{"pageNumber":"559","pageRowStart":"13950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":69035,"records":[{"id":70103560,"text":"ofr20141092 - 2014 - Three-dimensional imaging, change detection, and stability assessment during the centerline trench levee seepage experiment using terrestrial light detection and ranging technology, Twitchell Island, California, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T13:42:30","indexId":"ofr20141092","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-11T13:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1092","title":"Three-dimensional imaging, change detection, and stability assessment during the centerline trench levee seepage experiment using terrestrial light detection and ranging technology, Twitchell Island, California, 2012","docAbstract":"A full scale field seepage test was conducted on a north-south trending levee segment of a now bypassed old meander belt on Twitchell Island, California, to understand the effects of live and decaying root systems on levee seepage and slope stability. The field test in May 2012 was centered on a north-south trench with two segments: a shorter control segment and a longer seepage test segment. The complete length of the trench area measured 40.4 meters (m) near the levee centerline with mature trees located on the waterside and landside of the levee flanks. The levee was instrumented with piezometers and tensiometers to measure positive and negative porewater pressures across the levee after the trench was flooded with water and held at a constant hydraulic head during the seepage test—the results from this component of the experiment are not discussed in this report. We collected more than one billion three-dimensional light detection and ranging (lidar) data points before, during, and after the centerline seepage test to assess centimeter-scale stability of the two trees and the levee crown. During the seepage test, the waterside tree toppled (rotated 20.7 degrees) into the water. The landside tree rotated away from the levee by 5 centimeters (cm) at a height of 2 m on the tree. The paved surface of the levee crown had three regions that showed subsidence on the waterside of the trench—discussed as the northern, central, and southern features. The northern feature is an elongate region that subsided 2.1 cm over an area with an average width of 1.35 m that extends 15.8 m parallel to the trench from the northern end of the trench to just north of the trench midpoint, and is associated with a crack 1 cm in height that formed during the seepage test on the trench wall. The central subsidence feature is a semicircular region on the waterside of the trench that subsided by as much as 6.2 cm over an area 3.4 m wide and 11.2 m long. The southern feature is an elongate region that has a maximum subsidence of 3.5 cm over an area 0.75 m wide and 8.1 m long and is associated with a number of small fractures in the pavement that are predominately north-south-trending and parallel to the trench. We determined that there was no significant motion of the levee flank during the last week of the seepage test. We also determined biomorphic parameters for the landside tree, such as the 3D positioning on the levee, tree height, levee parallel/perpendicular cross sectional area, and canopy centroid. These biomorphic parameters were requested to support a University of California Berkeley team studying seepage and stability on the levee. A gridded, 2-cm bare-earth digital elevation model of the levee crown and the landside levee flank from the final terrestrial lidar (T-Lidar) survey provided detailed topographic data for future assessment. Because the T-Lidar was not integrated into the project design, other than an initial courtesy dataset to help characterize the levee surface, our ability to contribute to the overall science goals of the seepage test was limited. Therefore, our analysis focused on developing data collection and processing methodology necessary to align ultra high-resolution T-Lidar data (with an average spot spacing 2–3 millimeters on the levee crown) from several instrument setup locations to detect, measure, and characterize dynamic centimeter-scale deformation and surface changes during the seepage test.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141092","usgsCitation":"Bawden, G.W., Howle, J., Bond, S., Shriro, M., and Buck, P., 2014, Three-dimensional imaging, change detection, and stability assessment during the centerline trench levee seepage experiment using terrestrial light detection and ranging technology, Twitchell Island, California, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1092, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141092.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055970","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288349,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1092/"},{"id":288350,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1092/pdf/ofr2014-1092.pdf"},{"id":288351,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141092.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Twitchell Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.712294,38.06992 ], [ -121.712294,38.184903 ], [ -121.534668,38.184903 ], [ -121.534668,38.06992 ], [ -121.712294,38.06992 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53996c51e4b0a59b26496947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bawden, Gerald W. gbawden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"Gerald","email":"gbawden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howle, James 0000-0003-0491-6203","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":88271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bond, Sandra 0000-0003-0522-5287 sbond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-5287","contributorId":3328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"Sandra","email":"sbond@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shriro, Michelle","contributorId":43677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shriro","given":"Michelle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buck, Peter","contributorId":13547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buck","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70101009,"text":"ofr20121024I - 2014 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Alaska North Slope and Kandik Basin, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70101009,"text":"ofr20121024I - 2014 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Alaska North Slope and Kandik Basin, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20121024I","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Alaska North Slope and Kandik Basin, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70093199,"text":"ofr20121024 - 2012 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources","indexId":"ofr20121024","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70093199,"text":"ofr20121024 - 2012 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources","indexId":"ofr20121024","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T20:55:06.604803","indexId":"ofr20121024I","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-11T13:25:36","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1024","chapter":"I","title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Alaska North Slope and Kandik Basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents fourteen storage assessment units (SAUs) from the Alaska North Slope and two SAUs from the Kandik Basin of Alaska. The Alaska North Slope is a broad, north-dipping coastal plain that is underlain by a thick succession of sedimentary rocks that accumulated steadily throughout much of the Phanerozoic during three major tectonic sequences: the Mississippian through Triassic Ellesmerian sequence, the Jurassic through Lower Cretaceous Beaufortian sequence, and the Cretaceous and Tertiary Brookian sequence. Stratigraphic packages associated with all three of these tectonic sequences are suited to geologic carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) sequestration. The lower part of the Ellesmerian sequence contains five potential SAUs, two of which have reservoirs within the Endicott Group and three of which have reservoirs within the Lisburne Group. Another potential SAU has sandstone-prone reservoir units interbedded with the upper part of the Ellesmerian Shublik Formation and the Beaufortian Kingak Shale. The Brookian sequence contains eight potential SAUs that have reservoirs that are defined by the various Cretaceous and Tertiary deltaic topset strata of the Colville foreland basin as well as associated slope aprons and submarine turbidite fan complexes.</p>\n<p>In east-central Alaska, Kandik Basin is an extension of cratonic North America and straddles the border between Alaska and Canada. The basin contains a section of Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic rocks, which have been multiply deformed during the Phanerozoic. Paleozoic strata within the basin appear to be suited to geologic CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration. We defined two SAUs within this interval, which are the Upper Devonian and Mississippian Nation River Formation SAU and the Lower Permian to Lower Cretaceous Step Conglomerate and Tahkandit Limestone SAU.</p>\n<p>For each SAU in both of the basins, we discuss the areal distribution of suitable CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration reservoir rock. We also characterize the overlying sealing unit and describe the geologic characteristics that influence the potential CO<sub>2</sub> storage volume and reservoir performance. These characteristics include reservoir depth, gross thickness, net thickness, porosity, permeability, and groundwater salinity. Case-by-case strategies for estimating the pore volume existing within structurally and (or) stratigraphically closed traps are presented. Although assessment results are not contained in this report, the geologic information included herein was employed to calculate the potential storage volume in the various SAUs. Lastly, in this report, we present the rationale for not conducting assessment work in fifteen sedimentary basins distributed across the Alaskan interior and within Alaskan State waters.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources (Open-File Report 2012-1024)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121024I","usgsCitation":"Craddock, W.H., Buursink, M.L., Covault, J.A., Brennan, S.T., Doolan, C., Drake, R.M., Merrill, M., Roberts-Ashby, T., Slucher, E.R., Warwick, P.D., Blondes, M., Freeman, P., Cahan, S.M., DeVera, C.A., and Lohr, C., 2014, Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Alaska North Slope and Kandik Basin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1024, Report: vii, 60 p.; Date Download Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121024I.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 60 p.; Date Download Files","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043980","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121024I.jpg"},{"id":288979,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/i/"},{"id":291491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/i/downloads/SAU_C5001_C5002.zip","text":"Storage Assessment Units","description":"Storage Assessment Units"},{"id":291489,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/i/pdf/ofr2012-1024i.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":291490,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/i/downloads/Cell_C5001.zip","text":"Well Density","description":"Well Density"}],"projection":"Alaska Albers Equal Area Projection","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska North Slope, Kandik Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -177.0,55.0 ], [ -177.0,69.0 ], [ -132.0,69.0 ], [ -132.0,55.0 ], [ -177.0,55.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53db5843e4b0fba533fa3582","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509836,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corum, M.D. 0000-0002-9038-3935 mcorum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9038-3935","contributorId":2249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corum","given":"M.D.","email":"mcorum@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509837,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Craddock, William H. 0000-0002-4181-4735 wcraddock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-4735","contributorId":3411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craddock","given":"William","email":"wcraddock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buursink, Marc L. 0000-0001-6491-386X mbuursink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-386X","contributorId":3362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buursink","given":"Marc","email":"mbuursink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Covault, Jacob A.","contributorId":35951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covault","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brennan, Sean T. 0000-0002-7102-9359 sbrennan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-9359","contributorId":559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"Sean","email":"sbrennan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doolan, Colin A. 0000-0002-7595-7566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7595-7566","contributorId":26221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doolan","given":"Colin A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drake, Ronald M. II 0000-0002-1770-4667 rmdrake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1770-4667","contributorId":1353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Ronald","suffix":"II","email":"rmdrake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-847X","contributorId":48256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Matthew D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roberts-Ashby, Tina L. 0000-0003-2940-1740","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-1740","contributorId":62103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts-Ashby","given":"Tina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Slucher, Ernie R. 0000-0002-5865-5734 eslucher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-5734","contributorId":3966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slucher","given":"Ernie","email":"eslucher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Blondes, Madalyn S. 0000-0003-0320-0107 mblondes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0320-0107","contributorId":3598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blondes","given":"Madalyn S.","email":"mblondes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Freeman, P.A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":3154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"P.A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cahan, Steven M. 0000-0002-4776-3668 scahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-3668","contributorId":4529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahan","given":"Steven","email":"scahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"DeVera, Christina A. 0000-0002-4691-6108 cdevera@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-6108","contributorId":3845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVera","given":"Christina","email":"cdevera@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Lohr, Celeste D. 0000-0001-6287-9047 clohr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-9047","contributorId":3866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohr","given":"Celeste D.","email":"clohr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70102894,"text":"sim3293 - 2014 - Flood inundation maps for the Wabash and Eel Rivers at Logansport, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T10:59:23","indexId":"sim3293","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-11T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3293","title":"Flood inundation maps for the Wabash and Eel Rivers at Logansport, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Digital flood-inundation maps for an 8.3-mile reach of the Wabash River and a 7.6-mile reach of the Eel River at Logansport, Indiana (Ind.), were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/\" target=\"_blank\">http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/</a>, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at USGS streamgage Wabash River at Logansport, Ind. (sta. no. 03329000) and USGS streamgage Eel River near Logansport, Ind. (sta. no. 03328500). Current conditions for estimating near-real-time areas of inundation using USGS streamgage information may be obtained on the Internet at <a href=\"http://waterdata.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">http://waterdata.usgs.gov/</a>. In addition, information has been provided to the National Weather Service (NWS) for incorporation into their Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood warning system <a href=\"http:/water.weather.gov/ahps/\" target=\"_blank\">http:/water.weather.gov/ahps/</a>). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often colocated with USGS streamgages. NWS-forecasted peak-stage information may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.</p>\n<br>\n<p>For this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reaches by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The hydraulic model was calibrated by using the most current stage-discharge relations at USGS streamgages 03329000, Wabash River at Logansport, Ind., and 03328500, Eel River near Logansport, Ind. The calibrated hydraulic model was then used to determine five water-surface profiles for flood stage at 1-foot intervals referenced to the Wabash River streamgage datum, and four water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot intervals referenced to the Eel River streamgage datum. The stages range from bankfull to approximately the highest stages that have occurred since 1967 when three flood control dams were built upstream of Logansport, Ind. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system (GIS) digital elevation model (DEM, derived from Light Detection and Ranging [lidar] data having a 0.37-foot vertical accuracy and 3.9-foot horizontal resolution) in order to delineate the area flooded at each stage.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The availability of these maps, along with information available on the Internet regarding current stages from the USGS streamgages at Logansport, Ind., and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provides emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post flood recovery efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3293","issn":"2329-132X","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs","usgsCitation":"Fowler, K.K., 2014, Flood inundation maps for the Wabash and Eel Rivers at Logansport, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3293, Pamphlet: v, 12 p.; Map Sheet Low Resolution: 9 JPGs; Map Sheet High Resolution: 9 PDFs, 22.00 x 17.00 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3293.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: v, 12 p.; Map Sheet Low Resolution: 9 JPGs; Map Sheet High Resolution: 9 PDFs, 22.00 x 17.00 inches; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"22","ipdsId":"IP-041227","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3293.jpg"},{"id":288303,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/"},{"id":288310,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet02_eel_631_sim3293.pdf"},{"id":288311,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet03_wab_584_sim3293.pdf"},{"id":288307,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/images/sim3293_mapsheets/"},{"id":288308,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/"},{"id":288309,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet01_wab_583_sim3293.pdf"},{"id":288312,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet04_eel_632_sim3293.pdf"},{"id":288313,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet05_wab_585_sim3293.pdf"},{"id":288314,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet06_wab_586_sim3292.pdf"},{"id":288315,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet07_eel_633_sim3293.pdf"},{"id":288316,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet08_wab_587_sim3292.pdf"},{"id":288317,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293_mapsheets/sheet09_eel_634_sim3293.pdf"},{"id":288318,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/downloads"},{"id":288305,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3293/pdf/sim3293.pdf"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Logansport","otherGeospatial":"Eel River;Wabash River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.416667,40.733333 ], [ -86.416667,40.8 ], [ -86.266667,40.8 ], [ -86.266667,40.733333 ], [ -86.416667,40.733333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53996c4ee4b0a59b26496933","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, Kathleen K. 0000-0002-0107-3848 kkfowler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-3848","contributorId":2439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"Kathleen","email":"kkfowler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70111238,"text":"sir20145106 - 2014 - Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget of the Kitsap Peninsula, west-central Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T08:34:35","indexId":"sir20145106","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-11T08:13:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5106","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget of the Kitsap Peninsula, west-central Washington","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents information used to characterize the groundwater-flow system on the Kitsap Peninsula, and includes descriptions of the geology and hydrogeologic framework, groundwater recharge and discharge, groundwater levels and flow directions, seasonal groundwater-level fluctuations, interactions between aquifers and the surface‑water system, and a water budget. The Kitsap Peninsula is in the Puget Sound lowland of west-central Washington, is bounded by Puget Sound on the east and by Hood Canal on the west, and covers an area of about 575 square miles. The peninsula encompasses all of Kitsap County, the part of Mason County north of Hood Canal, and part of Pierce County west of Puget Sound. The peninsula is surrounded by saltwater and the hydrologic setting is similar to that of an island. The study area is underlain by a thick sequence of unconsolidated glacial and interglacial deposits that overlie sedimentary and volcanic bedrock units that crop out in the central part of the study area. Geologic units were grouped into 12 hydrogeologic units consisting of aquifers, confining units, and an underlying bedrock unit. A surficial hydrogeologic unit map was developed and used with well information from 2,116 drillers’ logs to construct 6 hydrogeologic sections and unit extent and thickness maps.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Unconsolidated aquifers typically consist of moderately to well-sorted alluvial and glacial outwash deposits of sand, gravel, and cobbles, with minor lenses of silt and clay. These units often are discontinuous or isolated bodies and are of highly variable thickness. Unconfined conditions occur in areas where aquifer units are at land surface; however, much of the study area is mantled by glacial till, and confined aquifer conditions are common. Groundwater in the unconsolidated aquifers generally flows radially off the peninsula in the direction of Puget Sound and Hood Canal. These generalized flow patterns likely are complicated by the presence of low-permeability confining units that separate discontinuous bodies of aquifer material and act as local groundwater-flow barriers.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Groundwater-level fluctuations observed during the monitoring period (2011–12) in wells completed in unconsolidated hydrogeologic units indicated seasonal variations ranging from 1 to about 20 feet. The largest fluctuation of 33 feet occurred in a well that was completed in the bedrock unit. Streamgage discharge measurements made during 2012 indicate that groundwater discharge to creeks in the area ranged from about 0.41 to 33.3 cubic feet per second.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>During 2012, which was an above-average year of precipitation, the groundwater system received an average of about 664,610 acre-feet of recharge from precipitation and 22,122 acre-feet of recharge from return flows. Most of this annual recharge (66 percent) discharged to streams, and only about 4 percent was withdrawn from wells. The remaining groundwater recharge (30 percent) left the groundwater system as discharge to Hood Canal and Puget Sound.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145106","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kitsap Public Utility District","usgsCitation":"Welch, W.B., Frans, L.M., and Olsen, T.D., 2014, Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget of the Kitsap Peninsula, west-central Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5106, Report: vii, 44 p.; 2 Plates: 34.0 x 44.0 inches and 47.0 x 32.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145106.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 44 p.; 2 Plates: 34.0 x 44.0 inches and 47.0 x 32.68 inches","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055785","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288260,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145106.jpg"},{"id":288223,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5106/"},{"id":288257,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5106/pdf/sir20145106.pdf"},{"id":288258,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5106/pdf/sir20145106_plate01.pdf"},{"id":288259,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5106/pdf/sir20145106_plate02.pdf"}],"projection":"State Plane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Kitsap Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.17018,47.233146 ], [ -123.17018,47.99093 ], [ -122.347281,47.99093 ], [ -122.347281,47.233146 ], [ -123.17018,47.233146 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53996c4fe4b0a59b26496937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Wendy B. wwelch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Wendy","email":"wwelch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frans, Lonna M. 0000-0002-3217-1862 lmfrans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-1862","contributorId":1493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"Lonna","email":"lmfrans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, Theresa D. 0000-0003-4099-4057 tdolsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-4057","contributorId":1644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Theresa","email":"tdolsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70133710,"text":"70133710 - 2014 - Karst geomorphology and hydrology of the Shenandoah Valley near Harrisonburg, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T15:11:16","indexId":"70133710","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1724,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Karst geomorphology and hydrology of the Shenandoah Valley near Harrisonburg, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p><span>The karst of the central Shenandoah Valley has characteristics of both shallow and deep phreatic formation. This field guide focuses on the region around Harrisonburg, Virginia, where a number of these karst features and their associated geologic context can be examined. Ancient, widespread alluvial deposits cover much of the carbonate bedrock on the western side of the valley, where shallow karstification has resulted in classical fluviokarst development. However, in upland exposures of carbonate rock, isolated caves exist atop hills not affected by surface processes other than exposure during denudation. The upland caves contain phreatic deposits of calcite and fine-grained sediments. They lack any evidence of having been invaded by surface streams. Recent geologic mapping and LIDAR (light detection and ranging) elevation data have enabled interpretive association between bedrock structure, igneous intrusions, silicification and brecciation of host carbonate bedrock, and the location of several caves and karst springs. Geochemistry, water quality, and water temperature data support the broad categorization of springs into those affected primarily by shallow near-surface recharge, and those sourced deeper in the karst aquifer. The deep-seated karst formation occurred in the distant past where subvertical fracture and fault zones intersect thrust faults and/or cross-strike faults, enabling upwelling of deep-circulating meteoric groundwater. Most caves formed in such settings have been overprinted by later circulation of shallow groundwater, thus removing evidence of the history of earliest inception; however, several caves do preserve evidence of an earlier formation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2014.0035(06)","usgsCitation":"Doctor, D.H., Orndorff, W., Maynard, J., Heller, M., and Casile, G.C., 2014, Karst geomorphology and hydrology of the Shenandoah Valley near Harrisonburg, Virginia: GSA Field Guides, v. 35, p. 161-213, https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.0035(06).","productDescription":"53 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"213","ipdsId":"IP-053426","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-78.7513,38.2082],[-78.752,38.1964],[-78.7698,38.1693],[-78.7866,38.1245],[-78.7769,38.1045],[-78.7806,38.0837],[-78.79,38.0815],[-78.7977,38.068],[-78.8211,38.0599],[-78.8576,38.0311],[-78.8752,38.0294],[-78.8817,38.0222],[-78.8859,38.0004],[-78.903,37.9892],[-78.906,37.981],[-78.9054,37.977],[-78.8931,37.9774],[-78.901,37.9493],[-78.9483,37.9382],[-79.0047,37.8863],[-79.0454,37.8955],[-79.0512,37.9132],[-79.0745,37.9165],[-79.099,37.9052],[-79.1574,37.8923],[-79.1424,37.8623],[-79.1576,37.8438],[-79.1572,37.8261],[-79.1718,37.8039],[-79.2004,37.7908],[-79.2132,37.7963],[-79.23,37.814],[-79.2452,37.8086],[-79.2563,37.7973],[-79.2709,37.7964],[-79.2721,37.7788],[-79.2972,37.7516],[-79.3042,37.7294],[-79.3182,37.7172],[-79.3206,37.7004],[-79.3404,37.6796],[-79.3393,37.6637],[-79.3923,37.633],[-79.4196,37.6262],[-79.4324,37.6153],[-79.4358,37.6208],[-79.4422,37.6189],[-79.4544,37.6094],[-79.4457,37.5822],[-79.4347,37.5786],[-79.4376,37.5686],[-79.5003,37.5365],[-79.5787,37.5822],[-79.5706,37.599],[-79.6829,37.6655],[-79.6678,37.6968],[-79.6754,37.7036],[-79.6842,37.7398],[-79.6448,37.8133],[-79.6332,37.8197],[-79.6081,37.8637],[-79.6267,37.8742],[-79.646,37.8736],[-79.6868,37.8377],[-79.7271,37.873],[-79.7511,37.8861],[-79.8106,37.8828],[-79.8894,37.8957],[-79.9364,37.9568],[-80.0023,37.9606],[-80.0274,37.9451],[-80.0566,37.9545],[-79.9992,37.9973],[-79.9752,38.0312],[-79.9505,38.0822],[-79.9272,38.1064],[-79.9385,38.1154],[-79.9411,38.1326],[-79.931,38.1372],[-79.9173,38.1563],[-79.9178,38.1839],[-79.8985,38.193],[-79.8455,38.2399],[-79.7905,38.2663],[-79.7894,38.2813],[-79.8082,38.3039],[-79.8065,38.3111],[-79.7738,38.3366],[-79.7613,38.3545],[-79.7298,38.3594],[-79.7274,38.3858],[-79.6914,38.4319],[-79.6877,38.4542],[-79.6968,38.4704],[-79.6947,38.4921],[-79.681,38.5085],[-79.6633,38.5145],[-79.6704,38.5303],[-79.6685,38.5529],[-79.646,38.5919],[-79.5387,38.5539],[-79.4941,38.4952],[-79.4746,38.4574],[-79.3177,38.4143],[-79.2792,38.4222],[-79.2789,38.4333],[-79.2429,38.4558],[-79.2386,38.4685],[-79.2089,38.4947],[-79.2027,38.526],[-79.1627,38.5831],[-79.1534,38.6134],[-79.1277,38.6531],[-79.1197,38.6586],[-79.1051,38.6545],[-79.0934,38.6588],[-79.0854,38.682],[-79.0905,38.7015],[-79.0874,38.7136],[-79.0798,38.7341],[-79.0543,38.7691],[-79.0529,38.7889],[-79.028,38.792],[-79.0227,38.8127],[-79.0051,38.8267],[-78.9947,38.8511],[-78.866,38.7631],[-78.8042,38.8639],[-78.7813,38.8923],[-78.7577,38.9058],[-78.7415,38.9242],[-78.7225,38.9323],[-78.7149,38.9292],[-78.719,38.9052],[-78.7143,38.9048],[-78.6724,38.9306],[-78.6487,38.9634],[-78.6246,38.9836],[-78.6007,38.966],[-78.5523,39.0189],[-78.5716,39.0333],[-78.4932,39.1027],[-78.4488,39.1229],[-78.4305,39.1485],[-78.403,39.1687],[-78.423,39.1825],[-78.4352,39.2003],[-78.4044,39.2367],[-78.4028,39.2461],[-78.4163,39.2553],[-78.4167,39.2612],[-78.3584,39.3208],[-78.3392,39.35],[-78.3651,39.3601],[-78.3468,39.3836],[-78.3599,39.4087],[-78.3505,39.4233],[-78.3478,39.4646],[-78.2299,39.3929],[-78.2151,39.4126],[-78.2079,39.4402],[-78.1987,39.45],[-78.1743,39.519],[-78.1397,39.592],[-78.1247,39.5945],[-78.0915,39.5844],[-78.0894,39.5976],[-78.0588,39.6012],[-78.0267,39.6241],[-78.0138,39.6077],[-78,39.6005],[-77.9535,39.6084],[-77.951,39.5908],[-77.9457,39.5871],[-77.9359,39.5965],[-77.935,39.6098],[-77.9431,39.6175],[-77.941,39.6211],[-77.9306,39.6185],[-77.9225,39.6071],[-77.9017,39.6023],[-77.8814,39.6033],[-77.8864,39.6161],[-77.8831,39.6179],[-77.834,39.6038],[-77.8299,39.5879],[-77.8346,39.5731],[-77.8443,39.5664],[-77.882,39.5625],[-77.8841,39.5532],[-77.8648,39.5384],[-77.8628,39.5168],[-77.845,39.5194],[-77.838,39.5313],[-77.8251,39.5289],[-77.8294,39.517],[-77.8443,39.5067],[-77.8413,39.4986],[-77.8025,39.4903],[-77.7795,39.5006],[-77.7651,39.4966],[-77.7977,39.4802],[-77.778,39.4634],[-77.797,39.4615],[-77.7847,39.4449],[-77.801,39.4391],[-77.7923,39.4331],[-77.756,39.4277],[-77.7503,39.4219],[-77.7354,39.3895],[-77.7503,39.3825],[-77.7445,39.3606],[-77.7578,39.3424],[-77.7483,39.3334],[-77.7197,39.3253],[-77.734,39.315],[-77.7694,39.2576],[-77.771,39.2418],[-77.7888,39.2194],[-77.8239,39.1371],[-77.8523,39.1155],[-77.8619,39.0853],[-77.8792,39.0782],[-77.8993,39.054],[-77.9415,39.0224],[-77.9882,38.9994],[-78.0379,38.9415],[-78.0617,38.9336],[-78.074,38.9115],[-78.0578,38.8928],[-78.0596,38.8887],[-78.1083,38.8793],[-78.1141,38.8871],[-78.1317,38.8633],[-78.1454,38.8575],[-78.1688,38.836],[-78.1726,38.8233],[-78.1815,38.8176],[-78.194,38.7828],[-78.2587,38.7581],[-78.2775,38.7628],[-78.321,38.7387],[-78.3316,38.7053],[-78.3152,38.697],[-78.3148,38.6847],[-78.325,38.6749],[-78.3142,38.6503],[-78.3251,38.6327],[-78.3423,38.6261],[-78.3817,38.5911],[-78.3871,38.5843],[-78.3809,38.5675],[-78.3857,38.5607],[-78.4046,38.5555],[-78.4202,38.537],[-78.4397,38.53],[-78.4414,38.4964],[-78.4619,38.4549],[-78.476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Daniel H. 0000-0002-8338-9722 dhdoctor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8338-9722","contributorId":2037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doctor","given":"Daniel","email":"dhdoctor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orndorff, Wil","contributorId":127487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orndorff","given":"Wil","affiliations":[{"id":6970,"text":"Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Natural Heritage Program","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maynard, Joel","contributorId":127488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maynard","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6971,"text":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Groundwater Characterization Program","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heller, Matthew J.","contributorId":81588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heller","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casile, Gerolamo C. jcasile@usgs.gov","contributorId":4007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casile","given":"Gerolamo","email":"jcasile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70106988,"text":"sir20145098 - 2014 - Completion summary for boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-10T15:30:36","indexId":"sir20145098","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-10T15:16:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5098","title":"Completion summary for boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>In 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, drilled and constructed boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141 for stratigraphic framework analyses and long-term groundwater monitoring of the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory in southeast Idaho. Borehole USGS 140 initially was cored to collect continuous geologic data, and then re-drilled to complete construction as a monitor well. Borehole USGS 141 was drilled and constructed as a monitor well without coring. Boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141 are separated by about 375 feet (ft) and have similar geologic layers and hydrologic characteristics based on geophysical and aquifer test data collected. The final construction for boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141 required 6-inch (in.) diameter carbon-steel well casing and 5-in. diameter stainless-steel well screen; the screened monitoring interval was completed about 50 ft into the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, between 496 and 546 ft below land surface (BLS) at both sites. Following construction and data collection, dedicated pumps and water-level access lines were placed to allow for aquifer testing, for collecting periodic water samples, and for measuring water levels.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Borehole USGS 140 was cored continuously, starting from land surface to a depth of 543 ft BLS. Excluding surface sediment, recovery of basalt and sediment core at borehole USGS 140 was about 98 and 65 percent, respectively. Based on visual inspection of core and geophysical data, about 32 basalt flows and 4 sediment layers were collected from borehole USGS 140 between 34 and 543 ft BLS. Basalt texture for borehole USGS 140 generally was described as aphanitic, phaneritic, and porphyritic; rubble zones and flow mold structure also were described in recovered core material. Sediment layers, starting near 163 ft BLS, generally were composed of fine-grained sand and silt with a lesser amount of clay; however, between 223 and 228 ft BLS, silt with gravel was described. Basalt flows generally ranged in thickness from 3 to 76 ft (average of 14 ft) and varied from highly fractured to dense with high to low vesiculation.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Geophysical and borehole video logs were collected during certain stages of the drilling and construction process at boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141. Geophysical logs were examined synergistically with the core material for borehole USGS 140; additionally, geophysical data were examined to confirm geologic and hydrologic similarities between boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141 because core was not collected for borehole USGS 141. Geophysical data suggest the occurrence of fractured and (or) vesiculated basalt, dense basalt, and sediment layering in both the saturated and unsaturated zones in borehole USGS 141. Omni-directional density measurements were used to assess the completeness of the grout annular seal behind 6-in. diameter well casing. Furthermore, gyroscopic deviation measurements were used to measure horizontal and vertical displacement at all depths in boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Single-well aquifer tests were done following construction at wells USGS 140 and USGS 141 and data examined after the tests were used to provide estimates of specific-capacity, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity. The specific capacity, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity for well USGS 140 were estimated at 2,370 gallons per minute per foot [(gal/min)/ft)], 4.06 × 105 feet squared per day (ft<sup>2</sup>/d), and 740 feet per day (ft/d), respectively. The specific capacity, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity for well USGS 141 were estimated at 470 (gal/min)/ft, 5.95 × 104 ft<sup>2</sup>/d, and 110 ft/d, respectively. Measured flow rates remained relatively constant in well USGS 140 with averages of 23.9 and 23.7 gal/min during the first and second aquifer tests, respectively, and in well USGS 141 with an average of 23.4 gal/min.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Water samples were analyzed for cations, anions, metals, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, stable isotopes, and radionuclides. Water samples from both wells indicated that concentrations of tritium, sulfate, and chromium were affected by wastewater disposal practices at the Advanced Test Reactor Complex. Most constituents in water from wells USGS 140 and USGS 141 had concentrations similar to concentrations in well USGS 136, which is upgradient from wells USGS 140 and USGS 141.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145098","collaboration":"DOE/ID-22229. Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Twining, B.V., Bartholomay, R.C., and Hodges, M., 2014, Completion summary for boreholes USGS 140 and USGS 141 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5098, Report: vii, 39 p.; Appendixes A-C, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145098.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 39 p.; Appendixes A-C","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051163","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288220,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145098.jpg"},{"id":288216,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5098/pdf/sir20145098.pdf"},{"id":288217,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5098/pdf/sir20145098_AppendixA.pdf"},{"id":288218,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5098/pdf/sir20145098_AppendixB.pdf"},{"id":288219,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5098/pdf/sir20145098_AppendixC.pdf"},{"id":288215,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5098/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 12","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.4019,43.2995 ], [ -113.4019,44.0971 ], [ -112.347,44.0971 ], [ -112.347,43.2995 ], [ -113.4019,43.2995 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53981ad0e4b09e5ae91f9d96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodges, Mary K.V.","contributorId":66848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Mary K.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70111271,"text":"sir20145075 - 2014 - Land subsidence, groundwater levels, and geology in the Coachella Valley, California, 1993-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-10T11:17:22","indexId":"sir20145075","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-10T11:02:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5075","title":"Land subsidence, groundwater levels, and geology in the Coachella Valley, California, 1993-2010","docAbstract":"<p>Land subsidence associated with groundwater-level declines has been investigated by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Coachella Valley, California, since 1996. Groundwater has been a major source of agricultural, municipal, and domestic supply in the valley since the early 1920s. Pumping of groundwater resulted in water-level declines as much as 15 meters (50 feet) through the late 1940s. In 1949, the importation of Colorado River water to the southern Coachella Valley began, resulting in a reduction in groundwater pumping and a recovery of water levels during the 1950s through the 1970s. Since the late 1970s, demand for water in the valley has exceeded deliveries of imported surface water, resulting in increased pumping and associated groundwater-level declines and, consequently, an increase in the potential for land subsidence caused by aquifer-system compaction.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) methods were used to determine the location, extent, and magnitude of the vertical land-surface changes in the southern Coachella Valley during 1993–2010. The GPS measurements taken at 11 geodetic monuments in 1996 and in 2010 in the southern Coachella Valley indicated that the elevation of the land surface changed –136 to –23 millimeters (mm) ±54 mm (–0.45 to –0.08 feet (ft) ±0.18 ft) during the 14-year period. Changes at 6 of the 11 monuments exceeded the maximum expected uncertainty of ±54 mm (±0.18 ft) at the 95-percent confidence level, indicating that subsidence occurred at these monuments between June 1996 and August 2010. GPS measurements taken at 17 geodetic monuments in 2005 and 2010 indicated that the elevation of the land surface changed –256 to +16 mm ±28 mm (–0.84 to +0.05 ft ±0.09 ft) during the 5-year period. Changes at 5 of the 17 monuments exceeded the maximum expected uncertainty of ±28 mm (±0.09 ft) at the 95-percent confidence level, indicating that subsidence occurred at these monuments between August 2005 and August 2010. At each of these five monuments, subsidence rates were about the same between 2005 and 2010 as between 2000 and 2005.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>InSAR measurements taken between June 27, 1995, and September 19, 2010, indicated that the land surface subsided from about 220 to 600 mm (0.72 to 1.97 ft) in three areas of the Coachella Valley: near Palm Desert, Indian Wells, and La Quinta. In Palm Desert, the average subsidence rates increased from about 39 millimeters per year (mm/yr), or 0.13 foot per year (ft/yr), during 1995–2000 to about 45 mm/yr (0.15 ft/yr) during 2003–10. In Indian Wells, average subsidence rates for two subsidence maxima were fairly steady at about 34 and 26 mm/yr (0.11 and 0.09 ft/yr) during both periods; for the third maxima, average subsidence rates increased from about 14 to 19 mm/yr (0.05 to 0.06 ft/yr) from the first to the second period. In La Quinta, average subsidence rates for five selected locations ranged from about 17 to 37 mm/yr (0.06 to 0.12 ft/yr) during 1995–2000; three of the locations had similar rates during 2003–mid-2009, while the other two locations had increased subsidence rates. Decreased subsidence rates were calculated throughout the La Quinta subsidence area during mid-2009–10, however, and uplift was observed during 2010 near the southern extent of this area.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Water-level measurements taken at wells near the subsiding monuments and in the three subsiding areas shown by InSAR generally indicated that the water levels fluctuated seasonally and declined annually from the early 1990s, or earlier, to 2010; some water levels in 2010 were at the lowest levels in their recorded histories. An exception to annually declining water levels in and near subsiding areas was observed beginning in mid-2009 in the La Quinta subsidence area, where recovering water levels coincided with increased recharge operations at the Thomas E. Levy Recharge Facility; decreased pumpage also could cause groundwater levels to recover. Subsidence concomitant with declining water levels and land-surface uplift concomitant with recovering water levels indicate that aquifer-system compaction could be causing subsidence. If the stresses imposed by the historically lowest water levels exceeded the preconsolidation stress, the aquifer-system compaction and associated land subsidence could be permanent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Coachella Valley Water District","usgsCitation":"Sneed, M., Brandt, J.T., and Solt, M., 2014, Land subsidence, groundwater levels, and geology in the Coachella Valley, California, 1993-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5075, viii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145075.","productDescription":"viii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"75","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043650","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145075.jpg"},{"id":288210,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5075/pdf/sir2014-5075.pdf"},{"id":288209,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5075"}],"datum":"North American Datum 1927","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2406,32.9971 ], [ -117.2406,34.1959 ], [ -115.4443,34.1959 ], [ -115.4443,32.9971 ], [ -117.2406,32.9971 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53981ad2e4b09e5ae91f9d9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sneed, Michelle 0000-0002-8180-382X micsneed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X","contributorId":155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneed","given":"Michelle","email":"micsneed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandt, Justin T. 0000-0002-9397-6824","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6824","contributorId":28326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solt, Mike","contributorId":88258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solt","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70111909,"text":"70111909 - 2014 - Pluvial lakes in the Great Basin of the western United States: a view from the outcrop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-10T10:01:04","indexId":"70111909","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-10T09:53:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pluvial lakes in the Great Basin of the western United States: a view from the outcrop","docAbstract":"<p>Paleo-lakes in the western United States provide geomorphic and hydrologic records of climate and drainage-basin change at multiple time scales extending back to the Miocene. Recent reviews and studies of paleo-lake records have focused on interpretations of proxies in lake sediment cores from the northern and central parts of the Great Basin. In this review, emphasis is placed on equally important studies of lake history during the past ∼30 years that were derived from outcrop exposures and geomorphology, in some cases combined with cores. Outcrop and core records have different strengths and weaknesses that must be recognized and exploited in the interpretation of paleohydrology and paleoclimate. Outcrops and landforms can yield direct evidence of lake level, facies changes that record details of lake-level fluctuations, and geologic events such as catastrophic floods, drainage-basin changes, and isostatic rebound. Cores can potentially yield continuous records when sampled in stable parts of lake basins and can provide proxies for changes in lake level, water temperature and chemistry, and ecological conditions in the surrounding landscape. However, proxies such as stable isotopes may be influenced by several competing factors the relative effects of which may be difficult to assess, and interpretations may be confounded by geologic events within the drainage basin that were unrecorded or not recognized in a core. The best evidence for documenting absolute lake-level changes lies within the shore, nearshore, and deltaic sediments that were deposited across piedmonts and at the mouths of streams as lake level rose and fell. We review the different shorezone environments and resulting deposits used in such reconstructions and discuss potential estimation errors.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Lake-level studies based on deposits and landforms have provided paleohydrologic records ranging from general changes during the past million years to centennial-scale details of fluctuations during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Outcrop studies have documented the integration histories of several important drainage basins, including the Humboldt, Amargosa, Owens, and Mojave river systems, that have evolved since the Miocene within the active tectonic setting of the Great Basin; these histories have influenced lake levels in terminal basins. Many pre-late Pleistocene lakes in the western Great Basin were significantly larger and record wetter conditions than the youngest lakes. Outcrop-based lake-level data provide important checks on core-based proxy interpretations; we discuss four such comparisons. In some cases, such as for Lakes Owens and Manix, outcrop and core data synthesis yields stronger and more complete records; in other cases, such as for Bonneville and Lahontan, conflicts point toward reconsideration of confounding factors in interpretation of core-based proxies.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.012","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., Adams, K., Oviatt, C., and Bacon, S.N., 2014, Pluvial lakes in the Great Basin of the western United States: a view from the outcrop: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 97, p. 33-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.012.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"25","ipdsId":"IP-044438","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288206,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288205,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.012"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.38,32.36 ], [ -121.38,44.81 ], [ -110.35,44.81 ], [ -110.35,32.36 ], [ -121.38,32.36 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"97","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53981ad5e4b09e5ae91f9db2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":101244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Kenneth D.","contributorId":75586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Kenneth D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":13503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bacon, Steven N.","contributorId":93391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70107013,"text":"ofr20141089 - 2014 - Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Centre, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Huntingdon, and Luzerne counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T18:23:48","indexId":"ofr20141089","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-10T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1089","title":"Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Centre, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Huntingdon, and Luzerne counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010","docAbstract":"<p>Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells, which sometimes use the same technique, are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Centre, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Huntingdon, and Luzerne Counties in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication. In this region, natural gas development disturbed approximately 943 hectares of land in which forest sustained three times the amount of disturbance as agricultural land. One-quarter of that total disturbance was from Marcellus natural gas development.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141089","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, E., Milheim, L., Roig-Silva, C., and Winters, S., 2014, Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Centre, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Huntingdon, and Luzerne counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1089, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141089.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052469","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science 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S.G.","contributorId":99898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70107925,"text":"fs20143043 - 2014 - Water resources of Acadia Parish, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-24T21:15:28.861569","indexId":"fs20143043","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-09T11:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3043","title":"Water resources of Acadia Parish, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Information concerning the availability, use, and quality of water in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, is critical for proper water-supply management. The purpose of this fact sheet is to present information that can be used by water managers, parish residents, and others for stewardship of this vital resource. Information on the availability, past and current use, use trends, and water quality from groundwater and surface-water sources in the parish is presented. Previously published reports and data stored in the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Information System (<a href=\"http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis\">http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis</a>) are the primary sources of the information presented here.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143043","issn":"2327-6932","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Prakken, L., and White, V.E., 2014, Water resources of Acadia Parish, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3043, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143043.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055417","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505879,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_100217.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":288174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3043/pdf/fs2014-3043.pdf"},{"id":288175,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143043.jpg"},{"id":288173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3043/"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","county":"Acadia Parish","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.666667,30.0 ], [ -92.666667,30.5 ], [ -92.166667,30.5 ], [ -92.166667,30.0 ], [ -92.666667,30.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5396c954e4b0f7580bc0a8cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prakken, Larry B.","contributorId":86673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakken","given":"Larry B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Vincent E. 0000-0002-1660-0102 vwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-0102","contributorId":5388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Vincent","email":"vwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70098476,"text":"ofr20141060 - 2014 - Quality-assurance and data management plan for groundwater activities by the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-06T15:10:05","indexId":"ofr20141060","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-06T15:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1060","title":"Quality-assurance and data management plan for groundwater activities by the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas, 2014","docAbstract":"<p>As the Nation’s principle earth-science information agency, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is depended on to collect data of the highest quality. This document is a quality-assurance plan for groundwater activities (GWQAP) of the Kansas Water Science Center. The purpose of this GWQAP is to establish a minimum set of guidelines and practices to be used by the Kansas Water Science Center to ensure quality in groundwater activities. Included within these practices are the assignment of responsibilities for implementing quality-assurance activities in the Kansas Water Science Center and establishment of review procedures needed to ensure the technical quality and reliability of the groundwater products. In addition, this GWQAP is intended to complement quality-assurance plans for surface-water and water-quality activities and similar plans for the Kansas Water Science Center and general project activities throughout the USGS.</p>\n<br>\n<p>This document provides the framework for collecting, analyzing, and reporting groundwater data that are quality assured and quality controlled. This GWQAP presents policies directing the collection, processing, analysis, storage, review, and publication of groundwater data. In addition, policies related to organizational responsibilities, training, project planning, and safety are presented. These policies and practices pertain to all groundwater activities conducted by the Kansas Water Science Center, including data-collection programs, interpretive and research projects. This report also includes the data management plan that describes the progression of data management from data collection to archiving and publication.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141060","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Putnam, J.E., and Hansen, C.V., 2014, Quality-assurance and data management plan for groundwater activities by the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1060, v, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141060.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051485","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141060.jpg"},{"id":288154,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1060/"},{"id":288155,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1060/pdf/ofr2014-1060.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae77f9e4b0abf75cf2c668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Putnam, James E. jputnam@usgs.gov","contributorId":2021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"James","email":"jputnam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, Cristi V. chansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Cristi","email":"chansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70111688,"text":"70111688 - 2014 - Natural uranium and strontium isotope tracers of water sources and surface water-groundwater interactions in arid wetlands: Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-06T11:53:25","indexId":"70111688","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-06T11:48:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural uranium and strontium isotope tracers of water sources and surface water-groundwater interactions in arid wetlands: Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Near-surface physical and chemical process can strongly affect dissolved-ion concentrations and stable isotope compositions of water in wetland settings, especially under arid climate conditions.  In contrast, heavy radiogenic isotopes of strontium (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr) and uranium (<sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U) remain largely unaffected and can be used to help identify unique signatures from different sources and quantify end-member mixing that would otherwise be difficult to determine.  The utility of combined Sr and U isotopes are demonstrated in this study of wetland habitats on the Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge, which depend on supply from large-volume springs north of the Refuge, and from small-volume springs and seeps within the Refuge.  Water budgets from these sources have not been quantified previously.  Evaporation, transpiration, seasonally variable surface flow, and water management practices complicate the use of conventional methods for determining source contributions and mixing relations.  In contrast, <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U remain unfractionated under these conditions, and compositions at a given site remain constant.  Differences in Sr- and U-isotopic signatures between individual sites can be related by simple two- or three-component mixing models.  Results indicate that surface flow constituting the Refuge’s irrigation source consists of a 65:25:10 mixture of water from two distinct regionally sourced carbonate aquifer springs, and groundwater from locally sourced volcanic aquifers.  Within the Refuge, contributions from the irrigation source and local groundwater are readily determined and depend on proximity to those sources as well as water management practices.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.011","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., and Wurster, F.C., 2014, Natural uranium and strontium isotope tracers of water sources and surface water-groundwater interactions in arid wetlands: Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 517, p. 213-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.011.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-049329","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288135,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.011"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pahranagat Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.313393,37.187186 ], [ -115.313393,37.618914 ], [ -115.025947,37.618914 ], [ -115.025947,37.187186 ], [ -115.313393,37.187186 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"517","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7782e4b0abf75cf2c161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wurster, Frederic C. 0000-0002-5393-2878 fred_wurster@fws.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-2878","contributorId":74301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wurster","given":"Frederic","email":"fred_wurster@fws.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70111602,"text":"sir20145072 - 2014 - Concentrations, loads, and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 1989-2011, at multiple spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T14:55:51","indexId":"sir20145072","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-05T14:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5072","title":"Concentrations, loads, and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 1989-2011, at multiple spatial scales","docAbstract":"<p>Concentrations, loads, and yields of nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) were calculated for the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH) watershed for 1989–2011 at annual and seasonal (growing and nongrowing) time scales. Concentrations, loads, and yields were calculated at three spatial scales: for each of the 81 subbasins specified by 14-digit hydrologic unit codes (HUC-14s); for each of the three BB-LEH watershed segments, which coincide with segmentation of the BB-LEH estuary; and for the entire BB-LEH watershed. Base-flow and runoff values were calculated separately and were combined to provide total values.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Available surface-water-quality data for all streams in the BB-LEH watershed for 1980–2011 were compiled from existing datasets and quality assured. Precipitation and streamflow data were used to distinguish between water-quality samples that were collected during base-flow conditions and those that were collected during runoff conditions. Base-flow separation of hydrographs of six streams in the BB-LEH watershed indicated that base flow accounts for about 72 to 94 percent of total flow in streams in the watershed.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Base-flow mean concentrations (BMCs) of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for each HUC-14 subbasin were calculated from relations between land use and measured base-flow concentrations. These relations were developed from multiple linear regression models determined from water-quality data collected at sampling stations in the BB-LEH watershed under base-flow conditions and land-use percentages in the contributing drainage basins. The total watershed base-flow volume was estimated for each year and season from continuous streamflow records for 1989–2011 and relations between precipitation and streamflow during base-flow conditions. For each year and season, the base-flow load and yield were then calculated for each HUC-14 subbasin from the BMCs, total base-flow volume, and drainage area.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The watershed-loading application PLOAD was used to calculate runoff concentrations, loads, and yields of TN and TP at the HUC-14 scale. Flow-weighted event-mean concentrations (EMCs) for runoff were developed for each major land-use type in the watershed using storm sampling data from four streams in the BB-LEH watershed and three streams outside the watershed. The EMCs were developed separately for the growing and nongrowing seasons, and were typically greater during the growing season. The EMCs, along with annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and percent imperviousness associated with land-use types, were used as inputs to PLOAD to calculate annual and seasonal runoff concentrations, loads, and yields at the HUC-14 scale.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Over the period of study (1989–2011), total surface-water loads (base flow plus runoff) for the entire BB-LEH watershed for TN ranged from about 455,000 kilograms (kg) as N (1995) to 857,000 kg as N (2010). For TP, total loads for the watershed ranged from about 17,000 (1995) to 32,000 kg as P (2010). On average, the north segment accounted for about 66 percent of the annual TN load and 63 percent of the annual TP load, and the central and south segments each accounted for less than 20 percent of the nutrient loads. Loads and yields were strongly associated with precipitation patterns, ensuing hydrologic conditions, and land use. HUC-14 subbasins with the highest yields of nutrients are concentrated in the northern part of the watershed, and have the highest percentages of urban or agricultural land use. Subbasins with the lowest TN and TP yields are dominated by forest cover.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Percentages of turf (lawn) cover and nonturf cover were estimated for the watershed. Of the developed land in the watershed, nearly one quarter (24.9 percent) was mapped as turf cover. Because there is a strong relation between percent turf and percent developed land, percent turf in the watershed typically increases with percent development, and the amount of development can be considered a reasonable predictor of the amount of turf cover in the watershed. In the BB-LEH watershed, calculated concentrations of TN and TP were greater for developed–turf areas than for developed–nonturf areas, which, in turn, were greater than those for undeveloped areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145072","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.J., Wieben, C.M., Lathrop, R.G., and Nicholson, R.S., 2014, Concentrations, loads, and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 1989-2011, at multiple spatial scales: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5072, Report: vii, 64 p.; Table 13, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145072.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 64 p.; Table 13","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1989-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-039063","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145072.jpg"},{"id":288120,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5072/"},{"id":288122,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5072/pdf/sir2014-5072.pdf"},{"id":288121,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5072/table/sir2014-5072_table13-loads-huc.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Barnegat Bay;Little Egg Harbor","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.6007,39.4669 ], [ -74.6007,40.2311 ], [ -73.9678,40.2311 ], [ -73.9678,39.4669 ], [ -74.6007,39.4669 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5391834fe4b06f80638265a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieben, Christine M. 0000-0001-5825-5119 cwieben@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-5119","contributorId":4270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieben","given":"Christine","email":"cwieben@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lathrop, Richard G.","contributorId":63727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lathrop","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicholson, Robert S. rnichol@usgs.gov","contributorId":2283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Robert","email":"rnichol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70103029,"text":"sir20145064 - 2014 - Continuous water-quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate constituent concentrations and loads in the Red River of the North at Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota, 2003-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T20:13:26","indexId":"sir20145064","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-05T12:51:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5064","title":"Continuous water-quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate constituent concentrations and loads in the Red River of the North at Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota, 2003-12","docAbstract":"<p>The Red River of the North (hereafter referred to as “Red River”) Basin is an important hydrologic region where water is a valuable resource for the region’s economy. Continuous water-quality monitors have been operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, City of Fargo, City of Moorhead, City of Grand Forks, and City of East Grand Forks at the Red River at Fargo, North Dakota, from 2003 through 2012 and at Grand Forks, N.Dak., from 2007 through 2012. The purpose of the monitoring was to provide a better understanding of the water-quality dynamics of the Red River and provide a way to track changes in water quality. Regression equations were developed that can be used to estimate concentrations and loads for dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, nitrate plus nitrite, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment using explanatory variables such as streamflow, specific conductance, and turbidity.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Specific conductance was determined to be a significant explanatory variable for estimating dissolved solids concentrations at the Red River at Fargo and Grand Forks. The regression equations provided good relations between dissolved solid concentrations and specific conductance for the Red River at Fargo and at Grand Forks, with adjusted coefficients of determination of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. Specific conductance, log-transformed streamflow, and a seasonal component were statistically significant explanatory variables for estimating sulfate in the Red River at Fargo and Grand Forks. Regression equations provided good relations between sulfate concentrations and the explanatory variables, with adjusted coefficients of determination of 0.94 and 0.89, respectively.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>For the Red River at Fargo and Grand Forks, specific conductance, streamflow, and a seasonal component were statistically significant explanatory variables for estimating chloride. For the Red River at Grand Forks, a time component also was a statistically significant explanatory variable for estimating chloride. The regression equations for chloride at the Red River at Fargo provided a fair relation between chloride concentrations and the explanatory variables, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.66 and the equation for the Red River at Grand Forks provided a relatively good relation between chloride concentrations and the explanatory variables, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.77.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Turbidity and streamflow were statistically significant explanatory variables for estimating nitrate plus nitrite concentrations at the Red River at Fargo and turbidity was the only statistically significant explanatory variable for estimating nitrate plus nitrite concentrations at Grand Forks. The regression equation for the Red River at Fargo provided a relatively poor relation between nitrate plus nitrite concentrations, turbidity, and streamflow, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.46. The regression equation for the Red River at Grand Forks provided a fair relation between nitrate plus nitrite concentrations and turbidity, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.73. Some of the variability that was not explained by the equations might be attributed to different sources contributing nitrates to the stream at different times. Turbidity, streamflow, and a seasonal component were statistically significant explanatory variables for estimating total phosphorus at the Red River at Fargo and Grand Forks. The regression equation for the Red River at Fargo provided a relatively fair relation between total phosphorus concentrations, turbidity, streamflow, and season, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.74. The regression equation for the Red River at Grand Forks provided a good relation between total phosphorus concentrations, turbidity, streamflow, and season, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.87.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>For the Red River at Fargo, turbidity and streamflow were statistically significant explanatory variables for estimating suspended-sediment concentrations. For the Red River at Grand Forks, turbidity was the only statistically significant explanatory variable for estimating suspended-sediment concentration. The regression equation at the Red River at Fargo provided a good relation between suspended-sediment concentration, turbidity, and streamflow, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.95. The regression equation for the Red River at Grand Forks provided a good relation between suspended-sediment concentration and turbidity, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.96.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, City of Fargo, City of Moorhead, City of Grand Forks, and City of East Grand Forks","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., 2014, Continuous water-quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate constituent concentrations and loads in the Red River of the North at Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota, 2003-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5064, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145064.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-054797","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288108,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5064/"},{"id":288109,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5064/pdf/sir2014-5064.pdf"},{"id":288110,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145064.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","city":"Grand Forks;Fargo","otherGeospatial":"Red River Of The North","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.9863,45.4996 ], [ -100.9863,49.0 ], [ -93.8342,49.0 ], [ -93.8342,45.4996 ], [ -100.9863,45.4996 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53918350e4b06f80638265a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70103475,"text":"sir20145083 - 2014 - Monitoring recharge in areas of seasonally frozen ground in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T08:45:59","indexId":"sir20145083","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-05T08:26:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5083","title":"Monitoring recharge in areas of seasonally frozen ground in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Seasonally frozen ground occurs over approximately one‑third of the contiguous United States, causing increased winter runoff. Frozen ground generally rejects potential groundwater recharge. Nearly all recharge from precipitation in semi-arid regions such as the Columbia Plateau and the Snake River Plain in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, occurs between October and March, when precipitation is most abundant and seasonally frozen ground is commonplace. The temporal and spatial distribution of frozen ground is expected to change as the climate warms. It is difficult to predict the distribution of frozen ground, however, because of the complex ways ground freezes and the way that snow cover thermally insulates soil, by keeping it frozen longer than it would be if it was not snow covered or, more commonly, keeping the soil thawed during freezing weather.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A combination of satellite remote sensing and ground truth measurements was used with some success to investigate seasonally frozen ground at local to regional scales. The frozen-ground/snow-cover algorithm from the National Snow and Ice Data Center, combined with the 21-year record of passive microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager onboard a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite, provided a unique time series of frozen ground. Periodically repeating this methodology and analyzing for trends can be a means to monitor possible regional changes to frozen ground that could occur with a warming climate.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System watershed model constructed for the upper Crab Creek Basin in the Columbia Plateau and Reynolds Creek basin on the eastern side of the Snake River Plain simulated recharge and frozen ground for several future climate scenarios. Frozen ground was simulated with the Continuous Frozen Ground Index, which is influenced by air temperature and snow cover. Model simulation results showed a decreased occurrence of frozen ground that coincided with increased temperatures in the future climate scenarios. Snow cover decreased in the future climate scenarios coincident with the temperature increases. Although annual precipitation was greater in future climate scenarios, thereby increasing the amount of water available for recharge over current (baseline) simulations, actual evapotranspiration also increased and reduced the amount of water available for recharge over baseline simulations. The upper Crab Creek model shows no significant trend in the rates of recharge in future scenarios. In these scenarios, annual precipitation is greater than the baseline averages, offsetting the effects of greater evapotranspiration in future scenarios. In the Reynolds Creek Basin simulations, precipitation was held constant in future scenarios and recharge was reduced by 1.0 percent for simulations representing average conditions in 2040 and reduced by 4.3 percent for simulations representing average conditions in 2080. The focus of the results of future scenarios for the Reynolds Creek Basin was the spatial components of selected hydrologic variables for this 92 square mile mountainous basin with 3,600 feet of relief. Simulation results from the watershed model using the Continuous Frozen Ground Index provided a relative measure of change in frozen ground, but could not identify the within-soil processes that allow or reject available water to recharge aquifers. The model provided a means to estimate what might occur in the future under prescribed climate scenarios, but more detailed energy-balance models of frozen-ground hydrology are needed to accurately simulate recharge under seasonally frozen ground and provide a better understanding of how changes in climate may alter infiltration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145083","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with the USGS Office of Groundwater","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M., and Josberger, E., 2014, Monitoring recharge in areas of seasonally frozen ground in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5083, vii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145083.","productDescription":"vii, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051060","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145083.jpg"},{"id":288098,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5083/"},{"id":288101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5083/pdf/sir20145083.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 11","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Plateau;Crab Creek Basin;Reynolds Creek Basin;Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.47,41.99 ], [ -122.47,49.0 ], [ -108.63,49.0 ], [ -108.63,41.99 ], [ -122.47,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53918351e4b06f80638265ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Mark","contributorId":41312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Josberger, Edward","contributorId":30733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70111384,"text":"ofr20141112 - 2014 - Investigation of methods for successful installation and operation of Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) hydrophones in the Willamette River, Oregon, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T08:22:30","indexId":"ofr20141112","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-05T08:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1112","title":"Investigation of methods for successful installation and operation of Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) hydrophones in the Willamette River, Oregon, 2012","docAbstract":"Acoustic telemetry equipment was installed at three sites in the Willamette River during October 2012 to test the effectiveness of using the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System to monitor the movements of fish in a high-flow, high-velocity riverine environment. Hydrophones installed on concrete blocks were placed on the bottom of the river, and data cables were run from the hydrophones to shore where they were attached to anchor points. Under relatively low-flow conditions (less than approximately 10,000 cubic feet per second) the monitoring system remained in place and could be used to detect tagged fish as they traveled downstream during their seaward migration. At river discharge over approximately 10,000 cubic feet per second, the hydrophones were damaged and cables were lost because of the large volume of woody debris in the river and the increase in water velocity. Damage at two of the sites was sufficient to prevent data collection. A limited amount of data was collected from the equipment at the third site. Site selection and deployment strategies were re-evaluated, and an alternate deployment methodology was designed for implementation in 2013.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141112","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Rutz, G.L., Sholtis, M., Adams, N.S., and Beeman, J.W., 2014, Investigation of methods for successful installation and operation of Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) hydrophones in the Willamette River, Oregon, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1112, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141112.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055083","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141112.PNG"},{"id":288097,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1112/"},{"id":288099,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1112/pdf/ofr2014-1112.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.0024,43.3771 ], [ -125.0024,46.1342 ], [ -120.8002,46.1342 ], [ -120.8002,43.3771 ], [ -125.0024,43.3771 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53918350e4b06f80638265a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutz, Gary L. grutz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutz","given":"Gary","email":"grutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sholtis, Matthew D.","contributorId":69481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sholtis","given":"Matthew D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeman, John W. jbeeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","email":"jbeeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70111431,"text":"70111431 - 2014 - <i>Alexandrium fundyense</i> cysts in the Gulf of Maine: long-term time series of abundance and distribution, and linkages to past and future blooms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-04T15:24:15","indexId":"70111431","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-04T15:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<i>Alexandrium fundyense</i> cysts in the Gulf of Maine: long-term time series of abundance and distribution, and linkages to past and future blooms","docAbstract":"<p>Here we document <i>Alexandrium fundyense</i> cyst abundance and distribution patterns over nine years (1997 and 2004–2011) in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) and identify linkages between those patterns and several metrics of the severity or magnitude of blooms occurring before and after each autumn cyst survey. We also explore the relative utility of two measures of cyst abundance and demonstrate that GOM cyst counts can be normalized to sediment volume, revealing meaningful patterns equivalent to those determined with dry weight normalization.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Cyst concentrations were highly variable spatially. Two distinct seedbeds (defined here as accumulation zones with>300 cysts cm<sup>−3</sup>) are evident, one in the Bay of Fundy (BOF) and one in mid-coast Maine. Overall, seedbed locations remained relatively constant through time, but their area varied 3–4 fold, and total cyst abundance more than 10 fold among years. A major expansion of the mid-coast Maine seedbed occurred in 2009 following an unusually intense <i>A. fundyense</i> bloom with visible red-water conditions, but that feature disappeared by late 2010. The regional system thus has only two seedbeds with the bathymetry, sediment characteristics, currents, biology, and environmental conditions necessary to persist for decades or longer. Strong positive correlations were confirmed between the abundance of cysts in both the 0–1 and the 0–3 cm layers of sediments in autumn and geographic measures of the extent of the bloom that occurred the next year (i.e., cysts→blooms), such as the length of coastline closed due to shellfish toxicity or the southernmost latitude of shellfish closures. In general, these metrics of bloom geographic extent did not correlate with the number of cysts in sediments following the blooms (blooms→cysts). There are, however, significant positive correlations between 0–3 cm cyst abundances and metrics of the preceding bloom that are indicative of bloom intensity or vegetative cell abundance (e.g., cumulative shellfish toxicity, duration of detectable toxicity in shellfish, and bloom termination date). These data suggest that it may be possible to use cyst abundance to empirically forecast the geographic extent of the forthcoming bloom and, conversely, to use other metrics from bloom and toxicity events to forecast the size of the subsequent cyst population as the inoculum for the next year's bloom. This is an important step towards understanding the excystment/encystment cycle in <i>A. fundyense</i> bloom dynamics while also augmenting our predictive capability for this HAB-forming species in the GOM.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.002","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.M., Keafer, B.A., Kleindinst, J.L., McGillicuddy, D.J., Martin, J.L., Norton, K., Pilskaln, C.H., Smith, J.L., Sherwood, C.R., and Butman, B., 2014, <i>Alexandrium fundyense</i> cysts in the Gulf of Maine: long-term time series of abundance and distribution, and linkages to past and future blooms: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 103, p. 6-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.002.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"21","ipdsId":"IP-049742","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4085992","text":"External Repository"},{"id":288095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288092,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Bay Of Fundy;Gulf Of Maine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.0,40.0 ], [ -72.0,46.0 ], [ -65.0,46.0 ], [ -65.0,40.0 ], [ -72.0,40.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"103","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539031cfe4b04eea98bf84b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Donald M.","contributorId":79801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keafer, Bruce A.","contributorId":102795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keafer","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kleindinst, Judith L.","contributorId":78251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleindinst","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGillicuddy, Dennis J. Jr.","contributorId":13541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGillicuddy","given":"Dennis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Jennifer L. jlmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":494352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Norton, Kerry","contributorId":22692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Kerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pilskaln, Cynthia H.","contributorId":90818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilskaln","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Juliette L.","contributorId":20258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Juliette","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sherwood, Christopher R. 0000-0001-6135-3553 csherwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-3553","contributorId":2866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Christopher","email":"csherwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70104546,"text":"70104546 - 2014 - Controls of vegetation structure and net primary production in restored grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T08:42:18","indexId":"70104546","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-04T13:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls of vegetation structure and net primary production in restored grasslands","docAbstract":"<p>1. Vegetation structure and net primary production (NPP) are fundamental properties of ecosystems. Understanding how restoration practices following disturbance interact with environmental factors to control these properties can provide insight on how ecosystems recover and guide management efforts.</p> \n<br/>\n<p>2. We assessed the relative contribution of environmental and restoration factors in controlling vegetation structure, above- and below-ground investment in production across a chronosequence of semiarid Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields recovering from dryland wheat cropping relative to undisturbed grassland. Importantly, we determined the role of plant diversity and how seeding either native or introduced perennial grasses influenced the recovery of vegetation properties.</p> \n<br/>\n<p>3. Plant basal cover increased with field age and was highest in CRP fields seeded with native perennial grasses. In contrast, fields seeded with introduced perennial grasses had tall-growing plants with relatively low basal cover. These vegetation structural characteristics interacted with precipitation, but not soil characteristics, to influence above-ground NPP (ANPP). Fields enrolled in the CRP program for >7 years supported twice as much ANPP as undisturbed shortgrass steppe in the first wet year of the study, but all CRP fields converged on a common low amount of ANPP in the following dry year and invested less than half as much as the shortgrass steppe in below-ground biomass.</p> \n<br/>\n<p>4. ANPP in CRP fields seeded with native perennial grasses for more than 7 years was positively related to species richness, whereas ANPP in CRP fields seeded with introduced perennial grasses were controlled more by dominant species.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>5. Synthesis and applications. Seeding with introduced, instead of native, perennial grasses had a strong direct influence on vegetation structure, including species richness, which indirectly affected NPP through time. However, the effects of restoring either native or introduced grasses on NPP were secondary to low water availability. Therefore, restoration strategies that maximize basal cover and below-ground biomass, which promote water acquisition, may lead to high resilience in semiarid and arid regions.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Scientific Publications","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1111/1365-2664.12283","usgsCitation":"Munson, S.M., and Lauenroth, W.K., 2014, Controls of vegetation structure and net primary production in restored grasslands: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 51, no. 4, p. 988-996, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12283.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"988","endPage":"996","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-054719","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12283","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":288082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287149,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12283"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.058136,40.381075 ], [ -105.058136,40.922852 ], [ -104.515686,40.922852 ], [ -104.515686,40.381075 ], [ -105.058136,40.381075 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539031d4e4b04eea98bf84c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munson, Seth M. 0000-0002-2736-6374 smunson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-6374","contributorId":1334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"Seth","email":"smunson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauenroth, William K.","contributorId":80982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauenroth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":493727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70111382,"text":"ds839 - 2014 - Topographic lidar survey of the Alabama, Mississippi, and Southeast Louisiana Barrier Islands, from September 5 to October 11, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-02T15:14:23","indexId":"ds839","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-04T11:49:47","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"839","title":"Topographic lidar survey of the Alabama, Mississippi, and Southeast Louisiana Barrier Islands, from September 5 to October 11, 2012","docAbstract":"<p>This Data Series Report contains lidar elevation data collected from September 5 to October 11, 2012, for the barrier islands of Alabama, Mississippi and southeast Louisiana, including the coast near Port Fourchon. Most of the data were collected September 5&ndash;10, 2012, with a reflight conducted on October 11, 2012, to increase point density in some areas. Point cloud data&mdash;data points described in three dimensions&mdash;in lidar data exchange format (LAS), and bare earth digital elevation models (DEMs) in ERDAS Imagine raster format (IMG), are available as downloadable files. The point cloud data were processed to extract bare earth data; therefore, the point cloud data are organized into four classes: 1-unclassified, 2-ground, 7-noise and 9-water. Aero-Metric, Inc., was contracted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to collect and process these data.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The lidar data were acquired at a horizontal spacing (or nominal pulse spacing) of 1 meter (m) or less. The USGS conducted two ground surveys in a small area on Chandeleur Island on September 6, 2012, one on bare earth and the other in both bare earth and vegetated areas. The USGS calculated a vertical root mean square error (RMSEz) of 0.072 m and an offset of 0.007 m using interpolated 2-m by 2-m resolution grid surfaces made from the lidar bare-earth data and the combined USGS ground surveys. Aero-Metric, Inc., calculated an RMSEz of 0.025 m by comparing the USGS bare earth ground survey point data to the closest lidar points. The USGS also conducted a terrestrial lidar survey on Dauphin Island, Louisiana, on September 3, 2012. The USGS calculated a RMSEz of 0.32 m and an offset of 0.27 m, meaning the lidar data were 0.27 m higher than the ground truth (Guy and others, 2013), using interpolated 2-m by 2-m resolution grid surfaces from the airborne lidar bare-earth data and the terrestrial lidar survey.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>This lidar survey was acquired to document the changes of several different barrier island systems resulting from Hurricane Isaac (Guy and others, 2013). The survey supports detailed studies of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama barrier islands that resolve annual and episodic changes in beaches, berms and dunes associated with processes driven by storms, sea-level rise, and even human restoration activities.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>These lidar data are available to Federal, State and local governments, emergency-response officials, resource managers, and the general public.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds839","usgsCitation":"Guy, K.K., Doran, K., Stockdon, H.F., and Plant, N.G., 2014, Topographic lidar survey of the Alabama, Mississippi, and Southeast Louisiana Barrier Islands, from September 5 to October 11, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 839, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds839.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052682","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds839.jpg"},{"id":288070,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0839/ds839title.html"},{"id":288059,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0839/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama; Louisiana; Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.131591796875,\n              28.695406284421967\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.131591796875,\n              30.467614102257855\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.967529296875,\n              30.467614102257855\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.967529296875,\n              28.695406284421967\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.131591796875,\n              28.695406284421967\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539031d5e4b04eea98bf84cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guy, Kristy K. kguy@usgs.gov","contributorId":45010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Kristy","email":"kguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doran, Kara S. 0000-0001-8050-5727 kdoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-5727","contributorId":2496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Kara S.","email":"kdoran@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stockdon, Hilary F. 0000-0003-0791-4676 hstockdon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-4676","contributorId":2153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"Hilary","email":"hstockdon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70111383,"text":"ds840 - 2014 - Topographic lidar survey of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, February 6, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-04T11:54:19","indexId":"ds840","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-04T11:49:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"840","title":"Topographic lidar survey of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, February 6, 2012","docAbstract":"<p>This Data Series Report contains lidar elevation data collected February 6, 2012, for Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana. Point cloud data in lidar data exchange format (LAS) and bare earth digital elevation models (DEMs) in ERDAS Imagine raster format (IMG) are available as downloadable files. The point cloud data—data points described in three dimensions—were processed to extract bare earth data; therefore, the point cloud data are organized into the following classes: 1– and 17–unclassified, 2–ground, 9–water, and 10–breakline proximity. Digital Aerial Solutions, LLC, (DAS) was contracted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to collect and process these data.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The lidar data were acquired at a horizontal spacing (or nominal pulse spacing) of 0.5 meters (m) or less. The USGS conducted two ground surveys in small areas on the Chandeleur Islands on February 5, 2012. DAS calculated a root mean square error (RMSEz) of 0.034 m by comparing the USGS ground survey point data to triangulated irregular network (TIN) models built from the lidar elevation data.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This lidar survey was conducted to document the topography and topographic change of the Chandeleur Islands. The survey supports detailed studies of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama barrier islands that resolve annual and episodic changes in beaches, berms and dunes associated with processes driven by storms, sea-level rise, and even human restoration activities. These lidar data are available to Federal, State and local governments, emergency-response officials, resource managers, and the general public.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds840","usgsCitation":"Guy, K.K., Plant, N.G., and Bonisteel-Cormier, J.M., 2014, Topographic lidar survey of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, February 6, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 840, HTML document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds840.","productDescription":"HTML document","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052857","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds840.jpg"},{"id":288060,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0840/"},{"id":288068,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0840/ds840title.html"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 16N","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Chandeleur Islands","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.4946,29.1929 ], [ -89.4946,30.5019 ], [ -87.8975,30.5019 ], [ -87.8975,29.1929 ], [ -89.4946,29.1929 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539031d5e4b04eea98bf84d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guy, Kristy K. kguy@usgs.gov","contributorId":45010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Kristy","email":"kguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bonisteel-Cormier, Jamie M.","contributorId":18085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonisteel-Cormier","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70074260,"text":"sir20145017 - 2014 - Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in the Williston Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-22T20:32:36.016333","indexId":"sir20145017","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-04T11:04:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5017","title":"Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in the Williston Basin, United States","docAbstract":"<p>The Williston Basin, which includes parts of Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota in the United States and the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada, has been a leading domestic oil and gas producing region for more than one-half a century. Currently, there are renewed efforts to develop oil and gas resources from deep geologic formations, spurred by advances in recovery technologies and economic incentives associated with the price of oil. Domestic oil and gas production has many economic benefits and provides a means for the United States to fulfill a part of domestic energy demands; however, environmental hazards can be associated with this type of energy production in the Williston Basin, particularly to aquatic resources (surface water and shallow groundwater) by extremely saline water, or brine, which is produced with oil and gas. The primary source of concern is the migration of brine from buried reserve pits that were used to store produced water during recovery operations; however, there also are considerable risks of brine release from pipeline failures, poor infrastructure construction, and flow-back water from hydraulic fracturing associated with modern oilfield operations.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>During 2008, a multidisciplinary (biology, geology, water) team of U.S. Geological Survey researchers was assembled to investigate potential energy production effects in the Williston Basin. Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey participated in field tours and met with representatives from county, State, tribal, and Federal agencies to identify information needs and focus research objectives. Common questions from agency personnel, especially those from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, were “are the brine plumes (plumes of brine-contaminated groundwater) from abandoned oil wells affecting wetlands on Waterfowl Production Areas and National Wildlife Refuges?” and “are newer wells related to Bakken and Three Forks development different than the older, abandoned wells (in terms of potential for affecting aquatic resources)?” Of special concern were the wetland habitats of the ecologically important Prairie Pothole Region, which overlays a part of the Williston Basin and is recognized for the production of a majority of North America’s migratory waterfowl.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>On the basis of the concerns raised by on-the-ground land managers, as well as findings from previous research, a comprehensive study was developed with the following goals: summarize existing information pertaining to oil and gas production and aquatic resources in the Williston Basin; assess brine plume migration from new and previously studied sites in the Prairie Pothole Region; perform a regional, spatial evaluation of oil and gas production activities and aquatic resources; assess the potential for brine contamination to wetlands and streams; and hold a decision analysis workshop with key stakeholders to discuss issues pertaining to oil and gas production and environmental effects and to identify information gaps and research needs.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This report represents an initial, multidisciplinary evaluation of measured and potential environmental effects associated with oil and gas production in the Williston Basin and Prairie Pothole Region. Throughout this report there are reviews of current knowledge, and discussions relating to data gaps and research needs. On the basis of the information presented, future research needs include: regional geophysical and water-quality assessments to establish baselines for current conditions and estimate the extent of previous brine contamination, investigations into the direct effects of brine to biotic communities, and evaluations to identify the most effective techniques to mitigate brine contamination.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145017","usgsCitation":"Chesley-Preston, T.L., Coleman, J.L., Gleason, R.A., Haines, S.S., Jenni, K., Nieman, T.L., Peterman, Z., van der Burg, M.P., Preston, T.M., Smith, B.D., Tangen, B., and Thamke, J., 2014, Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5017, 140 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145017.","productDescription":"140 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044530","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145017.jpg"},{"id":288061,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5017/pdf/sir2014-5017.pdf"},{"id":288057,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5017/"},{"id":399525,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_100211.htm"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Williston Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.5126953125,\n              46.08847179577592\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.32763671875,\n              46.08847179577592\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.32763671875,\n              48.93693495409401\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.5126953125,\n              48.93693495409401\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.5126953125,\n              46.08847179577592\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539031d1e4b04eea98bf84bd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gleason, Robert A. 0000-0001-5308-8657 rgleason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-8657","contributorId":2402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Robert","email":"rgleason@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509774,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tangen, Brian A.","contributorId":78419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangen","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509775,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Chesley-Preston, Tara L. tchesley-preston@usgs.gov","contributorId":5557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesley-Preston","given":"Tara","email":"tchesley-preston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, James L. jlcoleman@usgs.gov","contributorId":141060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"James","email":"jlcoleman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gleason, Robert A. 0000-0001-5308-8657 rgleason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-8657","contributorId":2402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Robert","email":"rgleason@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haines, Seth S. 0000-0003-2611-8165 shaines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-8165","contributorId":1344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Seth","email":"shaines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jenni, Karen E.","contributorId":21256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenni","given":"Karen E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nieman, Timothy L.","contributorId":103967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nieman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"van der Burg, Max Post","contributorId":92580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Burg","given":"Max","email":"","middleInitial":"Post","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Preston, Todd M. 0000-0002-8812-9233 tmpreston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-9233","contributorId":1664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"Todd","email":"tmpreston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Tangen, Brian A.","contributorId":78419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangen","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Thamke, Joanna N. 0000-0002-6917-1946 jothamke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-1946","contributorId":1012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"Joanna N.","email":"jothamke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70094176,"text":"70094176 - 2014 - A screening tool for delineating subregions of steady recharge within groundwater models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:20:49","indexId":"70094176","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-04T09:22:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A screening tool for delineating subregions of steady recharge within groundwater models","docAbstract":"We have developed a screening method for simplifying groundwater models by delineating areas within the domain that can be represented using steady-state groundwater recharge. The screening method is based on an analytical solution for the damping of sinusoidal infiltration variations in homogeneous soils in the vadose zone. The damping depth is defined as the depth at which the flux variation damps to 5% of the variation at the land surface. Groundwater recharge may be considered steady where the damping depth is above the depth of the water table. The analytical solution approximates the vadose zone diffusivity as constant, and we evaluated when this approximation is reasonable. We evaluated the analytical solution through comparison of the damping depth computed by the analytic solution with the damping depth simulated by a numerical model that allows variable diffusivity. This comparison showed that the screening method conservatively identifies areas of steady recharge and is more accurate when water content and diffusivity are nearly constant. Nomograms of the damping factor (the ratio of the flux amplitude at any depth to the amplitude at the land surface) and the damping depth were constructed for clay and sand for periodic variations between 1 and 365 d and flux means and amplitudes from nearly 0 to 1 × 10<sup>−3</sup> m d<sup>−1</sup>. We applied the screening tool to Central Valley, California, to identify areas of steady recharge. A MATLAB script was developed to compute the damping factor for any soil and any sinusoidal flux variation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Vadose Zone Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2136/vzj2013.10.0184","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, J.E., Ferre, T., Bakker, M., and Crompton, B., 2014, A screening tool for delineating subregions of steady recharge within groundwater models: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 13, no. 6, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.10.0184.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-045293","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/3998685ffc7747f19af7502e880f5695","text":"External Repository"},{"id":288054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288053,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.10.0184"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.53,34.74 ], [ -123.53,41.48 ], [ -117.6,41.48 ], [ -117.6,34.74 ], [ -123.53,34.74 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539031d0e4b04eea98bf84b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferre, T.P.A.","contributorId":196167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"T.P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bakker, Mark","contributorId":56137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakker","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crompton, Becky","contributorId":60544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crompton","given":"Becky","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70068743,"text":"sir20135241 - 2014 - Spatial and stratigraphic distribution of water in oil shale of the Green River Formation using Fischer assay, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-03T14:13:22","indexId":"sir20135241","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-03T14:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5241","title":"Spatial and stratigraphic distribution of water in oil shale of the Green River Formation using Fischer assay, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The spatial and stratigraphic distribution of water in oil shale of the Eocene Green River Formation in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado was studied in detail using some 321,000 Fischer assay analyses in the U.S. Geological Survey oil-shale database. The oil-shale section was subdivided into 17 roughly time-stratigraphic intervals, and the distribution of water in each interval was assessed separately. This study was conducted in part to determine whether water produced during retorting of oil shale could provide a significant amount of the water needed for an oil-shale industry. Recent estimates of water requirements vary from 1 to 10 barrels of water per barrel of oil produced, depending on the type of retort process used. Sources of water in Green River oil shale include (1) free water within clay minerals; (2) water from the hydrated minerals nahcolite (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), dawsonite (NaAl(OH)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), and analcime (NaAlSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>0); and (3) minor water produced from the breakdown of organic matter in oil shale during retorting. The amounts represented by each of these sources vary both stratigraphically and areally within the basin. Clay is the most important source of water in the lower part of the oil-shale interval and in many basin-margin areas. Nahcolite and dawsonite are the dominant sources of water in the oil-shale and saline-mineral depocenter, and analcime is important in the upper part of the formation. Organic matter does not appear to be a major source of water. The ratio of water to oil generated with retorting is significantly less than 1:1 for most areas of the basin and for most stratigraphic intervals; thus water within oil shale can provide only a fraction of the water needed for an oil-shale industry.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135241","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Mercier, T.J., and Brownfield, M.E., 2014, Spatial and stratigraphic distribution of water in oil shale of the Green River Formation using Fischer assay, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5241, Report: vii, 108 p.; 1 Plate: 104.88 x 84.72 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135241.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 108 p.; 1 Plate: 104.88 x 84.72 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-024872","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288039,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135241.jpg"},{"id":288036,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5241/"},{"id":288037,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5241/pdf/sir2013-5241.pdf"},{"id":288038,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5241/download/plate1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Green River Formation;Piceance Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0,38.0 ], [ -109.0,41.0 ], [ -106.0,41.0 ], [ -106.0,38.0 ], [ -109.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538ee05ce4b0d497d49684d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Ronald C. 0000-0002-6197-5165 rcjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":1550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ronald","email":"rcjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mercier, Tracey J. 0000-0002-8232-525X tmercier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-525X","contributorId":2847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercier","given":"Tracey","email":"tmercier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brownfield, Michael E. 0000-0003-3633-1138 mbrownfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1138","contributorId":1548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Michael","email":"mbrownfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70073693,"text":"sir20135235 - 2014 - Occurrence and hydrogeochemistry of radiochemical constituents in groundwater of Jefferson County and surrounding areas, southwestern Montana, 2007 through 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-31T16:03:46","indexId":"sir20135235","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-03T12:35:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5235","title":"Occurrence and hydrogeochemistry of radiochemical constituents in groundwater of Jefferson County and surrounding areas, southwestern Montana, 2007 through 2010","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Jefferson County and the Jefferson Valley Conservation District, sampled groundwater in southwestern Montana to evaluate the occurrence and concentration of naturally-occurring radioactive constituents and to identify geologic settings and environmental conditions in which elevated concentrations occur. A total of 168 samples were collected from 128 wells within Broadwater, Deer Lodge, Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, Madison, Powell, and Silver Bow Counties from 2007 through 2010. Most wells were used for domestic purposes and were primary sources of drinking water for individual households. Water-quality samples were collected from wells completed within six generalized geologic units, and analyzed for constituents including uranium, radon, gross alpha-particle activity, and gross beta-particle activity. Thirty-eight wells with elevated concentrations or activities were sampled a second time to examine variability in water quality throughout time. These water-quality samples were analyzed for an expanded list of radioactive constituents including the following: three isotopes of uranium (uranium-234, uranium-235, and uranium-238), three isotopes of radium (radium-224, radium-226, and radium-228), and polonium-210. Existing U.S. Geological Survey and Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology uranium and radon water-quality data collected as part of other investigations through 2011 from wells within the study area were compiled as part of this investigation. Water-quality data from this study were compared to data collected nationwide by the U.S. Geological Survey through 2011.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Radionuclide samples for this study typically were analyzed within a few days after collection, and therefore data for this study may closely represent the concentrations and activities of water being consumed locally from domestic wells. Radioactive constituents were detected in water from every well sampled during this study regardless of location or geologic unit. Nearly 41 percent of sampled wells had at least one radioactive constituent concentration that exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards or screening levels. Uranium concentrations were higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 30 micrograms per liter in samples from 14 percent of the wells. Radon concentrations exceeded a proposed MCL of 4,000 picocuries per liter in 27 percent of the wells. Combined radium (radium-226 and radium-228) exceeded the MCL of 5 picocuries per liter in samples from 10 of 47 wells. About 40 percent (42 of 104 wells) of the wells had gross alpha-particle activities (72-hour count) at or greater than a screening level of 15 pCi/L. Gross beta-particle activity exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 50 picocuries per liter screening level in samples from 5 of 104 wells. Maximum radium-224 and polonium-210 activities in study wells were 16.1 and 3.08 picocuries per liter, respectively; these isotopes are constituents of human-health concern, but the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not established MCLs for them.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Radioactive constituent concentrations or activities exceeded at least one established drinking-water standard, proposed drinking-water standard, or screening level in groundwater samples from five of six generalized geologic units assessed during this study. Radioactive constituent concentrations or activities were variable not only within each geologic unit, but also among wells that were completed in the same geologic unit and in close proximity to one another. Established or proposed drinking-water standards were exceeded most frequently in water from wells completed in the generalized geologic unit that includes rocks of the Boulder batholith and other Tertiary through Cretaceous igneous intrusive rocks (commonly described as granite). Specifically, of the wells completed in the Boulder batholith and related rocks sampled as part of this study, 24 percent exceeded the MCL of 30 micrograms per liter for uranium, 50 percent exceeded the proposed alternative MCL of 4,000 picocuries per liter for radon, and 27 percent exceeded the MCL of 5 micrograms per liter for combined radium-226 and radium-228.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Elevated radioactive constituent values were detected in samples representing a large range of field properties and water types. Correlations between radioactive constituents and pH, dissolved oxygen, and most major ions were not statistically significant (p-value > 0.05) or were weakly correlated with Spearman correlation coefficients (rho) ranging from -0.5 to 0.5. Moderate correlations did exist between gross beta-particle activity and potassium (rho = 0.72 to 0.82), likely because one potassium isotope (potassium-40) is a beta-particle emitter. Total dissolved solids and specific conductance also were moderately correlated (rho = 0.62 to 0.71) with gross alpha-particle and gross beta-particle activity, indicating that higher radioactivity values can be associated with higher total dissolved solids.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Correlations were evaluated among radioactive constituents. Moderate to strong correlations occurred between gross alpha-particle and beta-particle activities (rho = 0.77 to 0.96) and radium isotopes (rho = 0.78 to 0.92). Correlations between gross alpha-particle activity (72-hour count) and all analyzed radioactive constituents were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05), and therefore, gross alpha-particle activity likely may be used as a screening tool for determining the presence of radionuclides in area waters. In this study, gross alpha-particle activities of 7 picocuries per liter or greater were associated with all radioactive constituents whose concentrations exceeded drinking-water standards or screening levels.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Radiochemical results varied temporally in samples from several of the thirty-eight wells sampled at least twice during the study. The time between successive sampling events ranged from about 1 to 10 months for 29 wells to about 3 years for the other 9 wells. Radiochemical constituents that varied by greater than 30 percent between sampling events included uranium (29 percent of the resampled wells), and radon (11 percent of the resampled wells), gross alpha-particle activity (38 percent of the resampled wells), and gross beta-particle activity (15 percent of the resampled wells). Variability in uranium concentrations from two wells was sufficiently large that concentrations were less than the MCL in the first set of samples and greater than the MCL in the second.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Sample holding times affect analytical results in this study. Gross alpha-particle and gross beta-particle activities were measured twice, 72 hours and 30 days after sample collection. Gross alpha-particle activity decreased an average of 37 percent between measurements, indicating the presence of short-lived alpha-emitting radionuclides in these samples. Gross beta-particle activity increased an average of 31 percent between measurements, indicating ingrowth of longer-lived beta-emitting radionuclides.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135235","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Jefferson County and the Jefferson Valley Conservation District, Montana","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, R.R., Nimick, D.A., and DeVaney, R.M., 2014, Occurrence and hydrogeochemistry of radiochemical constituents in groundwater of Jefferson County and surrounding areas, southwestern Montana, 2007 through 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5235, Report: x, 61 p.; Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135235.","productDescription":"Report: x, 61 p.; Downloads directory","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-042934","costCenters":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135235.jpg"},{"id":287981,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5235/"},{"id":287982,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5235/pdf/sir2013-5235.pdf"},{"id":287983,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5235/downloads/Appendix%20.xlsx"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,45.5 ], [ -113.0,47.0 ], [ -111.5,47.0 ], [ -111.5,45.5 ], [ -113.0,45.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538ee05be4b0d497d49684d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldwell, Rodney R. 0000-0002-2588-715X caldwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2588-715X","contributorId":2577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Rodney","email":"caldwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeVaney, Rainie M.","contributorId":84668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVaney","given":"Rainie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70103906,"text":"sir20145091 - 2014 - Evaluation of seepage and discharge uncertainty in the middle Snake River, southwestern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-03T11:36:57","indexId":"sir20145091","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-03T11:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5091","title":"Evaluation of seepage and discharge uncertainty in the middle Snake River, southwestern Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State of Idaho, Idaho Power Company, and the Idaho Department of Water Resources, evaluated seasonal seepage gains and losses in selected reaches of the middle Snake River, Idaho, during November 2012 and July 2013, and uncertainty in measured and computed discharge at four Idaho Power Company streamgages. Results from this investigation will be used by resource managers in developing a protocol to calculate and report Adjusted Average Daily Flow at the Idaho Power Company streamgage on the Snake River below Swan Falls Dam, near Murphy, Idaho, which is the measurement point for distributing water to owners of hydropower and minimum flow water rights in the middle Snake River. The evaluated reaches of the Snake River were from King Hill to Murphy, Idaho, for the seepage studies and downstream of Lower Salmon Falls Dam to Murphy, Idaho, for evaluations of discharge uncertainty.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Computed seepage was greater than cumulative measurement uncertainty for subreaches along the middle Snake River during November 2012, the non-irrigation season, but not during July 2013, the irrigation season. During the November 2012 seepage study, the subreach between King Hill and C J Strike Dam had a meaningful (greater than cumulative measurement uncertainty) seepage gain of 415 cubic feet per second (ft<sup>3</sup>/s), and the subreach between Loveridge Bridge and C J Strike Dam had a meaningful seepage gain of 217 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. The meaningful seepage gain measured in the November 2012 seepage study was expected on the basis of several small seeps and springs present along the subreach, regional groundwater table contour maps, and results of regional groundwater flow model simulations. Computed seepage along the subreach from C J Strike Dam to Murphy was less than cumulative measurement uncertainty during November 2012 and July 2013; therefore, seepage cannot be quantified with certainty along this subreach.</p>\n<br>\n<p>For the uncertainty evaluation, average uncertainty in discharge measurements at the four Idaho Power Company streamgages in the study reach ranged from 4.3 percent (Snake River below Lower Salmon Falls Dam) to 7.8 percent (Snake River below C J Strike Dam) for discharges less than 7,000 ft3/s in water years 2007–11. This range in uncertainty constituted most of the total quantifiable uncertainty in computed discharge, represented by prediction intervals calculated from the discharge rating of each streamgage. Uncertainty in computed discharge in the Snake River below Swan Falls Dam near Murphy was 10.1 and 6.0 percent at the Adjusted Average Daily Flow thresholds of 3,900 and 5,600 ft3/s, respectively. All discharge measurements and records computed at streamgages have some level of uncertainty that cannot be entirely eliminated. Knowledge of uncertainty at the Adjusted Average Daily Flow thresholds is useful for developing a measurement and reporting protocol for purposes of distributing water to hydropower and minimum flow water rights in the middle Snake River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145091","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Idaho, Idaho Power Company, and the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Wood, M.S., Williams, M.L., Evetts, D.M., and Vidmar, P.J., 2014, Evaluation of seepage and discharge uncertainty in the middle Snake River, southwestern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5091, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145091.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043282","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145091.jpg"},{"id":287979,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5091/pdf/sir20145091.pdf"},{"id":287978,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5091/"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,42.75 ], [ -116.5,43.5 ], [ -115.0,43.5 ], [ -115.0,42.75 ], [ -116.5,42.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538ee057e4b0d497d49684c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Molly S. 0000-0002-5184-8306 mswood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-8306","contributorId":788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Molly","email":"mswood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Marshall L. mlwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Marshall","email":"mlwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evetts, David M. devetts@usgs.gov","contributorId":5097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evetts","given":"David","email":"devetts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":493535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vidmar, Peter J.","contributorId":65008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidmar","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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