Chapter E adds 112 described species and subspecies (a few briefly described) to the some 440 covered in preceding chapters : 27 additional gastropods, 18 scaphopods, and 67 pelecypods in 10 families. It is estimated that about 125 species are to be added in chapter F, the final chapter.
The Arcidae is by far the largest family in the pelecypods so far studied : 30 species in six genera. The genus Anadara is the largest in that family : 25 species, representing the subgenera Hawaiarca?, Rasia, Tosarca, Grandiarca, Potiarca, and Cunearca. Potiarca, based on a living western Pacific species, is adopted for many American species heretofore assigned to Cunearca.
Eighteen of the 27 additional gastropods were found at a new locality in the late Eocene part of the Gatuncillo formation. They 'are assigned to 16 genera, 14 of which are not represented at other Gatuncillo localities. The genera include Faunus, Turnpanotonos, and Bezaneonia, which are rare in America, and the rare endemic American genus Harrisianella.
The marine member of the Bohio (?) formation is now assigned to the late Eocene, instead of late Eocene or early Oligocene—the only change in age assignment. Eocene affinities are especially strengthened by the presence of Samanoetia samanensis and Volvariella?, if indeed the unnamed species represents that genus, as seems likely. Both the marine member of the Bohio( ?) and the late Oligocene part of the Bohio contain early small species of Anadara, subgenus Rasia.
The fossils from the moderately deep-water facies of the late Oligocene Caimito formation include the earliest hexagonal Dentalium of the subgenus Dentalium s.s., from the American mainland, and a widespread and abundant species of the essentially deep-water subgenus Fissidentalium.
Anadara chiriquiensis chiriquiensis, a relatively small form of the subgenus Grandiarca that is widely distributed in the Miocene Caribbean province, occurs in the Culebra formation. For the most part it indicates brackish water.
Among the fossils from the La Boca formation proper, Cyphoma aff. C. intermedia is the earliest representative of an endemic American genus, and Isognomon mimeticus, a remarkable, narrowly mytiliform species is the type of the new subgenus Mimonion. Both the Culebra and La Boca, both of early Miocene age, contain predecessors of Gatun species.
As in other chapters, the largest number of species is from the middle Miocene Gatun formation: 50 species. Bailya crossata is the first Tertiary species of the genus from the Caribbean region, and the earliest now known. A bizarre, incomplete gastropod is described as xancid?, genus?. The Gatun contains 13 of the 24 species of Anadara and half of the 12 species of the subgenus Rasia of that genus. In consideration of two battered and worn specimens of a large form of the subgenus Grandiarca, identified as Anadara grandis patricia?, the similar Tertiary forms in the Caribbean region are reviewed and divided into a brackish-water group and a marine group. The Gatun fauna now totals some 330 species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp306E","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., 1973, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (additions to gastropods, scaphopods, pelecypods Nuculidae to Malleidae): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 306, iii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp306E.","productDescription":"iii, 86 p.","startPage":"453","endPage":"539","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Panama","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40306,"text":"ofr7350 - 1973 - Complete Bouguer anomaly gravity map of the Albuquerque-Grants area, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T21:37:22.125578","indexId":"ofr7350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-50","title":"Complete Bouguer anomaly gravity map of the Albuquerque-Grants area, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7350","usgsCitation":"Cordell, L., Joesting, H., and Case, J.E., 1973, Complete Bouguer anomaly gravity map of the Albuquerque-Grants area, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-50, 1 Plate: 31.79 × 24.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7350.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 31.79 × 24.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":72280,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407493,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8834.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":136440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Albuquerque-Grants area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.25,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -108.25,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -108.25,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordell, Lindrith","contributorId":40573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"Lindrith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joesting, H.R.","contributorId":7682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesting","given":"H.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Case, J. E.","contributorId":56625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1251,"text":"wsp1939E - 1973 - Geohydrology and water resources of the Tucson basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T20:23:06.165225","indexId":"wsp1939E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1939","chapter":"E","title":"Geohydrology and water resources of the Tucson basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1939E","usgsCitation":"Davidson, E.S., 1973, Geohydrology and water resources of the Tucson basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1939, Report: iv, 81 p.; 7 Plates: 39.50 x 56.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1939E.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 81 p.; 7 Plates: 39.50 x 56.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411374,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25167.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26187,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26186,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26185,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26181,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26184,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26183,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26182,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Tucson","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.58436178050204,\n 32.47852503049515\n ],\n [\n -111.20878631096618,\n 32.47852503049515\n ],\n [\n -111.20878631096618,\n 31.803952155684428\n ],\n [\n -110.58436178050204,\n 31.803952155684428\n ],\n [\n -110.58436178050204,\n 32.47852503049515\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68811a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davidson, Edward Sheldon","contributorId":77508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Sheldon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":204,"text":"wsp2092 - 1973 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp2092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2092","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2092","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2092, x, 373 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2092.","productDescription":"x, 373 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24815,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651958","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":943,"text":"wsp1757L - 1973 - Aquifers in the Sokoto basin, northwestern Nigeria, with a description of the general hydrogeology of the region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1757L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"L","title":"Aquifers in the Sokoto basin, northwestern Nigeria, with a description of the general hydrogeology of the region","docAbstract":"The Sokoto Basin of northwestern Nigeria lies in the sub-Saharan Sudan belt of west Africa in a zone of savannah-type vegetation. Rainfall, averaging about 30 inches annually in much of the basin, occurs chiefly in a wet season which lasts from May to October. A prolonged dry season extending from October to April is dominated by dusty harmattan winds from the northeast. April and May are the hottest months, when temperatures occasionally reach 105?F.\r\n\r\nFlow in streams of the Sokoto Basin is mostly overland runoff. Only in a few reaches, fed by ground-water discharge from the sedimentary rocks, are streams perennial. In the River Zamfara basin, ground-water discharge contributes almost 1 inch of the average 3.33 inches of total annual runoff. In the vicinity of Sokoto, the River Rima flows throughout the year sustained by spring discharge from perched ground water in limestone of the Kalambaina Formation. On the crystalline terrane where most of the streams rise, total annual runoff may exceed 5 inches, very little of which is ground-water discharge. \r\n\r\nThe sedimentary rocks of the basin range in age from Cretaceous to Tertiary and are composed mostly of interbedded sand, clay, and some limestone; the beds dip gently toward the northwest. Alluvium of Quaternary age underlies the lowlands of the River Sokoto (now Sokoto) and its principal tributaries. These rocks contain three important artesian aquifers, in addition to regional unconfined ground-water bodies in all the principal outcron areas, and a perched water body in the outcrop of the Kalambaina Formation. Artesian aquifers occur at depth in the Gundumi Formation, the Rima Group, and the Gwandu Formation and are separated from one another by clay beds in the lower part of the Rima Group and the Dange Formation. In outcrop, clay in the Dange Formation also supports the perched water of the Kalambaina Formation. \r\n\r\nThe Gundumi Formation, resting on the basement complex, is composed of varicolored clay, sand, and gravel and attains a thickness of 800 to 1,000 feet in its downdip extensions. Most of the formation is thin bedded and clayey and therefore does not yield large quantities of water to boreholes; the average yield is 2,700 gph (gallons per hour). (All gallons are imperial gallons.) Nevertheless, the upper part of the formation is sandy and more permeable and forms a regional artesian aquifer from which yields of as much as 6,600 gph are obtained from single boreholes. Clay in the lower part of the Rima Group confines the Gundumi aquifer downdip, so that at Rabah and Sokoto, for example, in the River Sokoto fadama (valley floor), artesian flow is found in boreholes screened in the Gundumi. \r\n\r\nAquifer tests indicate low transmissivities, ranging from 300 to 5,000 gpd per ft (gallons per day per foot) in the lower part of the Gundumi Formation; but in the upper sandy zone the transmissivities are much higher, reaching 66,000 gpd per ft. In the western part of the Sokoto Basin, more productive aquifers with higher heads usually lie above the Gundumi aquifer so that it is not attractive for development, except in the River Sokoto fadama where artesian flow is possible. \r\n\r\nThe Illo Group, which is in part contemporaneous with the Gundumi Formation, includes interbedded varicolored clay and grit in the southern part of the Sokoto Basin. The upper part of the Illo is known to be water-bearing; however, except for the test borehole at Mungadi, little is known of its subsurface extent and water-yielding potential. \r\n\r\nOverlying the Gundumi Formation in the central and northern part of the Sokoto Basin are interbedded fine gray sand and dark gray clay of the Wurno and Taloka Formations, separated in the extreme north by clay shale of the Dukamaje Formation. Collectively known as the Rima Group, these sediments attain a thickness of more than 1,000 feet near the Niger border. At depth and downdip the clayey beds practically disappear; the sandy beds become thicker and coar","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757L","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H., and Ogilbee, W., 1973, Aquifers in the Sokoto basin, northwestern Nigeria, with a description of the general hydrogeology of the region: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, v, L79 p. :and portfolio (10 fold. maps, 1 fold. sheet) ;illus.24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757L.","productDescription":"v, L79 p. :and portfolio (10 fold. maps, 1 fold. sheet) ;illus.24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25429,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25430,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25431,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25432,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25433,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25434,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25435,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25436,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25437,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25438,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25439,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25440,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246956,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-table_7.pdf","size":"1976","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H. R.","contributorId":67487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogilbee, William","contributorId":106093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilbee","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":205,"text":"wsp2093 - 1973 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 3, Ohio River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp2093","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2093","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 3, Ohio River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2093","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 3, Ohio River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2093, x, 309 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2093.","productDescription":"x, 309 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24816,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651b3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9,"text":"wsp1827E - 1973 - Chemical interactions of aluminum with aqueous silica at 25 degrees Celsius","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1827E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1827","chapter":"E","title":"Chemical interactions of aluminum with aqueous silica at 25 degrees Celsius","docAbstract":"Solutions containing from 10 -5 to 10 -2 moles per liter of aluminum and dissolved silica in various ratios were aged at pH levels between 4 and 10 at 25?C. A colloidal amorphous product having the composition of halloysite was produced in most solutions. It had a consistent and reversible equilibrium solubility equivalent to a standard free energy of formation of -8974 ? 1.0 kcal per mole for the formula A12Si2O5(OH)4. Some aging times were longer than 4 years, but most solutions gave consistent solubilities after only a few months of aging. Where silica concentrations were below about 10 -4 molar, microcrystalline gibbsite was formed below pH 6.0 and crystalline bayerite above pH 7.0, but only after much longer aging than was required for crystallization in silica-free solutions. \r\n\r\nElectron micrographs and diffraction patterns of the synthesized material indicate some crystallinity in the aluminosilicate, but no X-ray diffraction patterns could be obtained even in the material aged 4 years. \r\n\r\nSolubility relationships for solutions containing fluoride as well as silica and aluminum are explainable by using cryolite stabilities determined in previous work. \r\n\r\nAluminum contents of 51 samples of water analyzed for other purposes are in reasonable agreement with the assumption of equilibrium with amorphous clay mineral species similar to the material synthesized in this work. Solubility calculations are summarized graphically for solutions of ionic strength of 0.01 and 0.10.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1827E","usgsCitation":"Hem, J.D., Roberson, C.E., Lind, C.J., and Polxer, W., 1973, Chemical interactions of aluminum with aqueous silica at 25 degrees Celsius: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1827, iv, 57 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1827E.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1827e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1827e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3ac6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberson, C. E.","contributorId":40190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lind, Carol J.","contributorId":36110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Polxer, W.L.","contributorId":85152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polxer","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":206,"text":"wsp2095 - 1973 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 6, Missouri River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp2095","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2095","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 6, Missouri River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2095","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 6, Missouri River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2095, xi, 394 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2095.","productDescription":"xi, 394 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24817,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651926","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":946,"text":"wsp2026 - 1973 - Characteristics of water quality and streamflow, Passaic River basin above Little Falls, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp2026","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026","title":"Characteristics of water quality and streamflow, Passaic River basin above Little Falls, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The findings of a problem-oriented river-system investigation of the water-quality and streamflow characteristics of the Passaic River above Little Falls, N.J. (drainage area 762 sq mi) are described. Information on streamflow duration, time-of-travel measurements, and analyses of chemical, biochemical, and physical water quality are summarized. This information is used to define relations between water quality, streamflow, geology, and environmental development in the basin's hydrologic system. The existence, nature, and magnitude of long-term trends in stream quality--as measured by dissolved solids, chloride, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrate, and turbidity--and in streamflow toward either improvement or deterioration are appraised at selected sites within the river system. \r\n\r\nThe quality of streams in the upper Passaic River basin in northeastern New Jersey is shown to be deteriorating with time. For example, biochemical oxygen demand, an indirect measure of organic matter in a stream, is increasing at most stream-quality sampling sites. Similarly, the dissolved-solids content, a measure of inorganic matter, also is increasing. These observations suggest that the Passaic River system is being used more and more as a medium for the disposal of industrial and municipal waste waters. \r\n\r\nDissolved oxygen, an essential ingredient for the natural purification of streams receiving waste discharges, is undersaturated (that is, below theoretical solubility levels) at all sampling sites and is decreasing with time at most sites. This is another indication of the general deterioration of stream quality in the upper basin. It also indicates that the ability of the river system to receive, transport, and assimilate wastes, although exceeded now only for short periods during the summer months, may be exceeded more continually in the future if present trends hold. \r\n\r\nDecreasing ratios of ammonia to nitrate in a downstream direction on the main stem Passaic River suggests that nitrification (the biochemical conversion of ammonia to nitrate) as well as microbiological decomposition of organic matter (waste waters) is contributing to the continued and increasing undersaturation of dissolved oxygen in the river system. \r\n\r\nPassaic River streams are grouped into five general regions of isochemical quality on the basis of predominant constituents and dissolved-solids content during low flows. The predominant cations in all but one region are calcium and magnesium (exceeding 50 percent of total cations) ; in that region, where man's activities probably have altered the natural stream waters, the percentage of sodium and potassium equals that of calcium and magnesium. In two of the five regions, the predominant anion is bicarbonate; a combination of sulfate, chloride, and nitrate is predominant in the other three regions. Dissolved-solids content during low flows generally ranges from 100 to 600 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nSeveral time-of-travel measurements within the basin are reported. These data provide reasonable estimates of the time required for soluble contaminants to pass through particular parts of the river system. For example, the peak concentration of a contaminant injected into the river system at Chatham during extreme low flow would be expected to travel to Little Falls, about 31 miles, in about 13 days; but at medium flow, in about 5 days.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2026","usgsCitation":"Anderson, P.W., and Faust, S.D., 1973, Characteristics of water quality and streamflow, Passaic River basin above Little Falls, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2026, v, 80 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2026.","productDescription":"v, 80 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2026/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25446,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4eb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Peter W.","contributorId":10400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faust, Samuel Denton","contributorId":70367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Denton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2406,"text":"wsp2006 - 1973 - The Pine-Popple River basin — Hydrology of a wild river area, northeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T19:23:30.261504","indexId":"wsp2006","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006","title":"The Pine-Popple River basin — Hydrology of a wild river area, northeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Pine and Popple Rivers, virtually unaltered by man, flow through a semiprimitive area of forests, lakes, and glacial hills. White-water streams, natural lakes, fish and animal life, and abundant vegetation contribute to the unique recreational and aesthetic characteristics of the area. Resource planning or development should recognize the interrelationships within the hydrologic system and the possible effects of water and land-use changes upon the wild nature of the area. The basin covers about 563 square miles in northeastern Wisconsin. Swamps and wetlands cover nearly 110 square miles, and the 70 lakes cover about 11 square miles. The undulating topography is formed by glacial deposits overlying an irregular, resistant surface of bedrock. An annual average of 30 inches of precipitation, highest from late spring to early autumn, falls on the basin. Of this amount, evapotranspiration, highest in mid summer and late summer, averages 19 inches; the remaining 11 inches is runoff, which is highest in spring and early summer. Ground water from the glacial drift is the source of water for the minor withdrawal use in the basin. Ground-water movement is to streams and lakes and regionally follows the slope of topography and the bedrock surface, which is generally west to east. Ground water is of good quality, although locally high in iron. The major uses of water are for recreation and power generation. Domestic use is slight. No water is withdrawn from lakes or streams, and no sewage or industrial wastes are added to lakes or streams. Most of the flow of the Pine River is used for power generation. The main stems of the Pine and Popple Rivers contain 114 canoeable miles, of which 95 percent is without such major obstructions as falls or large rapids. In general streams support cold-water fish, and lakes support warm-water fish. Trout is the principal stream and game fish in the basin. The basin has no significant water problems. Future development between the Pine River power plant and the mouth of the Pine River should have little effect on the western two-thirds of the basin, already largely protected by public ownership or development planning agreements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2006","usgsCitation":"Oakes, E.L., Field, S.J., and Seeger, L.P., 1973, The Pine-Popple River basin — Hydrology of a wild river area, northeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2006, Report: iv, 57 p.; 2 Plates: 33.50 x 29.50 inches and 31.50 x 31.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2006.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 57 p.; 2 Plates: 33.50 x 29.50 inches and 31.50 x 31.00 inches","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28408,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28407,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2006/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28406,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2006/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2006/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Florence County, Forest County, Marinette County","otherGeospatial":"Pine River, Popple River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.92951965332031,\n 45.874234183868346\n ],\n [\n -88.92951965332031,\n 46.08418564215268\n ],\n [\n -88.626708984375,\n 46.08418564215268\n ],\n [\n -88.626708984375,\n 45.874234183868346\n ],\n [\n -88.92951965332031,\n 45.874234183868346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oakes, Edward L.","contributorId":79517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakes","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, Stephen J.","contributorId":53800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seeger, Lawrence P.","contributorId":17090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeger","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2405,"text":"wsp2017 - 1973 - Improvement of trout streams in Wisconsin by augmenting low flows with ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-01T13:24:03","indexId":"wsp2017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017","title":"Improvement of trout streams in Wisconsin by augmenting low flows with ground water","docAbstract":"Approximately 2 cubic feet per second of ground water were introduced into the Little Plover River in 1968 when natural streamflow ranged from 3 to 4 cubic feet per second. These augmentation flows were retained undiminished through the 2-mile reach of stream monitored. Maximum stream temperatures were reduced as much as 5?F (3?C) at the augmentation site during the test period, although changes became insignificant more than 1 mile downstream. Maximum temperatures might be reduced as much as 10?F (6?C) during critical periods, based on estimates using a stream temperature model developed as part of the study. During critical periods significant temperature improvement may extend 2 miles or more downstream. Changes in minimum DO (dissolved oxygen) levels were slight, primarily because of the high natural DO levels occurring during the test period. Criteria for considering other streams for flow augmentation are developed on the basis of the observed hydrologic responses in the Little Plover River. Augmentation flows of nearly 2? cubic feet per second of ground water were introduced into the headwater reach of Black Earth Creek from the end of June through mid-October 1969. Streamflow ranged from 1 to 2 cubic feet per second at the augmentation site, and the average flow at the gaging station at Black Earth, approximately 8 miles downstream, ranged from 25 to 50 cubic feet per second. Augmentation flows were retained through the 8-mile reach of stream. Temperature of the augmentation flow as it entered the stream ranged from 60? to 70?F (about 16? to 21?C) during the test period, and minimum stream temperatures were raised 5?F (3?C) or more at the augmentation site, with changes extending from 2 to 3 miles downstream. Augmentation during critical periods could maintain stream temperatures between 40? and 70?F (4? and 21?C) through most of the study reach. DO levels were increased by as much as 2 milligrams per liter or more below the augmentation site, although the improvement diminished to approximately 1 milligram per liter downstream in the problem reach. During critical periods DO improvement in the problem reach would be somewhat greater. Flow augmentation would not be necessary during normal conditions in either of the streams studied. Critical DO and temperature levels are not known to occur in the Little Plover River. Since the construction of secondary treatment facilities at the Cross Plains sewage-treatment plant, critical DO levels are no longer expected to be a problem in Black Earth Creek. However, results from this study may be used to estimate the effectiveness of flow augmentation in other streams in similar areas in which critical DO or temperature levels may occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Novitzki, R., 1973, Improvement of trout streams in Wisconsin by augmenting low flows with ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2017, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2017.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28405,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2017/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County, Portage County","otherGeospatial":"Black Earth Creek, Little Plover River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.0084,43.2555],[-89.0094,43.2],[-89.01,43.1131],[-89.0109,43.0849],[-89.0107,43.0271],[-89.0132,42.9353],[-89.013,42.8762],[-89.0119,42.8471],[-89.132,42.8479],[-89.2488,42.8478],[-89.3689,42.8484],[-89.3688,42.8575],[-89.4832,42.858],[-89.6026,42.8575],[-89.7196,42.8587],[-89.8377,42.8598],[-89.8375,42.9471],[-89.8386,43.0317],[-89.8384,43.1181],[-89.8394,43.205],[-89.8325,43.2123],[-89.825,43.2187],[-89.8175,43.226],[-89.8125,43.2342],[-89.8088,43.2369],[-89.8012,43.2365],[-89.7874,43.2356],[-89.771,43.237],[-89.7579,43.2379],[-89.7529,43.2443],[-89.7485,43.2507],[-89.7391,43.2548],[-89.7259,43.2644],[-89.7171,43.2739],[-89.714,43.2821],[-89.7165,43.2867],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.0094,43.286]]],[[[-89.2234,44.6814],[-89.2231,44.5916],[-89.2235,44.504],[-89.2238,44.4174],[-89.2242,44.3308],[-89.2245,44.2433],[-89.2469,44.2438],[-89.3464,44.2439],[-89.3649,44.2439],[-89.4835,44.244],[-89.488,44.244],[-89.5977,44.2458],[-89.606,44.2458],[-89.717,44.2475],[-89.7247,44.2479],[-89.7243,44.3372],[-89.7259,44.4239],[-89.7268,44.5114],[-89.8447,44.5116],[-89.8451,44.5983],[-89.8449,44.6849],[-89.7268,44.6852],[-89.608,44.6853],[-89.4899,44.6858],[-89.346,44.6812],[-89.2234,44.6814]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dane\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eeb53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Novitzki, R.P.","contributorId":73986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novitzki","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2088,"text":"wsp1817E - 1973 - Fractionation and characterization of natural organic matter from certain rivers and soils by free-flow electrophoresis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1817E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1817","chapter":"E","title":"Fractionation and characterization of natural organic matter from certain rivers and soils by free-flow electrophoresis","docAbstract":"Soluble river organic matter and soil fulvic acids from a variety of environments were compared by examining the free-flow electrophoretic fractionation curves of organic carbon, color, and polysaccharides. Significant amounts of virtually colorless organic material were found in both the soil and the river preparations. Polysaccharides comprised 20-75 percent of the colorless material in the soil fulvic acids but only 3.2-7.0 percent of the colorless material in the river preparations. A significant amount of polysaccharides was complexed with organic materials having negative charges. Amounts of polysaccharides were greater in the Fairbanks soil from Alaska than in the soils from North Carolina or Iowa, and they were greater in the Tahquamenon River in Michigan than in the two rivers in Florida; this suggests that polysaccharide degradation is slower in cooler environments. \r\n\r\nFor all of the organic preparations which were fractionated, the intensity of the yellow color increased as the charge on the organic anion increased. Highly colored, negatively charged organic material was found to be present in greater amounts in the subsurface spodic soil horizon of the Lakewood and Fairbanks soils than in the surface mollic horizon of the Macksburg soil. \r\n\r\nInfrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis of four pooled fractions of the Fairbanks fulvic acid indicated increasing aromatic character with increasing negative charge. An increase in the carboxyl content with negative charge suggests the carboxyl group as the primary source of the negative charge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1817E","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., and Malcolm, R., 1973, Fractionation and characterization of natural organic matter from certain rivers and soils by free-flow electrophoresis: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1817, iii, E1-E 14 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1817E.","productDescription":"iii, E1-E 14 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1817e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27652,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1817e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a50fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":46075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":208,"text":"wsp2096 - 1973 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp2096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2096","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; for sale by U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2096","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1968, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2096, xi, 438 p. :tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2096.","productDescription":"xi, 438 p. :tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24819,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db65192d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1826,"text":"wsp2009D - 1973 - Appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Little Falls area, Morrison County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:53:45","indexId":"wsp2009D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009","chapter":"D","title":"Appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Little Falls area, Morrison County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Anticipated irrigation on sandy soils has prompted evaluation of ground-water supply potential in the Little Falls area. Geologic conditions cause ground-water availability to vary widely in the area. The largest and most readily available groundwater source is the glacial outwash sand and gravel from which the soils were derived.
\nTest augering shows that the saturated surficial outwash is as much as 50-100 feet thick in the area where the outwash fills a probable former meltwater channel and that it is also this thick in smaller areas elsewhere. Transmissivity of the thicker parts of the aquifer approaches or exceeds 100,000 gallons per day per foot, and probable well yields should exceed 1,000 gallons per minute. In about two-thirds of the study area, a saturated thickness of less than 40 feet generally limits well yields to less than 300 gallons per minute.
\nRecharge to the surficial aquifer is obtained primarily from precipitation. Most discharge occurs as evapotranspiration, base flow to the Mississippi River, and base flow to other streams and to lakes.
\nPossible future response to pumping was studied through electric analog analyses by stressing the modeled aquifer system in accordance with areal variations in expected well yields. The model interpretation indicates most of the sustained pumpage would be obtained from intercepted base flow and evapotranspiration. Simulated withdrawals totaling 18,000 acre-feet of water per year for 10 years resulted in little adverse effect on the aquifer system. Simulated larger withdrawals, assumed to represent denser well spacing, caused greater depletion of aquifer storage, streamflow, and lake volumes, excessively so in some areas. Results of model analyses provide a guide for ground-water development by identifying the capability of all parts of the aquifer system to support sustained pumping for irrigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2009D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Morrison County Soil and Water Conservation District and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters, Soils, and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., 1973, Appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Little Falls area, Morrison County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2009, Document: iv, 40 p.; Plate: 43 x 20 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2009D.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 40 p.; Plate: 43 x 20 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27023,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Morrison County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.49752807617188,\n 45.78189063850085\n ],\n [\n -94.49752807617188,\n 46.16556561464647\n ],\n [\n -93.9715576171875,\n 46.16556561464647\n ],\n [\n -93.9715576171875,\n 45.78189063850085\n ],\n [\n -94.49752807617188,\n 45.78189063850085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, John O.","contributorId":101630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2089,"text":"wsp1817D - 1973 - Preparative free-flow electrophoresis as a method of fractionation of natural organic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1817D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1817","chapter":"D","title":"Preparative free-flow electrophoresis as a method of fractionation of natural organic materials","docAbstract":"Preparative free-flow electrophoresis was found to be an efficient method of conducting large-scale fractionations of the natural organic polyelectrolytes occurring in many surface waters and soils. The method of free-flow electrophoresis obviates, the problem of adsorption upon a supporting medium and permits the use of high potential gradients and currents because of an efficient cooling system. Separations were monitored by determining organic carbon concentration with a dissolved carbon analyzer, and color was measured by absorbance at 400 nanometers. Organic materials from waters and soils were purified by filtration, hydrogen exchange, and dialysis and were concentrated by freeze drying or freeze concentration. In electrophoretic fractionations of natural organic materials typically found in surface waters and soils, color was found to increase with the charge of the fraction.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. 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