Review of the procedures used in determining fossil plant organs indicates that the many Cretaceous records of extant genera of “Amentiferae” based on leaves should be rejected as theoretically unreliable. Palynological data, in combination with some valid megafossil data, indicate that most recognizable members of “Amentiferae” are no older than the later part of the Late Cretaceous. Juglandales appear to be derivatives of the ancient Normapolles complex and unrelated to other “Amentiferae.” A preliminary account of some of the comparative foliar morphology of extant “Amentiferae” indicates that some—particularly Betulaceae and Fagaceae—are closely related to Hamamelidales but that other families—notably Rhoipteleaceae, Juglandaceae, Didymelaceae, and Leitneriaceae—are unrelated to this order.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/2805639","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, J.A., 1973, Fossil forms of Amentiferae: Brittonia, v. 25, no. 4, p. 334-355, https://doi.org/10.2307/2805639.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"355","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, Jack A.","contributorId":102474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241224,"text":"70241224 - 1973 - Oxidation during magmatic differentiation, Finnmarka Complex, Oslo area, Norway: Part 2, the mafic silicates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T13:32:00.709923","indexId":"70241224","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-01T08:21:48","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxidation during magmatic differentiation, Finnmarka Complex, Oslo area, Norway: Part 2, the mafic silicates","docAbstract":"Electron-microprobe analyses are presented for pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite from monzonite, granodiorite, and granite at Finnmarka, Norway. Compositional trends measured in biotite, present in all three rock types, and in amphibole, present in the monzonite and granodiorite, are markedly atypical and are interpreted as reflecting crystallization under progressively more oxidizing conditions. The average Fe/Fe + Mg for biotites from successively more silicic rock types changes from 0.64 → 0.35 → 0.28, and for amphiboles changes from 0.58 in the monzonite to 0.29 in the granodiorite.
Analyses of selected areas within amphibole grains in the granodiorite show marked chemical variations, although single-crystal X-ray photographs are sharp and do not reveal multiple phases. On the basis of 33 such analyses, four coupled substitutions are identified as operative; the most unusual finding is the relation of 1 Ti cation to 4 AlIV cations in the unit cell. Variations within individual amphibole grains of the granodiorite resemble changes noted in evolution of amphibole composition from monzonite to granodiorite and are interpreted as reflecting progressive oxidation.
Consideration of these data for the mafic silicates, data for the opaque oxides, and the extensive formation of sphene in the granodiorite, has allowed development of schematic reactions and an overall picture of magmatic environment and evolution at Finnmarka. Crystallization apparently took place at PH2o of 1000 bars or less and a temperature of about 700 °C. The trend of oxidation during differentiation is more extreme than any heretofore reported. Amphiboles, as well as biotites, may participate in oxidation reactions and may reflect the oxidation-reduction processes that occurred during magmatic evolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/14.3.349","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., and Wones, D.R., 1973, Oxidation during magmatic differentiation, Finnmarka Complex, Oslo area, Norway: Part 2, the mafic silicates: Journal of Petrology, v. 14, no. 3, p. 349-380, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.3.349.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"380","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Norway","city":"Oslo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 9.44450136393101,\n 60.48564156700684\n ],\n [\n 9.44450136393101,\n 58.87914909434315\n ],\n [\n 11.792558416904313,\n 58.87914909434315\n ],\n [\n 11.792558416904313,\n 60.48564156700684\n ],\n [\n 9.44450136393101,\n 60.48564156700684\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wones, David R.","contributorId":47455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241796,"text":"70241796 - 1973 - Bidding and production relationships for federal OCS leases: Statistical studies of wildcat leases, Gulf of Mexico, 1962, and prior sales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-27T18:45:20.5058","indexId":"70241796","displayToPublicDate":"1973-09-30T13:27:40","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Bidding and production relationships for federal OCS leases: Statistical studies of wildcat leases, Gulf of Mexico, 1962, and prior sales","docAbstract":"The relationships between bids received on wildcat leases issued on federal OCS lands in the Gulf of Mexico from 1954 through 1962 and subsequent drilling on, production from, and relinquishment of these leases were studied. The results provided quantitative answers to questions regarding bidding as prescribed by current laws and regulations. Perhaps the most notable result is the finding that, while leases receiving the most and highest bids tend, on the average, to produce more revenue, such leases tend to produce less revenue per dollar of bonus spent on the lease.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME","conferenceDate":"September 30-October 3, 1973","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/4498-MS","usgsCitation":"Lohrenz, J., and Oden, H.A., 1973, Bidding and production relationships for federal OCS leases: Statistical studies of wildcat leases, Gulf of Mexico, 1962, and prior sales, Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, September 30-October 3, 1973, SPE-4498-MS, https://doi.org/10.2118/4498-MS.","productDescription":"SPE-4498-MS","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.22018222589315,\n 25.939661161449408\n ],\n [\n -82.1520063313365,\n 23.92886564462475\n ],\n [\n -80.60238259754897,\n 25.273487517137156\n ],\n [\n -82.4341626127254,\n 27.63615600359438\n ],\n [\n -82.45814245433206,\n 29.09601709170086\n ],\n [\n -83.9731336646339,\n 30.41346956411246\n ],\n [\n -85.01203277742766,\n 30.023136587733887\n ],\n [\n -86.0779202813165,\n 30.768295543325607\n ],\n [\n -88.2624169064347,\n 30.81605869171362\n ],\n [\n -90.14963655034168,\n 30.448715084280593\n ],\n [\n -91.97422023879417,\n 30.524520208322286\n ],\n [\n -94.04145034161246,\n 30.368328485453702\n ],\n [\n -95.63244151303587,\n 29.52903931847078\n ],\n [\n -95.65345926243054,\n 29.10595665372\n ],\n [\n -96.82003993588836,\n 28.970052169782164\n ],\n [\n -97.72901814357431,\n 27.919373965617254\n ],\n [\n -98.05211919216634,\n 27.27418867496931\n ],\n [\n -97.82881766682692,\n 26.195413749094598\n ],\n [\n -97.22018222589315,\n 25.939661161449408\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lohrenz, John","contributorId":49364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohrenz","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oden, Hillary A.","contributorId":303681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oden","given":"Hillary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205650,"text":"70205650 - 1973 - Shallow structure and geologic development of the Southern Red Sea ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-30T13:38:37","indexId":"70205650","displayToPublicDate":"1973-09-30T13:06:29","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow structure and geologic development of the Southern Red Sea ","docAbstract":"A series of 34 shallow-penetration seismic-reflection profiles made across the Red Sea show that it developed in two main stages. Initially, an early or pre-Miocene uplift and lateral extension resulted in crustal thinning and eventual formation of the main Red Sea Basin. During Miocene time, the Red Sea was isolated from the Indian Ocean but possibly connected with the Mediterranean Sea, which, like the Red Sea, was an evaporite basin at that time. A distinct acoustic reflector (reflector S) in the Red Sea marks the top of the Miocene evaporite sequence and is correlative with reflector M in the Mediterranean, which is similarly identified with termination of evaporite conditions.
In Pliocene time, connection with the Indian Ocean was re-established, the opening to the Mediterranean was closed, and normal marine conditions were resumed in the Red Sea. Sea-floor spreading first started in Pliocene-Pleistocene time, and resulted in the formation of the axial zone of the Red Sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3827:SSAGDO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., and Schlee, J., 1973, Shallow structure and geologic development of the Southern Red Sea : GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 12, p. 3827-3848, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3827:SSAGDO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"3827","endPage":"3848","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Red Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.6396484375,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n 41.6162109375,\n 11.974844752931832\n ],\n [\n 44.58251953125,\n 14.3069694978258\n ],\n [\n 39.7265625,\n 21.248422235627014\n ],\n [\n 35.6396484375,\n 19.72534224805787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, David A.","contributorId":87133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5685,"text":"5685 - 1973 - Surface jet stream excess temperature analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T14:29:04","indexId":"5685","displayToPublicDate":"1973-09-01T14:27:51","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Surface jet stream excess temperature analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Louis, MO","doi":"10.3133/5685","usgsCitation":"Bauer, D.P., and Motz, L.H., 1973, Surface jet stream excess temperature analysis, i, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/5685.","productDescription":"i, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc7ee4b0b58d96eeb633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, Daniel P.","contributorId":24337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Motz, Louis H.","contributorId":6934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motz","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241916,"text":"70241916 - 1973 - Glauconites from New Jersey-Maryland coastal plain: Their K-Ar ages and application in stratigraphic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T13:28:02.242854","indexId":"70241916","displayToPublicDate":"1973-09-01T11:59:45","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glauconites from New Jersey-Maryland coastal plain: Their K-Ar ages and application in stratigraphic studies","docAbstract":"Glauconite samples from various stratigraphic levels in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain were dated by the K-Ar method. Twenty-eight samples were collected from glauconite-bearing sands in four traverses across the outcrop belt of Upper Cretaceous–lower Tertiary formations from northern New Jersey to eastern Maryland, thus providing a framework on which to test the reliability of glauconite for dating in vertical sequences and within some formations along strike.
Sample ages were determined paleontologically and radiogenically. The results show that most radiogenic determinations of glauconite followed a systematic pattern; the resultant ages were generally younger upward through the Stratigraphic section. In addition, consistent ages were obtained from many of the stratigraphic units along strike. A combination of paleontologically derived ages and the numerical radiogenic ages suggests that the stages of the Late Cretaceous are unequal rather than equal as some have proposed. For example, Campanian and Paleocene times are of significantly greater duration than the Maestrichtian.
Several samples obtained across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary indicate that the age of the boundary is between 63.2 and 59.1 m.y., probably very near 61.1 m.y.
Dates considered to be reliable were obtained from 25 of 28 samples. Two of the three discordant ages are ascribed to incomplete glauconitization of the pre-existing mineral phase and hence to mineral impurity. No adequate explanation for the third significantly younger age has been determined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2811:GFNJCP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Owens, J., and Sohl, N.F., 1973, Glauconites from New Jersey-Maryland coastal plain: Their K-Ar ages and application in stratigraphic studies: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 9, p. 2811-2838, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2811:GFNJCP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"2811","endPage":"2838","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.99026450551905,\n 39.51900730690164\n ],\n [\n -76.65520719618922,\n 39.146467033899825\n ],\n [\n -76.11597433898652,\n 39.00421895130762\n ],\n [\n -74.8804505108334,\n 39.69647648660475\n ],\n [\n -73.94333709880206,\n 40.429698208105776\n ],\n [\n -74.21557116263241,\n 40.47750240100268\n ],\n [\n -74.56109901287829,\n 40.70013875386846\n ],\n [\n -76.99026450551905,\n 39.51900730690164\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owens, James P.","contributorId":9691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"James P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohl, Norman F.","contributorId":27906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241869,"text":"70241869 - 1973 - Regional gravity anomalies and crustal structure in northern Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T14:02:22.24021","indexId":"70241869","displayToPublicDate":"1973-09-01T08:53:48","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional gravity anomalies and crustal structure in northern Colombia","docAbstract":"The central range of the Colombian Andes gives way northward to a series of Cenozoic fault-bordered basins and uplifts near the Caribbean Sea. Pre-Cenozoic structures exposed in the uplifts curve increasingly toward the east to become parallel to the continental margins along the south side of the Caribbean. Major Cenozoic faults, with large vertical and horizontal displacements, cut across older structures which include Permian-Triassic(?) and Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary metamorphic zones, Precambrian gneiss, and Jurassic batholiths.
Gravity anomalies have large amplitudes in the Santa Marta area. Bouguer anomalies rise to +130 mgals over the crystalline rocks of the high Santa Marta massif. Over adjacent Cenozoic basins, they range down to −80 mgals over the Lower Magdalena basin and to −65 mgals over the Baja Guajira basin. Steep gravity gradients characterize the Santa Marta and Oca faults on the west and north sides of the massif, respectively.
In the Guajira Peninsula region, Bouguer anomalies increase to +105 mgals over a serpentinite zone at Cabo de la Vela and to +55 mgals over Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the southern peninsula. Two smaller basins on the peninsula are characterized by negative Bouguer anomalies. Steep gradients characterize many of the major Cenozoic faults, and two concealed faults are postulated on this basis.
Though useful for evaluating the relative vertical displacements, which may exceed 10 km along faults bounding the Santa Marta massif, the gravity data yield no definitive information on the large horizontal displacements postulated along some of the major faults of the area. The Bouguer anomalies do indicate, however, the extension of some of the Cenozoic basins into offshore areas.
Strong positive Bouguer anomalies of the Santa Marta massif and its great relief, which exceeds 9 km relative to the floor of the adjacent Caribbean, indicate thin continental crust, lack of isostatic balance, and relatively recent uplift for the massif. After corrections are made for the gravitational effects of Tertiary sedimentary basins in the Guajira Peninsula, most of the peninsular region also has positive anomalies, suggesting a relatively thin continental crust and a lack of isostatic balance. A mechanism of overthrusting, in relatively recent time, of the continental margin over the adjacent Caribbean upper mantle and crust to the northwest can account for the observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2905:RGAACS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Case, J.E., and MacDonald, W., 1973, Regional gravity anomalies and crustal structure in northern Colombia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 9, p. 2905-2916, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2905:RGAACS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2905","endPage":"2916","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414896,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.80475770533153,\n 0.3172567704473295\n ],\n [\n -74.5747726811183,\n 2.076387431901665\n ],\n [\n -73.5501091091684,\n 4.088611598802785\n ],\n [\n -71.68915540006606,\n 5.801550817556901\n ],\n [\n -71.72719200695937,\n 7.480766041750542\n ],\n [\n -72.09562191761461,\n 7.847411774500699\n ],\n [\n -72.17068054589589,\n 8.325204889770276\n ],\n [\n -72.65714353907268,\n 9.50827704073474\n ],\n [\n -71.88326877755851,\n 11.455736133560507\n ],\n [\n -71.01996227612918,\n 11.72103163287116\n ],\n [\n -70.98069705443876,\n 12.254280166597312\n ],\n [\n -71.58458107984004,\n 12.714027472888858\n ],\n [\n -72.41585000450189,\n 12.523082653648387\n ],\n [\n -73.38581528201317,\n 11.496731246932242\n ],\n [\n -74.51789102384691,\n 11.53964095992913\n ],\n [\n -75.93571762125089,\n 10.67824347109162\n ],\n [\n -75.91340926899863,\n 9.814937002908522\n ],\n [\n -77.39689516799439,\n 8.628140865987774\n ],\n [\n -77.49539007291926,\n 8.034789811020119\n ],\n [\n -78.19808244560043,\n 7.221121617922094\n ],\n [\n -77.7263694295687,\n 6.4477994697386265\n ],\n [\n -77.69842658611189,\n 4.281821909214003\n ],\n [\n -77.61987746813655,\n 3.7690323971737456\n ],\n [\n -77.956185956166,\n 2.9570313030088613\n ],\n [\n -78.71369325246646,\n 2.72514129168907\n ],\n [\n -79.28949832943721,\n 1.6791763910806026\n ],\n [\n -77.92906345261508,\n 0.5932227240626986\n ],\n [\n -77.33146868340326,\n 0.12164344144446204\n ],\n [\n -76.80475770533153,\n 0.3172567704473295\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Case, J. E.","contributorId":56625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, W.D.","contributorId":82470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156682,"text":"70156682 - 1973 - Tests of rhodamine WT dye for toxicity to oysters and fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T17:16:33","indexId":"70156682","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-25T15:45:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tests of rhodamine WT dye for toxicity to oysters and fish","docAbstract":"Because of the toxicity to oyster larvae and eggs of rhodamine B dye in concentrations greater than 1 mg/l in earlier tests, there was a concern that rhodamine WT, a similar tracer dye, would have a detrimental effect on marine life being developed under the aquaculture program of the Lummi Indian Tribe near Bellingham, Wash. Tests showed that 48-hour exposures at 24° C of 11,000 oyster eggs per liter and 6,000 12-day-old larvae per liter, in sea water with concentrations of rhodamine WT ranging from 1 μg/l to 10 mg/l, resulted in development of the eggs to normal straight-hinge larvae and no abnormalities in the larvae development. Tests made on the smolt of both silver salmon and Donaldson trout, with the fish held for 17.5 hours in a tankfull of sea water with a dye concentration of 10 mg/l at 22°C showed no mortalities or respiratory problems. With the concentration increased to 375 mg/l, and the time extended an additional 3.2 hours, still no mortalities or abnormalities were noted. The fish remained healthy in dye-free water when last checked a month after the test.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Parker, G.G., 1973, Tests of rhodamine WT dye for toxicity to oysters and fish: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 4, p. 499-499.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"499","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bfe4b0518e354dd1c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, Garald G. Jr.","contributorId":20310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Garald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241490,"text":"70241490 - 1973 - Structure and development of the continental margin of British Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T20:37:14.890993","indexId":"70241490","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T15:22:54","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and development of the continental margin of British Honduras","docAbstract":"The continental margin of British Honduras is characterized by elongate ridges that are sub-parallel with the coast and that diverge slightly northward. Each ridge apparently is formed by aligned fault blocks composed of continental basement rock that rotated and subsided during rifting of the margin. The western part of the Cayman Ridge may be underlain by similar rock that extends southwestward into the margin.
Little sediment has been trapped in the basins between the ridges, presumably as a result of long-term, low rates of sedimentation. A canyon system that is controlled by both fault-block ridges and cross faults transects the margin and opens into the Yucatan Basin. Deep-sea sediments are characterized by a succession of pelagic deposits above acoustic basement rocks; these deposits are covered by turbidites that have formed deep-sea fan deposits in some places. The change from pelagic to turbidite deposition may have occurred at the end of Cretaceous time when regional uplift provided a source for clastic materials. The principal channel for transport of sediment to the deep sea is believed to be a graben that extends northeastward from the southwest corner of the Gulf of Honduras.
Development of the margin may have begun in Late Jurassic time when sphenochasmic rifting created the ancestral Gulf of Honduras. Near the end of Cretaceous time, a new set of motions began, with the Caribbean plate moving relatively eastward and slightly away from the North American plate. This new motion resulted in continued movement of basement blocks through Tertiary and Quaternary time. Although this margin is not young, it has a geomorphically youthful aspect in that the sedimentary sequences do not obscure the rift structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2713:SADOTC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., and Vedder, J.G., 1973, Structure and development of the continental margin of British Honduras: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 8, p. 2713-2732, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2713:SADOTC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2713","endPage":"2732","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Belize","otherGeospatial":"British Honduras, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Honduras","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.14190803438663,\n 18.494254946668036\n ],\n [\n -89.14190803438663,\n 15.92420603732674\n ],\n [\n -86.64882763430901,\n 15.92420603732674\n ],\n [\n -86.64882763430901,\n 18.494254946668036\n ],\n [\n -89.14190803438663,\n 18.494254946668036\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":867009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vedder, John G.","contributorId":89553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vedder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241832,"text":"70241832 - 1973 - Eclogites from southwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T17:45:40.089368","indexId":"70241832","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T12:29:46","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eclogites from southwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"Eclogite, high-grade blueschist, and amphibolite blocks occur within the Mesozoic Otter Point Formation of southwestern Oregon and are inferred to have been tectonically emplaced by eastward-directed overthrusting involving Colebrooke Schist and serpentinite.
Eclogite from southwestern Oregon is very similar in bulk chemistry and mineralogy to the well-studied eclogite of California.
Calculations of phase equilibria at load pressures of 7 and 10 kb and T = 400°C to 550°C suggest that many of the hydrates found in eclogite could have been stable at very low H2O fugacities. The lack of lawsonite and the presence of almandine-grossular garnet set a maximum limit on H2O fugacity for a given Ps-T.
Chemically, Group C eclogite from Oregon and California characteristically is nepheline normative and is enriched in normative diopside relative to basaltic compositions. The present chemistry of this eclogite may be the result of metasomatism in an ultramafic environment with low a SiO2 and high a Ca, but outside the stability field of serpentine.
The generally high jadeite content of clinopyroxene from Group C eclogite compared with Group A and Group B eclogite is largely a function of bulk rock chemistry. Crystallization under low a SiO2 conditions stabilizes jadeite in clinopyroxene at lower Ps for a given T.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2471:EFSO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ghent, E.D., and Coleman, R., 1973, Eclogites from southwestern Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 8, p. 2471-2488, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2471:EFSO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2471","endPage":"2488","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414839,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Otter Point Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.41651907707327,\n 42.84626613441216\n ],\n [\n -124.1906269054481,\n 42.84626613441216\n ],\n [\n -124.1906269054481,\n 42.97641633363031\n ],\n [\n -124.41651907707327,\n 42.97641633363031\n ],\n [\n -124.41651907707327,\n 42.84626613441216\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ghent, Edward D.","contributorId":103283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghent","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, Robert G.","contributorId":293141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coleman","given":"Robert G.","affiliations":[{"id":63235,"text":"Stanford Univeristy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241233,"text":"70241233 - 1973 - Biotite as a source of some of the sulfur in porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T16:13:19.193262","indexId":"70241233","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T11:05:36","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biotite as a source of some of the sulfur in porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.5.697","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., 1973, Biotite as a source of some of the sulfur in porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 5, p. 697-703, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.5.697.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"697","endPage":"703","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Esperanza deposit, Ray deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.3883626817563,\n 33.025290920836255\n ],\n [\n -111.3883626817563,\n 32.46722323102125\n ],\n [\n -110.63038042945178,\n 32.46722323102125\n ],\n [\n -110.63038042945178,\n 33.025290920836255\n ],\n [\n -111.3883626817563,\n 33.025290920836255\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.1072872969917,\n 31.985836281763582\n ],\n [\n -111.1072872969917,\n 31.649113562485056\n ],\n [\n -110.70640914531663,\n 31.649113562485056\n ],\n [\n -110.70640914531663,\n 31.985836281763582\n ],\n [\n -111.1072872969917,\n 31.985836281763582\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198455,"text":"70198455 - 1973 - Alaska-Aleutian range batholith: Geochronology, chemistry, and relation to circum-Pacific plutonism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T09:32:34","indexId":"70198455","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T10:42:44","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alaska-Aleutian range batholith: Geochronology, chemistry, and relation to circum-Pacific plutonism","docAbstract":"Potassium-argon mineral ages and reconnaissance mapping of approximately 65,000 sq km in south-central Alaska indicate that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic rocks in the region were emplaced during three discrete intrusive epochs. Most of the plutonic rocks are part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith; the remainder appear as outcrops in isolated plutons northeast of the main batholith. Maximum and minimum concordant mineral ages on coexisting biotite and hornblende are used to mark the beginning and ending, respectively, of each intrusive epoch.
The oldest intrusive epoch, Early and Middle Jurassic, contains plutonic rocks emplaced between about 176 and 154 m.y. ago. Jurassic plutonism occurred along a magmatic arc at least 1,300 km long, extending from about 480 km southwest of Becharof Lake northeast to the Talkeetna Mountains. Aeromagnetic data suggest that the magmatic arc, which represents the roots of the arc portion of an early Mesozoic arc-trench system, also continues southwest into the Bering Shelf. The associated trench is thought to be represented by an imbricated mélange of ophiolite and submarine lava with associated chert and argillite that occupies a belt 140 km southeast of the magmatic arc. Clastic sediments more than 4.5 km thick occupy the 140-km-wide arc-trench gap.
Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutonic rocks, emplaced between about 83 and 58 m.y. ago, are found mainly in the northern part of the batholith and in isolated plutons to the northeast toward Mount McKinley. Middle Tertiary plutonic rocks ranging in age from 38 to 26 m.y. occur in two areas within the batholith and also in the Mount McKinley area. Although some of the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons are associated with extrusive rocks, these plutons are largely post-tectonic, and magma was generated beneath both stable platform areas as well as beneath former eugeosynclinal regions in which deformation had essentially ceased.
Magma for the Jurassic plutonic rocks appears to have been generated along or above an early Mesozoic subduction zone. The region southeast of the zone is considered to represent a classic example of continental accretion of eugeosynclinal sediments caused by under-thrusting of oceanic crust beneath an island arc. Magma generation for the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons in the northern part of the batholith does not appear related to the early Mesozoic subduction zone, for it would require that the zone shift inland, or toward the continent, from its position during the Jurassic and then shift away from the continent once again to its present position.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2583:ARBGCA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1973, Alaska-Aleutian range batholith: Geochronology, chemistry, and relation to circum-Pacific plutonism: GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 8, p. 2583-2610, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2583:ARBGCA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"2583","endPage":"2610","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":356240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":741501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161895,"text":"70161895 - 1973 - Bathymetry of the continental margin off Liberia, West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T15:13:58","indexId":"70161895","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bathymetry of the continental margin off Liberia, West Africa","docAbstract":"A bathymetric map based on new data allows examination of geomorphic features on the narrow continental margin off Liberia. The continental shelf in this region is relatively flat and featureless. The northwestern part of the continental slope, off Monrovia and Cape Mount, shows complex slump features and two submarine valleys. The central part of the slope is smoother, apparently as a result of progradation. The southeastern part of the slope, near Cape Palmas, is crossed oblique to the shoreline by a structural valley that has been modified by large slumps or landslides. This valley may be the termination, at the continental margin, of an oceanic fracture zone. The major slumplike features of the Liberian continental margin appear to be surface manifestations of deep faulting which has been partially masked by sedimentation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J., Robb, J.M., and Behrendt, J.C., 1973, Bathymetry of the continental margin off Liberia, West Africa: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 563-567.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"567","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Liberia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -11.557617187499998,\n 6.871892962887516\n ],\n [\n -11.458740234375,\n 6.599130675207247\n ],\n [\n -10.931396484375,\n 6.424483546180726\n ],\n [\n -10.777587890625,\n 6.18424616128059\n ],\n [\n -10.338134765625,\n 6.053161295714079\n ],\n [\n -9.173583984375,\n 4.970560127932007\n ],\n [\n -7.580566406250001,\n 4.269724272266757\n ],\n [\n -7.547607421875,\n 4.795416925285452\n ],\n [\n -7.503662109375,\n 5.233187143028983\n ],\n [\n -11.18408203125,\n 7.373362480979634\n ],\n [\n -11.557617187499998,\n 6.871892962887516\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebc6e4b09c7f9a218bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":60225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161868,"text":"70161868 - 1973 - Galkhaite, (Hg,Cu,Tl,Zn) (As,Sb)S2, from the Getchell mine, Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-07T14:24:57","indexId":"70161868","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galkhaite, (Hg,Cu,Tl,Zn) (As,Sb)S2, from the Getchell mine, Humboldt County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The first reported occurrence in the United States of galkhaite (Hg,Cu,Tl,Zn)(As,Sb)S2 is at the Getchell mine, Humboldt County, Nev. The mineral occurs as brownish-black cubes associated with graphite, pyrite, and realgar. In polished section galkhaite is grayish white and isotropic with a deep-red internal reflection; reflectivity at 590 nm is 21.6 percent. Spectrographic analysis gave Hg 42 percent, Cu 5 percent, Zn 1.5 percent, Fe 0.7 percent, Tl 5 percent, As 24 percent, Sb 0.3 percent, and S (by difference) 21.3 percent. The mineral is cubic, a=10.36, and the strong lines of the X-ray powder pattern are 2.99 (100), 4.21 (90), 2.76 (80), 1.831 (70), 7.25 (60), 2.58 (40), 1.561 (40). The pattern is very similar to that of tetrahedrite except for the strong lines at 7.25, 4.21, and 2.76.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Botinelly, T., Neuerburg, G.J., and Conklin, N.M., 1973, Galkhaite, (Hg,Cu,Tl,Zn) (As,Sb)S2, from the Getchell mine, Humboldt County, Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 515-517.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"517","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Nevada","county":"Humboldt","otherGeospatial":"Getchell Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.18566894531249,\n 41.380930388318\n ],\n [\n -117.32162475585938,\n 41.30566601169448\n ],\n [\n -117.39715576171875,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -117.42324829101562,\n 41.12695250600846\n ],\n [\n -117.52349853515625,\n 41.025499378313754\n ],\n [\n -117.45208740234374,\n 40.92907766380371\n ],\n [\n -117.29690551757814,\n 40.969529735638346\n ],\n [\n -117.22274780273438,\n 41.08142149109681\n ],\n [\n -117.1636962890625,\n 41.19105625669688\n ],\n [\n -117.10876464843749,\n 41.279870545327114\n ],\n [\n -117.11563110351562,\n 41.36134940442383\n ],\n [\n -117.18566894531249,\n 41.380930388318\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568f9a55e4b0e7a44bc63dad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Botinelly, Theodore","contributorId":101253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botinelly","given":"Theodore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuerburg, George J.","contributorId":103661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conklin, Nancy M.","contributorId":106108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161889,"text":"70161889 - 1973 - The enthalpies of formation of nesquehonite, MgCO3 * 3H2O, and hydromagnesite, 5MgO * 4CO2 * 5H2O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T14:43:58","indexId":"70161889","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The enthalpies of formation of nesquehonite, MgCO3 * 3H2O, and hydromagnesite, 5MgO * 4CO2 * 5H2O","docAbstract":"The enthalpies of formation, ΔH°f, of nesquehonite, MgCO3 * 3H2O, and hydromagnesite, 5MgO * 4CO2 * 5H2O, have been determined by HCl solution calorimetry. For the reaction MgO(c) + CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) = MgCO2 * 3H2O(c), the enthalpy change at 298.15 K is -29,781*40 cal mor' . For the reaction 5MgO(c) + 4CO2 + 5H2O = 5MgO * 4CO2 * 5H2O, the enthalpy change at 298.15 K is -120,310±120 cal. For MgCO3 * 3H2O the standard molar enthalpy and standard Gibbs free energy of formation, ΔH°f,298 and ΔG°f,298 are -472,576+110 and 412,040±120 cal. ΔH°f,298 and ΔG°f,298 for 5MgO * 4CO2 * 5H2O are -1,557,090±250 and -1,401,71 0±250 cal.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B., and Robie, R.A., 1973, The enthalpies of formation of nesquehonite, MgCO3 * 3H2O, and hydromagnesite, 5MgO * 4CO2 * 5H2O: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 543-547.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebd0e4b09c7f9a218bea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, Bruce S.","contributorId":13689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruce S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, Richard A.","contributorId":92235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161907,"text":"70161907 - 1973 - Aquifer diffusivity of the Ohio River alluvial aquifer by the flood-wave response method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T18:11:58","indexId":"70161907","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer diffusivity of the Ohio River alluvial aquifer by the flood-wave response method","docAbstract":"Aquifer diffusivity (T/S) was calculated for 10 sites in the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Ohio River by observing the response of the aquifer to a flood wave in the river. The calculated type curves matched the observed aquifer response reasonably well at eight of the 10 sites. The diffusivities ranged from 0.4 ft2 sec-1 to 10.3 ft2 sec-1 and were generally in agreement with diffusivity values calculated from pump-test methods at two of the sites. Interference from pumping 1/2 mile upstream from one site and localized aquifer inhomogeneity at another site precluded calculation of diffusivity. Determining the shape of the ground-water recession curve may be difficult, but it can be done satisfactorily by collecting water-level data during an extended period of ground-water discharge and transposing the average recession curve to the flood period being analyzed. The flood-wave response method for estimating aquifer diffusivity provides a relatively inexpensive
technique for obtaining a significant part of the data needed to predict the aquifer's response to river and pumping stresses.
High-altitude photography provides an effective method of monitoring the spatial extent of turbidity plumes in Lake Ontario. Large plumes generated by the Niagara, Genesee, and Oswego Rivers are identifiable on photographs obtained from about 60,000 feet above the lake on July 6, 1970, October 19, 1970, and May 29, 1971. The Niagara plume, covering as much as 43 sq mi of the lake's surface, is the largest turbidity feature. The configuration of the plumes is a function of river discharge, level of turbidity, and wind speed and direction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Work done in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Pluhowski, E., 1973, Remote sensing of turbidity plumes in Lake Ontario: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 609-614.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"614","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.9530029296875,\n 43.30919109985686\n ],\n [\n -79.5135498046875,\n 43.671844983221604\n ],\n [\n -79.0960693359375,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -78.3160400390625,\n 43.98095752608484\n ],\n [\n -77.5799560546875,\n 44.10336537791152\n ],\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 44.22158376545796\n ],\n [\n -76.5911865234375,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -76.35498046875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -76.190185546875,\n 44.19795903948531\n ],\n [\n -76.0418701171875,\n 44.02047156335411\n ],\n [\n -76.1297607421875,\n 43.79488907226601\n ],\n [\n -76.17370605468749,\n 43.51270490464819\n ],\n [\n -76.41540527343749,\n 43.46089378008257\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 43.26920624914964\n ],\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -77.6678466796875,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -78.0743408203125,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 43.345154990451114\n ],\n [\n -79.0850830078125,\n 43.21718664827096\n ],\n [\n -79.46411132812499,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -79.9530029296875,\n 43.30919109985686\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebd0e4b09c7f9a218be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pluhowski, E.J.","contributorId":52244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pluhowski","given":"E.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161911,"text":"70161911 - 1973 - Method for estimating the diversion potential of streams in eastern Massachusetts and southern Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T18:38:24","indexId":"70161911","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Method for estimating the diversion potential of streams in eastern Massachusetts and southern Rhode Island","docAbstract":"A simple method is proposed for estimating the probable magnitude and frequency of streamflow that is in excess of predetermined minimum streamflows required downstream in eastern Massachusetts and southern Rhode Island. Regional curves relate these annual volumes of streamflow excess to the average annual discharge and the median 7-day annual minimum flow of the site. Use of the curves is illustrated by a hypothetical example.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., 1973, Method for estimating the diversion potential of streams in eastern Massachusetts and southern Rhode Island: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 615-619.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"619","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.279296875,\n 42.706659563510385\n ],\n [\n -71.6473388671875,\n 42.47209690919285\n ],\n [\n -71.78466796874999,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 42.020732852644294\n ],\n [\n -71.8231201171875,\n 41.33145127732962\n ],\n [\n -71.3836669921875,\n 41.364441530542244\n ],\n [\n -70.8673095703125,\n 41.55792157780418\n ],\n [\n -70.48278808593749,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -70.7025146484375,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -71.279296875,\n 42.706659563510385\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebcfe4b09c7f9a218bde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161909,"text":"70161909 - 1973 - A study of the distribution of the polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T18:26:45","indexId":"70161909","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of the distribution of the polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment","docAbstract":"Data gathered from monitoring activities and project studies indicate the ubiquitous occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment. Residues have been detected in samples from 19 States, representing nearly every region of the country. Concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 4.0 ug/l in unfiltered water samples and 5.0 to 3,200 ug/kg in bottom sediments. PCB residues were also found in fish and aquatic plants. Samples were prepared by the same techniques used for general chlorinated insecticide detection, with special attention to cleanup and separation of PCB's from other compounds. Basic identification and quantification were made by dual-column electron-capture gas chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry whenever possible. The sampling program is expected to be broadened geographically in 1973 and increased in successive years in order to more adequately define the distribution of PCB residues in the major drainage basins of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Crump-Wiesner, H.J., Feltz, H.R., and Yates, M.L., 1973, A study of the distribution of the polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 603-607.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"607","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebc4e4b09c7f9a218bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crump-Wiesner, Hans J.","contributorId":58017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crump-Wiesner","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feltz, Herman R.","contributorId":49104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feltz","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yates, Marvin L.","contributorId":24840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161913,"text":"70161913 - 1973 - Changes in floodflow characteristics of a rectified channel caused by vegetation, Jackson, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T18:53:28","indexId":"70161913","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in floodflow characteristics of a rectified channel caused by vegetation, Jackson, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Extreme changes in velocity, stage, and Manning's roughness coefficient, n, were observed during the first year after canalization of Hanging Moss Creek at Jackson, Miss. Additional changes were observed during the following 8 years. The channel, constructed during the summer of 1963, had a 50-foot-wide bottom, 2:1 side slopes, and 12-foot depth. In March 1964, average velocities of 7.8 feet per second were measured at a 5 1/2-foot depth in the clean channel and Manning's n was computed to be 0.022. In October 1964 the average velocity was
3.2 fps at a 5 1/2-foot depth and Manning's n was 0.045. The channel was then lined with fairly thick vegetation consisting of small willows,
weeds, and grass. In October 1970 (summer foliage existing) the average velocity was 2.0 fps at a 5 1/2-foot depth and Manning's n was 0.07. Willow trees, 8 to 10 feet high, then lined the channel. In March 1971 (barren foliage), Manning's n was 0.05. In March 1972 (barren foliage), Manning's n was increased to 0.07. These observations indicate that the commonly used values of Manning's n for channel rectification (0.02-0.03) are low and that the carrying capacity of earthen channels may be reduced 50 percent as a result of only 1 year's growth of vegetation and 70 percent as a result of 8 year's growth. The carrying capacity during summer foliage is approximately two-thirds the carrying capacity during barren winter foliage.
A model for climatic change, and particularly for the changes of the late Cenozoic, involves as its primary variables the albedo of the earth and the heat storage characteristics of the oceans. Geography exerts a strong influence. The model proposed does not require metaphysical causes or astronomical events other than known variations in the earth's orbit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Adam, D.P., 1973, Ice ages and the thermal equilibrium of the earth: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 587-596.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"596","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314061,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebcee4b09c7f9a218bdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161865,"text":"70161865 - 1973 - Pliocene marine fossils in the Paso Robles Formation, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-07T13:57:13","indexId":"70161865","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene marine fossils in the Paso Robles Formation, California","docAbstract":"Marine invertebrates from the Paso Robles Formation recently discovered near Atascadero, Calif., indicate that the basal part of this chiefly nonmarine deposit is of provincial early Pliocene age. Heretofore the lack of direct fossil or radiometric evidence of the age of the Paso Robles has made it a difficult unit to place in the late Cenozoic history of the Coast Ranges. The assemblage is dominated by Ostrea vespertina and by Nettastomella rostrata, a rock-boring bivalve; its mode of preservation indicates that the fossils are in place and have
not been recycled from older marine formations. This occurrence suggests that during the early Pliocene a seaway connected the present
southern Salinas Valley area with the northern part of the Santa Maria basin; the fossils occur about halfway between the southernmost
exposures of the Pancho Rico Formation near San Miguel and fossiliferous strata east of Pismo Beach, both marine units of early Pliocene age.
Use of an argon-oxygen atmosphere eliminates the interference of cyanogen bands with many sensitive analytical lines. The jet-controlled atmosphere also improves the stability of the arc. These procedural changes, coupled with computerized analysis of the spectra, result in increased detectability, precision, and speed as compared to the former visual semiquantitative technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Dorrzapf, A.F., 1973, Spectrochemical computer analysis - argon-oxygen d-c arc method for silicate rocks: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 559-562.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"562","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebd0e4b09c7f9a218be4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorrzapf, A. F. Jr.","contributorId":65998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorrzapf","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161899,"text":"70161899 - 1973 - Use of machine-processable field notes in a wilderness mapping project (Granite Fiords area), southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T15:23:59","indexId":"70161899","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of machine-processable field notes in a wilderness mapping project (Granite Fiords area), southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"For reconnaissance geologic mapping and mineral resource evaluation of the Granite Fiords wilderness study area, we developed and used a system of machine-processable field notes. Preprinted field forms standardize notes and serve as checklists that insure collection of all available data. The use of this system cut in half the time required to record data at an outcrop. The system consists of three related but
different types of preprinted field sheets, a key to abbreviations and codes, and a set of written instructions. The field sheets include a
station sheet for basic outcrop data, a specimen sheet for rock samples, and a geochemical sheet for materials to be chemically analyzed. Data on the field sheets are keypunched on standard IBM cards, then arranged in subfiles and retrieved by using a card sorter. Our system is
designed specifically for a region of granitic and metamorphic rocks but is easily modified for use in different geologic terranes. We offer four
guidelines for developing a system of machine-processable field notes: (1) Time and money spent to develop the system must be worth its
anticipated benefits. (2) The system should be as flexible as possible. (3) It is necessary to tailor the system to a particular geologic terrane or project objective. (4) The system should be as simple and self-explanatory as possible.
Three large land areas were dominant in the Arctic during the Permian: Fennoscandia, central and southern Siberia (Angara), and Canada. Smaller landmasses were in China, the Seward-Chukotskiy region, northern and eastern Siberia, and near Alaska. Coal deposits and strata bearing land plants covered a large area in central Siberia; saline basins containing red beds formed in the Zechstein, Perm, and West Texas basins as the seas withdrew, generally in the later Permian. Eugeosynclinal troughs, apparently limited to the Pacific border regions, were marked by volcanism and deposition of predominantly clastic sediments in many areas. Platform and miogeosynclinal deposits, dominated by carbonate rocks, preceded saline deposition in the basins and persisted on shallow shelves adjacent to the geosynclines. The Arctic Permian marine fauna evolved in middle Permian time because of partial isolation of the Arctic areas from the southern ocean. Endemism, latitudinal temperature controls, and the effect of ocean currents explain in large part the faunal patterns in Permian seas. Post-Permian tectonic movements account for anomalies in the present positions of some rock sequences and fossils. Northeasterly drift and counterclockwise
rotation of the northern landmasses are suggested. Right-lateral shear along the southern edge of Asia is supported, followed by
northward movement of peninsular India.