-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-25T14:04:42","indexId":"sir20145085","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T13:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5085","title":"Summary of U.S. Geological Survey reports documenting flood profiles of streams in Iowa, 1963-2012","docAbstract":"This report is part of an ongoing program that is publishing flood profiles of streams in Iowa. The program is managed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Transportation and the Iowa Highway Research Board (Project HR-140). Information from flood profiles is used by engineers to analyze and design bridges, culverts, and roadways. This report summarizes 47 U.S. Geological Survey flood-profile reports that were published for streams in Iowa during a 50-year period from 1963 to 2012. Flood events profiled in the reports range from 1903 to 2010. Streams in Iowa that have been selected for the preparation of flood-profile reports typically have drainage areas of 100 square miles or greater, and the documented flood events have annual exceedance probabilities of less than 2 to 4 percent. This report summarizes flood-profile measurements, changes in flood-profile report content throughout the years, streams that were profiled in the reports, the occurrence of flood events profiled, and annual exceedance-probability estimates of observed flood events. To develop flood profiles for selected flood events for selected stream reaches, the U.S. Geological Survey measured high-water marks and river miles at selected locations.
\nA total of 94 stream reaches have been profiled in U.S. Geological Survey flood-profile reports. Three rivers in Iowa have been profiled along the same stream reach for five different flood events and six rivers in Iowa have been profiled along the same stream reach for four different flood events. Floods were profiled for June flood events for 18 different years, followed by July flood events for 13 years, May flood events for 11 years, and April flood events for 9 years.
\nMost of the flood-profile reports include estimates of annual exceedance probabilities of observed flood events at streamgages located along profiled stream reaches. Comparisons of 179 historic and updated annual exceedance-probability estimates indicate few differences that are considered substantial between the historic and updated estimates for the observed flood events. Overall, precise comparisons for 114 observed flood events indicate that updated annual exceedance probabilities have increased for most of the observed flood events compared to the historic annual exceedance probabilities. Multiple large flood events exceeding the 2-percent annual exceedance-probability discharge estimate occurred at 37 of 98 selected streamgages during 1960–2012. Five large flood events were recorded at two streamgages in Ames during 1990–2010 and four large flood events were recorded at four other streamgages during 1973–2010. Results of Kendall’s tau trend-analysis tests for 35 of 37 selected streamgages indicate that a statistically significant trend is not evident for the 1963–2012 period of record; nor is an overall clear positive or negative trend evident for the 37 streamgages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145085","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Transportation and the Iowa Highway Research Board (Project HR-140)","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., 2014, Summary of U.S. Geological Survey reports documenting flood profiles of streams in Iowa, 1963-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5085, Report: vii, 32 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145085.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 32 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","temporalStart":"1963-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-050920","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145085.jpg"},{"id":289057,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5085/downloads/"},{"id":289055,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5085/"},{"id":289056,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5085/pdf/sir2014-5085.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.5,40.5 ], [ -96.5,43.5 ], [ -90.0,43.5 ], [ -90.0,40.5 ], [ -96.5,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe156e4b0dad35f8e8caa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, David A. 0000-0002-2749-8959 daeash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-8959","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70100112,"text":"sir20145059 - 2014 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifer in the Pony Hollow Creek Valley, Tompkins County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-25T13:08:00","indexId":"sir20145059","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T12:57:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5059","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifer in the Pony Hollow Creek Valley, Tompkins County, New York","docAbstract":"The lithology, areal extent, and the water-table configuration in stratified-drift aquifers in the northern part of the Pony Hollow Creek valley in the Town of Newfield, New York, were mapped as part of an ongoing aquifer mapping program in Tompkins County. Surficial geologic and soil maps, well and test-boring records, light detection and ranging (lidar) data, water-level measurements, and passive-seismic surveys were used to map the aquifer geometry, construct geologic sections, and determine the depth to bedrock at selected locations throughout the valley. Additionally, water-quality samples were collected from selected streams and wells to characterize the quality of surface and groundwater in the study area.
\nSedimentary bedrock underlies the study area and is overlain by unstratified drift (till), stratified drift (glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits), and recent post glacial alluvium. The major type of unconsolidated, water-yielding material in the study area is stratified drift, which consists of glaciofluvial sand and gravel, and is present in sufficient amounts in most places to form an extensive unconfined aquifer throughout the study area, which is the source of water for most residents, farms, and businesses in the valleys.
\nA map of the water table in the unconfined aquifer was constructed by using (1) measurements made between the mid-1960s through 2010, (2) control on the altitudes of perennial streams at 10-foot contour intervals from lidar data collected by Tompkins County, and (3) water surfaces of ponds and wetlands that are hydraulically connected to the unconfined aquifer. Water-table contours indicate that the direction of groundwater flow within the stratified-drift aquifer is predominantly from the valley walls toward the streams and ponds in the central part of the valley where groundwater then flows southwestward (down valley) toward the confluence with the Cayuta Creek valley. Locally, the direction of groundwater flow is radially away from groundwater mounds that have formed beneath upland tributaries that lose water where they flow on alluvial fans on the margins of the valley. In some places, groundwater that would normally flow toward streams is intercepted by pumping wells.
\nSurface-water samples were collected in 2001 at four sites including Carter, Pony Hollow (two sites), and Chafee Creeks, and from six wells throughout the aquifer. Calcium dominates the cation composition and bicarbonate dominates the anion composition in groundwater and surface-water samples and none of the common inorganic constituents collected exceeded any Federal or State water-quality standards. Groundwater samples were collected from six wells all completed in the unconfined sand and gravel aquifer. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium dominated the ionic composition of the groundwater in all wells sampled. Nitrate, orthophosphate, and trace metals were detected in all groundwater samples, but none were more than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or New York State Department of Health regulatory limits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tompkins County Department of Planning","usgsCitation":"Bugliosi, E.F., Miller, T.S., and Reynolds, R.J., 2014, Hydrogeology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifer in the Pony Hollow Creek Valley, Tompkins County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5059, v, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145059.","productDescription":"v, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044950","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289051,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145059.jpg"},{"id":289049,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5059/"},{"id":289050,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5059/pdf/sir2014-5059.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Tompkins County","otherGeospatial":"Pony Hollow Creek Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.666667,42.166667 ], [ -76.666667,42.666667 ], [ -76.25,42.666667 ], [ -76.25,42.166667 ], [ -76.666667,42.166667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe153e4b0dad35f8e8ca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bugliosi, Edward F. ebuglios@usgs.gov","contributorId":1083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bugliosi","given":"Edward","email":"ebuglios@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard J. 0000-0001-5032-6613 rjreynol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-6613","contributorId":1082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rjreynol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073938,"text":"sir20145015 - 2014 - Spatiotemporal variations in estrogenicity, hormones, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in influents and effluents of selected wastewater-treatment plants and receiving streams in New York, 2008-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T14:03:19.085518","indexId":"sir20145015","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T12:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5015","title":"Spatiotemporal variations in estrogenicity, hormones, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in influents and effluents of selected wastewater-treatment plants and receiving streams in New York, 2008-09","docAbstract":"Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater effluents have been linked to changes in sex ratios, intersex (in males), behavioral modifications, and developmental abnormalities in aquatic organisms. Yet efforts to identify and regulate specific EDCs in complex mixtures are problematic because little is known about the estrogen activity (estrogenicity) levels of many common and emerging contaminants. The potential effects of EDCs on the water quality and health of biota in streams of the New York City water supply is especially worrisome because more than 150 wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) are permitted to discharge effluents into surface waters and groundwaters of watersheds that provide potable water to more than 9 million people. In 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), and New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP) began a pilot study to increase the understanding of estrogenicity and EDCs in effluents and receiving streams mainly in southeastern New York. The primary goals of this study were to document and assess the spatial and temporal variability of estrogenicity levels; the effectiveness of various treatment-plant types to remove estrogenicity; the concentrations of hormones, EDCs, and pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs); and the relations between estrogenicity and concentrations of hormones, EDCs, and PPCPs. The levels of estrogenicity and selected hormones, non-hormone EDCs, and PPCPs were characterized in samples collected seasonally in effluents from 7 WWTPs, once or twice in effluents from 34 WWTPs, and once in influents to 6 WWTPs. Estrogenicity was quantified, as estradiol equivalents, using both the biological e-screen assay and a chemical model. Results generally show that (1) estrogenicity levels in effluents varied spatially and seasonally, (2) a wide range of known and unknown EDCs were present in both WWTP effluents and receiving streams, (3) some effluents may be important sources of estrogenicity in weakly diluted streams, (4) measured levels of biological estrogenicity were often higher than estimated levels of chemical estrogenicity, and (5) the type of treatment had a large effect on the removal efficacy, and consequently, the estrogenicity levels observed in treated effluents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B.P., Phillips, P., Ernst, A., Gray, J.L., and Hemming, J., 2014, Spatiotemporal variations in estrogenicity, hormones, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in influents and effluents of selected wastewater-treatment plants and receiving streams in New York, 2008-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5015, Report: iv, 32 p.; Appendixes 1-2, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145015.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; Appendixes 1-2","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-040383","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145015.jpg"},{"id":289046,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5015/"},{"id":289047,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5015/pdf/sir2014-5015.pdf"},{"id":289160,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5015/appendix/appendix1.xlsx"},{"id":289161,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5015/appendix/appendix2.xlsx"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.0,41.0 ], [ -76.0,45.0 ], [ -72.0,45.0 ], [ -72.0,41.0 ], [ -76.0,41.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe155e4b0dad35f8e8ca8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ernst, Anne G.","contributorId":37825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ernst","given":"Anne G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hemming, Jocelyn","contributorId":98641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemming","given":"Jocelyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70111040,"text":"pp1804 - 2014 - Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T13:40:11.599696","indexId":"pp1804","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1804","title":"Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States","docAbstract":"This assessment was conducted to fulfill the requirements of section 712 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and to conduct a comprehensive national assessment of storage and flux (flow) of carbon and the fluxes of other greenhouse gases in ecosystems of the Eastern United States. These carbon and greenhouse gas variables were examined for major terrestrial ecosystems (forests, grasslands/shrublands, agricultural lands, and wetlands) and aquatic ecosystems (rivers, streams, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters) in the Eastern United States in two time periods: baseline (from 2001 through 2005) and future (projections from the end of the baseline through 2050). The Great Lakes were not included in this assessment due to a lack of input data. The assessment was based on measured and observed data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and many other agencies and organizations and used remote sensing, statistical methods, and simulation models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1804","issn":"2330-7102","isbn":"978-1-4113-3794-7","usgsCitation":"2014, Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1804, vi, 204 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1804.","productDescription":"vi, 204 p.","numberOfPages":"214","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045915","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1804.jpg"},{"id":289036,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1804/"},{"id":289037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1804/pdf/pp1804.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,25.0 ], [ -100.0,50.0 ], [ -65.0,50.0 ], [ -65.0,25.0 ], [ -100.0,25.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe14fe4b0dad35f8e8c9c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang zzhu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509855,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509854,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70110626,"text":"ofr20141103 - 2014 - Hydrostratigraphic interpretation of test-hole and borehole geophysical data, Kimball, Cheyenne, and Deuel Counties, Nebraska, 2011-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-25T11:49:46","indexId":"ofr20141103","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1103","title":"Hydrostratigraphic interpretation of test-hole and borehole geophysical data, Kimball, Cheyenne, and Deuel Counties, Nebraska, 2011-12","docAbstract":"Recently (2004) adopted legislation in Nebraska requires a sustainable balance between long-term supplies and uses of surface-water and groundwater and requires Natural Resources Districts to understand the effect of groundwater use on surface-water systems when developing a groundwater-management plan. The South Platte Natural Resources District (SPNRD) is located in the southern Nebraska Panhandle and overlies the nationally important High Plains aquifer. Declines in water levels have been documented, and more stringent regulations have been enacted to ensure the supply of ground-water will be sufficient to meet the needs of future generations. Because an improved understanding of the hydrogeologic characteristics of this aquifer system is needed to ensure sustainability of groundwater withdrawals, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the SPNRD, Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and the Nebraska Environmental Trust, began a hydrogeologic study of the SPNRD to describe the lithology and thickness of the High Plains aquifer. This report documents these characteristics at 29 new test holes, 28 of which were drilled to the base of the High Plains aquifer.
\nHerein the High Plains aquifer is considered to include all hydrologically connected units of Tertiary and Quaternary age. The depth to the base of aquifer was interpreted to range from 37 to 610 feet in 28 of the 29 test holes. At some locations, particularly northern Kimball County, the base-of-aquifer surface was difficult to interpret from drill cutting samples and borehole geophysical logs. The depth to the base of aquifer determined for test holes drilled for this report was compared with the base-of-aquifer surface interpreted by previous researchers. In general, there were greater differences between the base-of-aquifer elevation reported herein and those in previous studies for areas north of Lodgepole Creek compared to areas south of Lodgepole Creek. The largest difference was at test hole 5-SP-11, where an Ogallala-filled paleovalley prevously had been interpreted based on relatively sparse test-hole data west of 5-SP-11. The base of aquifer near test hole 5-SP-11 reported herein is approximately 230 ft higher in elevation than previously interpreted. Among other test holes that are likely to have been drilled in Ogallala-filled paleovalleys, the greatest difference in the interpreted base of aquifer was for test hole 7-CC-11, northeast of Potter, Nebraska, where the base of aquifer is 180 feet deeper than previously interpreted.
\nInterpretation of test-hole and borehole geophysical data for 29 additional test holes will improve resource managers’ understanding of the hydrogeologic characteristics, including aquifer thickness. Aquifer thickness, which is related to total water in storage, is not well quantified in the north and south tablelands. The additional hydrostratigraphic interpretations provided in this report will improve the hydrogeologic framework used in current (2014) and future groundwater models, which are the basis for many water-management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Platte Natural Resources District, Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and the Nebraska Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Hobza, C.M., and Sibray, S.S., 2014, Hydrostratigraphic interpretation of test-hole and borehole geophysical data, Kimball, Cheyenne, and Deuel Counties, Nebraska, 2011-12: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1103, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141103.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054067","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289044,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1103/pdf/ofr2014-1103.pdf"},{"id":289045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141103.jpg"},{"id":289043,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1103/"}],"scale":"750000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0,41.0 ], [ -104.0,41.5 ], [ -102.0,41.5 ], [ -102.0,41.0 ], [ -104.0,41.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe154e4b0dad35f8e8ca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobza, Christopher M. 0000-0002-6239-934X cmhobza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-934X","contributorId":2393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobza","given":"Christopher","email":"cmhobza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sibray, Steven S.","contributorId":88589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibray","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70103478,"text":"fs20143045 - 2014 - Hydrogeologic aspects of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-24T21:18:45.660514","indexId":"fs20143045","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T09:46:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3045","title":"Hydrogeologic aspects of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer is the primary source of potable water for the San Antonio area in south-central Texas. The Knippa Gap area is a structural low (trough) postulated to channel or restrict flow in the Edwards aquifer in eastern Uvalde and western Medina Counties, Tex. To better understand the function of the Knippa Gap, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, developed the first detailed surficial geologic map of the Knippa Gap area with data and information obtained from previous investigations and field observations. A simplified version of the detailed geologic map depicting the hydrologic units, faulting, and structural dips of the Knippa Gap area is provided in this fact sheet. The map shows that groundwater flow in the Edwards aquifer is influenced by the Balcones Fault Zone, a structurally complex area of the aquifer that contains relay ramps that have formed in extensional fault systems and allowed for deformational changes along fault blocks. Faulting in southeast Uvalde and southwest Medina Counties has produced relay-ramp structures that dip downgradient to the structural low (trough) of the Knippa Gap.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lambert, R.B., Clark, A.K., Pedraza, D.E., and Morris, R., 2014, Hydrogeologic aspects of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3045, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143045.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055858","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3045/pdf/fs2014-3045.pdf"},{"id":289039,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3045/"},{"id":289041,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143045.jpg"},{"id":505881,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_100288.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Medina County, Uvalde County","otherGeospatial":"Knippa Gap","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,29.0 ], [ -100.0,29.5 ], [ -98.25,29.5 ], [ -98.25,29.0 ], [ -100.0,29.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe153e4b0dad35f8e8ca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, Rebecca B. 0000-0002-0611-1591 blambert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-1591","contributorId":1135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Rebecca","email":"blambert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Allan K. 0000-0003-0099-1521 akclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1521","contributorId":1279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allan","email":"akclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pedraza, Diana E. 0000-0003-4483-8094 dpedraza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4483-8094","contributorId":1281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pedraza","given":"Diana","email":"dpedraza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, Robert R. 0000-0001-7504-3732","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7504-3732","contributorId":106213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70114226,"text":"ofr20141102 - 2014 - Hydrologic data for the Obed River watershed, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-24T15:09:23","indexId":"ofr20141102","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-24T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1102","title":"Hydrologic data for the Obed River watershed, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The Obed River watershed drains a 520-square-mile area of the Cumberland Plateau physiographic region in the Tennessee River basin. The watershed is underlain by conglomerate, sandstone, and shale of Pennsylvanian age, which overlie Mississippian-age limestone. The larger creeks and rivers of the Obed River system have eroded gorges through the conglomerate and sandstone into the deeper shale. The largest gorges are up to 400 feet deep and are protected by the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act as part of the Obed Wild and Scenic River, which is managed by the National Park Service.
\nThe growing communities of Crossville and Crab Orchard, Tennessee, are located upstream of the gorge areas of the Obed River watershed. The cities used about 5.8 million gallons of water per day for drinking water in 2010 from Lake Holiday and Stone Lake in the Obed River watershed and Meadow Park Lake in the Caney Fork River watershed. The city of Crossville operates a wastewater treatment plant that releases an annual average of about 2.2 million gallons per day of treated effluent to the Obed River, representing as much as 10 to 40 percent of the monthly average streamflow of the Obed River near Lancing about 35 miles downstream, during summer and fall. During the past 50 years (1960–2010), several dozen tributary impoundments and more than 2,000 small farm ponds have been constructed in the Obed River watershed. Synoptic streamflow measurements indicate a tendency towards dampened high flows and slightly increased low flows as the percentage of basin area controlled by impoundments increases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Wolfe, W., and Law, G.S., 2014, Hydrologic data for the Obed River watershed, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1102, v, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141102.","productDescription":"v, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025047","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141102.jpg"},{"id":289026,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1102/"},{"id":289027,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1102/pdf/ofr2014-1102.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Obed River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.158333,34.875 ], [ -85.158333,37.125 ], [ -84.625,37.125 ], [ -84.625,34.875 ], [ -85.158333,34.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa8fd2e4b065055fab1659","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Rodney R. rrknight@usgs.gov","contributorId":2272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Rodney R.","email":"rrknight@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, William J. wjwolfe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"William J.","email":"wjwolfe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Law, George S. gslaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"George","email":"gslaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70111229,"text":"ofr20141110 - 2014 - Estuarine monitoring programs in the Albemarle Sound study area, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:46:12","indexId":"ofr20141110","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-24T10:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1110","title":"Estuarine monitoring programs in the Albemarle Sound study area, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Albemarle Sound was selected in 2012 as one of the two demonstration sites in the Nation to test and improve the design of the National Water Quality Monitoring Council’s National Monitoring Network (NMN) for U.S. Coastal Waters and their tributaries. The goal of the NMN for U.S. coastal waters and tributaries is to provide information about the health of our oceans and coastal ecosystems and inland influences on coastal waters for improved resource management. The NMN is an integrated, multidisciplinary, and multiorganizational program using multiple sources of data and information to augment current monitoring programs.
\n\n
The purpose of this report is to identify major natural resource management issues for the region, provide information on current monitoring activities occurring within the Albemarle Sound study area, determine how the current monitoring network fits into the design of the NMN, and determine what additional monitoring data are needed to address these issues. In order to address these questions, a shapefile and data table were created to document monitoring and research programs in the Albemarle Sound study area with an emphasis on current monitoring programs within the region. This database was queried to determine monitoring gaps that existed in the Albemarle Sound by comparing current monitoring programs with the design indicated by the NMN. The report uses this information to provide recommendations on how monitoring could be improved in the Albemarle Sound study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S, Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141110","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with the Albemarle-Pamlico National Estuarine Program as part of the National Monitoring Network for U.S. Coastal Waters and their Tributaries","usgsCitation":"Moorman, M., Kolb, K.R., and Supak, S., 2014, Estuarine monitoring programs in the Albemarle Sound study area, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1110, Report: ix, 38 p.; AlbeMonTable2013; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141110.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 38 p.; AlbeMonTable2013; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055470","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141110.jpg"},{"id":289015,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1110/pdf/ofr2014-1110.pdf"},{"id":289016,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1110/table/ofr2014-1110_table2013-AlbeMon.xlsx"},{"id":289017,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1110/downloads"},{"id":289018,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1110/"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albemarle Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.0,34.75 ], [ -78.0,37.5 ], [ -75.0,37.5 ], [ -75.0,34.75 ], [ -78.0,34.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa8fcfe4b065055fab1655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moorman, Michelle","contributorId":60329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moorman","given":"Michelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolb, Katharine R. 0000-0002-1663-1662 kkolb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-1662","contributorId":16299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolb","given":"Katharine","email":"kkolb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Supak, Stacy","contributorId":9579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Supak","given":"Stacy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70107417,"text":"fs20143050 - 2014 - Using state-of-the-art technology to evaluate saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer of Miami-Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-24T21:22:40.550038","indexId":"fs20143050","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T16:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3050","title":"Using state-of-the-art technology to evaluate saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer of Miami-Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"The fresh groundwater supplies of many communities have been adversely affected or limited by saltwater intrusion. An insufficient understanding of the origin of intruded saltwater may lead to inefficient or ineffective water-resource management. A 2008–2012 cooperative U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Miami-Dade County study of saltwater intrusion describes state-of-the art technology used to evaluate the origin and distribution of this saltwater.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143050","issn":"2327-6932","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Miami-Dade County","usgsCitation":"Prinos, S.T., 2014, Using state-of-the-art technology to evaluate saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer of Miami-Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3050, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143050.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049448","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3050/pdf/fs2014-3050.pdf"},{"id":289012,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3050/"},{"id":289014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143050.jpg"},{"id":505883,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_100289.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.666667,25.333333 ], [ -80.666667,26.0 ], [ -80.166667,26.0 ], [ -80.166667,25.333333 ], [ -80.666667,25.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e52e4b0f1f8e2fa8652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prinos, Scott T. 0000-0002-5776-8956 stprinos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-8956","contributorId":4045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"Scott","email":"stprinos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70114060,"text":"70114060 - 2014 - Soil fluxes of methane, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide from aggrading forests in coastal Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-24T17:34:30","indexId":"70114060","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T15:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3416,"text":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil fluxes of methane, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide from aggrading forests in coastal Oregon","docAbstract":"Soil exchanges of greenhouse and other gases are poorly known for Pacific Northwest forests where gradients in nutrient availability and soil moisture may contribute to large variations in fluxes. Here we report fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxide (NO) over multiple seasons from three naturally N-rich, aggrading forests of coastal Oregon, USA. Mean methane uptake rates (3.2 mg CH4 m−2 d−1) were high compared with forests globally, negatively related to water-filled pore space (WFPS), but unrelated to N availability or temperature. Emissions of NO (6.0 μg NO–N m−2 h−1) exceeded N2O (1.4 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1), except when WFPS surpassed 55%. Spatial variation in NO fluxes correlated positively with soil nitrate concentrations (which generally exceeded ammonium concentrations, indicating the overall high N status for the sites) and negatively with soil pH, and at one site increased with basal area of N2-fixing red alder. Combined NO and N2O emissions were greatest from the site with highest annual net N mineralization and lowest needle litterfall C/N. Our findings of high CH4 uptake and NO/N2O ratios generally >1 most likely reflect the high porosity of the andic soils underlying the widespread regenerating forests in this seasonally wet region.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.024","usgsCitation":"Erickson, H.E., and Perakis, S., 2014, Soil fluxes of methane, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide from aggrading forests in coastal Oregon: Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 76, p. 268-277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.024.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-024818","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Northwest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,41.99 ], [ -124.61,46.29 ], [ -119.93,46.29 ], [ -119.93,41.99 ], [ -124.61,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e52e4b0f1f8e2fa8650","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erickson, Heather E.","contributorId":10725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perakis, Steven S. 0000-0003-0703-9314","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-9314","contributorId":16797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"Steven S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70104184,"text":"sir20145082 - 2014 - Evaluation of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 2010-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-23T13:19:50","indexId":"sir20145082","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T13:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5082","title":"Evaluation of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 2010-13","docAbstract":"Streamflows, springs, and wetlands are important natural and cultural resources to the Caddo Nation. Consequently, the Caddo Nation is concerned about the vulnerability of the Rush Springs aquifer to overdrafting and whether the aquifer will continue to be a viable source of water to tribal members and other local residents in the future. Interest in the long-term viability of local water resources has resulted in ongoing development of a comprehensive water plan by the Caddo Nation. As part of a multiyear project with the Caddo Nation to provide information and tools to better manage and protect water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey studied the hydraulic connection between the Rush Springs aquifer and springs and streams overlying the aquifer.
\nThe Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area is located in southwestern Oklahoma, primarily in Caddo County. Underlying the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area is the Permian-age Rush Springs aquifer. Water from the Rush Springs aquifer is used for irrigation, public, livestock and aquaculture, and other supply purposes. Groundwater from the Rush Springs aquifer also is withdrawn by domestic (self-supplied) wells, although domestic use was not included in the water-use summary in this report. Perennial streamflow in many streams and creeks overlying the Rush Springs aquifer, such as Cobb Creek, Lake Creek, and Willow Creek, originates from springs and seeps discharging from the aquifer.
\nThis report provides information on the evaluation of groundwater and surface-water resources in the Caddo Nation Jurisdictional Area, and in particular, information that describes the hydraulic connection between the Rush Springs aquifer and springs and streams overlying the aquifer. This report also includes data and analyses of base flow, evidence for groundwater and surface-water interactions, locations of springs and wetland areas, groundwater flows interpreted from potentiometric-surface maps, and hydrographs of water levels monitored in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area from 2010 to 2013.
\nFlow in streams overlying the Rush Springs aquifer, on average, were composed of 50 percent base flow in most years. Monthly mean base flow appeared to maintain streamflows throughout each year, but periods of zero flow were documented in daily hydrographs at each measured site, typically in the summer months.
\nA pneumatic slug-test technique was used at 15 sites to determine the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments in streams overlying the Rush Springs aquifer. Converting horizontal hydraulic conductivities (Kh) from the slug-test analyses to vertical hydraulic conductivities (Kv) by using a ratio of Kv/Kh = 0.1 resulted in estimates of vertical streambed hydraulic conductivity ranging from 0.1 to 8.6 feet per day. Data obtained from a hydraulic potentiomanometer in streambed sediments and streams in August 2012 indicate that water flow was from the streambed sediments to the stream (gaining) at 6 of 15 sites, and that water flow was from the stream to the streambed sediments (losing) at 9 of 15 sites.
\nThe groundwater and surface-water interaction data collected at the Cobb Creek near Eakly, Okla., streamflow gaging station (07325800), indicate that the bedrock groundwater, alluvial groundwater, and surface-water resources are closely connected. Because of this hydrologic connection, large perennial streams in the study area may change from gaining to losing streams in the summer. The timing and severity of this change from a gaining to a losing condition probably is affected by the local or regional withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation in the summer growing season. Wells placed closer to streams have a greater and more immediate effect on alluvial groundwater levels and stream stages than wells placed farther from streams. Large-capacity irrigation wells, even those completed hundreds of feet below land surface in the bedrock aquifer, can induce surface-water flow from nearby streams by lowering alluvial groundwater levels below the stream altitude.
\nTwenty-five new springs visible from public roads and paths were documented during a survey of springs in 2011. Most of the springs are in upland draws on the flanks of topographic ridges. Wetlands primarily were identified by using a combination of data sources including the National Wetlands Inventory, Soil Survey Geographic database frequently flooded soils maps, and aerial photographs.
\nRegional flow directions were determined by analysis of water levels measured in 29 wells completed in the Rush 2 Springs aquifer in Caddo County and the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area. Water levels were monitored every 30 minutes in five wells by using a vented pressure transducer and a data-collection platform with real-time transmitting equipment in each well. Those five wells ranged in depth from 210 to 350 feet. Water levels in these five wells indicate that there was a decrease in water storage in the Rush Springs aquifer from October 2010 to June 2013.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145082","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Caddo Nation, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Mashburn, S.L., and Smith, S.J., 2014, Evaluation of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 2010-13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5082, ix, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145082.","productDescription":"ix, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050683","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145082.jpg"},{"id":289004,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5082/"},{"id":289006,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5082/pdf/sir2014-5082.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Caddo County","otherGeospatial":"Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.8,34.994 ], [ -98.8,35.7978 ], [ -97.8003,35.7978 ], [ -97.8003,34.994 ], [ -98.8,34.994 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e51e4b0f1f8e2fa864c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mashburn, Shana L. 0000-0001-5163-778X shanam@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-778X","contributorId":2140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashburn","given":"Shana","email":"shanam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S. Jerrod 0000-0002-9379-8167 sjsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-8167","contributorId":981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"sjsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jerrod","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70105048,"text":"sir20145096 - 2014 - Contaminants of emerging concern in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota, 2009-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-11T10:29:46","indexId":"sir20145096","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T13:04:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5096","title":"Contaminants of emerging concern in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota, 2009-12","docAbstract":"A study of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. For this study, water samples were collected from November 2009 through June 2012 from 118 wells located in different land-use settings. The sampled wells primarily were screened in vulnerable sand and gravel aquifers (surficial and buried glacial aquifers) or vulnerable bedrock aquifers such as the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. Sampled well depths ranged from 9 to 285 feet below land surface. Water samples were collected by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency staff. The water samples were analyzed at U.S. Geological Survey laboratories for steroidal hormones, human-use pharmaceutical compounds, human- and animal-use antibiotics, and a broad suite of organic chemicals associated with wastewater. Reported detections were censored and not counted as detections in the data analyses if the chemical was detected in a laboratory or field blank at a similar concentration.
\n\n
During this study, 38 out of 127 CECs analyzed were detected among all water samples collected. Three of the detected CECs, however, were analyzed using two different analytical methods, so 35 distinct chemicals were detected. The number of detections of CECs in individual water samples ranged from 0 to 10. The three wells in proximity to landfills had the most CEC detections. One or more CECs were detected in a total of 43 samples (35 percent); no CECs were detected in 80 samples.
\n\n
Of the 127 CECs included for analysis in this study, 28 have established enforceable or non-enforceable health-based water-quality standards or benchmarks. Fourteen of the 35 chemicals detected in this study have established water-quality standards, whereas 21 of the chemicals detected have no established standard or benchmark. All detections in this study were less than established health-based water-quality standards, although p-cresol was detected at a concentration nearing a health-based water quality standard. Four of the six most frequently detected chemicals—azithromycin, diphenhydramine, tributyl phosphate, and lincomycin—have no health-based water-quality standards or benchmarks.
\n\n
The antibiotic sulfamethoxazole was the most frequently detected CEC, detected in a total of 14 of 123 samples (11.4 percent) by one or both analytical methods that include sulfamethoxazole as an analyte. Most (11 of 14, or 79 percent) of the detections of sulfamethoxazole were in samples from domestic wells or monitoring wells located in areas where septic systems or potentially leaking centralized sewers are prevalent. The chemical N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) was detected at the highest concentration of any CEC, at 7.9 micrograms per liter. Bisphenol A was detected second most frequently of all chemicals. DEET and Bisphenol A were detected most frequently in wells in proximity to closed landfills. Samples from bedrock wells, most of which are drinking water wells that are deeper than glacial wells, had a higher percentage of wells with CEC detections compared to samples from wells completed in glacial aquifers. The higher dissolved oxygen concentrations and lower specific conductance for the bedrock wells sampled indicate shorter duration flow paths from the land surface to these wells than for wells completed in glacial aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Erickson, M., Langer, S.K., Roth, J.L., and Kroening, S.E., 2014, Contaminants of emerging concern in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota, 2009-12 (Version 1: Originally posted June, 2014; Version. 1.2, September, 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5096, Report: vii, 38 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145096.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 38 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-042339","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145096.jpg"},{"id":289003,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5096/"},{"id":298417,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5096/pdf/sir2014-5096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298418,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5096/downloads/appendix_tables.xls","text":"Appendix","size":"357 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix","linkHelpText":"Appendix tables 1–1 through 1–5"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.0,43.0 ], [ -98.0,49.5 ], [ -90.0,49.5 ], [ -90.0,43.0 ], [ -98.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted June, 2014; Version. 1.2, September, 2014","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e50e4b0f1f8e2fa864a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erickson, Melinda L. 0000-0002-1117-2866 merickso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-2866","contributorId":3671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Melinda L.","email":"merickso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, Susan K. slanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":107824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"Susan","email":"slanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roth, Jason L. 0000-0001-5440-2775 jroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-2775","contributorId":4789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Jason","email":"jroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kroening, Sharon E.","contributorId":67868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70113713,"text":"70113713 - 2014 - Assessing and addressing the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: central basin hypoxia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-23T10:02:11","indexId":"70113713","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T09:54:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing and addressing the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: central basin hypoxia","docAbstract":"Relieving phosphorus loading is a key management tool for controlling Lake Erie eutrophication. During the 1960s and 1970s, increased phosphorus inputs degraded water quality and reduced central basin hypolimnetic oxygen levels which, in turn, eliminated thermal habitat vital to cold-water organisms and contributed to the extirpation of important benthic macroinvertebrate prey species for fishes. In response to load reductions initiated in 1972, Lake Erie responded quickly with reduced water-column phosphorus concentrations, phytoplankton biomass, and bottom-water hypoxia (dissolved oxygen < 2 mg/l). Since the mid-1990s, cyanobacteria blooms increased and extensive hypoxia and benthic algae returned. We synthesize recent research leading to guidance for addressing this re-eutrophication, with particular emphasis on central basin hypoxia. We document recent trends in key eutrophication-related properties, assess their likely ecological impacts, and develop load response curves to guide revised hypoxia-based loading targets called for in the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Reducing central basin hypoxic area to levels observed in the early 1990s (ca. 2000 km2) requires cutting total phosphorus loads by 46% from the 2003–2011 average or reducing dissolved reactive phosphorus loads by 78% from the 2005–2011 average. Reductions to these levels are also protective of fish habitat. We provide potential approaches for achieving those new loading targets, and suggest that recent load reduction recommendations focused on western basin cyanobacteria blooms may not be sufficient to reduce central basin hypoxia to 2000 km2.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.004","usgsCitation":"Scavia, D., Allan, J., Arend, K.K., Bartell, S., Beletsky, D., Bosch, N.S., Brandt, S.B., Briland, R.D., Daloglu, I., DePinto, J.V., Dolan, D.M., Evans, M., Farmer, T.M., Goto, D., Han, H., Hook, T.O., Knight, R., Ludsin, S.A., Mason, D., Michalak, A.M., Richards, R.P., Roberts, J., Rucinski, D.K., Rutherford, E., Schwab, D.J., Sesterhenn, T.M., Zhang, H., and Zhou, Y., 2014, Assessing and addressing the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: central basin hypoxia: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 40, no. 2, p. 226-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.004.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"21","ipdsId":"IP-051659","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":288997,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288996,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.004"}],"country":"Canada;United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes;Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.98,39.99 ], [ -85.98,44.31 ], [ -77.46,44.31 ], [ -77.46,39.99 ], [ -85.98,39.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e4fe4b0f1f8e2fa8648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scavia, Donald","contributorId":19068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scavia","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allan, J. David","contributorId":17918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allan","given":"J. 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Peter","contributorId":25871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Roberts, James J. 0000-0002-4193-610X jroberts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-610X","contributorId":5453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"James","email":"jroberts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Rucinski, Daniel K.","contributorId":102801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucinski","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Rutherford, Edward","contributorId":74682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Schwab, David J.","contributorId":71892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Sesterhenn, Timothy M.","contributorId":36466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sesterhenn","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Zhang, Hongyan","contributorId":66153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongyan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Zhou, Yuntao","contributorId":54891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"Yuntao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28}]}} ,{"id":70103858,"text":"sir20135074 - 2014 - Water quality at a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1993-1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-23T08:33:13","indexId":"sir20135074","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T08:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5074","title":"Water quality at a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1993-1999","docAbstract":"The Metro Wastewater Reclamation District (Metro District) in Denver, Colo., applied biosolids resulting from municipal sewage treatment to farmland in eastern Colorado beginning in December 1993. In mid-1993, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Metro District began monitoring water quality at the biosolids-application area about 10 miles east of Deer Trail, Colo., to evaluate baseline water quality and the combined effects of natural processes, land uses, and biosolids applications on water quality of the biosolids application area. Water quality was characterized by baseline and post-biosolids-application sampling for selected inorganic and bacteriological constituents during 1993 through 1998, with some additional specialized sampling in 1999. The study included limited sampling of surface water and the unsaturated zone, but primarily focused on groundwater. See report for complete abstract.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District","usgsCitation":"Yager, T., 2014, Water quality at a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1993-1999: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5074, vi, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135074.","productDescription":"vi, 124 p.","numberOfPages":"134","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-037484","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288992,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5074/pdf/sir2013-5074.pdf"},{"id":288991,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5074/"},{"id":288993,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135074.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Deer Trail","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.3616,38.6018 ], [ -105.3616,40.5054 ], [ -103.0023,40.5054 ], [ -103.0023,38.6018 ], [ -105.3616,38.6018 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e53e4b0f1f8e2fa8656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Tracy J.B.","contributorId":10861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Tracy J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70102278,"text":"sir20145066 - 2014 - Water quality and algal community dynamics of three deepwater lakes in Minnesota utilizing CE-QUAL-W2 models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T08:26:05","indexId":"sir20145066","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-20T08:12:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5066","title":"Water quality and algal community dynamics of three deepwater lakes in Minnesota utilizing CE-QUAL-W2 models","docAbstract":"Water quality, habitat, and fish in Minnesota lakes will potentially be facing substantial levels of stress in the coming decades primarily because of two stressors: (1) land-use change (urban and agricultural) and (2) climate change. Several regional and statewide lake modeling studies have identified the potential linkages between land-use and climate change on reductions in the volume of suitable lake habitat for coldwater fish populations. In recent years, water-resource scientists have been making the case for focused assessments and monitoring of sentinel systems to address how these stress agents change lakes over the long term. Currently in Minnesota, a large-scale effort called “Sustaining Lakes in a Changing Environment” is underway that includes a focus on monitoring basic watershed, water quality, habitat, and fish indicators of 24 Minnesota sentinel lakes across a gradient of ecoregions, depths, and nutrient levels. As part of this effort, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, developed predictive water quality models to assess water quality and habitat dynamics of three select deepwater lakes in Minnesota. The three lakes (Lake Carlos in Douglas County, Elk Lake in Clearwater County, and Trout Lake in Cook County) were assessed under recent (2010–11) meteorological conditions. The three selected lakes contain deep, coldwater habitats that remain viable during the summer months for coldwater fish species.
\nHydrodynamics and water-quality characteristics for each of the three lakes were simulated using the CE-QUAL-W2 model, which is a carbon-based, laterally averaged, two-dimensional water-quality model. The CE-QUAL-W2 models address the interaction between nutrient cycling, primary production, and trophic dynamics to predict responses in the distribution of temperature and oxygen in lakes.
\nThe CE-QUAL-W2 models for all three lakes successfully predicted water temperature, on the basis of the two metrics of absolute mean error and root mean square error, using measured inputs of water temperature and nutrients. One of the main calibration tools for CE-QUAL-W2 model development was the vertical profile temperature data, available for all three lakes. For all three lakes, the absolute mean error and root mean square error were less than 1.0 degree Celsius and 1.2 degrees Celsius, respectively, for the different depth ranges used for vertical profile comparisons. In Lake Carlos, simulated water temperatures compared better to measured water temperatures in the epilimnion than in the hypolimnion. The reverse was true for the other two lakes, Elk Lake and Trout Lake, where the simulated results were slightly better for the hypolimnion than the epilimnion. The model also was used to approximate the location of the thermocline throughout the simulation periods, approximately April to November, in all three lake models. Deviations between the simulated and measured water temperatures in the vertical lake profile commonly were because of an offset in the timing of thermocline shifts rather than the simulated results missing thermocline shifts altogether.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Smith, E.A., Kiesling, R.L., Galloway, J.M., and Ziegeweid, J.R., 2014, Water quality and algal community dynamics of three deepwater lakes in Minnesota utilizing CE-QUAL-W2 models: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5066, xi, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145066.","productDescription":"xi, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-016416","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145066.jpg"},{"id":288939,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5066/"},{"id":288944,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5066/pdf/sir2014-5066.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 15 North","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.426,43.3158 ], [ -97.426,49.4915 ], [ -89.2941,49.4915 ], [ -89.2941,43.3158 ], [ -97.426,43.3158 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae78a3e4b0abf75cf2dc0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Erik A. 0000-0001-8434-0798 easmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-0798","contributorId":1405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Erik","email":"easmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiesling, Richard L. 0000-0002-3017-1826 kiesling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3017-1826","contributorId":1837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiesling","given":"Richard","email":"kiesling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ziegeweid, Jeffrey R. 0000-0001-7797-3044 jrziege@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-3044","contributorId":4166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegeweid","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrziege@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70113339,"text":"70113339 - 2014 - Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and azaarenes in runoff from coal-tar- and asphalt-sealcoated pavement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T15:48:19","indexId":"70113339","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-19T15:46:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and azaarenes in runoff from coal-tar- and asphalt-sealcoated pavement","docAbstract":"Coal-tar-based sealcoat, used extensively on parking lots and driveways in North America, is a potent source of PAHs. We investigated how concentrations and assemblages of PAHs and azaarenes in runoff from pavement newly sealed with coal-tar-based (CT) or asphalt-based (AS) sealcoat changed over time. Samples of simulated runoff were collected from pavement 5 h to 111 d following application of AS or CT sealcoat. Concentrations of the sum of 16 PAHs (median concentrations of 328 and 35 μg/L for CT and AS runoff, respectively) in runoff varied relatively little, but rapid decreases in concentrations of azaarenes and low molecular weight PAHs were offset by increases in high molecular weight PAHs. The results demonstrate that runoff from CT-sealcoated pavement, in particular, continues to contain elevated concentrations of PAHs long after a 24-h curing time, with implications for the fate, transport, and ecotoxicological effects of contaminants in runoff from CT-sealcoated pavement.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.008","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., Van Metre, P., and Foreman, W., 2014, Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and azaarenes in runoff from coal-tar- and asphalt-sealcoated pavement: Environmental Pollution, v. 188, p. 81-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.008.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-053111","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288930,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.008"}],"volume":"188","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae765ee4b0abf75cf2bf49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70098933,"text":"ofr20141061 - 2014 - Particle-tracking investigation of the retention of sucker larvae emerging from spawning grounds in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T13:11:03","indexId":"ofr20141061","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-19T12:56:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1061","title":"Particle-tracking investigation of the retention of sucker larvae emerging from spawning grounds in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"This study had two objectives: (1) to use the results of an individual-based particle-tracking model of larval sucker dispersal through the Williamson River delta and Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, to interpret field data collected throughout Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, and (2) to use the model to investigate the retention of sucker larvae in the system as a function of Williamson River flow, wind, and lake elevation. This is a follow-up study to work reported in Wood and others (2014) in which the hydrodynamic model of Upper Klamath Lake was combined with an individual-based, particle-tracking model of larval fish entering the lake from spawning areas in the Williamson River. In the previous study, the performance of the model was evaluated through comparison with field data comprising larval sucker distribution collected in 2009 by The Nature Conservancy, Oregon State University (OSU), and the U.S. Geological Survey, primarily from the (at that time) recently reconnected Williamson River Delta and along the eastern shoreline of Upper Klamath Lake, surrounding the old river mouth. The previous study demonstrated that the validation of the model with field data was moderately successful and that the model was useful for describing the broad patterns of larval dispersal from the river, at least in the areas surrounding the river channel immediately downstream of the spawning areas and along the shoreline where larvae enter the lake.
\nIn this study, field data collected by OSU throughout the main body of Upper Klamath Lake, and not just around the Williamson River Delta, were compared to model simulation results. Because the field data were collected throughout the lake, it was necessary to include in the simulations larvae spawned at eastern shoreline springs that were not included in the earlier studies. A complicating factor was that the OSU collected data throughout the main body of the lake in 2011 and 2012, after the end of several years of larval drift collection in the Williamson River by the U.S. Geological Survey. Those larval drift data provided necessary boundary-condition information for the earlier studies, but there were no measured boundary conditions for larval input into model simulations during the years of this study (2011−12). Therefore, we developed a method to estimate a time series of larval drift in the Williamson River, and of the emergence of larvae from the gravel at the eastern shoreline springs, that captured the approximate timing of the larval pulse of the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) and the relative magnitude of the pulses by species and spawning location. The method is not able to predict larval drift on any given day, but it can reasonably predict the approximate temporal progression of the larval drift through the season, based on counts of adult suckers returning to spawn. The accuracy in the timing of the larval pulses is not better than about plus or minus 5 days.
\nModel results and field data were consistent in the basic progression of both catch per unit effort (CPUE) and larval length through time. The model simulation results also duplicated some of the characteristics of the spatial patterns of density in the field data, notably the tendency for high larval densities closer to the eastern and western shorelines. However, the model simulations could not explain high densities in the northern part of the lake or far into Ball Bay, locations that are far from the source of larvae in the Williamson River or eastern shoreline springs (as measured along the predominant transport pathways simulated in the model). This suggests the possibility of unaccounted-for spawning areas in the northern part of the lake and also that the period during which larvae are transported passively by the currents is shorter than the 46 days simulated in the model. Similarly, the progression of larval lengths in the field data is not a simple progression from smaller to larger fish away from sources in the river and springs, as simulated by the particle-tracking model; the smallest fish were caught at different times near the Williamson River, in the northwestern part of the lake, and in the southernmost part of the lake. This again suggests that fish may be spawning at places other than the river and eastern springs, that our understanding of larval transport is incomplete, or both.
\nThe model was used to run 96 numerical “experiments” in which lake elevation, river discharge, and wind forcing were varied systematically in order to investigate the sensitivity of particle retention to each variable, and with particular emphasis on the idea of managing lake elevation to control emigration. The estimates of particle retention cannot be equated directly to retention of fish larvae, primarily because there was no mortality included in the simulations, but the relative comparison of retention and emigration around the matrix of experimental conditions provided several “big picture” results:
\n - Variables that cannot be controlled—winds and discharge—had the largest effect on retention. For example, at the lowest river discharge (20 cubic meters per second), simulated retention was high regardless of wind or lake elevation, whereas at the highest river discharge (100 cubic meters per second), retention was low regardless of wind or lake elevation.
\n - When river discharge and wind were held constant, a higher elevation delayed the onset of the most rapid exit of particles by 1 (from the springs) to 4 (from the river) days, but did not determine overall retention. Only under the combination of conditions consisting of low discharge (50 cubic meters per second or less) and strong wind reversals for several days was there a consistent effect of lake elevation on overall retention several weeks into the simulation, and, under those conditions, retention was at the high end of the possible range regardless of lake elevation.
\n - Under most combinations of conditions tested, after particles had been in the system for several days, the complex interaction between wind, elevation, and river discharge resulted in particle pathways, and therefore retention, being highly variable and unpredictable, at which point controlling lake elevation could not produce a predictable result. Therefore, on the basis of the model predictions, managing lake elevation probably is not a way to reliably provide any particular level of retention.
Recently, effects of lakes and reservoirs on river nutrient export have been incorporated into landscape biogeochemical models. Because annual export varies with precipitation, there is a need to examine the biogeochemical role of lakes and reservoirs over time frames that incorporate interannual variability in precipitation. We examined long-term (~20 years) time series of river export (annual mass yield, Y, and flow-weighted mean annual concentration, C) for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended sediment (TSS) from 54 catchments in Wisconsin, USA. Catchments were classified as small agricultural, large agricultural, and forested by use of a cluster analysis, and these varied in lentic coverage (percentage of catchment lake or reservoir water that was connected to river network). Mean annual export and interannual variability (CV) of export (for both Y and C) were higher in agricultural catchments relative to forested catchments for TP, TN, and TSS. In both agricultural and forested settings, mean and maximum annual TN yields were lower in the presence of lakes and reservoirs, suggesting lentic denitrification or N burial. There was also evidence of long-term lentic TP and TSS retention, especially when viewed in terms of maximum annual yield, suggesting sedimentation during high loading years. Lentic catchments had lower interannual variability in export. For TP and TSS, interannual variability in mass yield was often >50% higher than interannual variability in water yield, whereas TN variability more closely followed water (discharge) variability. Our results indicate that long-term mass export through rivers depends on interacting terrestrial, aquatic, and meteorological factors in which the presence of lakes and reservoirs can reduce the magnitude of export, stabilize interannual variability in export, as well as introduce export time lags.
","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","doi":"10.1002/hyp.10083","usgsCitation":"Powers, S.M., Robertson, D.M., and Stanley, E.H., 2014, Effects of lakes and reservoirs on annual river nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export in agricultural and forested landscapes: Hydrological Processes, v. 28, no. 24, p. 5919-5937, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10083.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"5919","endPage":"5937","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050925","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288913,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10083"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.89,42.49 ], [ -92.89,47.08 ], [ -86.76,47.08 ], [ -86.76,42.49 ], [ -92.89,42.49 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"28","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7698e4b0abf75cf2bfbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Stephen M.","contributorId":35238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powers","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, Emily H.","contributorId":55725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanley","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":495047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70104185,"text":"sir20145078 - 2014 - Estimation of flood discharges at selected annual exceedance probabilities for unregulated, rural streams in Vermont, with a section on Vermont regional skew regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T11:15:42","indexId":"sir20145078","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-19T11:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5078","title":"Estimation of flood discharges at selected annual exceedance probabilities for unregulated, rural streams in Vermont, with a section on Vermont regional skew regression","docAbstract":"This report provides estimates of flood discharges at selected annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) for streamgages in and adjacent to Vermont and equations for estimating flood discharges at AEPs of 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent (recurrence intervals of 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-years, respectively) for ungaged, unregulated, rural streams in Vermont. The equations were developed using generalized least-squares regression. Flood-frequency and drainage-basin characteristics from 145 streamgages were used in developing the equations. The drainage-basin characteristics used as explanatory variables in the regression equations include drainage area, percentage of wetland area, and the basin-wide mean of the average annual precipitation. The average standard errors of prediction for estimating the flood discharges at the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent AEP with these equations are 34.9, 36.0, 38.7, 42.4, 44.9, 47.3, 50.7, and 55.1 percent, respectively.
\nFlood discharges at selected AEPs for streamgages were computed by using the Expected Moments Algorithm. To improve estimates of the flood discharges for given exceedance probabilities at streamgages in Vermont, a new generalized skew coefficient was developed. The new generalized skew for the region is a constant, 0.44. The mean square error of the generalized skew coefficient is 0.078. This report describes a technique for using results from the regression equations to adjust an AEP discharge computed from a streamgage record. This report also describes a technique for using a drainage-area adjustment to estimate flood discharge at a selected AEP for an ungaged site upstream or downstream from a streamgage.
\nThe final regression equations and the flood-discharge frequency data used in this study will be available in StreamStats. StreamStats is a World Wide Web application providing automated regression-equation solutions for user-selected sites on streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and with a section by Veilleux, A.G., 2014, Estimation of flood discharges at selected annual exceedance probabilities for unregulated, rural streams in Vermont, with a section on Vermont regional skew regression: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5078, Report: vi, 27 p.; Appendixes 1-8, 7, 9, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145078.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 27 p.; Appendixes 1-8, 7, 9","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052679","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288898,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145078.jpg"},{"id":288893,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5078/"},{"id":288894,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5078/pdf/sir2014-5078.pdf"},{"id":288895,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5078/appendix/sir2014-5078_olson_apend01-08.xlsx"},{"id":288897,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5078/appendix/sir2014-5078_olson_apend09.xlsx"},{"id":288896,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5078/appendix/sir2014-5078_olson_apend07.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.7537,42.1919 ], [ -74.7537,45.5564 ], [ -70.5267,45.5564 ], [ -70.5267,42.1919 ], [ -74.7537,42.1919 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae76aae4b0abf75cf2bfd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"with a section by Veilleux, Andrea G.","contributorId":74302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"with a section by Veilleux","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189943,"text":"70189943 - 2014 - Modeling low-temperature geochemical processes:","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T16:44:03.209979","indexId":"70189943","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7.2","title":"Modeling low-temperature geochemical processes:","docAbstract":"This chapter provides an overview of geochemical modeling that applies to water–rock interactions under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Topics include modeling definitions, historical background, issues of activity coefficients, popular codes and databases, examples of modeling common types of water–rock interactions, and issues of model reliability. Examples include speciation, microbial redox kinetics and ferrous iron oxidation, calcite dissolution, pyrite oxidation, combined pyrite and calcite dissolution, dedolomitization, seawater–carbonate groundwater mixing, reactive-transport modeling in streams, modeling catchments, and evaporation of seawater. The chapter emphasizes limitations to geochemical modeling: that a proper understanding and ability to communicate model results well are as important as completing a set of useful modeling computations and that greater sophistication in model and code development is not necessarily an advancement. If the goal is to understand how a particular geochemical system behaves, it is better to collect more field data than rely on computer codes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences: Treatise on geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00502-7","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., and Campbell, K.M., 2014, Modeling low-temperature geochemical processes:, chap. 7.2 of Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences: Treatise on geochemistry, v. 7, p. 27-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00502-7.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"68","ipdsId":"IP-038052","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","edition":"2nd Edition","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"599fe5bce4b038630d022110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":706839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Kate M. 0000-0002-8715-5544 kcampbell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-5544","contributorId":1441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Kate","email":"kcampbell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112913,"text":"sir20145073 - 2014 - Streamflow, water quality, and aquatic macroinvertebrates of selected streams in Fairfax County, Virginia, 2007-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T15:06:54","indexId":"sir20145073","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-18T15:01:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5073","title":"Streamflow, water quality, and aquatic macroinvertebrates of selected streams in Fairfax County, Virginia, 2007-12","docAbstract":"Efforts to mitigate the effects of urbanization on streams rely on best management practices (BMPs) that are implemented with the intent of reducing and retaining stormwater runoff. A cooperative monitoring effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and Fairfax County, Virginia, was initiated in 2007 to assess the condition of county streams and document watershed-scale responses to the implementation of BMPs. Assessment of the data collected during the first 5 years of this monitoring program focused on characterizing the hydrologic and ecological condition of 14 monitored streams.
\nHydrologic, chemical, and macroinvertebrate community conditions in the streams monitored were found to be consistent, overall, with conditions commonly observed in urban streams. Hydrologically, the monitored streams were found to be flashy, with flashiness positively related to road cover in the watershed. Typical pH values of streams throughout the network centered around neutrality (pH = 7) with strong daily fluctuations apparent in the continuous data. Patterns in specific conductance were largely representative of anthropogenic disturbances—watersheds having the greatest percentage of open space and estate residential land-use had the lowest typical specific conductance values, and specific conductance variability was less than what is observed in watersheds that are more intensively developed. In watersheds having greater road coverage, and more development in general, increases in specific conductance over several orders of magnitude were observed during winter months as a result of the application of de-icing salts on impervious surfaces. Dissolved oxygen conditions were typically within the range required to support healthy biological communities, although occasional departures during summer months at some sites fell below the impairment threshold for streams in Virginia.
\nNitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), concentration patterns were largely consistent across the network, with few exceptions. Nitrogen concentrations in monthly samples were generally low and dominated by nitrate. Exceptions to the generally low N concentrations occurred at Captain Hickory Run, which had a median total N concentration of approximately 4.9 milligrams per liter (mg/L), compared to the network-wide median of approximately 1.7 mg/L, and at Popes Head Creek Tributary, where total N concentrations spiked to 6–8 mg/L during low-flow periods in August or September of each year. Phosphorus concentrations in monthly samples were generally low and dominated by the dissolved fraction. Two monitoring stations in the network, Flatlick Branch and Frog Branch, are notable for having median total P concentrations that were, on average, approximately three times greater than the median total P concentration of 0.02 mg/L observed at the other 12 stations in the network.
\nSuspended-sediment and nutrient loads and yields were similar to those of urbanized watersheds in other studies, although the yields from these urbanized basins were greater than, or within, the upper quartile of yields observed throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Annual suspended-sediment loads ranged from 289–10,275 tons, with a median of 1,311 tons, and corresponding yields ranged from 107–2,827 tons per square mile (ton/mi2), with a median of 277 ton/mi2. Annual total N loads ranged from 8,014–36,413 pounds, with a median of 21,314 pounds, and corresponding yields ranged from 3,361–8,360 pounds per square mile (lb/mi2), with a median of 6,200 lb/mi2. Annual total P loads ranged from 380–6,558 pounds, with a median of 1,874 pounds, and corresponding yields ranged from 140–1,562 lb/mi2, with a median of 543 lb/mi2.
\nBenthic macroinvertebrate community metrics indicated that streams throughout Fairfax County are generally of poor health. One station, Castle Creek, was an exception with results indicating relatively high quality aquatic health.
\nSix additional monitoring stations were added to the network in 2012 to improve spatial coverage throughout Fairfax County. Monitoring activities are expected to continue at all 20 stations for the foreseeable future as BMP implementation is conducted.
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