The distribution of the White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus albicaudatus) in the United States is restricted to the prairies and savannas of the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Although listed as a state threatened species, it remains one of the least studied raptors in North America. It appears to reach high densities on some Texas barrier islands despite the island vegetation communities being structurally simple and providing few nesting substrates. We compared vegetation and landscape characteristics for sets of White-tailed Hawk nest sites and random sites on 3 Texas barrier islands (Matagorda, Mustang, and North Padre) representing a gradient of low to high human presence and impact. We constructed model sets consisting of vegetation and landscape features measured at a random subsample of nest sites and random sites, then assessed model sets with logistic regression. Our best constructed model correctly differentiated 83% of nest sites from random sites on Matagorda Island, 70% on Mustang Island, and 50% on North Padre Island. Overall, it appears that the structure of nest substrates was important to White-tailed Hawk nest-site selection: shrubs categorized as densely structured with or without thorns accounted for 78% of nest substrates compared to only 13% of paired, random potential substrates. The most frequently selected nest substrates overall were yaupon (Ilex vomitoria; 43%) and Macartney rose (Rosa bracteata; 24%). If White-tailed Hawks are to be conserved on the barrier islands, a balance will need to be found between continued anthropogenic development, maintenance of habitat patches, and availability of suitable nesting substrates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/20-74","usgsCitation":"Haralson-Strobel, C., Boal, C.W., and Fraquhar, C.C., 2021, Nest site selection of White-tailed Hawks (Geranoaetus albicaudatus) on Texas barrier islands: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 132, no. 3, p. 668-677, https://doi.org/10.1676/20-74.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"668","endPage":"677","ipdsId":"IP-119949","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396489,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Matagorda, Mustang, and North Padre Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.83486938476562,\n 28.070768561865155\n ],\n [\n -96.39678955078125,\n 28.33943885710451\n ],\n [\n -96.38992309570311,\n 28.35394230526438\n ],\n [\n -96.43661499023436,\n 28.36361017019959\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 28.320097845836454\n ],\n [\n -96.822509765625,\n 28.19308520918522\n ],\n [\n -96.83212280273438,\n 28.121649866341304\n ],\n [\n -96.85409545898438,\n 28.06228599981216\n ],\n [\n -96.83486938476562,\n 28.070768561865155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.19535827636719,\n 27.612972297774377\n ],\n [\n -97.21424102783203,\n 27.61783967494728\n ],\n [\n -97.22145080566406,\n 27.635786258487663\n ],\n [\n -97.23346710205078,\n 27.633961316589154\n ],\n [\n -97.25303649902344,\n 27.59836886857363\n ],\n [\n -97.2952651977539,\n 27.50766239596439\n ],\n [\n -97.32410430908203,\n 27.455883557617597\n ],\n [\n -97.34092712402342,\n 27.409566585950014\n ],\n [\n -97.36942291259766,\n 27.350423290254746\n ],\n [\n -97.36186981201172,\n 27.309248227203696\n ],\n [\n -97.3828125,\n 27.286061466458474\n ],\n [\n -97.39311218261719,\n 27.23753666659069\n ],\n [\n -97.39585876464842,\n 27.07380043091176\n ],\n [\n -97.4102783203125,\n 26.929416426216296\n ],\n [\n -97.37869262695312,\n 26.630273470591902\n ],\n [\n -97.33749389648438,\n 26.561506704037942\n ],\n [\n -97.24960327148438,\n 26.571333057252076\n ],\n [\n -97.3663330078125,\n 26.968589727144387\n ],\n [\n -97.35260009765625,\n 27.205785724383325\n ],\n [\n -97.261962890625,\n 27.48756291405129\n ],\n [\n -97.19535827636719,\n 27.612972297774377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haralson-Strobel, C.L.","contributorId":280181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haralson-Strobel","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[{"id":36331,"text":"Texas Tech University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fraquhar, C. C.","contributorId":280182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraquhar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27442,"text":"Texas parks and Wildlife Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70222454,"text":"70222454 - 2021 - lsforce: A Python-based single-force seismic inversion framework for massive landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-30T14:01:26.407941","indexId":"70222454","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-28T09:00:05","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"lsforce: A Python-based single-force seismic inversion framework for massive landslides","docAbstract":"We present an open‐source Python package, lsforce, for performing single‐force source inversions of long‐period (tens to hundreds of seconds) seismic signals. Although the software is designed primarily for landslides, it can be used for any single‐force seismic source. The package allows users to produce estimates of the three‐component time series of forces exerted on the Earth by a landslide with postprocessing options to estimate the trajectory of its center of mass. Green’s functions for a user‐selected 1D Earth model are obtained automatically from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Synthetics Engine webservice or can be computed for custom 1D Earth models using Computer Programs in Seismology. lsforce implements the two most commonly used source parameterizations: a fully flexible, high‐resolution approach and a more stable but lower‐resolution method of overlapping triangle sources. Regularization options include a blended zeroth‐, first‐, and second‐order semiautomated Tikhonov regularization scheme, as well as additional optional constraints on start times, end times, and on the sum of forces. Uncertainty due to data selection can be assessed using either a leave‐one‐out approach or a modified jackknife technique that randomly excludes subsets of the data for multiple re‐inversions. Numerous built‐in plotting methods allow for easy quality control and assessment of results. In this article, we briefly outline the theory and methodology, describe our implementation, and demonstrate the usage of lsforce using the well‐studied 28 June 2016 Lamplugh rock avalanche in Alaska. Despite the rapidly increasing prevalence of landslide single‐force inversions in the landslide and seismology literature over the past decade, to our knowledge this is the first open‐source code for performing such inversions.
Large-scale declines of grassland ecosystems in the conterminous United States since European settlement have led to substantial loss and fragmentation of lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) habitat and decreased their occupied range and population numbers by ∼85%. Breeding season space use is an important component of lesser prairie-chicken conservation, because it could affect both local carrying capacity and population dynamics. Previous estimates of breeding season space use are largely limited to one of the four currently occupied ecoregions, but potential extrinsic drivers of breeding space use, such as landscape fragmentation, vegetation structure and composition, and density of anthropogenic structures, can show large spatial variation. Moreover, habitat needs vary greatly among the lekking/prelaying, nesting, brood-rearing, and postbreeding stages of the breeding season, but space use by female lesser prairie-chickens during these stages remain relatively unclear. We tested whether home range area and daily displacement (the net distance between the first and last location of each day) of female lesser prairie-chickens varied among ecoregions and breeding stages at four study sites in Kansas and Colorado, U.S.A., representing three of the four currently occupied ecoregions. We equipped females with very-high-frequency (VHF) or Global Positioning System (GPS) transmitters, and estimated home range area with kernel density estimators or biased random bridge models, respectively. Across all ecoregions, breeding season home range area averaged 190.4 ha (±19.1 ha se) for birds with VHF and 283.6 ha (±23.1 ha) for birds with GPS transmitters, whereas daily displacement averaged 374.8 m (±14.3 m). Average home range area and daily displacement of bird with GPS transmitters were greater in the Short-Grass Prairie/ Conservation Reserve Program Mosaic and Sand Sagebrush Prairie Ecoregions compared to sites in the Mixed-Grass Prairie Ecoregion. Home range area and daily displacement were greatest during lekking/prelaying and smallest during the brood-rearing stage, when female movements were restricted by mobility of chicks. Ecoregion- and breeding stage-specific estimates of space use by lesser prairie-chickens will help managers determine the spatial configuration of breeding stage-specific habitat on the landscape. Furthermore, ecoregion- and breeding stage-specific estimates are crucial when estimating the amount of breeding habitat needed for lesser prairie-chicken populations to persist.
Land managers decide how to allocate resources among multiple threats that can be addressed through multiple possible actions. Additionally, these actions vary in feasibility, effectiveness, and cost. We sought to provide a way to optimize resource allocation to address multiple threats when multiple management options are available, including mutually exclusive options. Formulating the decision as a combinatorial optimization problem, our framework takes as inputs the expected impact and cost of each threat for each action (including do nothing) and for each overall budget identifies the optimal action to take for each threat. We compared the optimal solution to an easy to calculate greedy algorithm approximation and a variety of plausible ranking schemes. We applied the framework to management of multiple introduced plant species in Australian alpine areas. We developed a model of invasion to predict the expected impact in 50 years for each species‐action combination that accounted for each species’ current invasion state (absent, localized, widespread); arrival probability; spread rate; impact, if present, of each species; and management effectiveness of each species‐action combination. We found that the recommended action for a threat changed with budget; there was no single optimal management action for each species; and considering more than one candidate action can substantially increase the management plan's overall efficiency. The approximate solution (solution ranked by marginal cost‐effectiveness) performed well when the budget matched the cost of the prioritized actions, indicating that this approach would be effective if the budget was set as part of the prioritization process. The ranking schemes varied in performance, and achieving a close to optimal solution was not guaranteed. Global sensitivity analysis revealed a threat's expected impact and, to a lesser extent, management effectiveness were the most influential parameters, emphasizing the need to focus research and monitoring efforts on their quantification.
The Mars Orbiter for Resources, Ices, and Environments (MORIE) was selected as one of NASA's 2019 Planetary Mission Concept Studies. The mission builds upon recent discoveries and current knowledge gaps linked to two primary scientific questions: (1) when did elements of the cryosphere form and how are ice deposits linked to current, recent, and ancient climate, and (2) how does the crust record the evolution of surface environments and their transition through time? Addressing these questions has emerged in numerous recent reports as a high priority in investigating the evolution of Mars as a habitable world. A subsidiary goal of the mission concept is to provide information relevant to the eventual human exploration of Mars, specifically helping to locate and quantify near-surface water ice and hydrated mineral resources. The proposed instrument suite includes polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imaging, radar sounding, high-resolution visible and infrared imaging, both short-wave and thermal-infrared spectroscopy, and multichannel wide-angle imaging. MORIE would provide novel measurements of Mars expected to lead to significant new discoveries by the first radar imaging from orbit, radar sounding directly over the poles, and mineral mapping at spatial scales that will unravel geologic sequence stratigraphy through time. The final report of the mission concept provides details on the spacecraft, orbital design, technological maturity, results from systems-level integration studies, and costs. This article is intended to expand upon the science motivation for the mission, the measurement goals and objectives, and the instrument trade space that was examined in detail during the concept study.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Astronomical Society","doi":"10.3847/PSJ/abe4db","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., Putzig, N.E., Dundas, C.M., Bramson, A.M., Horgan, B.H., Seelos, K.D., Sizemore, H.G., Ehlmann, B.L., Morgan, G.A., Holt, J.W., Murchie, S.L., and Patterson, G.W., 2021, The Mars Orbiter for Resources, Ices, and Environments (MORIE) science goals and instrument trades in radar, imaging, and spectroscopy: The Planetary Science Journal, v. 2, no. 76, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abe4db.","productDescription":"13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124773","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/abe4db","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"2","issue":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M. 0000-0002-6097-9586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-9586","contributorId":189159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putzig, Nathaniel E. 0000-0003-4485-6321","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6321","contributorId":208684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putzig","given":"Nathaniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bramson, Ali M 0000-0003-4903-0916","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-0916","contributorId":201618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bramson","given":"Ali","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":27205,"text":"U. Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horgan, Briony H. N. 0000-0001-6314-9724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-9724","contributorId":258276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horgan","given":"Briony","email":"","middleInitial":"H. N.","affiliations":[{"id":13186,"text":"Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seelos, Kim D 0000-0001-7236-0580","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-0580","contributorId":258277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seelos","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":36691,"text":"JHU APL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sizemore, Hanna G 0000-0002-6641-2388","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-2388","contributorId":229472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sizemore","given":"Hanna","email":"","middleInitial":"G","affiliations":[{"id":24584,"text":"PSI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ehlmann, Bethany L. 0000-0002-2745-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-3240","contributorId":147154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ehlmann","given":"Bethany","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7218,"text":"California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Morgan, Gareth A 0000-0002-9513-8736","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-8736","contributorId":229487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"Gareth","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":24584,"text":"PSI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Holt, John W 0000-0003-1314-7848","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-7848","contributorId":237030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holt","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[{"id":27205,"text":"U. Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Murchie, Scott L. 0000-0002-1616-8751","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-8751","contributorId":189161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murchie","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36717,"text":"Johns Hopkins University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Patterson, G Wesley 0000-0003-4787-3899","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-3899","contributorId":239986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patterson","given":"G","email":"","middleInitial":"Wesley","affiliations":[{"id":36691,"text":"JHU APL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70223116,"text":"70223116 - 2021 - What can commercial fishery data in the Great Lakes reveal about juvenile sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) ecology and management?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T17:54:36.553996","indexId":"70223116","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-24T07:40:53","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"What can commercial fishery data in the Great Lakes reveal about juvenile sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) ecology and management?","title":"What can commercial fishery data in the Great Lakes reveal about juvenile sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) ecology and management?","docAbstract":"The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America support a large and profitable freshwater fishery, but one continuously beset by parasitism from the invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Despite being the life stage that inflicts damage to the fishery, therefore necessitating a bi-national control program, our knowledge of juvenile sea lamprey ecology is poor and their response to control efforts are not assessed. Incidental capture of juvenile sea lamprey by commercial fishers is one means to collect data on this enigmatic life stage, and in Lake Huron such data have been collated since 1967. Here, we explore incidental captures of juvenile sea lamprey and their hosts from northern Lake Huron between 1987 and 2017 (n = 33,246 observations) to address four objectives. Firstly, we document collection efforts by fishers to provide historical context to the dataset. Secondly, we pose and test a series of questions related to fishery encounter, host selection, growth, distribution, and sex ratio to highlight how these types of data can be informative regarding juvenile sea lamprey ecology. Results presented here could be used to develop biological hypotheses to be addressed in future work. Thirdly, we directly assessed whether juvenile sea lamprey capture data could be useful in corroborating trends observed in adult sea lamprey abundance and wounding, as well as in identifying abundance and wounding hotspots. Lastly, we summarize research and outreach efforts that have benefited from the capture of juvenile sea lamprey in recent years.
The Landsat 7 (L7) spacecraft and its instrument, the enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+), have been consistently characterized and calibrated since its launch in April of 1999. These performance metrics and calibration updates are determined through the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat image assessment system (IAS), which has been performing this function since launch. Starting in 2016, the USGS adopted a tiered collection management structure for its Landsat data products that ensures a consistent method of processing for the Landsat archive within a given collection while allowing a set of calibration updates to be performed between any two given collections. The time frame between 2016 and the end of 2020 was part of the Landsat data Collection 1, in the middle of 2020 was the start of the Landsat Collection 2 data products. The start of a given collection initiates the reprocessing of the Landsat archive, which may involve one or more of a set of updated calibration parameters, improvements in the support data needed for product generation, and improved algorithms used in both the processing flow of products along with the characterization and calibration of the Landsat instruments and spacecraft. This paper discusses only the ETM+ geometric spacecraft and instrument calibration improvements for Collection 2. Three ETM+ calibration updates were made for the ETM+; updates to the thermal band odd-to-even detector alignment, sensor to attitude control system (ACS) alignment, and a cold-to-warm focal plane alignment adjustment. The sensor alignment updates impact only the accuracy of the systematic terrain products (L1GT), which are the products generated before applying any corrections based on the ground control used in registration. The band alignment changes impacted only bands 5, 6, and 7 within the focal plane. Other geometric calibration updates, such as scan mirror alignment, are done on a routine basis and are not part of the Collection 2 updates due to their more dynamic characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs13091638","usgsCitation":"Choate, M., Rengarajan, R., Storey, J.C., and Lubke, M., 2021, Geometric calibration updates to Landsat 7 ETM+ instrument for Landsat Collection 2 products: Remote Sensing, v. 13, no. 9, 1638, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091638.","productDescription":"1638, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-128282","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091638","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":399585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choate, Mike 0000-0002-8101-4994 choate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":4618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Mike","email":"choate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rengarajan, Rajagopalan 0000-0003-1860-7110 rrengarajan@contractor.usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-7110","contributorId":192376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rengarajan","given":"Rajagopalan","email":"rrengarajan@contractor.usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40546,"text":"KBR, Contractor to the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":841296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232 storey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":5333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"storey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lubke, Mark 0000-0002-7257-2337","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-2337","contributorId":261911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubke","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":53079,"text":"KBR, contractor to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220192,"text":"70220192 - 2021 - Geometry of the Bushveld Complex from 3D potential field modelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-26T12:19:20.73145","indexId":"70220192","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-22T07:06:36","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geometry of the Bushveld Complex from 3D potential field modelling","docAbstract":"A full three-dimensional (3D) potential field model of the central and southern Bushveld Complex reveals information about the Complex in areas obscured by younger geological cover. Previously, two-dimensional gravity models and a few magnetic models limited to certain sections of the Bushveld Complex have been used to propose geometries for the Rustenburg Layered Suite, especially in the western and eastern lobes. These models were often used to support different emplacement models. Although these models provided valuable information, two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) potential field modelling is not well suited to modelling complex 3D geology. Also, in most cases, only the magnetic or gravity data were modelled, but jointly modelling both data sets better constrains the results, as was shown recently for a 3D model of the northern lobe. Joint 3D modelling of regional gravity and magnetic data combined with published crustal thickness models derived from broadband seismic tomography studies and constrained by density and susceptibility data, geologic mapping, boreholes and seismic reflection data were used to create a 3D model of the central and southeastern sections of the Bushveld Complex, as well as the southern part of the northern lobe. The model shows a complex geometry with thick continuous Rustenburg Layered Suite S in most of the western and southeastern lobes, but less continuous Rustenburg Layered Suite in the eastern lobe. Large domes or thick granites and granophyre in the latter interrupt the continuity of the Rustenburg Layered Suite and the western and eastern lobes are strictly speaking only partially connected in places. However, they are not separate intrusions, but one disconnected by pre-existing and synmagmatic updoming. Three possible feeders were modelled in the northern, western, and south-eastern lobes.
Spatial aspects of wildlife responses to human-induced habitat change have been examined frequently, yet the temporal dynamics of responses remain less understood. We tested alternative hypotheses for how the abundance of a suite of declining songbirds in relation to energy development changed over time. We conducted point counts at two natural gas fields during two periods spanning a decade (2008–2009 and 2018–2019), and compared the abundance of sagebrush songbirds across a gradient of surface disturbance between study periods (trend-by-time). We also assessed changes in the abundance of birds between study periods relative to additional development that had occurred (trend-over-time). We predicted that abundance responses to surface disturbance would be more negative during the second period, regardless of additional disturbance that had occurred, because of previously observed inverse relationships between surface disturbance and nest survival at our sites. Contrary to our predictions, abundance responses attenuated by the second time period for two of three species, Brewer's sparrow and sage thrasher (the latter at one energy field only). Sagebrush sparrow abundance, however, consistently decreased with surface disturbance within and between periods. Sage thrasher abundance consistently decreased with surface disturbance at one of the gas fields, and the probability of colonization by thrashers between study periods was lower where additional surface disturbance had occurred. Our results highlight the importance of revisiting wildlife responses to anthropogenic habitat changes over time, to clarify the severity and longevity of effects.
We analyze multimethod shear (SH)‐wave velocity (
Neonicotinoids in aquatic systems have been predominantly associated with agriculture, but some are increasingly being linked to municipal wastewater. Thus, the aim of this work was to understand the municipal wastewater contribution to neonicotinoids in a representative, characterized effluent-dominated temperate-region stream. Our approach was to quantify the spatiotemporal concentrations of imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and transformation product imidacloprid urea: 0.1 km upstream, the municipal wastewater effluent, and 0.1 and 5.1 km downstream from the wastewater outfall (collected twice-monthly for one year under baseflow conditions). Quantified results demonstrated that wastewater effluent was a point-source of imidacloprid (consistently) and clothianidin (episodically), where chronic invertebrate exposure benchmarks were exceeded for imidacloprid (36/52 samples; 3/52 > acute exposure benchmark) and clothianidin (8/52 samples). Neonicotinoids persisted downstream where mass loads were not significantly different than those in the effluent. The combined analysis of neonicotinoid effluent concentrations, instream seasonality, and registered uses in Iowa all indicate imidacloprid, and seasonally clothianidin, were driven by wastewater effluent, whereas thiamethoxam and imidacloprid urea were primarily from upstream non-point sources (or potential in-stream transformation for imidacloprid urea). This is the first study to quantify neonicotinoid persistence in an effluent-dominated stream throughout the year—implicating wastewater effluent as a point-source for imidacloprid (year-round) and clothianidin (seasonal). These findings suggest possible overlooked neonicotinoid indoor human exposure routes with subsequent implications for instream ecotoxicological exposure.
The location and timing of spawning play a critical role in pelagic fish survival during early life stages and can affect subsequent recruitment. Spawning patterns of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) were examined in Prince William Sound (1973–2019) where the population has failed to recover since its collapse in 1993. Abrupt shifts in spawn distribution preceded the rapid increase in population size in the 1980s and later its collapse by one and two years, respectively. Following the population collapse, spawning contracted away from historical regions towards southeastern areas of the Sound, and the proportion of occupied spawning areas declined from 65% to <9%. Spatial differences in spawn timing variation were also apparent, as the median spawn date shifted earlier by 26 days in eastern and 15 days in western areas of Prince William Sound between 1980 and 2006, and then shifted later by 25 (eastern) and 19 (western) days over a 7-year period. Effects of contracted spawning areas and timing shifts on first-year survival and recruitment are uncertain and require future investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047","usgsCitation":"McGowan, D.W., Branch, T., Haught, S., and Scheuerell, M.D., 2021, Multi-decadal shifts in the distribution and timing of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) spawning in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, no. 11, p. 1611-1627, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1611","endPage":"1627","ipdsId":"IP-127966","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":429890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 61.38445317402528\n ],\n [\n -148.81364721566212,\n 61.38445317402528\n ],\n [\n -148.81364721566212,\n 59.67390576743358\n ],\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 59.67390576743358\n ],\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 61.38445317402528\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Branch, Trevor A.","contributorId":337665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Branch","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12729,"text":"UW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"McGowan, David W.","contributorId":337661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGowan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12729,"text":"UW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Branch, Trevor A.","contributorId":172088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Branch","given":"Trevor A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":903139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haught, Stormy","contributorId":337663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haught","given":"Stormy","affiliations":[{"id":56329,"text":"akfg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheuerell, Mark David 0000-0002-8284-1254","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-1254","contributorId":288621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheuerell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221215,"text":"70221215 - 2021 - Investigating vegetation responses to underground nuclear explosions through integrated analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-07T13:08:15.404703","indexId":"70221215","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-15T08:04:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7359,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating vegetation responses to underground nuclear explosions through integrated analyses","docAbstract":"Vegetation has the potential to respond to underground nuclear explosions, yet these links have not been fully explored. Given the lack of previously described signatures, the changes in vegetation are possibly subtle. The integration of multiple different data streams is potentially a useful approach to improve signal detection. Here, we investigate whether semi-arid vegetation growth patterns responded to eight legacy underground nuclear tests at the Nevada National Security Site in southern Nevada, USA. We tested for spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover, tree growth patterns, and tree leaf spectral properties using ground-based measurements, including those from tree-rings and hyperspectral surface vegetation reflectance, as well as space-based measurements of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat. Multiple data streams suggest a localized (<1.2 km) spatial pattern whereby tree growth is enhanced closer to the source of the underground test relative to sites further away. We also observed a more regional (>1.2–9 km) pattern whereby tree growth is suppressed coincident with a drought beginning 1 year before the 1989 tests, but continuing in the 5 years following the tests, which is anomalous relative to what is expected based on the response of tree growth to previous droughts. Quantification of the relative effects of the tests on vegetation remains a challenge due to the coincident drought and the potential for other disturbances to have impacted tree growth at this time, but the integration of these data reveals a more nuanced growth response than any other one data set indicates alone.
We measured gonad size (diameter and circumference) by ultrasound and used it as a metric to assign stage of maturity in Burbot Lota lota from Lake Roosevelt, Washington. We collected paired gonad tissue and ultrasound measurements monthly from November 2017 to March 2018 and processed gonad tissue for histological analysis to confirm stage of maturity. We measured gonad diameter and circumference by ultrasound. We also measured excised gonad diameter (i.e., true gonad diameter) by digital calipers and excised gonad circumference (i.e., true gonad circumference) by a measuring tape. All late vitellogenic (stage 6) ovaries measured by ultrasound had a diameter greater than 3.90 cm, suggesting a value of 3.90 cm or greater may be used to characterize females capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle. One mid-spermatogenic (stage 3) and all ripe (stage 4) testes were too large to be measured and were assigned a diameter of 5.11 cm, the maximum value capable of being measured by our ultrasound transducer. A value of 5.11 cm or greater may be used to characterize males capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle. Testis circumference measured by ultrasound is not reported because some testes were wider than the ultrasound transducer and could not be measured. Measurements of testis diameter did not differ between measurement methods (ultrasound versus true), but ultrasound measurements of ovary diameter and circumference were higher than true measurements. We attributed the difference between measurement methods to flattening of the ovary while applying the ultrasound transducer. Gonad diameter and circumference measured by ultrasound were highly correlated with gonadosomatic index and ovarian follicle diameter, indicating gonad size measured by ultrasound is an appropriate index of gonad development in Burbot.
","language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-20-082","usgsCitation":"McGarvey, L.M., Ilgen, J., Webb, M.A., Guy, C.S., and McLellan, J., 2021, Gonad size measured by ultrasound to assign stage of maturity in Burbot: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 12, no. 1, p. 241-249, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-20-082.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"249","ipdsId":"IP-124191","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-082","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Lake Roosevelt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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M.","contributorId":287274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGarvey","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36244,"text":"MSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ilgen, Jason E.","contributorId":276361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ilgen","given":"Jason E.","affiliations":[{"id":56967,"text":"cct","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Molly A. H.","contributorId":152118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Molly","email":"","middleInitial":"A. H.","affiliations":[{"id":18870,"text":"Bozeman Fish Technology Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman, Montana 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guy, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9936-4781 cguy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-4781","contributorId":2876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Christopher","email":"cguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McLellan, Jason G.","contributorId":276363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLellan","given":"Jason G.","affiliations":[{"id":27988,"text":"Colville Confederated Tribes","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70219535,"text":"70219535 - 2021 - Metabarcoding of environmental samples suggest wide distribution of eelgrass (Zostera marina) pathogens in the north Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-13T13:10:30.077483","indexId":"70219535","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-09T08:07:42","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8122,"text":"Metabarcoding and Metagenomics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metabarcoding of environmental samples suggest wide distribution of eelgrass (Zostera marina) pathogens in the north Pacific","docAbstract":"Seagrass meadows provide important ecological services to the marine environment but are declining worldwide. Although eelgrass meadows in the north Pacific are thought to be relatively healthy, few studies have assessed the presence of known disease pathogens in these meadows. In a pilot study to test the efficacy of the methods and to provide foundational disease biodiversity data in the north Pacific, we leveraged metabarcoding of environmental DNA extracted from water, sediment, and eelgrass tissue samples collected from five widely distributed eelgrass meadows in Alaska and one in Japan and uncovered wide prevalence of two classes of pathogenic organisms – Labyrinthula zosterae and other associated strains of Labyrinthula, and the Phytophthora/Halophytophthora blight species complex – known to have caused decline in eelgrass (Zostera marina) elsewhere in the species’ global distribution. Although the distribution of these disease organisms is not well understood in the north Pacific, we uncovered the presence of at least one eelgrass pathogen at every locality sampled.
Exposure to volcanic ash is a long-standing health concern for people living near active volcanoes and in distal urban areas. During transport and deposition, ash is subjected to various physicochemical processes that may change its surface composition and, consequently, bioreactivity. One such process is the interaction with anthropogenic pollutants; however, the potential for adsorbed, deleterious organic compounds to directly impact human health is unknown. We use an in vitro bioanalytical approach to screen for the presence of organic compounds of toxicological concern on ash surfaces and assess their biological potency. These compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs). Analysis of ash collected in or near urbanised areas at five active volcanoes across the world (Etna, Italy; Fuego, Guatemala; Kelud, Indonesia; Sakurajima, Japan; Tungurahua, Ecuador) using the bioassay inferred the presence of such compounds on all samples. A relatively low response to PCDD/Fs and the absence of a dlPCBs response in the bioassay suggest that the measured activity is dominated by PAHs and PAH-like compounds. This study is the first to demonstrate a biological potency of organic pollutants associated with volcanic ash particles. According to our estimations, they are present in quantities below recommended exposure limits and likely pose a low direct concern for human health.
Adequate diversity and abundance of native seed for large-scale grassland restorations often require commercially produced seed from distant sources. However, as sourcing distance increases, the likelihood of inadvertent introduction of multiple novel, non-native weed species as seed contaminants also increases. We created a model to determine an “optimal maximum distance” that would maximize availability of native prairie seed from commercial sources while minimizing the risk of novel invasive weeds via contamination. The model focused on the central portion of the Level II temperate prairie ecoregion in the Midwest US. The median optimal maximum distance from which to source seed was 272 km (169 miles). In addition, we weighted the model to address potential concerns from restoration practitioners: 1. sourcing seed via a facilitated migration strategy (i.e., direct movement of species from areas south of a given restoration site to assist species’ range expansion) to account for warming due to climate change; and 2. emphasizing non-native, exotic species with a federal mandate to control. Weighting the model for climate change increased the median optimal maximum distance to 398 km (247 miles), but this was not statistically different from the distance calculated without taking sourcing for climate adaptation into account. Weighting the model for federally mandated exotic species increased the median optimal maximum distance only slightly to 293 km (182 miles), so practitioners may not need to adjust their sourcing strategy, compared to the original model. This decision framework highlights some potential inadvertent consequences from species translocations and provides insight on how to balance needs for prairie seed against those risks.
The Falcon Necropolis at Quesna in the Nile Delta of Egypt is considered to have been founded by the priest Djedhor, the Saviour, of Athribis (Tell Atrib in modern Benha) at the beginning of the Ptolemaic Period. Recent excavations here have revealed abundant avian remains from mummies dedicated to the ancient Egyptian god Horus Khenty-Khety. Among the few mammal remains from the site are five species of shrews (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae), including some that we identified as Güldenstaedt’s White-toothed Shrew, Crocidura gueldenstaedtii (Pallas, 1811). Discovery of this species at Quesna increases the number of shrews recovered from ancient Egyptian archaeological sites to eight species. Crocidura gueldenstaedtii no longer occurs in the Nile Delta, and its presence in a diverse shrew fauna at Quesna that includes one other extirpated species, Crocidura fulvastra (Sundevall, 1843), supports the hypothesis of a moister regional environment 2000–3000 years ago. Inadvertently preserved local faunas, such as that from Quesna, can provide valuable information about ancient environments and subsequent turnover in faunal communities.
Neonicotinoids have been previously detected in Iowa surface waters, but less is known regarding their occurrence in groundwater. To help fill this research gap, a groundwater study was conducted in eastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota, a corn and soybean producing area with known heavy neonicotinoid use. Neonicotinoids were studied in alluvial aquifers, a hydrogeologic setting known to be vulnerable to surface-applied contaminants. Groundwater samples were analyzed from 40 wells for six neonicotinoid compounds (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam), and sulfoxaflor. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with both direct aqueous injection and solid phase extraction methods. Neonicotinoids were prevalent in the alluvial aquifers with 73% of the wells having at least one neonicotinoid detection. Clothianidin (68%, max: 391.7 ng/L) was the most commonly detected, followed by imidacloprid (43%, max: 6.7 ng/L) and thiamethoxam (3%, max: 0.2 ng/L). Acetamiprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor, and thiacloprid were not detected during the study. The solid phase extraction method was more sensitive than direct aqueous injection, where only clothianidin detected in 23% of samples. SPE is the preferred method for detecting low concentrations of hydrophilic pesticides in water. This study documented that the combination of heavy chemical use overlying a hydrogeologic setting vulnerable to surface applied contaminants leads to transport of neonicotinoids into an important groundwater resource.
In the face of global change, understanding causes of range limits are one of the most pressing needs in biogeography and ecology. A prevailing hypothesis is that abiotic stress forms cold (upper latitude/altitude) limits, whereas biotic interactions create warm (lower) limits. A new framework – Interactive Range-Limit Theory (iRLT) – asserts that positive biotic factors such as food availability can ameliorate abiotic stress along cold edges, whereas abiotic stress can have a positive effect and mediate biotic interactions (e.g., competition) along warm limits.
Northeastern United States
Carnivora
We evaluated two hypotheses of iRLT using occupancy and structural equation modeling (SEM) frameworks based on data collected over a 6-year period (2014–2019) of six carnivore species across a broad latitudinal (42.8–45.3°N) and altitudinal (3–1451 m) gradient.
We found that snow directly limits populations, but prey or habitat availability can influence range dynamics along cold edges. For example, bobcats (Lynx rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were limited by deep snow and long winters, but the availability of prey had a strong positive effect. Conversely, snow had a strong positive effect on the warm limits of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), countering the negative effect of competition with the phylogenetically similar bobcat and with coyotes, highlighting how climate mediates competition between species.
We used an integrated dataset that included competitors and prey species collected at the same spatial and temporal scale. As such, this design, along with a causal modeling framework (SEM), allowed us to evaluate community-wide hypotheses at macroecological scales and identify coarse-scale drivers of species' range limits. Our study supports iRLT and underscores the need to consider direct and indirect mechanisms for studying range dynamics and species' responses to global change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14112","usgsCitation":"Siren, A., Sutherland, C., Bernier, C., Royar, K., Kilborn, J.R., Callahan, C., Cliche, R., Prout, L.S., and Morelli, T.L., 2021, Abiotic stress and biotic factors mediate range dynamics on opposing edges: Journal of Biogeography, v. 48, no. 7, p. 1758-1772, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14112.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1758","endPage":"1772","ipdsId":"IP-125344","costCenters":[{"id":5080,"text":"Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14112","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":410693,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.47563781677009,\n 45.75938677061683\n ],\n [\n -74.47563781677009,\n 42.221428132868596\n ],\n [\n -69.90726541446244,\n 42.221428132868596\n ],\n [\n -69.90726541446244,\n 45.75938677061683\n ],\n [\n -74.47563781677009,\n 45.75938677061683\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siren, Alexej P. K.","contributorId":236810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siren","given":"Alexej P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":859342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutherland, Christopher","contributorId":300051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sutherland","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":65006,"text":"University of St Andrews","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bernier, Chris","contributorId":300052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernier","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":65007,"text":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Royar, Kimberly","contributorId":300053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Royar","given":"Kimberly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":65007,"text":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kilborn, Jillian R.","contributorId":236780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kilborn","given":"Jillian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":47548,"text":"Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Callahan, Catherine","contributorId":236779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Callahan","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47548,"text":"Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cliche, Rachel","contributorId":300056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cliche","given":"Rachel","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Prout, Leighlan S.","contributorId":300057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prout","given":"Leighlan","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Morelli, Toni Lyn 0000-0001-5865-5294 tmorelli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-5294","contributorId":197458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morelli","given":"Toni","email":"tmorelli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lyn","affiliations":[{"id":5080,"text":"Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":859350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70228969,"text":"70228969 - 2021 - Evidence of successful river spawning by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the lower Niagara River, Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-25T16:11:20.656345","indexId":"70228969","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-01T09:51:05","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Evidence of successful river spawning by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the lower Niagara River, Lake Ontario","title":"Evidence of successful river spawning by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the lower Niagara River, Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"Restoration of a wild-produced lake trout Salvelinus namaycush population in Lake Ontario has not been successful despite the adult population often meeting or exceeding restoration targets. Lack of high-quality spawning habitat in Lake Ontario is suggested as one impediment to recruitment of wild lake trout, although the quantity and location of spawning habitat is poorly understood. If high-quality spawning habitat is limited in Lake Ontario, lake trout may be using uncommon spawning locations such as rivers. Anecdotal angler accounts point to the Niagara River as a lake trout spawning location. To better understand the potential of the Niagara River as a spawning location, egg and juvenile fish collections were conducted 12–14 river kilometers from the mouth of the Niagara River from 2010 to 2012; and mature female lake trout with surgically implanted acoustic tags were monitored from 2015 to 2019. Genetic analyses confirmed 60% of collected eggs and 93% of collected post-hatch juvenile fish in the Niagara River were lake trout. Tagged female lake trout returned to the Niagara River over consecutive years during the spawning season. The short duration of lake trout presence in the river (mean = 56 days/year) suggests female lake trout use the Niagara River primarily for spawning. Diversity in spawning locations may provide lake trout population’s resilience against environmental variability through a portfolio effect. Improved identification of riverine spawning locations, including their overall contribution to wild recruitment, may be a useful tool for managers to restore a wild-produced population of lake trout in Lake Ontario.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2020.12.007","usgsCitation":"Gatch, A., Gorsky, D., Biesinger, Z., Bruestle, E., Lee, K., Karboski, C., Bartron, M.L., and Wagner, T., 2021, Evidence of successful river spawning by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the lower Niagara River, Lake Ontario: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 47, no. 2, p. 486-493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.12.007.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"486","endPage":"493","ipdsId":"IP-119538","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"New York, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario, Niagara River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.617919921875,\n 42.87797684287408\n ],\n [\n -78.42315673828125,\n 42.87797684287408\n ],\n [\n -78.42315673828125,\n 43.57840117718351\n ],\n [\n -79.617919921875,\n 43.57840117718351\n ],\n [\n -79.617919921875,\n 42.87797684287408\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gatch, Alexander","contributorId":264161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gatch","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorsky, Dimitry","contributorId":251650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorsky","given":"Dimitry","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biesinger, Zy","contributorId":197993,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biesinger","given":"Zy","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bruestle, Eric","contributorId":251746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruestle","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, Kelley","contributorId":280121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Kelley","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36985,"text":"Penn State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Karboski, Curt","contributorId":280119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karboski","given":"Curt","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bartron, Meredith L.","contributorId":149109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartron","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":26874,"text":"USFWS, Lamar, PA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":1050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70229059,"text":"70229059 - 2021 - Demography and loss of genetic diversity in two insular populations of the bobcat (Lynx rufus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-28T15:39:09.871932","indexId":"70229059","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-01T09:21:21","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3871,"text":"Global Ecology and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Demography and loss of genetic diversity in two insular populations of the bobcat (Lynx rufus)","title":"Demography and loss of genetic diversity in two insular populations of the bobcat (Lynx rufus)","docAbstract":"Among felids worldwide, only 6 of 38 species have stable or increasing populations, and most felid species are threatened by anthropogenic influences, especially habitat loss and fragmentation. We documented changes in genetic diversity in an isolated, reintroduced population of bobcats on Cumberland Island (CUIS), Georgia, USA, compared to another bobcat population on Kiawah Island, South Carolina, USA, that was naturally established and experiences limited immigration from the mainland. The CUIS population declined from 32 reintroduced bobcats in 1989 to 10–24 individuals during 2012–2019, and observed heterozygosity declined from 0.742 to 0.634 (SD = 0.240). Observed heterozygosity of bobcats on Kiawah was 0.699 (SD = 0.153). We estimated that one bobcat immigrated to Kiawah Island every 5.3 years. We compared the predictions of a novel population viability analysis (PVA) to empirical estimates of abundance and genetic diversity on CUIS and used our PVA to identify management actions that are likely to support long-term viability. Mean heterozygosity from the PVA (0.588, SD = 0.065) was within 1 standard deviation of the empirical estimate. The PVA estimated the population would decline following population restoration due to loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression. Translocations of one female every four years would stabilize allele heterozygosity similar to the Kiawah Island population, but even translocations of two females every two years would not restore heterozygosity to founder levels. The PVA predicted no management action would result in a one in five probability of extinction within 50 years of reintroduction, but all translocation strategies nearly eliminated extinction risk through 100 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01457","usgsCitation":"Cassandra M. 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]\n}","volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cassandra M. Miller-Butterworth","contributorId":286953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cassandra M. Miller-Butterworth","affiliations":[{"id":61435,"text":"Penn State University - Beaver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147 drd11@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":5235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane","email":"drd11@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edson, Jessie E.","contributorId":286954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edson","given":"Jessie E.","affiliations":[{"id":36985,"text":"Penn State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, Leslie A.","contributorId":171655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13447,"text":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jordan, James D.","contributorId":286956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jordan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":61438,"text":"Town of Kiawa SC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gingery, Tess M.","contributorId":204865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gingery","given":"Tess","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Russell, Amy L.","contributorId":143710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":15305,"text":"Grand Valley State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70219585,"text":"70219585 - 2021 - Predicting the spatiotemporal exposure of aquatic species to intrusions of fire retardant in streams with limited data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-15T12:51:24.287992","indexId":"70219585","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-01T07:50:06","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the spatiotemporal exposure of aquatic species to intrusions of fire retardant in streams with limited data","docAbstract":"Because fire retardant can enter streams and harm aquatic species including endangered fish, agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) must estimate the downstream extent of toxic effects every time fire retardant enters streams (denoted as an “intrusion”). A challenge in estimating the length of stream affected by the intrusion and the exposure time of species in the affected reach is the lack of data typically available on the stream's geometry and flow characteristics. Previously, the USFS estimated the affected reach length assuming instantaneous mixing of the retardant over the reach; however, this approach neglects key river mixing processes. An approach is described that accounts for advection and dispersion of the retardant as well as the downstream growth of the stream. Applied to 13 intrusions documented by the USFS, the new approach shows affected reach lengths range between 8.0 and 362 km; all 13 cases exceeded previous estimates from an instantaneous mixing model. The time that a stationary individual in the affected reach is exposed to concentrations above a pre-defined toxicity threshold (10% of 96-hour LC50, for example) ranges from 0.17 to 2.73 h, with all but one case having a maximum exposure time less than 1.5 h. Results from 1152 hypothetical intrusions provided by the USFS confirm that exposure times rarely exceed 5 h. This result suggests that 96-hour tests to determine toxicity (LC50) to various species should be reconsidered. Although the approach described can be improved in several ways, it provides a first estimate of the effects of fire retardant intrusions.
Potential natural vegetation (PNV), the final successional stage of vegetation, plays a key role in ecological restoration, the design of nature reserves, and development of agriculture and livestock production. Meteorological data from historical and current periods including the last inter-glacial (LIG), last glacial maximum (LGM), mid Holocene (MH) periods and the present day (PD), plus derived data from 2050 and 2070, in conjunction with the Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System (CSCS) model, were used to classify global PNV. The 42 classes of global PNV were regrouped into 10 groups to facilitate analysis of spatial changes. Finally, spatio-temporal patterns and successional processes of global PNV as well as the response to climate changes were analysed. Our study made the following five conclusions. (1) Only one missing class (IA1 frigid-extrarid frigid desert, alpine desert) arose in periods of LIG, MH, 2050, and 2070 for global PNV. (2) The frigid-arid groups were mainly distributed in higher latitudes and elevations, but temperate-humid groups and tropical-perhumid groups occurred in middle and low latitudes, respectively. Temperate zonal forest steppe, warm desert, savanna and tropical zonal forest steppe increased, while six other groups decreased. (3) The conversion from temperate zonal forest steppe to tundra and alpine steppe from LIG to LGM occupied the largest area, indicating a drastic shift in climate and the associated response of terrestrial vegetation sensitive to climate change. (4) The CSCS could be used to simulate the long-term succession of global PNV. (5) As a consequence of global warming, forests shifted to the northern hemisphere and Tibet, areas with much higher latitude and elevation. The PNV groups with greater shift distance revealed the more serious effects of global climate change on vegetation.