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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i766B","usgsCitation":"Van Horn, R., 1972, Map showing relative ages of faults in the Sugar House quadrangle, Salt Lake County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 766, 1 Plate: 34.81 x 28.05 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i766B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 34.81 x 28.05 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493580,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9521.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":256349,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256348,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Sugar House quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -111.875,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -111.875,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Horn, Richard","contributorId":52169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Horn","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2844,"text":"wsp2000 - 1972 - Water for a rapidly growing urban community — Oakland County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T21:59:00.124099","indexId":"wsp2000","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000","title":"Water for a rapidly growing urban community — Oakland County, Michigan","docAbstract":"Oakland County, an area of 899 square miles, is in southeastern Michigan. The southern part of the county is overlapped by the suburbs of the city of Detroit.
In 1970, about 850,000 people were living in the county and using about 100 million gallons of water a day. More than 80 percent of the water used for large industrial and municipal supplies came from Detroit's water system.
The average annual rate of streamflow from the county is about 370 million gallons per day (575 cubic feet per second). Median annual 7-day low flows range from 0 to 0.25 cfs per square mile. Low flows can be augmented by more than 60,000 acre-feet of water captured during high streamflow by construction of small reservoirs at 21 inventoried sites.
Glacial deposits and the Marshall Sandstone are the prime sources of ground water. Most wells that penetrate the full thickness of glacial deposits in the northwestern part of the county will yield at least 50 gpm (gallons per minute), and many will yield more than 400 gpm. The Marshall Sandstone, which occurs only in the Holly area, is capable of yielding more than 1,000 gpm.
The chemical quality of both surface and ground water is relatively good throughout the county. Only in the southern part of the county is the dissolved solids above the acceptable standard of 500 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2000","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oakland County and the State of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Twenter, F.R., and Knutilla, R., 1972, Water for a rapidly growing urban community — Oakland County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2000, ix, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2000.","productDescription":"ix, 150 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wsp2000.JPG"},{"id":392975,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25468.htm"},{"id":38,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2000/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Oakland County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.4546,42.8798],[-83.2227,42.887],[-83.1025,42.8884],[-83.0986,42.801],[-83.0905,42.6238],[-83.0867,42.5355],[-83.0843,42.4463],[-83.3264,42.4416],[-83.4403,42.4393],[-83.553,42.4351],[-83.6669,42.4312],[-83.6733,42.5196],[-83.6863,42.7822],[-83.6902,42.871],[-83.5737,42.8744],[-83.4541,42.8766],[-83.4546,42.8798]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oakland\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knutilla, R. L.","contributorId":65451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutilla","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66191,"text":"i784P - 1972 - Location of wells and test holes, Hartford North Quadrangle, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:17","indexId":"i784P","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"784","subseriesTitle":"NONE","chapter":"P","title":"Location of wells and test holes, Hartford North Quadrangle, Connecticut","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i784P","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, C.T., and Keune, C., 1972, Location of wells and test holes, Hartford North Quadrangle, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 784, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i784P.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":255681,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0784p/plate-1.pdf","size":"4055","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0784p/report.pdf","size":"35","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0784p/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,41.75 ], [ -72.75,41.8675 ], [ -72.61749999999999,41.8675 ], [ -72.61749999999999,41.75 ], [ -72.75,41.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63bf40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, C. T.","contributorId":14456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keune, C.H.","contributorId":14515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keune","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67296,"text":"i766E - 1972 - Relative slope stability map of the Sugar House quadrangle, Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-05T18:34:34.072838","indexId":"i766E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"766","chapter":"E","title":"Relative slope stability map of the Sugar House quadrangle, Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i766E","usgsCitation":"Van Horn, R., 1972, Relative slope stability map of the Sugar House quadrangle, Salt Lake County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 766, 1 Plate: 34.60 x 27.72 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i766E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 34.60 x 27.72 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493585,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9524.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":256318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256317,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County,","otherGeospatial":"Sugar House quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -111.875,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -111.875,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634639","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Horn, Richard","contributorId":52169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Horn","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12555,"text":"ofr7219 - 1972 - Summary operational report of a preliminary gravity survey of southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-01T19:53:58.400558","indexId":"ofr7219","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-19","title":"Summary operational report of a preliminary gravity survey of southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7219","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., 1972, Summary operational report of a preliminary gravity survey of southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-19, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7219.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392342,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8680.htm"},{"id":145395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0019/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":111706,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.767578125,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -130.166015625,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -130.166015625,\n 60.06484046010452\n ],\n [\n -141.767578125,\n 60.06484046010452\n ],\n [\n -141.767578125,\n 54.265224078605684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, David F.","contributorId":72787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"David F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14665,"text":"ofr72229 - 1972 - Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Haines area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:00","indexId":"ofr72229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-229","title":"Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Haines area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","docAbstract":"The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, brought into sharp focus the need for engineering geologic studies in urban areas. Study of the Haines area constitutes an integral part of an overall program to evaluate earthquake and other geologic hazards in most of the larger Alaska coastal communities. The evaluations of geologic hazards that follow, although based only upon reconnaissance studies and, therefore, subject to revision, will provide broad guidelines useful in city and land-use planning. It is hoped that the knowledge gained will result in new facilities being built in the best possible geologic environments and being designed so as to minimize future loss of life and property damage. \r\n\r\nHaines, which is in the northern part of southeastern Alaska approximately 75 miles northwest of Juneau, had a population, of about 700 people in 1970. It is built at the northern end of the Chilkat Peninsula and lies within the Coast Mountains of the Pacific Mountain system. The climate is predominantly marine and is characterized by mild winters and cool summers. The mapped area described in this report comprises about 17 square miles of land; deep fiords constitute most of the remaining mapped area that is evaluated in this study. \r\n\r\nThe Haines area was covered by glacier ice at least once and probably several times during the Pleistocene Epoch. The presence of emergent marine deposits, several hundred feet above sea level, demonstrates that the land has been uplifted relative to sea level since the last major deglaciation of the region about 10,000 years ago. The rate of relative uplift of the land at Haines during the past 39 years is 2.26 cm per year. Most or all of this uplift appears to be due to rebound as a result of deglaciation. \r\n\r\nBoth bedrock and surficial deposits are present in the area. Metamorphic and igneous rocks constitute the exposed bedrock. The metamorphic rocks consist of metabasalt of Mesozoic age and pyroxenite of probable early middle Cretaceous age. The igneous rocks consist of diorite and quartz diorite (tonalite) of Cretaceous age. Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age may be present in the mapped area but are not exposed. The surficial deposits of Quaternary age,-have been divided into the following map units on the basis of time Of deposition, mode of origin, and grain size: (1) undifferentiated drift deposits, (2) outwash and Ice-contact deposits; (3) elevated fine-grained marine deposits, (4) elevated shore and delta deposits, (5) alluvial fan deposits, (6) colluvial deposits, (7) modern beach deposits, (8) Chilkat River flood-plain and delta deposits, and (9) manmade fill. Offshore deposits are described but are not mapped.\r\n\r\nSoutheastern Alaska lies within the tectonically active belt that rims the northern Pacific Basin and has been active since at least early Paleozoic time. The outcrop pattern is the result of late Mesozoic and Tertiary deformational, metamorphic, and intrusive events. Large-scale faulting has been common. The two most prominent inferred fault systems in southeastern Alaska and surrounding regions are: (1) The Denali fault system and (2) the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system. In the general area of Haines, rocks of Mesozoic age northeast of Chilkat River have a simple monoclinal structure. Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks southwest of Chilkat River are gently to rather complexly folded. Several major and numerous minor faults probably transect the general area of Haines but their exact location and character can only be inferred because their traces are coincident to the long axes of fiords and river valleys, where they are concealed by water or by valley-floor deposits. Inferred faults in or near the Haines mapped area are: (1) Chilkat River fault, (2) Chilkoot fault, (3) Takhin fault, and (4) faults in the saddle area at Haines. \r\n\r\nSoutheastern Alaska lies in one of the two most seismically active zones in Alaska, a State where 6 percent of the world's shallow earthqua","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr72229","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R.W., and Yehle, L.A., 1972, Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Haines area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-229, iii, 109 p. :ill. (some folded), maps (2 folded) ;27 cm.; 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72229.","productDescription":"iii, 109 p. :ill. (some folded), maps (2 folded) ;27 cm.; 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106529,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8686.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8686"},{"id":147830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43376,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0229/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43377,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemke, Richard Walter","contributorId":105280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13103,"text":"ofr7271 - 1972 - Placer deposits of Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13103,"text":"ofr7271 - 1972 - Placer deposits of Alaska","indexId":"ofr7271","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Placer deposits of Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34073,"text":"b1374 - 1973 - Placer deposits of Alaska","indexId":"b1374","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Placer deposits of Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":34073,"text":"b1374 - 1973 - Placer deposits of Alaska","indexId":"b1374","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Placer deposits of Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T20:50:23.380388","indexId":"ofr7271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-71","title":"Placer deposits of Alaska","docAbstract":"Placer deposits, in addition to their intrinsic value, serve as indicators of areas of potential development of lode deposits. Any possibility that Alaska may again become an important source of metallic mineral commodities depends in part on an inventory of placer deposits and a knowledge of the geology of their source areas.
Information on Alaska's placer deposits is far from complete. Many mining camps have been at best the subject of only cursory examination by geologists or mining engineers at liberty to publish the results of their studies. Many placers are vaguely known from unconfirmed reports that someone was working on a creek, in many instances a creek bearing a name that cannot now be identified with any particular stream. Such data are, of course, practically valueless and were generally ignored in preparing the report. Other major gaps in our knowledge result from the lack of bedrock exposures in many areas where valuable placer deposits were mined, a circumstance that made impossible the determination of lode sources and their mode of occurrence during reconnaissance studies of mining districts. And the reluctance of many prospectors to divulge data on their claims has undoubtedly caused some deposits to be \"lost\" or overlooked.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7271","usgsCitation":"Cobb, E.H., 1972, Placer deposits of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-71, Report: iii, 132 p.; 1 Plate: 15.83 x 35.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7271.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 132 p.; 1 Plate: 15.83 x 35.32 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426714,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0071/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144533,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":426712,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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Edward Huntington","contributorId":25916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Huntington","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14667,"text":"ofr72230 - 1972 - Regional and other general factors bearing on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards to coastal communities of southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T20:07:02.07676","indexId":"ofr72230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-230","title":"Regional and other general factors bearing on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards to coastal communities of southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"The great Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, brought into sharp focus the need for engineering geologic studies in seismically active regions. As a result, nine communities in southeastern Alaska were selected for reconnaissance investigations as an integral part of an overall program to evaluate earthquake and other geologic hazards in most of the larger Alaska coastal communities. This report gives background information on the regional and other general factors that bear on these evaluations.
Southeastern Alaska, about 525 miles long and averaging about 125 miles in width, consists of a narrow mainland strip and numerous islands. For the most part, it is a region of rugged relief with numerous glaciers capping many of the higher mountainous areas and with long linear fiords forming the inland waterways. A maritime climate prevails with mild winters and cool summers. The southeastern part of the region receives the highest precipitation in the continental United States. Ketchikan, with a population of 6,994 in 1970, is the largest city. Geology and structure of the area are complex. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks crop out and range in age from Paleozoic to Tertiary. Surficial deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age mantle many areas.
All of southeastern Alaska, except probably the highest peaks, was covered by glacier ice advances of late Pleistocene age. Major deglaciation was well advanced by 10,000 years ago--a time which approximately marks the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. There followed a period of warm climate called the Hypsithermal, which in southeastern Alaska began 7,000-8,000 years ago and ended about 4,800-3,500 years ago. Glaciers in most places receded back of their present positions. The Hypsithermal was followed by an interval (termed Neoglaciation) of cooler climate and resurgence of glacier ice which continues to the present, although most glaciers are now rapidly receding.
During the past 10,000 years worldwide sea level has risen about 100 feet, but during the past 4,000 years it has risen only about 10 feet or about 0.03 inch per year. With sea level used as a datum, the amount of sea-level rise must be added to the apparent uplift of land for the time under consideration to determine the actual amount of land uplift.
The widespread presence of emergent marine deposits, several hundred feet above sea level, demonstrates that the land in southeastern Alaska has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known uplift is in the vicinity of Juneau where glaciomarine deposits are present 750 feet above present sea level. Part of southeastern Alaska is presently undergoing one of the most rapid rates of uplift of any place in the world. The fastest emergence is occurring in the Glacier Bay area where the land is being uplifted relative to sea level approximately 3.9 cm per year. Most or all of the uplift appears to be due to rebound as a result of deglaciation.
Southeastern Alaska lies within the circum-Pacific earthquake belt, one of the world's greatest zones of seismic activity. During historic time, there have been five earthquakes in the region with magnitudes of 8 or greater, three with magnitudes of 7 to 8, eight with magnitudes of 6 to 7, more than 15 with magnitudes of 5 to 6, and about 140 recorded earthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 5 or of unassigned magnitudes. All of the earthquakes with magnitudes 8 or greater, and a large proportion of the others, appear to be related to the active Fairweather- Queen Charlotte Islands fault system or its western extension, the Chugach-St. Elias fault. Earthquake epicenters on the Denali fault system, the other major fault system in southeastern Alaska, are few in comparison. However, because high microearthquake activity has been recorded recently on this system and earthquakes of moderate size have occurred on some of its segments, the Denali fault system probably should not be dismissed as a relict fault system of no current tectonic importance. There are numerous other known faults, as well as lineaments that may be faults of varying degrees of tectonic activity in southeastern Alaska, adjacent Canada, and eastern Alaska. One of these elements is the Totschunda fault system, which connects with the Denali fault system in eastern Alaska; it has been very active during Holocene time but few historical earthquake epicenters appear to be related to it.
Both historical seismicity and geologic conditions, such as frequency and recency of faulting, must be considered together to permit an assessment of the future earthquake probability of an area. Data are too few for both factors for an accurate evaluation to be made of earthquake probability in southeastern Alaska. However, information compiled in the form of strain-release and seismic-zone maps permit some generalizations. Thus, it is tentatively concluded that most, if not all, of southeastern Alaska should be placed in seismic zone 3, a zone in which earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 will occur from time to time and where there may be major damage to manmade structures.
Inferred effects from future earthquakes in southeastern Alaska include: (1) surface displacement along faults and other tectonic land-level changes, (2) ground shaking, (3) compaction, (4) liquefaction in cohesionless materials, (5) reaction of sensitive and quick clays, (6) water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing, (7) earthquake-induced sub aerial slides and slumps, (8) earthquake induced subaqueous slides, (9) effects on glaciers and related features, (10) effects on ground water and stream flow, and (11) tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves. Because of the reconnaissance nature of our studies in the coastal communities and the sparsity of laboratory data on physical properties of geologic units in each area studied, the inferred effects must be largely empirical and generalized. Therefore, the inferences are based in large part upon the effects of past major earthquakes in Alaska and elsewhere, particularly upon the well-documented effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964.
Buildings, highways, bridges, tunnels, harbor facilities, pipelines, canals, and other manmade structures may be severely damaged or destroyed by fault displacement or related tectonic land-level changes in southeastern Alaska. Direct damage from fault rupture would be restricted virtually to structures built directly athwart the fault. In California and Nevada, fault rupture almost always accompanies shocks of magnitude 6.5 or greater. The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, and the Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, dramatically illustrated the severe adverse effects that can result from uplift or subsidence over a wide area.
The variable most responsible for the degree of shaking at any epicentral distance is the type of ground. Generally, shaking is considerably greater in poorly consolidated deposits than in hard bedrock, particularly if the deposits are water saturated. Severe shaking of alluvial deposits and manmade fill, with resultant heavy damage, is well documented from the records of many past earthquakes.
Damage commonly has been heavy as a result of ground settlement caused by compaction of loose sediments by shaking during an earthquake. This has been especially true where compaction was accompanied by tectonic downdrop of land, such as occurred during the Chilean earthquake of 1960 and the Alaska earthquake of 1964. Loosely emplaced manmade fill, deltaic deposits, beach deposits, and alluvial deposits may be susceptible to compaction in southeastern Alaska during a severe earthquake.
Liquefaction of sand and silt is a fairly common effect of large earthquakes. It was well illustrated at Niigata, Japan, during the earthquake of June 16, 1964, and resulted in extensive damage. When part of a sloping soil mass liquefies, the entire mass can undergo catastrophic failure and can flow as a high-density liquid. In southeastern Alaska, deltaic deposits probably would be most susceptible to liquefaction.
Sensitive and quick clays, which lose a considerable part of their strength when shaken, commonly fail during an earthquake and become rapid earthflows. Extensive studies were made of the sensitivity of the Bootlegger Cove Clay at Anchorage because of the marked loss of shear strength and dramatic failures of the deposits during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. If similar sensitive clays are present in some places in southeastern Alaska, they most likely are in some of the emergent fine-grained marine deposits; supporting data to confirm their presence, however, are largely lacking.
Records of some 50 major earthquakes show that in at least half of the instances water and sediment have been ejected from surficial deposits Water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing commonly cause extensive damage to the works of man. Ejecta may fill basements and other low-lying parts of buildings. Agricultural land can be covered with a blanket of infertile soils, and small ponds can be filled or made shallow. In southeastern Alaska these phenomena are most likely to occur on valley floors, deltas, tidal flats, alluvial fans, swamps, and lakeshores.
Earthquake-induced sliding on land generally is confined to steep slopes but may take place in fine-grained deposits on moderately to nearly flat surfaces if the deposits are subject to liquefaction. A large rockslide triggered by the Lituya Bay, Alaska, earthquake of July 10, 1958, generated a wave that surged up the opposite wall of the inlet to a record height of 1,740 feet. During the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959, a spectacular rockslide plunged into the Madison River canyon, buried 28 people, dammed the river, and created a large lake. Earthquake-records are replete with accounts of sliding of surficial deposits during moderate to large earthquakes. Most or all of the general factors that favor subaerial landsliding are present in southeastern Alaska.
Earthquake-induced subaqueous slides can produce adverse effects both nearshore and some distance offshore. Nearshore sliding may progress shoreward and destroy harbor facilities and other structures, commonly with substantial loss of life. Disastrous large submarine slides occurred along the fronts of deltas in Seward and Valdez during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. In similar fashion, the largest submarine slides in southeastern Alaska likely will be triggered along the larger delta fronts. Sliding farther offshore can constitute a threat to navigation because of changes in water depths. Also underwater sliding can break communication cables.
Glaciers were not greatly affected by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 despite the fact that about 20 percent of the area that underwent strong shaking is covered by ice. In contrast, the cataclysmic avalanche of ice and rock that fell from a high glacier-covered peak in Peru during the earthquake of May 31, 1970, produced devastating effects downvalley on man and his works in the form of mudflows. Most towns in southeastern Alaska are sufficiently distant from glaciers so as not be to directly affected.
Both the Alaska earthquake of 1964 and the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of 1959 significantly affected ground- and surface-water regimens. Water levels in some wells declined whereas in others flow increased. Some springs discharged at a rate three times as much as normal; flow of others decreased or stopped. Discharge of many streams increased markedly. Most or all of the effects described above could occur in parts of southeastern Alaska during future large earthquakes.
Tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves associated with large earthquakes commonly cause vast property damage and heavy loss of life. Tsunami effects can be devastating to coastal areas as far as many thousands of miles from their generation source. Seiche effects generally are confined to inland bodies of water or to relatively enclosed coastal bodies of water. Abnormal waves generated by submarine sliding or by subaerial sliding into water generally produce only local effects but may be highly devastating. Tsunami waves resulting from the Chilean earthquake of 1960 inflicted extensive damage and loss of life on coastal communities throughout a large part of southern Chile, and significant runups and damage were recorded in many places throughout the Pacific Ocean area. The tsunami waves generated by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 struck with devastating force along a broad stretch of the Alaska coast and produced heavy property damage and loss of life as far away as Crescent City, Calif. Seiche waves generated by that earthquake reached runup heights of 20-30 feet on some lakes in Alaska, and water-level fluctuations were recorded on streams, reservoirs, lakes, and swimming pools in States bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Waves generated by submarine sliding struck violently at a number of places during or immediately after the quake and were the major cause of loss of life and damage to property. Slide-generated waves probably would have a higher destructive potential in southeastern Alaska than either tsunami waves or seiche waves because of their possibly higher local runups and because they can hit the shores almost without warning during or immediately after an earthquake.
Nonearthquake-related geologic hazards, although generally far less dramatic than those related to earthquakes, tend to occur so much more frequently or persistently that their aggregate effects can be significant. Three kinds of geologic hazards of this type are discussed: (1) nonearthquake-induced landsliding and subaqueous sliding, (2) flooding, and (3) land uplift.
The potential for nonearthquake-triggered landsliding in southeastern Alaska ranges widely from place to place. Past sliding generally furnishes the clue in the prediction of where and in what materials future sliding will occur. Fast-moving rockslides, debris slides, and mudflows can be expected to occur from time to time on steep slopes and be highly destructive to highways, power plants, pipelines, buildings, and other facilities located on a slope or at its base. Present slow downslope movement of talus can be expected to continue at the same general rate unless conditions are changed by man or there are climatic changes. Snow and debris avalanches can be especially hazardous during winter months. Long-inactive landslides may be triggered into renewed activity or new slides may be created by man-induced modifications. Accelerated slope erosion and debris flows may follow large-scale clearing and cutting of timber. Subaqueous sliding can be expected to occur periodically along fronts of deltas and on other oversteepened underwater slopes.
Floods have been common in parts of southeastern Alaska because of heavy precipitation and rapid runoff from steep slopes with resulting heavy damage to roads and other facilities. Continued damage can be expected in the future unless more remedial measures are taken.
Current uplift of land in southeastern Alaska, although probably not affecting man significantly in a short period of time, may have some adverse long-term effects. These long-term effects should be borne in mind when facilities such as docks and boat harbors are constructed on or near the shore, where there is a critical relation between height of land and water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72230","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R.W., and Yehle, L.A., 1972, Regional and other general factors bearing on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards to coastal communities of southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-230, ii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72230.","productDescription":"ii, 99 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425551,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0230/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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