{"pageNumber":"56","pageRowStart":"1375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1869,"records":[{"id":2572,"text":"wsp2334 - 1989 - Evapotranspiration estimates using remote-sensing data, Parker and Palo Verde valleys, Arizona and California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15575,"text":"ofr8667 - 1986 - Evapotranspiration estimates using remote-sensing data, Parker and Palo Verde Valleys, Arizona and California","indexId":"ofr8667","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Evapotranspiration estimates using remote-sensing data, Parker and Palo Verde Valleys, Arizona and California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2572,"text":"wsp2334 - 1989 - Evapotranspiration estimates using remote-sensing data, Parker and Palo Verde valleys, Arizona and California","indexId":"wsp2334","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Evapotranspiration estimates using remote-sensing data, Parker and Palo Verde valleys, Arizona and California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp2334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2334","title":"Evapotranspiration estimates using remote-sensing data, Parker and Palo Verde valleys, Arizona and California","docAbstract":"In 1981 the U.S. Geological Survey established an experimental project to assess the possible and practical use of remote-sensing data to estimate evapotranspiration as an approximation of consumptive use of water in the lower Colorado River flood plain. The project area was in Parker Valley, Arizona. The approach selected was to measure the areas covered by each type of vegetation, using remote-sensing data in various types of analyses, and to multiply each area by a predetermined water-use rate. \r\n\r\nTwo calibration and six remote-sensing methods of classifying crop types were compared for cost, accuracy, consistency, and labor requirements. Included were one method each for field reconnaissance using 1982 data, low-altitude (less than 5,000 feet) aerial photography using 1982 data, and visual photointerpretation of Landsat satellite images using 1981 and 1982 data; two methods for medium-altitude (15,000-18,000 feet) aerial photography using 1982 data; and three methods for digital Landsat satellite images using 1981 data. A test of the most promising digital-processing method, which used three image dates, was made in part of Palo Verde Valley, California, where 1981 crop data were more complete than in Parker Valley. \r\n\r\nOf the eight methods studied, the two-date digital-processing method was the most consistent and least labor intensive for identifying two or three major crops; visual photointerpretation of Landsat images was the least expensive. Evapotranspiration estimates from crop classifications by all methods differed by a maximum of 6 percent. Total evapotranspiration calculated from crop data and phreatophyte maps in 1981 ranged from 11 percent lower in Palo Verde Valley to 17 percent lower in Parker Valley than consumptive use calculated by water budgets. The difference was greater in Parker Valley because the winter crop data were not included.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2334","usgsCitation":"Raymond, L.H., and Rezin, K.V., 1989, Evapotranspiration estimates using remote-sensing data, Parker and Palo Verde valleys, Arizona and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2334, iv, 18 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2334.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2334/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28843,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2334/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymond, Lee H.","contributorId":83501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rezin, Kelly V.","contributorId":18744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezin","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11838,"text":"ofr89128 - 1989 - Alaska Interim Land Cover Mapping Program; final report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T13:23:32","indexId":"ofr89128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-128","title":"Alaska Interim Land Cover Mapping Program; final report","docAbstract":"<p>In 1985, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a research project to develop an interim land cover data base for Alaska as an alternative to the nationwide Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Program. The Alaska Interim Land Cover Mapping Program was subsequently created to develop methods for producing a series of land cover maps that utilized the existing Landsat digital land cover classifications produced by and for the major land management agencies for mapping the vegetation of Alaska. The program was successful in producing digital land cover classifications and statistical summaries using a common statewide classification and in reformatting these data to produce l:250,000-scale quadrangle-based maps directly from the Scitex laser plotter. A Federal and State agency review of these products found considerable user support for the maps. Presently the Geological Survey is committed to digital processing of six to eight quadrangles each year. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89128","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, K., Doughty, E., Shasby, M., and Benjamin, S., 1989, Alaska Interim Land Cover Mapping Program; final report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-128, ii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89128.","productDescription":"ii, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":145804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0128/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, Katherine","contributorId":75906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick-Lins","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doughty, E.F.","contributorId":74011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughty","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shasby, Mark shasbym@usgs.gov","contributorId":69158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shasby","given":"Mark","email":"shasbym@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benjamin, Susan","contributorId":77938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70236908,"text":"70236908 - 1989 - Mapping eelgrass beds in Izembek Lagoon using Landsat MSS data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T16:04:11.347267","indexId":"70236908","displayToPublicDate":"1989-12-31T10:45:36","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping eelgrass beds in Izembek Lagoon using Landsat MSS data","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technical proceedings: 24th Annual Alaska surveying and mapping conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"24th Annual Alaska Surveying and Mapping Conference","conferenceDate":"Feb 6-10, 1989","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Surveying and Mapping Conference","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., 1989, Mapping eelgrass beds in Izembek Lagoon using Landsat MSS data, <i>in</i> Technical proceedings: 24th Annual Alaska surveying and mapping conference, Anchorage, AK, Feb 6-10, 1989, p. 1-18.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407140,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -163.0865478515625,\n              55.12236729829848\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.7239990234375,\n              55.12236729829848\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.7239990234375,\n              55.40095076626326\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.0865478515625,\n              55.40095076626326\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.0865478515625,\n              55.12236729829848\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":140882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70194849,"text":"70194849 - 1989 - Velocities of antarctic outlet glaciers determined from sequential Landsat images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:21:12","indexId":"70194849","displayToPublicDate":"1989-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":812,"text":"Antarctic Journal of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocities of antarctic outlet glaciers determined from sequential Landsat images","docAbstract":"<p>Approximately 91.0 percent of the volume of present-day glacier ice on Earth is in Antarctica; Greenland contains about another 8.3 percent of the volume. Thus, together, these two great ice sheets account for an estimated 99.3 percent of the total. Long-term changes in the volume of glacier ice on our planet are the result of global climate change. Because of the relationship of global ice volume to sea level (± 330 cubic kilometers of glacier ice equals ± 1 millimeter sea level), changes in the mass balance of the antarctic ice sheet are of particular importance.</p><p>Whether the mass balance of the east and west antarctic ice sheets is positive or negative is not known. Estimates of mass input by total annual precipitation for the continent have been made from scattered meteorological observations (Swithinbank 1985). The magnitude of annual ablation of the ice sheet from calving of outlet glaciers and ice shelves is also not well known. Although the velocities of outlet glaciers can be determined from field measurements during the austral summer,the technique is costly, does not cover a complete annual cycle,and has been applied to just a few glaciers. To increase the number of outlet glaciers in Antarctica for which velocities have been determined and to provide additional data for under-standing the dynamics of the antarctic ice sheets and their response to global climate change, sequential Landsat image of several outlet glaciers were measured.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, T.R., Ferrigno, J.G., Williams, R., and Lucchitta, B.K., 1989, Velocities of antarctic outlet glaciers determined from sequential Landsat images: Antarctic Journal of the United States, v. 24, no. 5, p. 105-106.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.coldregions.org/vufind/ajus/ajus"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6857f5e4b06e28e9c65f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Thomas R.","contributorId":201469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":17355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":725648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015627,"text":"70015627 - 1989 - Surface faulting: A preliminary view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T14:52:34.658721","indexId":"70015627","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface faulting: A preliminary view","docAbstract":"This description of surface faulting near Spitak, Armenia, is based on a field inspection made December 22-26, 1988. The surface rupture west of Spitak, displacement of the ground surface, pre-earthquake surface expressions of the fault, and photolineaments in landsat images are described and surface faulting is compared to aftershocks. It is concluded that the 2 meters of maximum surface displacement fits well within the range of reliably measured maximum surface offsets for historic reverse and oblique-reverse faulting events throughout the world. By contrast, the presently known length of surface rupture near Spitak, between 8 and 13 km, is shorter than any other reverse or oblique-reverse event of magnitude greater than 6.0. This may be a reason to suppose that additional surface rupture might remain unmapped.","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/1.1585232","usgsCitation":"Sharp, R.V., 1989, Surface faulting: A preliminary view: Earthquake Spectra, v. 5, no. 1_suppl, p. 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585232.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1_suppl","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fabe4b08c986b31e77f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014939,"text":"70014939 - 1989 - Shaded relief map of US topography from digital elevations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:29:31.581879","indexId":"70014939","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shaded relief map of US topography from digital elevations","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Much geologic and geophysical information that lies encoded within land surface form can be revealed by image processing large files of digitized elevations in fast machines and mapping the results. This convergence of computers, analytic software, data, and output devices has created exciting opportunities for automating the numerical and spatial study of topography. One recent result is the accompanying shaded relief map of the conterminous 48 states.</p><p>A shaded relief image of topography mimics a cloud-free monochrome aerial photograph taken at low Sun. Gray tones represent different terrain slopes and azimuths calculated from adjacent elevations stored in a uniform grid, or digital elevation model (DEM). Sun elevation and direction can be varied to generate complementary views of the same area. The synoptic coverage of these computer images is a major advantage; unlike a photograph, image extent is limited only by size of the elevation array. Shaded relief maps also are free of the distortion found in radar images and of the vegetation and cultural features that mask topographic form on Landsat and SPOT images.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/89EO00291","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Pike, R., and Thelin, G., 1989, Shaded relief map of US topography from digital elevations: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 70, no. 38, p. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1029/89EO00291.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"853","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ddce4b08c986b3185d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, R.J.","contributorId":72814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thelin, G.P.","contributorId":84421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelin","given":"G.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015485,"text":"70015485 - 1989 - Style of extensional tectonism during rifting, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-27T01:22:14.53745","indexId":"70015485","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2147,"text":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Style of extensional tectonism during rifting, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden","docAbstract":"<p>Models describing the development of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, prior to the present periods of sea-floor spreading, include those that use block faulting on steep normal faults, uniform diffuse shear in continental crust, simple shear on large detachment faults that cut the entire lithosphere, combinations involving detachment faults/ductile deformation/plutonic inflation, and ones that minimize the role of mechanical extension in favor of an earlier stage of sea-floor spreading. Geologic and geophysical studies from the Arabian continental margin in the southern Red Sea and LANDSAT analysis of the northern Somalia margin in the Gulf of Aden suggest that the early continental rifts were long narrow features that formed by extension on closely spaced normal faults above moderate- to shallow-dipping detachments with break-away zones defining one rift flank and root zones under the opposing rift flank. The rift flanks presently form the opposing continental margins across each ocean basin. The detachment on the Arabian margin dips gently to the west, with a breakaway zone now eroded above the deeply dissected terrain of the Arabian escarpment. The Arabian detachment projects westward to middle crustal levels beneath the sediment of the southern Red Sea coastal plain. Strata in the upper plate dip as steeply as 60° to the west, and the beds are repeated by numerous planar and listric normal faults that dip to the east. Most of the faults truncate downward at the detachment. Thus, the upper plate is highly extended and the rocks in its eastern part have been translated about 20 km westward and 21/2- to 5-km downward relative to the rest of Arabia. A prominent detachment surface, with a north dip, is evident in northernmost Somalia where it breaks away north of the Somalian escarpment in an otherwise undeformed section of cratonic strata of Jurassic to Eocene age. The upper plate of the Somalian detachment consists of a highly faulted collage of the cratonic strata. This fault projects to middle crustal levels in the opposing Arabian margin to the northeast.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0899-5362(89)80046-6","issn":"08995362","usgsCitation":"Bohannon, R.G., 1989, Style of extensional tectonism during rifting, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 8, no. 2-4, p. 589-602, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(89)80046-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"602","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cf2e4b08c986b31d54e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015551,"text":"70015551 - 1989 - Evidence of uplift near Charleston, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T12:01:11.355844","indexId":"70015551","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of uplift near Charleston, South Carolina","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15572222\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>In spite of extensive research, the causal structure of the 1886 magnitude 7 earthquake near Charleston, South Carolina, has not been identified. In this study I analyzed digital surface topography and river morphology in light of earlier studies using seismic reflection, seismic refraction, earthquake seismology, and gravity and magnetic surveys. This analysis revealed an area approximately 400 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>northwest of Charleston that may have been repeatedly uplifted by earthquakes. Geologic and seismic reflection data confirm alteration of formations at depth. Deformation of the surface is supported by observations on aerial and LANDSAT photographs. Therefore, the structure on which the 1886 earthquake occurred may be within the uplifted area defined in this report.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0311:EOUNCS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Rhea, S., 1989, Evidence of uplift near Charleston, South Carolina: Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 311-315, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0311:EOUNCS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224212,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d6fe4b0c8380cd53001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhea, S.","contributorId":59958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016102,"text":"70016102 - 1989 - Radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016102","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral images","docAbstract":"A main problem encountered in radiometric calibration of satellite image data is correcting for atmospheric effects. Without this correction, an image digital number (DN) cannot be converted to a surface reflectance value. In this paper the accuracy of a calibration procedure, which includes a correction for atmospheric scattering, is tested. Two simple methods, a stand-alone and an in situ sky radiance measurement technique, were used to derive the HAZE DN values for each of the six reflectance Thematic Mapper (TM) bands. The DNs of two Landsat TM images of Phoenix, Arizona were converted to surface reflectances. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P., 1989, Radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral images: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 9, p. 1285-1294.","startPage":"1285","endPage":"1294","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a940be4b0c8380cd81184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015931,"text":"70015931 - 1989 - Extracting spectral contrast in Landsat Thematic Mapper image data using selective principal component analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70015931","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extracting spectral contrast in Landsat Thematic Mapper image data using selective principal component analysis","docAbstract":"A challenge encountered with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, which includes data from size reflective spectral bands, is displaying as much information as possible in a three-image set for color compositing or digital analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the six TM bands simultaneously is often used to address this problem. However, two problems that can be encountered using the PCA method are that information of interest might be mathematically mapped to one of the unused components and that a color composite can be difficult to interpret. \"Selective' PCA can be used to minimize both of these problems. The spectral contrast among several spectral regions was mapped for a northern Arizona site using Landsat TM data. Field investigations determined that most of the spectral contrast seen in this area was due to one of the following: the amount of iron and hematite in the soils and rocks, vegetation differences, standing and running water, or the presence of gypsum, which has a higher moisture retention capability than do the surrounding soils and rocks. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P., and Kwarteng, A.Y., 1989, Extracting spectral contrast in Landsat Thematic Mapper image data using selective principal component analysis: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 3, p. 339-348.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e5ae4b0c8380cd533e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwarteng, Andy Y.","contributorId":7423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwarteng","given":"Andy","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70159105,"text":"70159105 - 1988 - Land cover mapping of the upper Kuskokwim Resource Managment Area using LANDSAT and a digital data base approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-13T13:43:31.46543","indexId":"70159105","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-20T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Land cover mapping of the upper Kuskokwim Resource Managment Area using LANDSAT and a digital data base approach","docAbstract":"<p>Digital land cover and terrain data for the Upper Kuskokwim Resource Hanagement Area (UKRMA) were produced by the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation Systems Field Office, Anchorage, Alaska for the Bureau of Land Management. These and other environmental data, were incorporated into a digital data base to assist in the management and planning of the UKRMA. The digital data base includes land cover classifications, elevation, slope, and aspect data centering on the UKRMA boundaries. The data are stored on computer compatible tapes at a 50-m pixel size. Additional digital data in the data base include: (a) summer and winter Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data registered to a 50-m Universal Transverse Mercator grid; (b) elevation, slope, aspect, and solar illumination data; (c) soils and surficial geology; and (e) study area boundary. The classification of Landsat MSS data resulted in seven major classes and 24 subclasses. Major classes include: forest, shrubland, dwarf scrub, herbaceous, barren, water, and other. The final data base will be used by resource personnel for management and planning within the UKRMA.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159105","usgsCitation":"Markon, C.J., 1988, Land cover mapping of the upper Kuskokwim Resource Managment Area using LANDSAT and a digital data base approach, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159105.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159105.jpg"},{"id":310352,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159105/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kuskowim River, Stony River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.400390625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.400390625,\n              63.27318217465046\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.611328125,\n              63.27318217465046\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.611328125,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.400390625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce82e4b06217fc478af5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38198,"text":"pp1386B - 1988 - Glaciers of Antarctica","indexId":"pp1386B","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Glaciers of Antarctica"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":38212,"text":"pp1386C - 1995 - Glaciers of Greenland","indexId":"pp1386C","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Glaciers of Greenland"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":38224,"text":"pp1386H - 1989 - Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia, and New Zealand","indexId":"pp1386H","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia, and New Zealand"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":38255,"text":"pp1386I - 1998 - Glaciers of South America","indexId":"pp1386I","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Glaciers of South America"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":38501,"text":"pp1386E - 1993 - Glaciers of Europe","indexId":"pp1386E","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Glaciers of Europe"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":38502,"text":"pp1386G - 1991 - Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa","indexId":"pp1386G","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":44667,"text":"pp1386J - 2002 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world — North America","indexId":"pp1386J","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world — North America"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":97059,"text":"pp1386K - 2008 - Glaciers of North America - Glaciers of Alaska","indexId":"pp1386K","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Glaciers of North America - Glaciers of Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":8},{"subject":{"id":98690,"text":"pp1386F - 2010 - Glaciers of Asia","indexId":"pp1386F","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Glaciers of Asia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":9},{"subject":{"id":70043298,"text":"pp1386A - 2012 - State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century: Glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments","indexId":"pp1386A","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century: Glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":10}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T15:57:26.610938","indexId":"pp1386","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1386","title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World, contains 11 chapters designated by the letters A through K. Chapter A provides a comprehensive, yet concise, review of the \"State of the Earth's Cryosphere at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Glaciers, Global Snow Cover, Floating Ice, and Permafrost and Periglacial Environments,\" and a \"Map/Poster of the Earth's Dynamic Cryosphere,\" and a set of eight \"Supplemental Cryosphere Notes\" about the Earth's Dynamic Cryosphere and the Earth System. The next 10 chapters, B through K, are arranged geographically and present glaciological information from Landsat and other sources of historic and modern data on each of the geographic areas. Chapter B covers Antarctica; Chapter C, Greenland; Chapter D, Iceland; Chapter E, Continental Europe (except for the European part of the former Soviet Union), including the Alps, the Pyrenees, Norway, Sweden, Svalbard (Norway), and Jan Mayen (Norway); Chapter F, Asia, including the European part of the former Soviet Union, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; Chapter G, Turkey, Iran, and Africa; Chapter H, Irian Jaya (Indonesia) and New Zealand; Chapter I, South America; Chapter J, North America (excluding Alaska); and Chapter K, Alaska. Chapters A–D each include map plates.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1386","usgsCitation":"1988, Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Chapters A-K, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386.","productDescription":"Chapters A-K","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":320,"text":"Glacier Studies Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267198,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1386.png"},{"id":265317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"511a2115e4b084e2824d6997","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":17355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509152,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509151,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70159184,"text":"70159184 - 1988 - Selawik National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-12T15:03:13","indexId":"70159184","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Selawik National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide","docAbstract":"<p>Title III of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA, 1980) established the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). Section 304 of the Act requires the Secretary of Interior to \"prepare, and from time to time revise, a comprehensive conservation plan\" for the refuge. Before developing a plan for the refuge, the Secretary shall \"identify and describe--a) the populations and habitats of the fish and wildlife resources of the refuge; b) the special values of the refuge as well as any other archeological, cultural, ecological, geological, historical, palentological, scenic, or wilderness value of the refuge; c) areas within the refuge that are suitable for use as administrative sites or visitor facilities...; d) present the potential requirements for access with respect to the refuge...; and e) significant problems which may adversely affect the populations and habitats of fish and wildlife identified and described...\" (ANILCA, 1980). Vegetation, water, and terrain (elevation, slope, and aspect) are the components of habitat and can be used in the determination of the above requirements.</p>\n<p>The U.S.&nbsp;Fish &amp; Wildlife Service (USFWS) has the responsibility for collecting the resource information to address the research, management, development and planning requirements identified in Section 304. Because of the brief period provided by the Act for data collection, habitat mapping, and habitat assessment, the USFWS in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Field Office, used digital Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data and digital terrain data to produce land cover and terrain maps. A computer assisted digital analysis of Landsat MSS data was used because coverage by aerial photographs was incomplete for the refuge and because the level of detail obtained from Landsat data was adequate to meet most USFWS research, management and planning needs. Relative cost and time requirements were also factors in the decision to use the digital analysis approach.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70159184","usgsCitation":"Markon, C.J., 1988, Selawik National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159184.","productDescription":"28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159184.jpg"},{"id":311258,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159184/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Selawik National Wildlife  Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              66\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              66\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              66\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5623712ee4b06217fc47dea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70039501,"text":"70039501 - 1988 - FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, April 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"70039501","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-16T10:50:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":358,"text":"FOLD, federally owned Landsat data","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, April 1988","docAbstract":"The FOLD data base lists all Landsat CCT's held by participating agencies. Duplicate CCT listings are maintained when more than one agency holds identical CCT's; this permits the user to select the most convenient site to obtain a copy. Copies of the listing are distributed by EDC to contributing agencies and other selected offices.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center","publisherLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","doi":"10.3133/70039501","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988, FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, April 1988: FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, ix, 240, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039501.","productDescription":"ix, 240","numberOfPages":"252","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261630,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039501/report.pdf"},{"id":261631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039501/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e7ce4b0c8380cd5349e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013733,"text":"70013733 - 1988 - An improved dark-object subtraction technique for atmospheric scattering correction of multispectral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:54:35.25532","indexId":"70013733","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An improved dark-object subtraction technique for atmospheric scattering correction of multispectral data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Digital analysis of remotely sensed data has become an important component of many earth-science studies. These data are often processed through a set of preprocessing or “clean-up” routines that includes a correction for atmospheric scattering, often called haze. Various methods to correct or remove the additive haze component have been developed, including the widely used dark-object subtraction technique. A problem with most of these methods is that the haze values for each spectral band are selected independently. This can create problems because atmospheric scattering is highly wavelength-dependent in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum and the scattering values are correlated with each other. Therefore, multispectral data such as from the Landsat Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner must be corrected with haze values that are spectral band dependent. An improved dark-object subtraction technique is demonstrated that allows the user to select a&nbsp;</span><i>relative</i><span>&nbsp;atmospheric scattering model to predict the haze values for all the spectral bands from a selected starting band haze value. The improved method normalizes the predicted haze values for the different gain and offset parameters used by the imaging system. Examples of haze value differences between the old and improved methods for Thematic Mapper Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 are 40.0, 13.0, 12.0, 8.0, 5.0, and 2.0 vs. 40.0, 13.2, 8.9, 4.9, 16.7, and 3.3, respectively, using a relative scattering model of a clear atmosphere. In one Landsat multispectral scanner image the haze value differences for Bands 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 30.0, 50.0, 50.0, and 40.0 for the old method vs. 30.0, 34.4, 43.6, and 6.4 for the new method using a relative scattering model of a hazy atmosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(88)90019-3","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., 1988, An improved dark-object subtraction technique for atmospheric scattering correction of multispectral data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 24, no. 3, p. 459-479, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(88)90019-3.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"479","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"northern Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.51428402871795,\n              35.76132241917742\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.51428402871795,\n              35.12484483192148\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.06027608212764,\n              35.12484483192148\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.06027608212764,\n              35.76132241917742\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.51428402871795,\n              35.76132241917742\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea6ee4b0c8380cd48869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38198,"text":"pp1386B - 1988 - Glaciers of Antarctica","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38198,"text":"pp1386B - 1988 - Glaciers of Antarctica","indexId":"pp1386B","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Glaciers of Antarctica"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T15:16:14.227884","indexId":"pp1386B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1386","chapter":"B","title":"Glaciers of Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p>Of all the world's continents Antarctica is the coldest, the highest, and the least known. It is one and a half times the size of the United States, and on it lies 91 percent (30,109,800 km<sup>3</sup>) of the estimated volume of all the ice on Earth. Because so little is known about Antarctic glaciers compared with what is known about glaciers in populated countries, satellite imagery represents a great leap forward in the provision of basic data. From the coast of Antarctica to about 81?south latitude, there are 2,514 Landsat nominal scene centers (the fixed geographic position of the intersection of orbital paths and latitudinal rows). If there were cloud-free images for all these geographic centers, only about 520 Landsat images would be needed to provide complete coverage. Because of cloud cover, however, only about 70 percent of the Landsat imaging area, or 55 percent of the continent, is covered by good quality Landsat images. To date, only about 20 percent of Antarctica has been mapped at scales of 1:250,000 or larger, but these maps do include about half of the coastline. The area of Antarctica that could be planimetrically mapped at a scale of 1:250,000 would be tripled if the available Landsat images were used in image map production. </p><p>This chapter contains brief descriptions and interpretations of features seen in 62 carefully selected Landsat images or image mosaics. Images were chosen on the basis of quality and interest; for this reason they are far from evenly spaced around the continent. Space limitations allow less than 15 percent of the Landsat imaging area of Antarctica to be shown in the illustrations reproduced in this chapter. Unfortunately, a wealth of glaciological and other features of compelling interest is present in the many hundreds of images that could not be included. To help show some important features beyond the limit of Landsat coverage, and as an aid to the interpretation of certain features seen in the images, 38 oblique aerial photographs have been included. Again, these represent only a small fraction of the large number of aerial photographs now available in various national collections. </p><p>The chapter is divided into five geographic sections. The first is the Transantarctic Mountains in the Ross Sea area. Some very large outlet glaciers flow from the East Antarctic ice sheet through the Transantarctic Mountains to the Ross Ice Shelf. Byrd Glacier, one of the largest in the world, drains an area of more than 1,000,000 km<sup>2</sup>. Next, images from the Indian Ocean sector are discussed. These include the Lambert Glacier- Amery Ice Shelf system, so large that about 25 images must be mosaicked to cover its complex system of tributary glaciers. Shirase Glacier, a tidal outlet glacier in the sector, flows at a speed of 2.5 km a<sup>-l</sup>. About 200 km inland and 200 km west of Shirase Glacier lie the Queen Fabiola (\"Yamato\") Mountains, whose extensive exposures of `blue ice' lay claim to being the world's most important meteorite-collecting locality, with more than 4,700 meteorite fragments discovered since 1969. </p><p>The Atlantic Ocean sector is fringed by ice shelves into which flow large ice streams like Jutulstraumen, Stancomb-Wills, Slessor, and Recovery Glaciers. Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves together cover an area two-thirds the size of Texas. From the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf, the north-trending arc of the Antarctic Peninsula, with its fjord and alpine landscape and fringing ice shelves, stretches towards South America. The Pacific Ocean sector begins with the Ellsworth Mountains, which include the highest peaks (Vinson Massif at 4,897 m) in Antarctica. The area between the Ellsworth Mountains and the eastern margin of the Ross Ice Shelf is fringed with small ice shelves and some major outlet glaciers. One of these, Pine Island Glacier, was found from comparing 1973 and 1975 images to have an average ice-front velocity of 2.4 km a<sup>-1</sup>. This part of Antarctica contains many dormant volcanoes; the summits of servers, such as Mount Takahe with its 8-km-wide summit caldera, protrude through the West Antarctic ice sheet.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the World (Professional Paper1386)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1386B","usgsCitation":"Swithinbank, C., Chinn, T.J., Williams, R.S., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1988, Glaciers of Antarctica (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Report: xi, 278 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 24.00 inches and 35.00 x 26.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386B.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 278 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 24.00 inches and 35.00 x 26.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1386_b.jpg"},{"id":3486,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              -60\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              -90\n            ],\n            [\n             179.9,\n              -90\n            ],\n            [\n              179.9,\n              -60\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              -60\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674ff3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":17355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914634,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":914635,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Swithinbank, Charles","contributorId":60145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chinn, Trevor J.","contributorId":344745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chinn","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":15299,"text":"ofr88708 - 1988 - Field conditions at the Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa County, Arizona, June 13, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:47","indexId":"ofr88708","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-708","title":"Field conditions at the Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa County, Arizona, June 13, 1988","docAbstract":"Field conditions were documented during the Landsat satellite overpass of the Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa County, Arizona, on June 13, 1988. Crop types were mapped and photographed for each demonstration farm field. Field conditions described include irrigation, cultivation, and orientation of rows. Field and photographic descriptions are presented in tabular form. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88708","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., 1988, Field conditions at the Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa County, Arizona, June 13, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-708, 5 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88708.","productDescription":"5 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0708/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44224,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0708/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cae4b07f02db5d80af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":170916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70231786,"text":"70231786 - 1988 - The use of Landsat MSS data to map eelgrass in Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T14:33:43.1675","indexId":"70231786","displayToPublicDate":"1988-06-01T09:23:56","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The use of Landsat MSS data to map eelgrass in Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, resource technology 88: International Symposium on Advanced Technology in Natural Resource Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Resource technology 88: International Symposium on Advanced Technology in Natural Resource Management","conferenceDate":"June 20-23, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, Colorado, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., 1988, The use of Landsat MSS data to map eelgrass in Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, <i>in</i> Proceedings, resource technology 88: International Symposium on Advanced Technology in Natural Resource Management, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States, June 20-23, 1988, p. 251-253.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"253","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n 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       ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":140882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70200785,"text":"70200785 - 1988 - Numerical analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper images of Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T16:09:32","indexId":"70200785","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T16:08:57","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper images of Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p>Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data from Dronning [Queen] Maud Land, Antarctica, have been analysed to provide insights into physical properties of the ice sheet. Brightness (at-satellite) temperatures calculated from digital numbers of the thermal band (TM band 6), using state-of-the-art equations and constants (<a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/numerical-analysis-of-landsat-thematic-mapper-images-of-antarctica-surface-temperatures-and-physical-properties/D9A0844994AD4C5C1D995DFE0F127B4E#R5\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/numerical-analysis-of-landsat-thematic-mapper-images-of-antarctica-surface-temperatures-and-physical-properties/D9A0844994AD4C5C1D995DFE0F127B4E#R5\">Markham and Barker 1986</a>), are 8° to 20°C lower than temperatures measured on the surface. Such differences cannot be ascribed to atmospheric absorption or to emissivity variations; instead, they suggest errors in either the sensor or instrument calibration for the temperature range 0° to −20°C. The results indicate an excess gain factor of about 1.63. The TM band 6 data seem to reproduce faithfully the relative temperature variations across the surface.</p><p>Principal components (PCs) calculated for TM bands 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 are presented for a region of the interior ice sheet. PCs are superior to individual bands or combinations of bands for analysing the main characteristics of an image, such as rendition of surface topography (mostly given in PCl), and for distinguishing between different surface materials (mostly given in PCs 2 and 3). Band ratioing was most useful for enhancing subtle albedo variations, such as those caused by changes in surface properties due to melting.</p><p>TM data of the region, collected 18 d apart, show large changes on the snow surface; strong patterns shown in PC2 and TM bands 5 and 7 of the earlier image were nearly faded 18 d later. These strong patterns are not present at visual wavelengths or in the thermal band, and we believe they reflect wind-related variations in the physical properties of the snow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S026030550000642X","usgsCitation":"Orheim, O., and Lucchitta, B.K., 1988, Numerical analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper images of Antarctica: Annals of Glaciology, v. 11, p. 109-120, https://doi.org/10.3189/S026030550000642X.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"120","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s026030550000642x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c113024e4b034bf6a824e3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orheim, Olav","contributorId":210340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orheim","given":"Olav","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":750505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70231505,"text":"70231505 - 1988 - Thematic mapping from satellite imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T17:30:20.853138","indexId":"70231505","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Thematic mapping from satellite imagery","docAbstract":"<p>This report, produced between 1984 and 1987 in a bilingual edition (English and French), provides a wealth of information on a wide variety of cartographic applications which are being developed to make effective use of new data that is now being collected by Earth observation satellites. At a time when natural resource development and environmental problems have to be taken into account in their entirety, satellites provide an exceptional means of evaluating, synthesizing and creating geographic information. The production of new images, such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper, the SPOT High Resolution Visible Sensor and the adoption meteorological images such as AVHRR sensors on NOAA satellites, which have been extended to thematic domains such as agriculture and glaciology, have led to many new developments as well as problems for the cartographer. These problems are numerous and varied and recur frequently depending on the images and themes being processed e.g. how to select the graphic specification of maps and legends and account for classification accuracy; how to introduce the minimum of topographical data into an image in order to supply users with an adequate geographic reference; when using a physical terrain image, on which, by definition there are no `blanks' and where no details have been eliminated, how to overcome conceptual difficulties e.g. the side by side placing of different semiological information; the interpretation levels left to reader; achieving a balance between objectivity and readability. Obviously the cartographers role is of prime importance in solving these problems. In order to illustrate the way in which this information is presented, the report provides samples from 33 thematic applications taken from 13 different categories, including agriculture, town planning and water resources. Each application is provided with a descriptive note both in English and French indicating the objective, method and results obtained. This volume provides an important record of current developments in thematic mapping from satellite imagery and should be essential reference for all cartographers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/C2009-0-11248-5","usgsCitation":"1988, Thematic mapping from satellite imagery, 214 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-11248-5.","productDescription":"214 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400521,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Denegre, J.","contributorId":291640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denegre","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842801,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70231784,"text":"70231784 - 1988 - Estimation of ground-water use for irrigation in eastern Washington using Landsat imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T13:42:28.843253","indexId":"70231784","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T08:32:45","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimation of ground-water use for irrigation in eastern Washington using Landsat imagery","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Water-Use Data for Water Resources Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Water-Use Data for Water Resources Management","conferenceDate":"1988","conferenceLocation":"Arizona, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P.C., and Seevers, P., 1988, Estimation of ground-water use for irrigation in eastern Washington using Landsat imagery, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Symposium on Water-Use Data for Water Resources Management, Arizona, United States, 1988, p. 667-679.","productDescription":"TPS88-2, 13 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"679","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -480.377197265625,\n              49.001843917978526\n            ],\n            [\n              -480.34423828124994,\n              45.69850658738846\n            ],\n            [\n              -480.047607421875,\n              45.775186183521036\n            ],\n            [\n              -479.81689453125,\n              45.836454050187726\n            ],\n            [\n              -479.72900390625006,\n              45.82114340079471\n            ],\n            [\n              -479.619140625,\n              45.91294412737392\n            ],\n            [\n              -479.41040039062494,\n              45.882360730184025\n            ],\n            [\n              -479.27856445312494,\n              45.93587062119052\n            ],\n            [\n              -479.124755859375,\n              45.94351068030587\n            ],\n            [\n              -478.97094726562494,\n              46.01222384063236\n            ],\n            [\n              -476.90551757812494,\n              46.00459325574482\n            ],\n            [\n              -476.949462890625,\n              46.09609080214316\n            ],\n            [\n              -476.90551757812494,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -476.96044921874994,\n              46.29381556233369\n            ],\n            [\n              -477.04833984375006,\n              46.36967413462374\n            ],\n            [\n              -477.00439453125,\n              46.430285240839964\n            ],\n            [\n              -477.02636718749994,\n              49.001843917978526\n            ],\n            [\n              -480.377197265625,\n              49.001843917978526\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C. 0000-0001-7564-9814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-9814","contributorId":211144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seevers, P. M.","contributorId":94325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seevers","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70142592,"text":"70142592 - 1988 - Intermediate-scale vegetation mapping of Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska using Landsat MSS digital data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:31:09","indexId":"70142592","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intermediate-scale vegetation mapping of Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska using Landsat MSS digital data","docAbstract":"<p>A Landsat-derived vegetation map was prepared for lnnoko National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge lies within the northern boreal subzone of northwestern central Alaska. Six major vegetation classes and 21 subclasses were recognized: forest (closed needleleaf, open needleleaf, needleleaf woodland, mixed, and broadleaf); broadleaf scrub (lowland, upland burn regeneration, subalpine); dwarf scrub (prostrate dwarf shrub tundra, erect dwarf shrub heath, dwarf shrub-graminoid peatland, dwarf shrub-graminoid tussock peatland, dwarf shrub raised bog with scattered trees, dwarf shrub-graminoid marsh); herbaceous (graminoid bog, graminoid marsh, graminoid tussock-dwarf shrub peatland); scarcely vegetated areas (scarcely vegetated scree and floodplain); and water (clear, sedimented). The methodology employed a cluster-block technique. Sample areas were described based on a combination of helicopter-ground survey, aerial photo-interpretation, and digital Landsat data. Major steps in the Landsat analysis involved preprocessing (geometric correction), derivation of statistical parameters for spectral classes, spectral class labeling of sample areas, preliminary classification of the entire study area using a maximum-likelihood algorithm, and final classification utilizing ancillary information such as digital elevation data. The final product is 1:250,000-scale vegetation map representative of distinctive regional patterns and suitable for use in comprehensive conservation planning.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S., and Markon, C.J., 1988, Intermediate-scale vegetation mapping of Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska using Landsat MSS digital data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 3, p. 377-383.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"383","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Innoko National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.6041259765625,\n              63.17171454570863\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.6041259765625,\n              63.386600640372414\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.14819335937497,\n              63.386600640372414\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.14819335937497,\n              63.17171454570863\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.6041259765625,\n              63.17171454570863\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54fec433e4b02419550debc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70142154,"text":"70142154 - 1988 - An integrated approach for automated cover-type mapping of large inaccessible areas in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:32:25","indexId":"70142154","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated approach for automated cover-type mapping of large inaccessible areas in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The lack of any detailed cover type maps in the state necessitated that a rapid and accurate approach to be employed to develop maps for 329 million acres of Alaska within a seven-year period. This goal has been addressed by using an integrated approach to computer-aided analysis which combines efficient use of field data with the only consistent statewide spatial data sets available: Landsat multispectral scanner data, digital elevation data derived from 1:250 000-scale maps, and 1:60 000-scale color-infrared aerial photographs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Fleming, M.D., 1988, An integrated approach for automated cover-type mapping of large inaccessible areas in Alaska: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 3, p. 357-362.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"362","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -170.33203125,\n              51.72702815704774\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.33203125,\n              72.0739114882038\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.50390625,\n              72.0739114882038\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.50390625,\n              51.72702815704774\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.33203125,\n              51.72702815704774\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597c0e4b02419550d2f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, Michael D.","contributorId":102638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014444,"text":"70014444 - 1988 - Multitemporal Landsat multispectral scanner and thematic mapper data of the Hubbard Glacier region, southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:30:26","indexId":"70014444","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multitemporal Landsat multispectral scanner and thematic mapper data of the Hubbard Glacier region, southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"In late May 1986, the advancing Hubbard Glacier blocked the entrance to Russell Fiord near Yakutat, Alaska, creating a large ice-dammed lake. Runoff from the surrounding glaciated mountains raised the level of the lake to about 25 m above sea level by 8 October, when the ice dam failed. Remote sensing offers one method to monitor this large tidal glacier system, particularly the glacier activity that would portend the re-closure of Russell Fiord. -Authors","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Walker, K., and Zenone, C., 1988, Multitemporal Landsat multispectral scanner and thematic mapper data of the Hubbard Glacier region, southeast Alaska: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 3, p. 373-376.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"373","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60afe4b0c8380cd71614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, K.-M.","contributorId":87957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"K.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zenone, C.","contributorId":30374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenone","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70159091,"text":"70159091 - 1987 - Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:36:40","indexId":"70159091","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-19T13:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide","docAbstract":"<p>Title III of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (ANILCA, 1980) established the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge (TNWR). Section 304 of the Act requires the Secretary of Interior to \"prepare, and from time to time revise, a comprehensive conservation plan\" for the refuge. Before developing a plan for the refuge, the Secretary shall identify and describe--a) the populations and habitats of the fish and wildlife resources of the refuge; b) the special values of the refuge as well as any other archeological, cultural, ecological, geological, historical, palentological, scenic, or wilderness value of the refuge; c) areas within the refuge that are suitable for use as administrative sites or visitor facilities&hellip; ; d) present the potential requirements for access with respect to the refuge&hellip; ; and e) significant problems which may adversely affect the populations and habitats of fish and wildlife identified and described... (ANILCA, 1980). &nbsp;Vegetation, water, and terrain (elevation, slope, and aspect) are the components of habitat and can be used in the determination of the above requirements.</p>\n<p>The U. S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service (USFWS) has the responsibility for collecting the resource information to address the research, management, development and planning requirements identified in Section 304. Because of the brief period provided by the Act for data collection, habitat mapping, and habitat assessment, the USFWS in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Field Office, used digital Landsat multispectral scanner data (MSS) and digital terrain data to produce land cover and terrain maps. A computer assisted digital analysis of Landsat MSS data was used because coverage by aerial photographs was incomplete for much of the refuge and because the level of detail, obtained from the analysis of Landsat data, is adequate to meet most USFWS research, management and planning needs. Relative cost and time requirements were also factors in the decision to use the digital analysis approach.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159091","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., 1987, Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159091.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159091.jpg"},{"id":310356,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159091/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -142.437744140625,\n              62.34451035966958\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.437744140625,\n              63.15931607141054\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.1358642578125,\n              63.15931607141054\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.1358642578125,\n              62.34451035966958\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.437744140625,\n              62.34451035966958\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ceace4b06217fc478b28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":80305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}