{"pageNumber":"56","pageRowStart":"1375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70164631,"text":"sir20165020 - 2016 - Groundwater quality, age, and susceptibility and vulnerability to nitrate contamination with linkages to land use and groundwater flow, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, Colorado, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-09T17:48:45","indexId":"sir20165020","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-03T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5020","title":"Groundwater quality, age, and susceptibility and vulnerability to nitrate contamination with linkages to land use and groundwater flow, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, Colorado, 2013","docAbstract":"<p>The Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin is located about 25 kilometers east of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The primary aquifer is a productive section of unconsolidated deposits that overlies bedrock units of the Denver Basin and is a critical resource for local water needs, including irrigation, domestic, and commercial use. The primary aquifer also serves an important regional role by the export of water to nearby communities in the Colorado Springs area. Changes in land use and development over the last decade, which includes substantial growth of subdivisions in the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, have led to uncertainty regarding the potential effects to water quality throughout the basin. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Cherokee Metropolitan District, El Paso County, Meridian Service Metropolitan District, Mountain View Electric Association, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Groundwater Management District, Woodmen Hills Metropolitan District, Colorado State Land Board, and Colorado Water Conservation Board, and the stakeholders represented in the Groundwater Quality Study Committee of El Paso County conducted an assessment of groundwater quality and groundwater age with an emphasis on characterizing nitrate in the groundwater.</p>\n<p>Groundwater-quality samples were collected from 50 randomly selected wells between May and June 2013. The samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, dissolved gases, tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113), and fuel products (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes). None of the groundwater samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for primary maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for major ions. Secondary maximum contaminant levels, which are not health concerns and affect mainly taste, color, or odor of the water, were observed in rare instances for pH (2 samples), chloride (1 sample), iron (3 samples), and manganese (8 samples). The secondary maximum contaminant level for total dissolved solids was also exceeded for two samples.</p>\n<p>Nitrate (nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen in groundwater) was elevated above the estimated background concentration of natural recharge waters of 1 milligram per liter (mg/L) in 44 of the 50 wells sampled and showed a median concentration of 5.4 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations were above the MCL of 10 mg/L in 5 of the 50 wells sampled and above half of the EPA MCL (5 mg/L) in 27 of the 50 wells sampled, which included samples above the MCL. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations exceeded 0.5 mg/L in 95 percent of reported values (40 of 42 samples) and exceeded 2.0 mg/L in 90 percent of reported values (38 of 42 samples). The oxidized conditions observed in most areas indicate that nitrate from fertilizers and animal or human waste was geochemically stable and could persist in the groundwater for decades or perhaps longer. A historical analysis of median nitrate concentrations over nearly three decades showed an increase in nitrate of approximately 1 mg/L from 4.3 to 5.4 mg/L, although the increase was not determined to be significantly different using nonparametric statistical methods.</p>\n<p>Major-ion data indicate that groundwater representative of the primary aquifer was classified as calcium-sodium bicarbonate type water. Other water samples from wells located mainly along the periphery of the primary aquifer had cation-anion compositions consistent with distinct water sources, including groundwater contributions from the underlying bedrock aquifers. The areas with differentiable water sources were located mainly where alluvial deposits were thin and geologic contacts to the underlying bedrock aquifers were relatively shallow.</p>\n<p>Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater were evaluated for relations to land use. An agricultural region was defined using a sequence of land satellite imagery. Groundwater flow directions interpreted from median water-table elevations measured from 2000 to 2013 were used in conjunction with cropland locations to define the agricultural region boundaries by encompassing potential pathways of nitrate transport in the groundwater from nitrogen-based fertilizers. A statistically significant higher median nitrate concentration was observed for areas inside the agricultural region (6.7 mg/L) compared to areas outside the agricultural region (2.3 mg/L), although median concentrations in both areas were below the MCL (10&nbsp;mg/L). Median nitrate concentration was also significantly greater in land parcels with septic use (4.9 mg/L) compared to nonseptic parcels (1.7 mg/L). In general, agriculture or septic use was identified as the primary source of nitrate, depending on location, while commercial, county, grazing, and residential land uses were generally secondary sources of nitrate.</p>\n<p>Apparent groundwater ages were estimated from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113) and tritium (<sup>3</sup>H) data using models that assumed piston flow and binary mixing (dilution of a young component with old, tracer-free water). The mean and median groundwater ages were about 30&nbsp;years and the standard deviation was 6 years, indicating that most groundwater in the primary aquifer was &ldquo;young&rdquo; water that had recharged to the aquifer over the last few decades (post-1950s). The median fraction of young water was about 71 percent, and the standard deviation was 29 percent. The remaining water predated the 1950s, which may have originated from deeper geologic formations or may represent slow moving groundwater within the primary aquifer. Some of the oldest groundwater ages (older than 30 years) were observed in the upper reaches of the aquifer to the northwest where the primary aquifer is thin and intersects bedrock, supporting the hypothesis of geochemically distinct groundwater entering the primary aquifer from below. Groundwater that had reached the central part of the aquifer from upgradient areas of the basin was variable in age because of differences in flow paths and travel velocities. The groundwater age analysis showed that current (2013) land-use practices could affect water quality over decades to come, and that responses to remedial actions could be slow, especially for constituents, such as nitrate, that are stable under oxidized conditions.</p>\n<p>Fuel products (including acetone, benzene, diisopropyl ether, ethylbenzene, methyl acetate, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), methyl tert-pentyl ether, m- + p-xylene, o-xylene, tert-amyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl ethyl ether, and toluene) were analyzed in groundwater from 49 of the 50&nbsp;wells. Water from seven sites had detections for fuel compounds; all concentrations were below MCL. The results provided assurance of water quality and a valuable baseline to evaluate future trends of fuel constituents as the region is further developed.</p>\n<p>Probability maps were developed from logistic regression models to examine the likelihood that nitrate concentrations in groundwater exceeded specified levels. Susceptibility analysis examined relations between mid-level (5.0 mg/L) nitrate concentrations and climatic, hydrologic, and geologic variables; the significant variables were identified as depth to groundwater, soil organic matter, and soil water storage to 25-centimeter (cm) depth. The vulnerability assessments included natural factors driving susceptibility but also human factors related to land use and septic use. Vulnerability to low-level (2.5 mg/L) nitrate was related to depth to groundwater, septic zoning, and soil organic matter. The results highlighted that septic zoning affected low-level nitrate concentrations. Vulnerability to mid-level (5.0 mg/L) nitrate was examined using all 50 samples and also with two data outliers removed, which showed relatively high nitrate concentrations but also anomalous water chemistry or were located beyond the primary study area. Vulnerability to mid-level (5.0 mg/L) nitrate using all 50 samples was related to depth to groundwater, land use, septic use within a 500-meter (m) radius, soil water storage to a 25-cm depth, soil organic matter, and whether a location was within the agricultural region. The mid-level (5.0 mg/L) vulnerability model using 48 samples (two outliers removed) produced the best overall fit and was related to the same variables as when using all samples except septic use. The results for mid-level vulnerability provided additional support that septic use was associated with low levels of nitrate in the groundwater. Soil properties and land use were identified as the main drivers of moderate nitrate concentrations. Probabilities of exceeding low-level nitrate concentrations were high in most areas with the lowest probabilities usually to the northwest along thin geologic deposits in the upper part of the basin.</p>\n<p>The results of this investigation offer the foundational information needed for developing best management practices to mitigate nitrate contamination, basic concepts on water quality to aid public education, and information to guide regulatory measures if policy makers determine this is warranted. Science-based decision making will require continued monitoring and analysis of water quality in the future.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Cherokee Metropolitan District, El Paso County, Meridian Service Metropolitan District, Mountain View Electric Association, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Groundwater Management District, Woodmen Hills Metropolitan District, Colorado State Land Board, Colorado Water Conservation Board, and the stakeholders represented in the Groundwater Quality Study Committee of El Paso County","usgsCitation":"Wellman, T.P., and Rupert, M.G., 2016, Groundwater quality, age, and susceptibility and vulnerability to nitrate contamination with linkages to land use and groundwater flow, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, Colorado, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2016–5020, 78 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165020.","productDescription":"viii, 77 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068864","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318534,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5020/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318535,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5020/sir20165020.pdf","text":"Report","size":"63.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5020"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"Black Squirrel Management District","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.67361450195312,\n              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Cited</li><li>Appendix 1</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-03-03","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d96034e4b015c306f726d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wellman, Tristan P.","contributorId":56500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Tristan P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":598071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":598072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70169107,"text":"70169107 - 2016 - Effect of wastewater treatment facility closure on endocrine disrupting chemicals in a Coastal Plain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T10:05:13","indexId":"70169107","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-02T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3249,"text":"Remediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of wastewater treatment facility closure on endocrine disrupting chemicals in a Coastal Plain stream","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) closures are rare environmental remediation events; offering unique insight into contaminant persistence, long-term wastewater impacts, and ecosystem recovery processes. The U.S. Geological Survey assessed the fate of select endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) in surface water and streambed sediment one year before and one year after closure of a long-term WWTF located within the Spirit Creek watershed at Fort Gordon, Georgia. Sample sites included a WWTF-effluent control located upstream from the outfall, three downstream effluent-impacted sites located between the outfall and Spirit Lake, and one downstream from the lake's outfall. Prior to closure, the 2.2-km stream segment downstream from the WWTF outfall was characterized by EDC concentrations significantly higher (</span><i>&alpha;</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.05) than at the control site; indicating substantial downstream transport and limited in-stream attenuation of EDC, including pharmaceuticals, estrogens, alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) metabolites, and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR). Wastewater-derived pharmaceutical, APE metabolites, and OPFR compounds were also detected in the outflow of Spirit Lake, indicating the potential for EDC transport to aquatic ecosystems downstream of Fort Gordon under effluent discharge conditions. After the WWTF closure, no significant differences in concentrations or numbers of detected EDC compounds were observed between control and downstream locations. The results indicated EDC pseudo-persistence under preclosure, continuous supply conditions, with rapid attenuation following WWTF closure. Low concentrations of EDC at the control site throughout the study and comparable concentrations in downstream locations after WWTF closure indicated additional, continuing, upstream contaminant sources within the Spirit Creek watershed.&thinsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1002/rem.21455","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P.M., Journey, C.A., and Clark, J.M., 2016, Effect of wastewater treatment facility closure on endocrine disrupting chemicals in a Coastal Plain stream: Remediation Journal, v. 26, no. 2, p. 9-24, https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21455.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071584","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ed26b0e4b0f59b85db09f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":622959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Jimmy M. 0000-0002-3138-5738 jmclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5738","contributorId":4773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jimmy","email":"jmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70169060,"text":"70169060 - 2016 - Development and application of freshwater sediment-toxicity benchmarks for currently used pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-08T10:30:49","indexId":"70169060","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and application of freshwater sediment-toxicity benchmarks for currently used pesticides","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediment-toxicity benchmarks are needed to interpret the biological significance of currently used pesticides detected in whole sediments. Two types of freshwater sediment benchmarks for pesticides were developed using spiked-sediment bioassay (SSB) data from the literature. These benchmarks can be used to interpret sediment-toxicity data or to assess the potential toxicity of pesticides in whole sediment. The Likely Effect Benchmark (LEB) defines a pesticide concentration in whole sediment above which there is a high probability of adverse effects on benthic invertebrates, and the Threshold Effect Benchmark (TEB) defines a concentration below which adverse effects are unlikely. For compounds without available SSBs, benchmarks were estimated using equilibrium partitioning (EqP). When a sediment sample contains a pesticide mixture, benchmark quotients can be summed for all detected pesticides to produce an indicator of potential toxicity for that mixture. Benchmarks were developed for 48 pesticide compounds using SSB data and 81 compounds using the EqP approach. In an example application, data for pesticides measured in sediment from 197 streams across the United States were evaluated using these benchmarks, and compared to measured toxicity from whole-sediment toxicity tests conducted with the amphipod&nbsp;</span><i>Hyalella azteca&nbsp;</i><span>(28-d exposures) and the midge&nbsp;</span><i>Chironomus dilutus</i><span>&nbsp;(10-d exposures). Amphipod survival, weight, and biomass were significantly and inversely related to summed benchmark quotients, whereas midge survival, weight, and biomass showed no relationship to benchmarks. Samples with LEB exceedances were rare (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;3), but all were toxic to amphipods (i.e., significantly different from control). Significant toxicity to amphipods was observed for 72% of samples exceeding one or more TEBs, compared to 18% of samples below all TEBs. Factors affecting toxicity below TEBs may include the presence of contaminants other than pesticides, physical/chemical characteristics of sediment, and uncertainty in TEB values. Additional evaluations of benchmarks in relation to sediment chemistry and toxicity are ongoing.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.081","usgsCitation":"Nowell, L.H., Norman, J.E., Ingersoll, C.G., and Moran, P.W., 2016, Development and application of freshwater sediment-toxicity benchmarks for currently used pesticides: Science of the Total Environment, v. 550, p. 835-850, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.081.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"835","endPage":"850","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069668","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70168892,"text":"70168892 - 2016 - It’s what’s inside that counts: Egg contaminant concentrations are influenced by estimates of egg density, egg volume, and fresh egg mass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:01:06","indexId":"70168892","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"It’s what’s inside that counts: Egg contaminant concentrations are influenced by estimates of egg density, egg volume, and fresh egg mass","docAbstract":"<p>In egg contaminant studies, it is necessary to calculate egg contaminant concentrations on a fresh wet weight basis and this requires accurate estimates of egg density and egg volume. We show that the inclusion or exclusion of the eggshell can influence egg contaminant concentrations, and we provide estimates of egg density (both with and without the eggshell) and egg-shape coefficients (used to estimate egg volume from egg morphometrics) for American avocet (<i>Recurvirostra americana</i>), black-necked stilt (<i>Himantopus mexicanus</i>), and Forster&rsquo;s tern (<i>Sterna forsteri</i>). Egg densities (g/cm<sup>3</sup>) estimated for whole eggs (1.056 &plusmn; 0.003) were higher than egg densities estimated for egg contents (1.024 &plusmn; 0.001), and were 1.059 &plusmn; 0.001 and 1.025 &plusmn; 0.001 for avocets, 1.056 &plusmn; 0.001 and 1.023 &plusmn; 0.001 for stilts, and 1.053 &plusmn; 0.002 and 1.025 &plusmn; 0.002 for terns. The egg-shape coefficients for egg volume (K <i><sub>v</sub></i> ) and egg mass (K <sub><i>w</i></sub> ) also differed depending on whether the eggshell was included (K <i><sub>v</sub></i> = 0.491 &plusmn; 0.001; K <sub><i>w</i></sub> = 0.518 &plusmn; 0.001) or excluded (K <sub><i>v</i></sub> = 0.493 &plusmn; 0.001; K <sub><i>w</i></sub> = 0.505 &plusmn; 0.001), and varied among species. Although egg contaminant concentrations are rarely meant to include the eggshell, we show that the typical inclusion of the eggshell in egg density and egg volume estimates results in egg contaminant concentrations being underestimated by 6&ndash;13 %. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of the eggshell significantly influences estimates of egg density, egg volume, and fresh egg mass, which leads to egg contaminant concentrations that are biased low. We suggest that egg contaminant concentrations be calculated on a fresh wet weight basis using only internal egg-content densities, volumes, and masses appropriate for the species. For the three waterbirds in our study, these corrected coefficients are 1.024 &plusmn; 0.001 for egg density, 0.493 &plusmn; 0.001 for K <sub><i>v</i></sub> , and 0.505 &plusmn; 0.001 for K <sub><i>w</i></sub> .</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10646-016-1635-9","usgsCitation":"Herzog, M.P., Ackerman, J., Eagles-Smith, C.A., and Hartman, C.A., 2016, It’s what’s inside that counts: Egg contaminant concentrations are influenced by estimates of egg density, egg volume, and fresh egg mass: Ecotoxicology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 770-776, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-016-1635-9.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"770","endPage":"776","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062580","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56deb45be4b015c306fb8a40","chorus":{"doi":"10.1007/s10646-016-1635-9","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-016-1635-9","publisher":"Springer Nature","authors":"Herzog Mark P., Ackerman Joshua T., Eagles-Smith Collin A., Hartman C. Alex","journalName":"Ecotoxicology","publicationDate":"3/1/2016","auditedOn":"8/1/2016","publiclyAccessibleDate":"3/1/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. 0000-0002-5203-2835 mherzog@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835","contributorId":131158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":622082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285 ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin","email":"ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartman, C. Alex 0000-0002-7222-1633 chartman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633","contributorId":131157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"C.","email":"chartman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70135841,"text":"70135841 - 2016 - Placer-type rare earth element deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-30T16:56:06.451276","indexId":"70135841","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Placer-type rare earth element deposits","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/Rev.18.04","usgsCitation":"Sengupta, D., and Van Gosen, B.S., 2016, Placer-type rare earth element deposits, chap. 4 <i>of</i> Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits, v. 18, p. 81-100, https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.18.04.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054947","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780cebde4b0811616822395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sengupta, Debashish","contributorId":131011,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sengupta","given":"Debashish","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7210,"text":"Indian Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70175946,"text":"70175946 - 2016 - Detection of an enigmatic plethodontid Salamander using Environmental DNA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T15:54:19","indexId":"70175946","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of an enigmatic plethodontid Salamander using Environmental DNA","docAbstract":"<p>The isolation and identification of environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a non-invasive and efficient method for the detection of rare and secretive aquatic wildlife, and it is being widely integrated into inventory and monitoring efforts. The Patch-Nosed Salamander (Urspelerpes brucei) is a tiny, recently discovered species of plethodontid salamander known only from headwater streams in a small region of Georgia and South Carolina. Here, we present results of a quantitative PCR-based eDNA assay capable of detecting Urspelerpes in more than 75% of 33 samples from five confirmed streams. We deployed the method at 31 additional streams and located three previously undocumented populations of Urspelerpes. We compare the results of our eDNA assay with our attempt to use aquatic leaf litterbags for the rapid detection of Urspelerpes and demonstrate the relative efficacy of the eDNA assay. We suggest that eDNA offers great potential for use in detecting other aquatic and semi-aquatic plethodontid salamanders.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.1643/CH-14-202","usgsCitation":"Pierson, T.W., McKee, A.M., Spear, S.F., Maerz, J.C., Camp, C.D., and Glenn, T.C., 2016, Detection of an enigmatic plethodontid Salamander using Environmental DNA: Copeia, v. 104, no. 1, p. 78-82, https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-14-202.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063059","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bc2259e4b03fd6b7de178a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, Todd W.","contributorId":115820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Anna M. 0000-0003-2790-5320 amckee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-5320","contributorId":166725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Anna","email":"amckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spear, Stephen F.","contributorId":120450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maerz, John C.","contributorId":171763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maerz","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Camp, Carlos D.","contributorId":173949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Camp","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27325,"text":"Piedmont College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Glenn, Travis C.","contributorId":173950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27326,"text":"Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70133044,"text":"70133044 - 2016 - Critical elements in alkaline igneous rock-related epithermal gold deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-30T15:55:37.202981","indexId":"70133044","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Critical elements in alkaline igneous rock-related epithermal gold deposits","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K.D., and Spry, P.G., 2016, Critical elements in alkaline igneous rock-related epithermal gold deposits, chap. 9 <i>of</i> Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits, v. 18, p. 195-216.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"216","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045411","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324930,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.segweb.org/store/detail.aspx?id=EDOCREV18CH09"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780ceb3e4b08116168222e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. kdkelley@usgs.gov","contributorId":431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spry, Paul G.","contributorId":127351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spry","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":524268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168673,"text":"70168673 - 2016 - Controls on ferromanganese crust composition and reconnaissance resource potential, Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-13T09:14:52","indexId":"70168673","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-24T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1370,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on ferromanganese crust composition and reconnaissance resource potential, Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean","docAbstract":"<p>A reconnaissance survey of Fe-Mn crusts from the 5000 km long (~31&deg;S to 10&deg;N) Ninetyeast Ridge (NER) in the Indian Ocean shows their widespread occurrence along the ridge as well as with water depth on the ridge flanks. The crusts are hydrogenetic based in growth rates and discrimination plots. Twenty samples from 12 crusts from 9 locations along the ridge were analyzed for chemical and mineralogical compositions, growth rates, and statistical relationships (Q-mode factor analysis, correlation coefficients) were calculated. The crusts collected are relatively thin (maximum 40 mm), and those analyzed varied from 4 mm to 32 mm. However, crusts as thick as 80 mm can be expected to occur based on the age of rocks that comprise the NER and the growth rates calculated here. Growth rates of the crusts increase to the north along the NER and with water depth. The increase to the north resulted from an increased supply of Mn from the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) to depths below the OMZ combined with an increased supply of Fe at depth from the dissolution of biogenic carbonate and from deep-sourced hydrothermal Fe. These increased supplies of Fe increased growth rates of the deeper-water crusts along the entire NER. Because of the huge terrigenous (rivers, eolian, pyroclastic) and hydrothermal (three spreading centers) inputs to the Indian Ocean, and the history of primary productivity, Fe-Mn crust compositions vary from those analyzed from open-ocean locations in the Pacific.</p>\n<p>The sources of detrital material in the crusts changed along the NER and reflect, from north to south, the decreasing influence of the Ganga River system and volcanic arcs located to the east, with increasing influence of sediment derived from Australia to the south. In addition, weathering of NER basalt likely contributed to the aluminosilicate fraction of the crusts. The southernmost sample has a relatively large detrital component compared to other southern NER crust samples, which was probably derived predominantly from weathering of local volcanic outcrops.</p>\n<p>Fe-Mn crusts from a dredge haul at 3412 m water depth, 2&deg;S latitude, are pervasively phosphatized along with the substrate rocks (site D7). Phosphatization took place through replacement of carbonate, preferential replacement of Fe oxyhydroxide relative to Mn oxide in the crusts, preferential replacement of silica-rich phases relative to Al-rich phases in the crusts, and precipitation of carbonate fluorapatite in pore space. The preferentially replaced silica may have been Si adsorbed on the Fe oxyhydroxide. The enrichment of Ni, Zn, and Cu in the phosphatized crust reflects preferential adsorption into the tunnel structure of todorokite. The rare earth element plus yttrium (REY) patterns indicate a lower oxidation potential during phosphatization of the NER crusts compared to Pacific phosphatized crusts. NER phosphatization occurred in a deeper-water environment than typical for phosphatization of Pacific crusts, occurred post-middle Miocene, a younger age than phosphatization the Pacific crusts, and had in part a different set of chemical changes produced by the phosphatization than did the Pacific crusts.</p>\n<p>The southern third of NER has Fe-Mn crusts with the highest <i>Co</i> (0.91%), <i>Ni</i> (0.43%), <i>&Sigma;REY</i> (0.33%), <i>Cu</i> (0.22%), <i>Te</i> (146 ppm), <i>Pt</i> (1.5 ppm), Ru (52 ppb), and Rh (99 ppb) contents. These are among the highest Pt, Ru, and Rh concentrations measured in marine Fe-Mn deposits. Because of these high metal concentrations, exploration is warranted for the southern sector of the NER, especially at shallower-water sites where the platinum group elements (PGE) and Co are likely to be even more enriched.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Permagon Press","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2015.11.006","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., Conrad, T., Mizell, K., Banakar, V.K., Frey, F.A., and Sager, W.W., 2016, Controls on ferromanganese crust composition and reconnaissance resource potential, Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean: Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 110, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.11.006.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064986","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              86.2646484375,\n              -30.48655084258847\n            ],\n            [\n              112.8515625,\n              -30.48655084258847\n            ],\n            [\n              112.8515625,\n              -4.34641127533318\n            ],\n            [\n              86.2646484375,\n              -4.34641127533318\n            ],\n            [\n              86.2646484375,\n              -30.48655084258847\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"110","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ced431e4b015c306ec2fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrad, Tracey A.","contributorId":52540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"Tracey A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mizell, Kira 0000-0002-5066-787X kmizell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-787X","contributorId":4914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizell","given":"Kira","email":"kmizell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banakar, Virupaxa K.","contributorId":167153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Banakar","given":"Virupaxa","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24631,"text":"Council for Scientific & Industrial Research, National Institution of Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frey, Frederick A.","contributorId":167154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frey","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24632,"text":"Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, MIT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sager, William W.","contributorId":167155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sager","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":24633,"text":"Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70168825,"text":"70168825 - 2016 - Reconnecting fragmented sturgeon populations in North American rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T14:35:05","indexId":"70168825","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-24T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconnecting fragmented sturgeon populations in North American rivers","docAbstract":"<p>The majority of large North American rivers are fragmented by dams that interrupt migrations of wide-ranging fishes like sturgeons. Reconnecting habitat is viewed as an important means of protecting sturgeon species in U.S. rivers because these species have lost between 5% and 60% of their historical ranges. Unfortunately, facilities designed to pass other fishes have rarely worked well for sturgeons. The most successful passage facilities were sized appropriately for sturgeons and accommodated bottom-oriented species. For upstream passage, facilities with large entrances, full-depth guidance systems, large lifts, or wide fishways without obstructions or tight turns worked well. However, facilitating upstream migration is only half the battle. Broader recovery for linked sturgeon populations requires safe &ldquo;round-trip&rdquo; passage involving multiple dams. The most successful downstream passage facilities included nature-like fishways, large canal bypasses, and bottom-draw sluice gates. We outline an adaptive approach to implementing passage that begins with temporary programs and structures and monitors success both at the scale of individual fish at individual dams and the scale of metapopulations in a river basin. The challenge will be to learn from past efforts and reconnect North American sturgeon populations in a way that promotes range expansion and facilitates population recovery.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/03632415.2015.1132705","usgsCitation":"Jager, H., Parsley, M.J., Cech, J.J., McLaughlin, R.L., Forsythe, P.S., and Elliott, R.S., 2016, Reconnecting fragmented sturgeon populations in North American rivers: Fisheries, v. 41, no. 3, p. 140-148, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2015.1132705.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056808","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1240513","text":"External 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,{"id":70171334,"text":"70171334 - 2016 - Genetic diversity of <i>Wolbachia</i> endosymbionts in <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> from Hawai`i, Midway Atoll, and Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:43:21","indexId":"70171334","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-24T07:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-074","title":"Genetic diversity of <i>Wolbachia</i> endosymbionts in <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> from Hawai`i, Midway Atoll, and Samoa","docAbstract":"<p>Incompatible insect techniques are potential methods for controlling <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> and avian disease transmission in Hawai&lsquo;i without the use of pesticides or genetically modified organisms. The approach is based on naturally occurring sperm-egg incompatibilities within the <i>Culex pipiens</i> complex that are controlled by different strains of the bacterial endosymbiont <i>Wolbachia pipientis</i> (wPip). Incompatibilities can be unidirectional (crosses between males infected with strain A and females infected with strain B are fertile, while reciprocal crosses are not) or bidirectional (reciprocal crosses between sexes with different wPip strains are infertile). The technique depends on release of sufficient numbers of male mosquitoes infected with an incompatible wPip strain to suppress mosquito populations and reduce transmission of introduced avian malaria (<i>Plasmodium relictum</i>) and <i>Avipoxvirus</i> in native forest bird habitats. Both diseases are difficult to manage using more traditional methods based on removal and treatment of larval habitats and coordination of multiple approaches may be needed to control this vector. We characterized the diversity of <i>Wolbachia</i> strains in<i> C. quinquefasciatus</i> from Hawai&lsquo;i, Kaua&lsquo;i, Midway Atoll, and American Samoa with a variety of genetic markers to identify compatibility groups and their distribution within and between islands. We confirmed the presence of wPip with multilocus sequence typing, tested for local genetic variability using 16 WO prophage genes, and identified similarities to strains from other parts of the world with a transposable element (tr1). We also tested for genetic differences in ankyrin motifs (ank2 and pk1) which have been used to classify wPip strains into five worldwide groups (wPip1&ndash;wPip5) that vary in compatibility with each other based on experimental crosses. We found a mixture of both widely distributed and site specific genotypes based on presence or absence of WO prophage and transposable element markers on Hawai&lsquo;i Island (Volcano, Pu&lsquo;u Wa&lsquo;awa&lsquo;a, Laupāhoehoe, Kaumana, Kahuku, Nīnole, and Maulua Gulch), Kaua&lsquo;i Island (Kawaikōī, Mōhihi, Kalāheo, Lāwa&lsquo;i and Hanapepe) and Midway Atoll. Genotypes from American Samoa were unique and formed their own clade. Based on analysis of ankyrin motifs, wPip strains from Hawai&lsquo;i, Kaua&lsquo;i, and Midway Atoll were most similar to wPip5 strains of Australasian origin. By contrast, <i>Wolbachia</i> strains from <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> collected in American Samoa were most similar to wPip3 strains of American origin. We detected a single <i>Culex</i> mosquito from Pu&lsquo;u Wa&lsquo;awa&lsquo;a on Hawai&lsquo;i Island that was infected with a unique wPip3 genotype. This discovery, plus a rarefaction analysis of genotypes from Kaua&lsquo;i and Hawai&lsquo;i Islands suggests that limited sampling may have underestimated diversity of wPip in our study. Mosquitoes infected with wPip5 and wPip3 are bidirectionally compatible with each other based on prior studies, which would support their ability to coexist within the same population on Hawai&lsquo;i Island. Available evidence from prior studies suggests that genotype wPip4 from Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia is bidirectionally incompatible with genotype wPip5 and varies in compatibility with genotype wPip3 depending on geographic origin. Since wPip5 appears to be the most common compatibility group in Hawai&lsquo;i based on limited sampling, logical next steps are to 1) expand the current survey to include additional islands and localities, 2) infect a laboratory colony of Hawaiian<i> Culex</i> with wPip4 through tetracycline treatment of Hawaiian mosquitoes and backcross with <i>Culex</i> from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East that are naturally infected with wPip4, 3) conduct cage trials to confirm bidirectional incompatibilities between Hawaiian <i>Culex</i> infected with wPip4 and wPip5, and 4) conduct field trials to evaluate whether release of incompatible males can be applied at small scales to suppress local populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, Hi","collaboration":"This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement G15AC00191 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey.","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, C.T., Watcher-Weatherwax, W., and Lapointe, D., 2016, Genetic diversity of <i>Wolbachia</i> endosymbionts in <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> from Hawai`i, Midway Atoll, and Samoa: Technical Report HCSU-074, Report: iv, 33 p.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073512","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326266,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328011,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dspace.lib.hawaii.edu/handle/10790/2671"}],"country":"United States","state":"American Samoa, Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawai‘i Island, Kaua‘i, Midway Atoll (Sand Island), Ta‘u Island, Tutuila Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      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,{"id":70175344,"text":"70175344 - 2016 - Are brown trout replacing or displacing bull trout populations in a changing climate?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:36:12","indexId":"70175344","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-23T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are brown trout replacing or displacing bull trout populations in a changing climate?","docAbstract":"<p>Understanding how climate change may facilitate species turnover is an important step in identifying potential conservation strategies. We used data from 33 sites in western Montana to quantify climate associations with native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and non-native brown trout (Salmo trutta) abundance and population growth rates (&lambda;). We estimated &lambda; using exponential growth state space models and delineated study sites based on bull trout use for either Spawning and Rearing (SR) or Foraging, Migrating, and Overwintering (FMO) habitat. Bull trout abundance was negatively associated with mean August stream temperatures within SR habitat (r = -0.75). Brown trout abundance was generally highest at temperatures between 12 and 14&deg;C. We found bull trout &lambda; were generally stable at sites with mean August temperature below 10&deg;C but significantly decreasing, rare, or extirpated at 58% of the sites with temperatures exceeding 10&deg;C. Brown trout &lambda; were highest in SR and sites with temperatures exceeding 12&deg;C. Declining bull trout &lambda;s at sites where brown trout were absent suggests brown trout are likely replacing bull trout in a warming climate.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2015-0293","usgsCitation":"Al-Chokhachy, R.K., Schmetterling, D.A., Clancy, C., Saffel, P., Kovach, R., Nyce, L., Liermann, B., Fredenberg, W.A., and Pierce, R., 2016, Are brown trout replacing or displacing bull trout populations in a changing climate?: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 73, no. 9, p. 1395-1404, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0293.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1395","endPage":"1404","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070449","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, 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A.","contributorId":78860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredenberg","given":"Wade","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pierce, Ron","contributorId":171578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6581,"text":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Kalispell, Montana 59901, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70168353,"text":"70168353 - 2016 - Population connectivity and genetic structure of burbot (<i>Lota lota</i>) populations in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T11:40:02","indexId":"70168353","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-16T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population connectivity and genetic structure of burbot (<i>Lota lota</i>) populations in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p><span>Burbot (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Lota lota</i><span>) occur in the Wind River Basin in central Wyoming, USA, at the southwestern extreme of the species&rsquo; native range in North America. The most stable and successful of these populations occur in six glacially carved mountain lakes on three different tributary streams and one large main stem impoundment (Boysen Reservoir) downstream from the tributary populations. Burbot are rarely found in connecting streams and rivers, which are relatively small and high gradient, with a variety of potential barriers to upstream movement of fish. We used high-throughput genomic sequence data for 11,197 SNPs to characterize the genetic diversity, population structure, and connectivity among burbot populations on the Wind River system. Fish from Boysen Reservoir and lower basin tributary populations were genetically differentiated from those in the upper basin tributary populations. In addition, fish within the same tributary streams fell within the same genetic clusters, suggesting there is movement of fish between lakes on the same tributaries but that populations within each tributary system are isolated and genetically distinct from other populations. Observed genetic differentiation corresponded to natural and anthropogenic barriers, highlighting the importance of barriers to fish population connectivity and gene flow in human-altered linked lake-stream habitats.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-015-2422-y","usgsCitation":"Underwood, Z.E., Mandeville, E.G., and Walters, A.W., 2016, Population connectivity and genetic structure of burbot (<i>Lota lota</i>) populations in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming: Hydrobiologia, v. 765, no. 1, p. 329-342, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2422-y.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"342","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059877","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.390869140625,\n              42.90816007196054\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.390869140625,\n              43.56447158721811\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.0120849609375,\n              43.56447158721811\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.0120849609375,\n              42.90816007196054\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.390869140625,\n              42.90816007196054\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"765","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c44830e4b0946c65211707","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Underwood, Zachary E.","contributorId":166946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Underwood","given":"Zachary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandeville, Elizabeth G.","contributorId":166947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, Annika W. 0000-0002-8638-6682 awalters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-6682","contributorId":4190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Annika","email":"awalters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70168438,"text":"70168438 - 2016 - The distribution and composition of REE-bearing minerals in placers of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T14:18:33","indexId":"70168438","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-12T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution and composition of REE-bearing minerals in placers of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rare earth element (REE) resources are currently of great interest because of their importance as raw materials for high-technology manufacturing. The REE-phosphates monazite (light REE enriched) and xenotime (heavy REE enriched) resist weathering and can accumulate in placer deposits as part of the heavy mineral assemblage. The Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the southeastern United States are known to host heavy mineral deposits with economic concentrations of zircon, ilmenite and rutile. This study provides a perspective on the distribution and composition of REE phosphate minerals in the region. The elemental chemistry and mineralogy of sands and associated heavy-mineral assemblages from new and archived sediment samples across the coastal plains are examined, along with phase-specific compositions of monazite, xenotime and zircon. Both monazite and xenotime are present across the coastal plains. The phase-specific compositions allow monazite content to be estimated using La as a geochemical proxy. Similarly, both Y and Yb are geochemical proxies for xenotime, but their additional presence in zircon and monazite require a correction to prevent overestimation of xenotime content. Applying this correction, maps of monazite and xenotime content across the coastal plains were generated using sample coverage from the National Geochemical Database (NGS) and National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE). The NGS and NURE approach of sampling stream sediments in small watersheds links samples to nearby lithologies. The results show an approximately 40 km-wide band of primarily Cretaceous, marine sediments bordering the Piedmont province from North Carolina to Alabama in which monazite and xenotime content are relatively high (up to 4.4 wt. % in &lt; 150 &mu;m bulk sediment). Strong correlations between concentrations of the two phases were found, with estimated monazite:xenotime ratios ranging approximately 6:1 to 12:1 depending upon the dataset analyzed. From a resource perspective, xenotime correlation with monazite indicates a heavy REE potential in coastal plain placers, and exploration may be warranted within the identified coastal plain band along the boundary of the Piedmont region.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.12.011","usgsCitation":"Bern, C.R., Shah, A.K., Benzel, W., and Lowers, H., 2016, The distribution and composition of REE-bearing minerals in placers of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, USA: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 162, p. 50-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.12.011.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"50","endPage":"61","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066561","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              38.548165423046584\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.794921875,\n              38.548165423046584\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.794921875,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"162","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bf0236e4b06458514b3129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bern, Carleton R. 0000-0002-8980-1781 cbern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8980-1781","contributorId":166816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bern","given":"Carleton","email":"cbern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":620135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benzel, William 0000-0002-4085-1876 wbenzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-1876","contributorId":3594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benzel","given":"William","email":"wbenzel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowers, Heather A. hlowers@usgs.gov","contributorId":149265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather A.","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":620138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70168339,"text":"70168339 - 2016 - The first description of oarfish Regalecus glesne (<i>Regalecus russellii</i> Cuvier 1816) ageing structures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-10T10:00:22","indexId":"70168339","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-10T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The first description of oarfish Regalecus glesne (<i>Regalecus russellii</i> Cuvier 1816) ageing structures","docAbstract":"<div class=\"t m0 x0 h7 yc ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0\">Despite being a large, conspicuous teleost with a worldwide tropical and temperate distribution, the giant oarfish <i>Regalecus</i> spp. remain very rare fish species in terms of scientific sampling. Subsequently, very little biological information is known about <i>Regalecus</i> spp. and almost nothing has been concluded in the field of age and growth (Roberts, 2012). No studies of otoliths or temporal (annual) markings on any hard structures have been reported, and to our knowledge otoliths have never been recovered from any specimens (Tyson Roberts, personal communication),although a few texts do provide illustrations of <i>Regalecus</i> sp. otoliths (Lin and Chang, 2012; Nolf, 2013). Further inferential difficulty comes from the fact that age and growth studies of any Lampridiforme species are rare. <i>Lampris guttatus</i> is perhaps the only Lampridiforme species for which any biological information has been reported(Francis et al., 2004), which stems from the species commercial value. In order to begin understanding any species (for later purposes of management, conservation, etc.), basic biological information is needed. In the present study, we examine not only the first <i>Regalecus russellii</i> otolith, but provide suggestions toward future work that should direct data collection that can be used to generate basic biological information for this species.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jai.12967","usgsCitation":"Midway, S., and Wagner, T., 2016, The first description of oarfish Regalecus glesne (<i>Regalecus russellii</i> Cuvier 1816) ageing structures: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 113-116, https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12967.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061279","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12967","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":317896,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bc5f35e4b08d617f660024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Midway, S.R.","contributorId":55666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Midway","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":1050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168926,"text":"70168926 - 2016 - Asthenosphere–lithosphere interactions in Western Saudi Arabia: Inferences from <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He in xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-08T16:02:15","indexId":"70168926","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Asthenosphere–lithosphere interactions in Western Saudi Arabia: Inferences from <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He in xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0005\">Extensive volcanic fields on the western Arabian Plate have erupted intermittently over the last 30&nbsp;Ma following emplacement of the Afar flood basalts in Ethiopia. In an effort to better understand the origin of this volcanism in western Saudi Arabia, we analyzed<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He, and He, CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;and trace element concentrations in minerals separated from xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah, supplemented with reconnaissance He isotope data from several other volcanic fields (Harrat Al Birk, Harrat Al Kishb and Harrat Ithnayn). Harrat Hutaymah is young (&lt;&nbsp;850&nbsp;ka) and the northeasternmost of the volcanic fields. There is a remarkable homogeneity of&nbsp;<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He trapped within most xenoliths, with a weighted mean of 7.54&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;0.03 R<sub>A</sub>&nbsp;(2&sigma;, n&nbsp;=&nbsp;20). This homogeneity occurs over at least eight different xenolith types (including spinel lherzolite, amphibole clinopyroxenite, olivine websterite, clinopyroxenite and garnet websterite), and encompasses ten different volcanic centers within an area of ~&nbsp;2500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The homogeneity is caused by volatile equilibration between the xenoliths and fluids derived from their host magma, as fluid inclusions are annealed during the infiltration of vapor-saturated magmas along crystalline grain boundaries. The notable exceptions are the anhydrous spinel lherzolites, which have a lower weighted mean&nbsp;<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He of 6.8&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;0.3 R<sub>A</sub>&nbsp;(2&sigma;, n&nbsp;=&nbsp;2), contain lower concentrations of trapped He, and have a distinctly depleted light rare earth element signature.&nbsp;<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He values of ~&nbsp;6.8 R<sub>A</sub>&nbsp;are also commonly found in spinel lherzolites from harrats Ithnayn, Al Birk, and from Zabargad Island in the Red Sea. Olivine from non-xenolith-bearing lava flows at Hutaymah spans the He isotope range of the xenoliths. The lower&nbsp;<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He in the anhydrous spinel lherzolites appears to be tied to remnant Proterozoic lithosphere prior to metasomatic fluid overprinting.</p>\n<p id=\"sp0010\">Elevated&nbsp;<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He in the western harrats has been observed only at Rahat (up to 11.8 R<sub>A</sub>; Murcia et al., 2013), a volcanic field situated above thinned lithosphere beneath the Makkah-Medinah-Nafud volcanic lineament. Previous work established that spinel lherzolites at Hutaymah are sourced near the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB), while other xenolith types there are derived from shallower depths within the lithosphere itself (Thornber, 1992). Helium isotopes are consistent with melts originating near the LAB beneath many of the Arabian harrats, and any magma derived from the Afar mantle plume currently appears to be of minor importance.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.031","usgsCitation":"Konrad, K., Graham, D.W., Thornber, C., Duncan, R.A., Kent, A., and Al-Amri, A., 2016, Asthenosphere–lithosphere interactions in Western Saudi Arabia: Inferences from <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He in xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah: LITHOS, v. 248-251, p. 339-352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.031.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"352","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070268","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318695,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia, Yemen","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              34.62890625,\n              28.14950321154457\n            ],\n            [\n              39.63867187499999,\n              30.29701788337205\n            ],\n            [\n              48.9990234375,\n              14.179186142354181\n            ],\n            [\n              43.59375,\n              12.46876014482322\n            ],\n            [\n              34.62890625,\n              28.14950321154457\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"248-251","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005c1e4b015c306fd0ef3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Kevin","contributorId":167397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konrad","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, David W.","contributorId":167398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graham","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, Carl 0000-0002-6382-4408 cthornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-4408","contributorId":167396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duncan, Robert A.","contributorId":167399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kent, Adam J. R.","contributorId":99842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Adam J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Al-Amri, Abdulla","contributorId":167400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Al-Amri","given":"Abdulla","affiliations":[{"id":24707,"text":"King Saud University, Riyahd, KSA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70178683,"text":"70178683 - 2016 - Rock-avalanche dynamics revealed by large-scale field mapping and seismic signals at a highly mobile avalanche in the West Salt Creek valley, western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T14:51:01","indexId":"70178683","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock-avalanche dynamics revealed by large-scale field mapping and seismic signals at a highly mobile avalanche in the West Salt Creek valley, western Colorado","docAbstract":"On 25 May 2014, a rain-on-snow–induced rock avalanche occurred in the West Salt Creek valley on the northern flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado (United States). The avalanche mobilized from a preexisting rock slide in the Green River Formation and traveled 4.6 km down the confined valley, killing three people. The avalanche was rare for the contiguous United States because of its large size (54.5 Mm3) and high mobility (height/length = 0.14). To understand the avalanche failure sequence, mechanisms, and mobility, we conducted a forensic analysis using large-scale (1:1000) structural mapping and seismic data. We used high-resolution, unmanned aircraft system imagery as a base for field mapping, and analyzed seismic data from 22 broadband stations (distances  &lt; 656 km from the rock-slide source area) and one short-period network. We inverted broadband data to derive a time series of forces that the avalanche exerted on the earth and tracked these forces using curves in the avalanche path. Our results revealed that the rock avalanche was a cascade of landslide events, rather than a single massive failure. The sequence began with an early morning landslide/debris flow that started ∼10 h before the main avalanche. The main avalanche lasted ∼3.5 min and traveled at average velocities ranging from 15 to 36 m/s. For at least two hours after the avalanche ceased movement, a central, hummock-rich core continued to move slowly. Since 25 May 2014, numerous shallow landslides, rock slides, and rock falls have created new structures and modified avalanche topography. Mobility of the main avalanche and central core was likely enhanced by valley floor material that liquefied from undrained loading by the overriding avalanche. Although the base was likely at least partially liquefied, our mapping indicates that the overriding avalanche internally deformed predominantly by sliding along discrete shear surfaces in material that was nearly dry and had substantial frictional strength. These results indicate that the West Salt Creek avalanche, and probably other long-traveled avalanches, could be modeled as two layers: a thin, liquefied basal layer, and a thicker and stronger overriding layer.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES01265.1","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., Baum, R.L., Allstadt, K.E., Kochevar, B., Schmitt, R.G., Morgan, M.L., White, J.L., Stratton, B.T., Hayashi, T.A., and Kean, J.W., 2016, Rock-avalanche dynamics revealed by large-scale field mapping and seismic signals at a highly mobile avalanche in the West Salt Creek valley, western Colorado: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 2, p. 607-631, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01265.1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"631","ipdsId":"IP-071133","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471264,"rank":4,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":655187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kochevar, Bernard","contributorId":177145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kochevar","given":"Bernard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmitt, Robert G. 0000-0001-8060-1954 rschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-1954","contributorId":5611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Robert","email":"rschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, Matthew L.","contributorId":177280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12745,"text":"Colorado Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":655190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, Jonathan L.","contributorId":177281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":655191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stratton, Benjamin T.","contributorId":177282,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stratton","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hayashi, Timothy A.","contributorId":177283,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayashi","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":27776,"text":"Mesa County Department of Public Works","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":655193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70164311,"text":"70164311 - 2016 - Dome growth at Mount Cleveland, Aleutian Arc, quantified by time-series TerraSAR-X imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T11:10:02","indexId":"70164311","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dome growth at Mount Cleveland, Aleutian Arc, quantified by time-series TerraSAR-X imagery","docAbstract":"<p><span>Synthetic aperture radar imagery is widely used to study surface deformation induced by volcanic activity; however, it is rarely applied to quantify the evolution of lava domes, which is important for understanding hazards and magmatic system characteristics. We studied dome formation associated with eruptive activity at Mount Cleveland, Aleutian Volcanic Arc, in 2011&ndash;2012 using TerraSAR-X imagery. Interferometry and offset tracking show no consistent deformation and only motion of the crater rim, suggesting that ascending magma may pass through a preexisting conduit system without causing appreciable surface deformation. Amplitude imagery has proven useful for quantifying rates of vertical and areal growth of the lava dome within the crater from formation to removal by explosive activity to rebirth. We expect that this approach can be applied at other volcanoes that host growing lava domes and where hazards are highly dependent on dome geometry and growth rates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Americal Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015GL066784","usgsCitation":"Wang, T., Poland, M.P., and Lu, Z., 2016, Dome growth at Mount Cleveland, Aleutian Arc, quantified by time-series TerraSAR-X imagery: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 24, p. 10614-10621, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066784.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"10614","endPage":"10621","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070279","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Cleveland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -170.01651763916016,\n              52.78220817434916\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.01651763916016,\n              52.86063195166758\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.8651123046875,\n              52.86063195166758\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.8651123046875,\n              52.78220817434916\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.01651763916016,\n              52.78220817434916\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"24","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b081bae4b010e2af2a1181","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Teng","contributorId":156235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Teng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":20300,"text":"Southern Methodist University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":596942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":596941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":596943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70177883,"text":"70177883 - 2016 - Monogenetic volcanoes fed by interconnected dikes and sills in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Navajo Nation, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-25T15:48:32","indexId":"70177883","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monogenetic volcanoes fed by interconnected dikes and sills in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Navajo Nation, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Although monogenetic volcanic fields pose hazards to major cities worldwide, their shallow magma feeders (&lt;500&nbsp;m depth) are rarely exposed and, therefore, poorly understood. Here, we investigate exposures of dikes and sills in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Arizona, to shed light on the nature of its magma feeder system. Shallow exposures reveal a transition zone between intrusion and eruption within 350&nbsp;m of the syn-eruptive surface. Using a combination of field- and satellite-based observations, we have identified three types of shallow magma systems: (1) dike-dominated, (2) sill-dominated, and (3) interconnected dike-sill networks. Analysis of vent alignments using the pyroclastic massifs and other eruptive centers (e.g., maar-diatremes) shows a NW-SE trend, parallel to that of dikes in the region. We therefore infer that dikes fed many of the eruptions. Dikes are also observed in places transforming to transgressive (ramping) sills. Estimates of the observable volume of dikes (maximum volume of 1.90 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>) and sills (minimum volume of 8.47 × 10</span><sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>) in this study reveal that sills at Hopi Buttes make up at least 30&nbsp;% of the shallow intruded volume (∼2.75 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span> total)&nbsp;within 350 m of the paeosurface. We have also identified saucer-shaped sills, which are not traditionally associated with monogenetic volcanic fields. Our study demonstrates that shallow feeders in monogenetic fields can form geometrically complex networks, particularly those intruding poorly consolidated sedimentary rocks. We conclude that the Hopi Buttes eruptions were primarily fed by NW-SE-striking dikes. However, saucer-shaped sills also played an important role in modulating eruptions by transporting magma toward and away from eruptive conduits. Sill development could have been accompanied by surface uplifts on the order of decimeters. We infer that the characteristic feeder systems described here for the Hopi Buttes may underlie monogenetic fields elsewhere, particularly where magma intersects shallow, and often weak, sedimentary rocks. Results from this study support growing evidence of the important role of shallow sills in active monogenetic fields.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-016-1005-8","usgsCitation":"Muirhead, J.D., Van Eaton, A., Re, G., White, J.D., and Ort, M.H., 2016, Monogenetic volcanoes fed by interconnected dikes and sills in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Navajo Nation, USA: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 78, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1005-8.","productDescription":"Article 11; 16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","ipdsId":"IP-070246","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.35,\n              35.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.35,\n              35.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -110,\n              35.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -110,\n              35.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.35,\n              35.1\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"78","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58106f98e4b0f497e7961119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muirhead, James D.","contributorId":176260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muirhead","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Eaton, Alexa R. 0000-0001-6646-4594 avaneaton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-4594","contributorId":140076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Eaton","given":"Alexa R.","email":"avaneaton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Re, Giuseppe","contributorId":176261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Re","given":"Giuseppe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, James D. L.","contributorId":176262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ort, Michael H.","contributorId":156308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ort","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12698,"text":"Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":652014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70162655,"text":"70162655 - 2016 - Wood decay in desert riverine environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T13:41:53","indexId":"70162655","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wood decay in desert riverine environments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Floodplain forests and the woody debris they produce are major components of riverine ecosystems in many arid and semiarid regions (drylands). We monitored breakdown and nitrogen dynamics in wood and bark from a native riparian tree, Fremont cottonwood (</span><i>Populus deltoides</i><span>&nbsp;subsp.&nbsp;</span><i>wislizeni</i><span>), along four North American desert streams. We placed locally-obtained, fresh, coarse material [disks or cylinders (&sim;500&ndash;2000&nbsp;cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>)] along two cold-desert and two warm-desert rivers in the Colorado River Basin. Material was placed in both floodplain and aquatic environments, and left&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;for up to 12&nbsp;years. We tested the hypothesis that breakdown would be fastest in relatively warm and moist aerobic environments by comparing the time required for 50% loss of initial ash-free dry matter (</span><i>T</i><sub>50</sub><span>) calculated using exponential decay models incorporating a lag term. In cold-desert sites (Green and Yampa rivers, Colorado), disks of wood with bark attached exposed for up to 12&nbsp;years in locations rarely inundated lost mass at a slower rate (</span><i>T</i><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;34&nbsp;yr) than in locations inundated during most spring floods (</span><i>T</i><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;12&nbsp;yr). At the latter locations, bark alone loss mass at a rate initially similar to whole disks (</span><i>T</i><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;13&nbsp;yr), but which subsequently slowed. In warm-desert sites monitored for 3&nbsp;years, cylinders of wood with bark removed lost mass very slowly (</span><i>T</i><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;60&nbsp;yr) at a location never inundated (Bill Williams River, Arizona), whereas decay rate varied among aquatic locations (</span><i>T</i><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;20&nbsp;yr in Bill Williams River;&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;3&nbsp;yr in Las Vegas Wash, an effluent-dominated stream warmed by treated wastewater inflows). Invertebrates had a minor role in wood breakdown except at in-stream locations in Las Vegas Wash. The presence and form of change in nitrogen content during exposure varied among riverine environments. Our results suggest woody debris breakdown in desert riverine ecosystems is primarily a microbial process with rates determined by landscape position, local weather, and especially the regional climate through its effect on the flow regime. The increased warmth and aridity expected to accompany climate change in the North American southwest will likely retard the already slow wood decay process on naturally functioning desert river floodplains. Our results have implications for designing environmental flows to manage floodplain forest wood budgets, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling along regulated dryland rivers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.023","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., Stricker, C.A., and Nelson, S.M., 2016, Wood decay in desert riverine environments: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 365, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.023.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070271","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.023","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":315016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Mark","journalName":"Forest Ecology and Management","publicationDate":"4/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":152661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":590076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stricker, Craig A. 0000-0002-5031-9437 cstricker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-9437","contributorId":1097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Craig","email":"cstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":590077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, S. Mark","contributorId":59283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70162623,"text":"ofr20161012 - 2016 - Survival, movement, and health of hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers within a mesocosm in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-28T13:27:53","indexId":"ofr20161012","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-28T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1012","title":"Survival, movement, and health of hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers within a mesocosm in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>The recovery of endangered Lost River suckers (<i>Deltistes luxatus</i>) in Upper Klamath Lake is limited by poor juvenile survival and failure to recruit into the adult population. Poor water quality, degradation of rearing habitat, and toxic levels of microcystin are hypothesized to contribute to low juvenile survival. Studies of wild juvenile suckers are limited in that capture rates are low and compromised individuals are rarely captured in passive nets. The goal of this study was to assess the use of a mesocosm for learning about juvenile survival, movement, and health. Hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers were PIT (passive integrated transponder) tagged and monitored by three vertically stratified antennas. Fish locations within the mesocosm were recorded at least every 30 minutes and were assessed in relation to vertically stratified water-quality conditions. Vertical movement patterns were analyzed to identify the timing of mortality for each fish. Most mortality occurred from July 28 to August 16, 2014. Juvenile suckers spent daylight hours near the benthos and moved throughout the entire water column during dark hours. Diel movements were not in response to dissolved-oxygen concentrations, temperature, or pH. Furthermore, low dissolved-oxygen concentrations, high temperatures, high pH, high un-ionized ammonia, or high microcystin levels did not directly cause mortality, although indirect effects may have occurred. However, water-quality conditions known to be lethal to juvenile Lost River suckers did not occur during the study period. Histological assessment revealed severe gill hyperplasia and <i>Ichthyobodo</i> sp. infestations in most moribund fish. For these fish, <i>Ichthyobodo</i> sp. was likely the cause of mortality, although it is unclear if this parasite originated in the rearing facility because fish were not screened for this parasite prior to introduction. This study has demonstrated that we can effectively use a mesocosm equipped with antennas to learn about the timing of mortality, movement, and health of PIT-tagged hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161012","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hereford, D.M., Burdick, S.M., Elliott, D.G., Dolan-Caret, Amari, Conway, C.M., and Harris, A.C., 2016, Survival, movement, and health of hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers within a mesocosm in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1012, 48 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161012.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070117","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314949,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1012/ofr20161012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1012 Report PDF"},{"id":314948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1012/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.09518432617186,\n              42.379850764344134\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09518432617186,\n              42.50450285299051\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9482421875,\n              42.50450285299051\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9482421875,\n              42.379850764344134\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09518432617186,\n              42.379850764344134\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, Western Fisheries Research Center<br />U.S. Geological Survey<br />6505 NE 65th Street<br />Seattle, Washington 98115<br /><a href=\"http://wfrc.usgs.gov/\">http://wfrc.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Methods</li>\n<li>Tissue Preparation for Histopathology</li>\n<li>Results</li>\n<li>Discussion</li>\n<li>Acknowledgments</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-01-28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab3bb2e4b07ca61bfe3be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Danielle M.","contributorId":152642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Danielle M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burdick, Summer M. 0000-0002-3480-5793 sburdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-5793","contributorId":3448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"Summer","email":"sburdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dolan-Caret, Amari 0000-0001-9155-6116 amaridc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-6116","contributorId":149805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan-Caret","given":"Amari","email":"amaridc@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conway, Carla M. 0000-0002-3851-3616 cmconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-3616","contributorId":2946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Carla","email":"cmconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harris, Alta C. 0000-0002-2123-3028 aharris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2123-3028","contributorId":3490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Alta C.","email":"aharris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70176649,"text":"70176649 - 2016 - Predicting thermally stressful events in rivers with a strategy to evaluate management alternatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-21T14:34:53","indexId":"70176649","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting thermally stressful events in rivers with a strategy to evaluate management alternatives","docAbstract":"Water temperature is an important factor in river ecology. Numerous models have been developed to predict river temperature. However, many were not designed to predict thermally stressful periods. Because such events are rare, traditionally applied analyses are inappropriate. Here, we developed two logistic regression models to predict thermally stressful events in the Delaware River at the US Geological Survey gage near Lordville, New York. One model predicted the probability of an event >20.0 °C, and a second predicted an event >22.2 °C. Both models were strong (independent test data sensitivity 0.94 and 1.00, specificity 0.96 and 0.96) predicting 63 of 67 events in the >20.0 °C model and all 15 events in the >22.2 °C model. Both showed negative relationships with released volume from the upstream Cannonsville Reservoir and positive relationships with difference between air temperature and previous day's water temperature at Lordville. We further predicted how increasing release volumes from Cannonsville Reservoir affected the probabilities of correctly predicted events. For the >20.0 °C model, an increase of 0.5 to a proportionally adjusted release (that accounts for other sources) resulted in 35.9% of events in the training data falling below cutoffs; increasing this adjustment by 1.0 resulted in 81.7% falling below cutoffs. For the >22.2 °C these adjustments resulted in 71.1% and 100.0% of events falling below cutoffs. Results from these analyses can help managers make informed decisions on alternative release scenarios.","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","doi":"10.1002/rra.2998","usgsCitation":"Maloney, K., Cole, J.C., and Schmid, M., 2016, Predicting thermally stressful events in rivers with a strategy to evaluate management alternatives: River Research and Applications, no. 32, p. 1428-1437, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2998.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1428","endPage":"1437","ipdsId":"IP-065139","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.4815673828125,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.498291015625,\n              39.8465036024177\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.4927978515625,\n              40.26695230509781\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.970703125,\n              40.75974059207392\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6685791015625,\n              40.979898069620155\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.5806884765625,\n              41.335575973123895\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.11376953125,\n              42.13082130188811\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.9432373046875,\n              42.44372793752476\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.574951171875,\n              42.00848901572399\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8880615234375,\n              41.244772343082104\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.343994140625,\n              40.329795743702064\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.04736328125,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.4815673828125,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"32","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7c6cfe4b0bc0bec09cb7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maloney, K.O. 0000-0003-2304-0745","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":105414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"K.O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":51292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmid, M.","contributorId":96000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70156725,"text":"70156725 - 2016 - Ecosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus Bromus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T19:04:39.168549","indexId":"70156725","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"displayTitle":"Ecosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus <i>Bromus</i>","title":"Ecosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus Bromus","docAbstract":"<p><span>An understanding of the impacts of exotic plant species on ecosystems is necessary to justify and guide efforts to limit their spread, restore natives, and plan for conservation. Invasive annual grasses such as&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus tectorum</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">B. rubens</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">B. hordeaceus</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">B. diandrus</i><span>&nbsp;(hereafter collectively referred to as&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus</i><span>) transform the structure and function of ecosystems they dominate. Experiments that prove cause-and-effect impacts of&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;are rare, yet inferences can be gleaned from the combination of&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus</i><span>-ecosystem associations, ecosystem condition before/after invasion, and an understanding of underlying mechanisms.&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;typically establishes in bare soil patches and can eventually replace perennials such as woody species or bunchgrasses, creating a homogeneous annual cover. Plant productivity and cover are less stable across seasons and years when&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;dominates, due to a greater response to annual climate variability.&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus&rsquo;</i><span>&nbsp;&ldquo;flash&rdquo; of growth followed by senescence early in the growing season, combined with shallow rooting and annual habit, may lead to incomplete use of deep soil water, reduced C sequestration, and accelerated nutrient cycling. Litter produced by&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;alters nearly all aspects of ecosystems and notably increases wildfire occurrence. Where&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;has become dominant, it can decrease soil stability by rendering soils bare for months following fire or episodic, pathogen-induced stand failure.&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus-invaded</i><span>&nbsp;communities have lower species diversity, and associated species tend to be generalists adapted to unstable and variable habitats. Changes in litter, fire, and soil properties appear to feedback to reinforce&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Bromus&rsquo;</i><span>&nbsp;dominance in a pattern that portends desertification.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the western US","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_3","usgsCitation":"Germino, M., Belnap, J., Stark, J., Allen, E.B., and Rau, B.M., 2016, Ecosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus Bromus, chap. <i>of</i> Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the western US, p. 61-95, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_3.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061498","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314883,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6c2e4b0b28f1184dbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Germino, Matthew J. mgermino@usgs.gov","contributorId":146934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Germino","given":"Matthew J.","email":"mgermino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stark, John M.","contributorId":152587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stark","given":"John M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Edith B.","contributorId":139341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"Edith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":12741,"text":"U of CA Dept of Botany and Plant Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rau, Benjamin M.","contributorId":105247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rau","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70157983,"text":"ofr20151190 - 2016 - Reconnaissance sediment budget for selected watersheds of West Maui, Hawai‘i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-13T08:49:08","indexId":"ofr20151190","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-12T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1190","title":"Reconnaissance sediment budget for selected watersheds of West Maui, Hawai‘i","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\">Episodic runoff brings suspended sediment to the nearshore waters of West Maui, Hawaiʻi. Even small rainfalls create visible plumes over a few hours. We used mapping, field experiments, and analysis of recent (July 19&ndash;20, 2014) and historic rainfall to estimate sources of land-based pollution for two watersheds in West Maui: Honolua, and Honokōwai. Former agricultural fields and some unimproved roads are plausible sources for polluted runoff, but have saturated hydraulic conductivities greater than the 10&ndash;15 millimeters per hour (mm/hr) rainfalls of July 2014. These fields and roads showed minor evidence for storm runoff, and could not have contributed substantially to July 2014 plume generation. Since 1978, rain at intensities capable of causing runoff from former agricultural fields sustained for 1&ndash;2 hours is also rare; such intensities have 2&ndash;5 year recurrence rates in the north, and greater than 25 year recurrence rates to the south near Lahaina. Streambanks now eroding into historic terraces of sands, silts, and clays are a more plausible source. Although past large storms contributed to sediment loading, annual plume generation is now caused by smaller rainfalls eroding these near-stream legacy deposits. Treatments of former agricultural fields, roads, and reserve forests are consequently not likely to measurably affect sediment pollution from smaller, more frequent storms. Increased runoff from the development of West Maui has the potential to exacerbate sediment plumes from such storms unless there is an effective strategy to reduce bank erosion. Uncertainties in the extent and erosion rate of historic terraces, however, limit our ability to plan mitigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151190","usgsCitation":"Stock, J.D., Falinksi, K.A., Callender, T., 2015, Reconnaissance sediment budget for selected watersheds of West Maui, Hawai‘i: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1190, 42 p., https://www.dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151190.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066158","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1190/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314195,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1190/ofr20151190.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1190"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"West Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.70074462890625,\n              20.785646688202153\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.70074462890625,\n              21.03804387657284\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.55620574951172,\n              21.03804387657284\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.55620574951172,\n              20.785646688202153\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.70074462890625,\n              20.785646688202153\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"&quot;http:/geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/staff.htm\">GMEG staff</a>, Geology, Minerals, Energy, &amp; Geophysics Science Center&mdash;Flagstaff<br /> U.S. Geological Survey<br /> 2255 N. Gemini Drive<br /> Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1600<br /><a href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/\">http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Methods</li>\n<li>Results</li>\n<li>Discussion</li>\n<li>Conclusion</li>\n<li>Acknowledgments</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n<li>Appendix</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-01-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569623dae4b039675d00a3b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stock, Jonathan D.","contributorId":152166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":574611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falinski, Kim A.","contributorId":152167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Falinski","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":574612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Callender, Tova","contributorId":148347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Callender","given":"Tova","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17203,"text":"West Maui Watershed Partnership","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":574613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70161841,"text":"ofr20161003 - 2016 - Evaluation of the hydraulic and biological performance of the portable floating fish collector at Cougar Reservoir and Dam, Oregon, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T15:38:42","indexId":"ofr20161003","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-12T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1003","title":"Evaluation of the hydraulic and biological performance of the portable floating fish collector at Cougar Reservoir and Dam, Oregon, 2014","docAbstract":"<p>The biological and hydraulic performance of a new portable floating fish collector (PFFC) located in a cul-de-sac within the forebay of Cougar Dam, Oregon, was evaluated during 2014. The purpose of the PFFC was to explore surface collection as a means to capture juvenile salmonids at one or more sites using a small, cost-effective, pilot-scale device. The PFFC used internal pumps to draw attraction flow over an inclined plane about 3 meters (m) deep, through a flume at a design velocity of as much as 6 feet per second (ft/s), and to empty a small amount of water and any entrained fish into a collection box. Performance of the PFFC was evaluated at 64 cubic feet per second (ft<sup>3</sup>/s) (Low) and 109 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (High) inflow rates alternated using a randomized-block schedule from May 27 to December 16, 2014. The evaluation of the biological performance was based on trap catch; behaviors, locations, and collection of juvenile Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) tagged with acoustic transmitters plus passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags; collection of juvenile Chinook salmon implanted with only PIT tags; and untagged fish monitored near and within the PFFC using acoustic cameras. The evaluation of hydraulic performance was based on measurements of water velocity and direction of flow in the PFFC.</p>\n<p>The PFFC collected 156 juvenile Chinook salmon and 280 individuals of other species, primarily dace (Cyprinidae) and largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>). The collection included one of the 212 acoustic+PIT-tagged fish detected near the PFFC and two of the 1,505 PIT-tagged fish released near the head of the reservoir. No juvenile salmonids were collected between early July and early September when water temperatures near the water surface were greater than about 16 degrees Celsius (&deg;C). Depths of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish indicated a preferential selection of water temperature of 13&ndash;15 &deg;C, which was often deeper than the entrance to the PFFC, and those fish rarely were at depths with water temperatures greater than 16 &deg;C. Dam passage of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish was similar to previous years, but much of the passage occurred prior to the date the PFFC began operation. Discovery Efficiency, the proportion of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish detected in the cul-de-sac that were within 10 m of the PFFC entrance and 0&ndash;6 m deep (the Discovery Zone), was 0.736 during the Low treatment and 0.639 during the High treatment. Entrance Efficiency, the proportion of fish in the Discovery Zone that were collected by the PFFC, was 0.007 during the Low treatment and 0.000 during the High treatment. Fish Collection Efficiency, the proportion of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish collected of those detected in the cul-de-sac, was 0.005 and 0.000 during the Low and High treatments, respectively. The areas of highest use by acoustic+PIT-tagged fish were between the stern of the PFFC and the outlet of the reservoir (a water temperature control tower), with the greatest use being near the tower.</p>\n<p>Results from untagged fish detected with acoustic cameras indicated that most fish near and within the PFFC were in the 90&ndash;250-millimeter length bin and few were less than 60 millimeters long; most fish were present during crepuscular periods; trajectories of fish outside the PFFC were rarely directed toward the entrance; and many fish entering the PFFC swam back out before they could be collected.</p>\n<p>The hydraulic performance of the PFFC did not achieve the design goals of smooth acceleration of inflow culminating in a peak water velocity of 6 ft/s and, as a result, the hydraulic performance likely contributed to the low biological performance. The greatest water velocity measured in the PFFC (1.87 ft/s) was lower than designed due at least in part to the PFFC being lower in the water column than expected. Additionally, difficulties during anchor deployment prevented placement of the PFFC as near to the reservoir outlet as planned, resulting in a PFFC position outside the prevailing flow field and known areas of high fish densities. Overall, the results indicate that location, hydraulic conditions, water temperature, and shallow depth of the entrance were among the factors contributing to the low biological performance of the PFFC in 2014.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J.W., Evans, S.D., Haner, P.V., Hansel, H.C., Hansen, A.C., Hansen, G.S., Hatton, T.W., Sprando, J.M., Smith, C.D., and Adams, N.S., 2016, Evaluation of the biological and hydraulic performance of the portable floating fish collector at Cougar Reservoir and Dam, Oregon, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1003, 127 p., https://dx.doi.org/ 10.3133/ofr20161003.","productDescription":"xii, 127 p.","numberOfPages":"143","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066415","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1003/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314045,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1003/ofr20161003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1003 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cougar Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.25173950195311,\n              44.06464670206631\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25173950195311,\n              44.132449357705454\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2071075439453,\n              44.132449357705454\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2071075439453,\n              44.06464670206631\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25173950195311,\n              44.06464670206631\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, Western Fisheries Research Center<br />U.S. Geological Survey<br />6505 NE 65th Street<br />Seattle, Washington 98115<br /><a href=\"http://wfrc.usgs.gov/\">http://wfrc.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Acknowledgments</li>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Methods</li>\n<li>Results</li>\n<li>Discussion</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n<li>Appendixes A-G</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-01-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569623ade4b039675d00a3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, John W. jbeeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","email":"jbeeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Scott D. 0000-0003-0452-7726 sdevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-7726","contributorId":4408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Scott","email":"sdevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haner, Philip V. 0000-0001-6940-487X phaner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-487X","contributorId":2364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haner","given":"Philip","email":"phaner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansel, Hal C. 0000-0002-3537-8244 hhansel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-8244","contributorId":2887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"Hal","email":"hhansel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansen, Amy C. 0000-0002-0298-9137 achansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-9137","contributorId":4350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Amy","email":"achansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hansen, Gabriel S. 0000-0001-6272-3632 ghansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6272-3632","contributorId":3422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Gabriel","email":"ghansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hatton, Tyson W. 0000-0002-2874-0719","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-0719","contributorId":9112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatton","given":"Tyson W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sprando, Jamie M. jsprando@usgs.gov","contributorId":4005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprando","given":"Jamie","email":"jsprando@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, Collin D. 0000-0003-4184-5686 cdsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4184-5686","contributorId":7915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Collin D.","email":"cdsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70175554,"text":"70175554 - 2016 - Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: A new tool for estimating intrusive volumes and forecasting eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T16:14:54","indexId":"70175554","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-01T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: A new tool for estimating intrusive volumes and forecasting eruptions","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0005\">We present data on 136 high-frequency earthquakes and swarms, termed volcano-tectonic (VT) seismicity, which preceded 111 eruptions at 83 volcanoes, plus data on VT swarms that preceded intrusions at 21 other volcanoes. We find that VT seismicity is usually the earliest reported seismic precursor for eruptions at volcanoes that have been dormant for decades or more, and precedes eruptions of all magma types from basaltic to rhyolitic and all explosivities from VEI 0 to ultraplinian VEI 6 at such previously long-dormant volcanoes. Because large eruptions occur most commonly during resumption of activity at long-dormant volcanoes, VT seismicity is an important precursor for the Earth's most dangerous eruptions. VT seismicity precedes all explosive eruptions of VEI &ge;&nbsp;5 and most if not all VEI 4 eruptions in our data set. Surprisingly we find that the VT seismicity originates at distal locations on tectonic fault structures at distances of one or two to tens of kilometers laterally from the site of the eventual eruption, and rarely if ever starts beneath the eruption site itself. The distal VT swarms generally occur at depths almost equal to the horizontal distance of the swarm from the summit out to about 15&nbsp;km distance, beyond which hypocenter depths level out. We summarize several important characteristics of this distal VT seismicity including: swarm-like nature, onset days to years prior to the beginning of magmatic eruptions, peaking of activity at the time of the initial eruption whether phreatic or magmatic, and large non-double couple component to focal mechanisms. Most importantly we show that the intruded magma volume can be simply estimated from the cumulative seismic moment of the VT seismicity from:</p>\n<p id=\"sp0010\">Log10 V&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.77 Log &Sigma;Moment&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;5.32, with volume, V, in cubic meters and seismic moment in Newton meters. Because the cumulative seismic moment can be approximated from the size of just the few largest events, and is quite insensitive to precise locations, the intruded magma volume can be quickly and easily estimated with few short-period seismic stations.</p>\n<p id=\"sp0015\">Notable cases in which distal VT events preceded eruptions at long-dormant volcanoes include: Nevado del Ruiz (1984&ndash;1985), Pinatubo (1991), Unzen (1989&ndash;1995), Soufriere Hills (1995), Shishaldin (1989&ndash;1999), Tacana' (1985&ndash;1986), Pacaya (1980&ndash;1984), Rabaul (1994), and Cotopaxi (2001). Additional cases are recognized at frequently active volcanoes including Popocateptl (2001&ndash;2003) and Mauna Loa (1984). We present four case studies (Pinatubo, Soufriere Hills, Unzen, and Tacana') in which we demonstrate the above mentioned VT characteristics prior to eruptions. Using regional data recorded by NEIC, we recognized in near-real time that a huge distal VT swarm was occurring, deduced that a proportionately huge magmatic intrusion was taking place beneath the long dormant Sulu Range, New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, that it was likely to lead to eruptive activity, and warned Rabaul Volcano Observatory days before a phreatic eruption occurred. This confirms the value of this technique for eruption forecasting. We also present a counter-example where we deduced that a VT swarm at Volcan Cosiguina, Nicaragua, indicated a small intrusion, insufficient to reach the surface and erupt. Finally, we discuss limitations of the method and propose a mechanism by which this distal VT seismicity is triggered by magmatic intrusion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.10.020","usgsCitation":"White, R.A., and McCausland, W., 2016, Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: A new tool for estimating intrusive volumes and forecasting eruptions: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 309, p. 139-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.10.020.","startPage":"139","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059009","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.10.020","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":326598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"309","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b4395ce4b03bcb0103a01e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Randall A. 0000-0003-4074-8577 rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCausland, Wendy wmccausland@usgs.gov","contributorId":5497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCausland","given":"Wendy","email":"wmccausland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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