The upper Clark Fork River basin in western Montana is widely contaminated by metals from past mining, milling, and smelting activities As part of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment for the upper Clark Fork River, we measured physical and chemical characteristics of surficial sediment samples that were collected from depositional zones for subsequent toxicity evaluations Sampling stations included five locations along the upper 200 km of the river, six locations in or near Milltown Reservoir (about 205 km from the river origin), and two tributary reference sites Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn decreased from the upper stations to the downstream stations in the Clark Fork River but then increased in all Milltown Reservoir stations to levels similar to uppermost river stations Large percentages (50 to 90%) of the total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were extractable by dilute (3 n) HCl for all samples Copper and zinc accounted for greater than 95% of extractable metals on a molar basis Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations were typically moderate (0 6 to 23 μmol/g) in grab sediment samples and appeared to regulate dissolved (filterable) concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in sediment pore waters Acid volatile sulfide is important in controlling metal solubility in the depositional areas of the Clark Fork River and should be monitored in any future studies Spatial variability within a sampling station was high for Cu, Zn, and AVS, therefore, the potential for toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms may be highly localized.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131211","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., Ingersoll, C., Kemble, N., May, T., and Zajicek, J., 1994, Chemical characterization of sediments and pore water from the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir, Montana: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 12, p. 1971-1983, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131211.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1971","endPage":"1983","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330744,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2de4b0dee4cc90cbf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":121189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemble, N.E.","contributorId":28028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zajicek, J.L.","contributorId":87086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zajicek","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70210159,"text":"70210159 - 1994 - Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: Seismological and geochemical constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T15:40:57.122281","indexId":"70210159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-10T10:37:57","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: Seismological and geochemical constraints","docAbstract":"Several recent models of crustal evolution are based on the belief that the thickness of the continental crust is proportional to its age, with ancient crust being the thickest. A worldwide review of seismic structure contradicts this belief and falsifies these models, at least for the Archean. Proterozoic crust has a thickness of 40–55 km and a substantial high‐velocity (>7 km/s) layer at its base, while Archean crust is only 27–40 km thick (except at the site of younger rifts and collisional boundaries) and lacks the basal high‐velocity layer. Seismology also provides evidence that the lithosphere is thickest beneath Archean cratons, while diamond ages show that this lithospheric keel must have already existed in the Archean. Geochemical data also indicate significant differences between Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere. Major and trace element studies of sediments show a change in upper crustal composition between the Archean and Proterozoic. Archean rocks are depleted in Si and K and enriched in Na, Ca, and Mg. There is also a marked change in the Eu/Eu* ratio. Mantle xenoliths and continental flood basalts show that the mantle lithosphere beneath Archean crust is ultradepleted in FeO compared to that beneath post‐Archean crust. The secular change in the crust‐forming process is attributed to a decline in mantle temperature, leading to a change in the composition of the lithospheric mantle. The higher temperature of the Archean mantle led to the eruption of komatiitic lavas, producing a refractory lithospheric mantle which is ultradepleted in FeO and volatiles. The resultant lithospheric keel is intrinsically less dense than the surrounding mantle and thus not susceptible to delamination. It was sufficiently thick and cool for diamonds to form during the Archean. In contrast, Proterozoic crust developed above fertile mantle. The eruption of continental flood basalts and underplating of basaltic sills is attributed to subsequent heating and partial melting of the lithospheric mantle. Consequently, Proterozoic crust is thickened and has a high‐velocity basal layer.
Recently Brown et al. (1991) showed that Triton's internal heat source could amount to 5–20% of the absorbed insolation on Triton, thus significantly affecting volatile transport and atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, Kirk and Brown (1991a) used simple analytical models of the effect of internal heat on the distribution of volatiles on Triton's surface, confirming the speculation of Brown et al. that Triton's internal heat flow could strongly couple to the surface volatile distribution. To further explore this idea, we present numerical models of the permanent distribution of nitrogen ice on Triton that include the effects of sunlight, the two‐dimensional distribution of internal heat flow, the coupling of internal heat flow to the surface distribution of nitrogen ice, and the finite viscosity of nitrogen ice. From these models we conclude that: (1) The strong vertical thermal gradient induced in Triton's polar caps by internal heat‐flow facilitates viscous spreading to lower latitudes, thus opposing the poleward transport of volatiles by sunlight, and, for plausible viscosities and nitrogen inventories, producing permanent caps of considerable latitudinal extent; (2) It is probable that there is a strong coupling between the surface distribution of nitrogen ice on Triton and internal heat flow; (3) Asymmetries in the spatial distribution of Triton's heat flow, possibly driven by large‐scale, volcanic activity or convection in Triton's interior, can result in permanent polar caps of unequal latitudinal extent, including the case of only one permanent polar cap; (4) Melting at the base of a permanent polar cap on Triton caused by internal heat flow can significantly enhance viscous spreading, and, as an alternative to the solid‐state greenhouse mechanism proposed by Brown et al. (1990), could provide the necessary energy, fluids, and/or gases to drive Triton's geyser‐like plumes; (5) The atmospheric collapse predicted to occur on Triton in the next 20 years (Spencer, 1990) may be plausibly avoided because of the large latitudinal extent expected for permanent polar caps on Triton.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/93JE02618","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.H., and Kirk, R.L., 1994, Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E1, p. 1965-1981, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE02618.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1965","endPage":"1981","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Triton","volume":"99","issue":"E1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5be4b034bf6a856a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Robert H.","contributorId":147246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017664,"text":"70017664 - 1994 - The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T13:45:44","indexId":"70017664","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction","docAbstract":"Redoubt Volcano, located on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska, erupted explosively on over 20 separate occasions between December 14, 1989 and April 21, 1990. Fourteen lava domes were emplaced in the summit area, thirteen of which were subsequently destroyed. The eruption caused economic losses estimated at over $160,000,000 making this the second most costly eruption in U.S. history. This economic impact provided the impetus for a integrated comprehensive account of an erupting volcano using both modern and classical research and modern techniques which in turn led to advances in eruption monitoring and interpretation. Research on such topics as dome formation and collapse and the resulting pyroclastic flows, elutriated ash, lightning, tephra, and flooding was blended with the rapid communication of associated hazards to a large user group. The seismology successes in predicting and monitoring eruption dynamics were due in part to (1) the recognition of long-period seismic events as indicators of the readiness of the volcano to erupt, and (2) to the development of new tools that allowed the seismicity to be assessed instantaneously. Integrated studies of the petrology of erupted products and volatile content over time gave clues as to the progress of the eruption towards completion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., and Chouet, B., 1994, The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62fe4b08c986b320f4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25691,"text":"wri934194 - 1994 - Organic compounds downstream from a treated-wastewater discharge near Dallas, Texas, March 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T15:43:34.728934","indexId":"wri934194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4194","title":"Organic compounds downstream from a treated-wastewater discharge near Dallas, Texas, March 1987","docAbstract":"Water and streambed-sediment samples were collected on March 9 and 10,1987 from one site upstream and three sites downstream of the discharge from a municipal wastewater-treatment plant on Rowlett Creek near Dallas, Texas. To extract and separate organic compounds, purgeand-trap, closed-loop stripping, and pH-adjusted solvent extraction methods were used for water samples; and a Soxhlet-solvent extraction method was used for streambed sediment. These methods were combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify organic compounds in Rowlett Creek. Results from this study confirm the persistence of many organic compounds in water as far as 13.5 kilometers downstream of the wastewater discharge. These include: (1) the volatile organic compounds chloroform, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethene, and trichloroethene; (2) several linear alkylbenzene compounds, octyl phenol, and a tetramethylbutyl phenol isomer that are related to detergent use; (3) 9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, a compound related to coal tars and coal combustion residues; and (4) caffeine. The only compound present in water in concentrations greater than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels for drinking water was tetrachloroethene (6.0 micrograms per liter) in a sample collected 13.5 kilometers downstream from the waste water discharge. Compounds identified from the streambed-sediment samples include a xylene isomer at 7.7 kilometers downstream and chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and a xylene isomer at 13.5 kilometers downstream from the wastewater discharge.
\nComparison of instantaneous flux values of selected organic compounds in water from downstream sites indicates: (1) the formation of chloroform in the stream following the discharge of the treated effluent, and that (2) instream biodegradation may be decreasing concentrations of linear alkylbenzene compounds in water. The relative persistence of many of the selected organic compounds in Rowlett Creek downstream from the municipal wastewater-treatment plant indicates that they could be transported into Lake Ray Hubbard, a source of municipal water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934194","usgsCitation":"Buszka, P., Barber, L., Schroeder, M., and Becker, L., 1994, Organic compounds downstream from a treated-wastewater discharge near Dallas, Texas, March 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4194, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934194.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54456,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.78199768066406,\n 32.7872745269555\n ],\n [\n -96.78199768066406,\n 33.19790226259598\n ],\n [\n -96.38992309570311,\n 33.19790226259598\n ],\n [\n -96.38992309570311,\n 32.7872745269555\n ],\n [\n -96.78199768066406,\n 32.7872745269555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610607","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buszka, P.M.","contributorId":49001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, L.B. II","contributorId":6097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.B.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroeder, M.P.","contributorId":41453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becker, L.D.","contributorId":84797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1710,"text":"wsp2381B - 1994 - Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19118,"text":"ofr91200 - 1993 - Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","indexId":"ofr91200","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1710,"text":"wsp2381B - 1994 - Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","indexId":"wsp2381B","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2381B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2381","chapter":"B","title":"Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","docAbstract":"Human activities associated with agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial land uses have affected the quality of water in the four stratified-drift aquifers examined in Connecticut. A study to evaluate quantitatively the effects of human activities, expressed as land use, on regional ground-water quality was initiated in 1984 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Waste-round-Water Contamination Program. Water-quality data were collected from 116 shallow stainless-steel wells installed beneath or immediately downgradient from seven types of land use areas within the Pootatuck, Pomperaug, Farmington, and Hockanum River valleys in Connecticut. Analysis of variance on the ranked concentrations of 21 largely uncensored or slightly censored constituents, and contingency-table analysis of the frequency of detection of 49 moderately to highly censored constituents indicate that 27 water-quality variables differ at the 0.05 level of significance for samples from at least one land use area. \r\n\r\nFor most constituents, concentrations or detection frequencies are lowest in samples from the undeveloped areas, which characterize background water-quality conditions. The effect of agricultural land use on groundwater quality reflects tillage practices; tilled areas affect the water quality to a greater degree than do untilled areas. Twenty percent of the wells in the tilled agricultural areas yielded water with concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite-nitrogen exceeding 10 milligrams per liter. Atrazine detections in one-third of the wells in areas of tilled agricultural land use were significantly more common than in the undeveloped areas. \r\n\r\nGround-water quality beneath sewered residential areas is more severely affected by inorganic and organic nonpoint-source contaminants than is water quality beneath unsewered residential areas. Median concentrations or detection frequencies of most physical properties and inorganic constituents of ground water are higher in sewered than in unsewered residential areas. Generally low concentrations (less than 1.0 microgram per liter) of one or more of 17 volatile organic compounds were detected in samples from 62 percent of the wells in the unsewered residential areas. Most of these compounds were detected in less than 10 percent of the ground-water samples from the unsewered residential areas, however, and consequently, their frequency of detections was not significantly different than in samples from other land use areas. The detection of chloroform in ground-water samples from 47 percent of the wells in the sewered residential areas is significantly higher than the frequency of detection of chloroform in samples from the undeveloped, tilled agricultural, and unsewered residential areas. The quality of ground water is adversely affected beneath commercial areas more so than beneath all other land use areas. Median concentrations of sodium (22.5 milligrams per liter), chloride (36 milligrams per liter), and dissolved solids (286 milligrams per liter) are highest in ground-water samples in commercial areas. Detections of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-transdichloroethylene were significantly more common in ground-water samples from the commercial areas than in samples from one or more of the other land use areas. Tetrachloroethylene was detected in water samples from 50 percent of the observation wells in the commercial areas at concentrations of up to 1,300 micrograms per liter. Trichloroethylene and 1,2-transdichloroethylene were found at concentrations of up to 20 and 55 micrograms per liter, respectively, in samples from more than 40 percent of the wells in the commercial areas. \r\n\r\nAlthough industrial areas occupy only a small part of each of the study areas, they have a disproportionately large effect on ground-water quality. One or more of 12 volatile organic compounds were detected in water samples from 91 percent of the observation wells in the industrial areas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2381B","usgsCitation":"Grady, S.J., 1994, Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2381, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2381B.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26787,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611d39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67579,"text":"i2391 - 1994 - Geologic map of the MTM -85080 quadrangle (revised), Planum Australe region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T13:53:52.827851","indexId":"i2391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2391","title":"Geologic map of the MTM -85080 quadrangle (revised), Planum Australe region of Mars","docAbstract":"Published geologic maps of south polar region of Mars have been based on either Mariner 9 (Condit Soderblom, 1978; Scott and Carr, 1978) or Viking Orbiter (Tanaka and Scott, 1987) images. The mapped extent of the southern layered deposits differs in many places on these maps and on our maps. These differences reflect the difficulty in accurately determining the location of the contact between the layered deposits and subjacent units. The polar layered deposit gradually thin toward their margin in many places, and the smooth surface features that characterize the layered deposits are also found on other sedimentary blankets in the south polar region (Murray and others, 1972; Sharp, 1973).
Previous workers have also reached different conclusions regarding the origin of the lower member of the Dorsa Argentea Formation, which was named by Tanaka and Scott (1987) and interpreted by them as volcanic in origin (based on observation of flow fronts in areas far outside this quadrangle). The lower member, previously called pitted material, and other sedimentary, and other sedimentary units were recognized in Mariner 9 images and described by Murray and others (1972), Sharp (1973), and Cutts (1973b). Sharp (1973) argued for exhumation of pits by wind, perhaps aided by sublimation of volatiles. He concluded that the massive pitted sediments of the lower member unconformably overlie older massive units. We have mapped one of these older units ridged and knobby material. Condit and Soderblom (1978) found some layered deposits within pits, which indicates that erosion of the pits was completed before accumulation of the layered deposits commenced. Howard’s (1981) suggestion that the pits may be formed by basal melting of ground ice is consistent with either a volcanic or sedimentary origin for the lower (pitted) member. Plaut and others (1988) mapped the extent of the pitted material and found that it overlies volcanic plains wherever the contact is visible. They concluded that the pitted material is no more than 1 km thick and is about 3.3 billion years old (Late Hesperian).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2391","usgsCitation":"Herkenhoff, K.E., and Murray, B.C., 1994, Geologic map of the MTM -85080 quadrangle (revised), Planum Australe region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2391, 1 Plate: 37.00 x 32.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2391.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.00 x 32.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438918,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93C78YH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the MTM -85080 quadrangle (revised), Planum Australe region of Mars"},{"id":187555,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101435,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2391/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a7ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Bruce C.","contributorId":61992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186674,"text":"70186674 - 1994 - Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T09:36:19","indexId":"70186674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","docAbstract":"The measurement of concentrations of volatile species in soil gases has potential for use in geochemical exploration for concealed ore deposits and for monitoring of subsurface contaminants. However, the interpretation of anomalies in surficial gases can be difficult because soil-gas concentrations are dependent on both meteorological and environmental conditions.
For this study, concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 and meteorological conditions were monitored for 10–14 months at eight nonmineralized sites in both humid and dry environments. Gases were collected at 0.6–0.7-m depth at seven sites. At one site, gases were collected from 0.3-, 0.6-, 1.2-, and 2.0-m depths; diurnal monitoring studies were conducted at this site also. Rain and snowfall, soil and air temperatures, barometric pressure, and relative humidity were monitored at all the sites. The sand, silt and clay content, and the organic carbon content of surficial soil were measured at each site.
Meteorological conditions generally affected He and CO2 concentrations in the same way at all the sites; however, these effects were modified by local environmental conditions. Both seasonal and diurnal concentration changes occurred. The most important seasonal concentration changes were related to rain and snowfall and soil and air temperatures. Seasonal changes tended to be larger then the diurnal changes, but both could be related to the same processes. Local conditions of soil type and organic content affected the amount of pore space and moisture present in the soil and therefore the soil-gas concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, M., 1994, Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 1, p. 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Margaret","contributorId":36918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21023,"text":"ofr93658 - 1994 - Data on observation wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality for the stratified-drift aquifer in the northwestern basin of Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr93658","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-658","title":"Data on observation wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality for the stratified-drift aquifer in the northwestern basin of Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Observation-well, ground-water-level, and ground- water-quality data were collected for a study of ground-water contamination in stratified drift at Country Pond in Kingston, New Hampshire. The report includes drilling records for 30 wells installed at various depths in stratified drift beneath Country Pond. Ground-water levels are recorded for nine wells drilled under the direction of the U.S. Geological Survey in May 1991. Water-quality analyses are presented for 56 ground-water samples collected from 30 wells drilled during the investigation. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory for 40 volatile organic compounds. Ground-water contamination from volatile organic compounds was found in 23 of the 56 samples collected.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93658","usgsCitation":"Stekl, P., 1994, Data on observation wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality for the stratified-drift aquifer in the northwestern basin of Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-658, 18 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93658.","productDescription":"18 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0658/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50597,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0658/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stekl, P. J.","contributorId":14447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stekl","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27001,"text":"wri944023 - 1994 - Techniques for estimating the quantity and quality of storm runoff from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri944023","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4023","title":"Techniques for estimating the quantity and quality of storm runoff from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Linear regression models are presented for estimating storm-runoff volumes, and mean con- centrations and loads of selected constituents in storm runoff from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky. Constituents modeled include dissolved oxygen, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, total and suspended solids, volatile residue, nitrogen, phosphorus and phosphate, calcium, magnesium, barium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. Model estimations are a function of drainage area, percentage of impervious area, climatological data, and land uses. Estimation models are based on runoff volumes, and concen- trations and loads of constituents in runoff measured at 6 stormwater outfalls and 25 streams in Jefferson County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944023","usgsCitation":"Evaldi, R., and Moore, B., 1994, Techniques for estimating the quantity and quality of storm runoff from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4023, v, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944023.","productDescription":"v, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4023/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55888,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4023/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evaldi, R. D.","contributorId":93909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evaldi","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, B.L.","contributorId":96281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27986,"text":"wri934187 - 1994 - Geohydrology and ground-water quality in the vicinity of a ground-water-contamination site in Rockford, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T20:38:27.710172","indexId":"wri934187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4187","title":"Geohydrology and ground-water quality in the vicinity of a ground-water-contamination site in Rockford, Illinois","docAbstract":"A geohydrologic investigation was performed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to determine the distribution of volatile organic compounds in a fractured-rock aquifer near the Southeast Rockford Groundwater Contamination Site in Rockford, Ill. The geologic units of concern are the St. Peter Sandstone and Glenwood Formation; the dolomites of the Platteville and Galena Groups of Ordovician age; and the sands, gravels, silts, and clays of Quaternary age. The hydraulic units of concern are the unconsolidated aquifer, composed of sand and gravel; the fractured- dolomite aquifer, composed of the Galena and Platteville Groups and the dolomitic sections of the Glenwood Formation; and the sandstone aquifer, composed of the St. Peter Sandstone and the sandstone beds in the Glenwood Formation. The dolomite aquifer is well connected hydraulically to the overlying unconsolidated aquifer and the underlying sandstone aquifer. Caliper and acoustic-televiewer logs show several subhorizontal fractures in the dolomite that can be correlated throughout the study area. Comparison of televiewer and flowmeter logs indicates that most of the flow in the dolomite aquifer is through these fractures. Ground-water flow through two of the fractures can be correlated over large parts of the study area. Volatile organic compounds, in concentrations exceeding 2,000 micrograms per liter, were detected within the entire thickness of the dolomite aquifer where flow is measurable. Volatile organic compounds were detected in an area of the aquifer where they were thought to be absent in previous investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934187","usgsCitation":"Kay, R., Prinos, S., and Paillet, F.L., 1994, Geohydrology and ground-water quality in the vicinity of a ground-water-contamination site in Rockford, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4187, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934187.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415538,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47881.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56809,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Rockford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.2417\n ],\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.225\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 42.225\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 42.2417\n ],\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.2417\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6360fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, R.T.","contributorId":72026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prinos, S. T.","contributorId":97537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"S. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018026,"text":"70018026 - 1994 - Relationships between data from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and proximate, ultimate, petrographic, and physical analyses of 142 diverse U.S. coal samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T16:58:24.303291","indexId":"70018026","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between data from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and proximate, ultimate, petrographic, and physical analyses of 142 diverse U.S. coal samples","docAbstract":"Basic research on coal and oil shale led to automated pyrolysis analysis of petroleum source rocks; most widely used is the Rock-Eval equipment. In order to interpret Rock-Eval analyses in relation to traditional coal data, we analyzed 142 commercial coals with diverse rank, age, maceral and sulfur contents, for most regions of the United States. We compared the Rock-Eval data with traditional industrial coal data, including volatile matter, calorific value, hydrogen and oxygen content, free swelling index, and vitrinite reflectance.
We found: (1) there is a close relationship between Tmax and vitrinite reflectance in the ranges 420–590°C Tmax and 0.4–3%Romax of most coals. (2) A close relationship between Tmax and volatile matter (%VM) extends through the entire sample range, including low-rank samples with 35–70% VM, a range where %VM is not considered to be a useful rank parameter. (3) TOC of medium- and high-rank coals is seriously under-measured by Rock-Eval; TOC of low-rank coals (less than 0.8%Romax) is close to “dry basis” carbon from ultimate analysis. (4) The direct relationships between oxygen index (OI) and %O and between hydrogen index (HI) and %H are clear, though only broadly defined. However, there is virtually no band of concentrated data points on the HI versus OI pseudo-Van Krevelen diagram comparable to the “development line” on the H/C versus O/C diagram. (5) There are systematic relationships between Rock-Eval and industrial coal parameters such as calorific value and FSI, but much standardization would be needed before Rock-Eval could find a place in the coal industry.
Tests with blends of coal and quartz sand and with various loads of coal alone showed that the amount of organic matter in the Rock-Eval load greatly influences results. Total load in the crucible, if largely inert, plays a small role, however. Increasing absolute or relative coal content causes under-evaluation of Rock-Eval TOC and over-rating of hydrogen. Blends of several coals yielded hydrogen and oxygen indexes related proportionally to the properties of the individual coals, but Tmax is not raised by addition of high-rank coal until over 40% is added.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90086-8","usgsCitation":"Bostick, N., and Daws, T.A., 1994, Relationships between data from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and proximate, ultimate, petrographic, and physical analyses of 142 diverse U.S. coal samples: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 1, p. 35-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90086-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"49","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228500,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a79ce4b0e8fec6cdc50e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bostick, Neely","contributorId":24080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bostick","given":"Neely","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daws, Ted A.","contributorId":6093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daws","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017042,"text":"70017042 - 1994 - Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70017042","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity","docAbstract":"LABORATORY results demonstrating that basic to ultrabasic melts become denser than olivine-rich mantle at pressures above 6 GPa (refs 1-3) have important implications for basalt petrogenesis, mantle differentiation and the storage of volatiles deep in the Earth. A density cross-over between melt and solid in the extensively molten Archaean mantle has been inferred from komatiitic volcanism and major-element mass balances, but present-day evidence of dense melt below the seismic low-velocity zone is lacking. Here we present mantle shear-wave impedance profiles obtained from multiple-ScS reverberation mapping for corridors connecting western Pacific subduction zone earthquakes with digital seismograph stations in eastern China, imaging a ~5.8% impedance decrease roughly 330 km beneath the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea and easternmost Asia. We propose that this represents the upper surface of a layer of negatively buoyant melt lying on top of the olivine ??? ??- phase transition (the 410-km seismic discontinuity). Volatile-rich fluids expelled from the partial melt zone as it freezes may migrate upwards, acting as metasomatic agents and perhaps as the deep 'proto-source' of kimberlites. The remaining, dense, crystalline fraction would then concentrate above 410 km, producing a garnet-rich layer that may flush into the transition zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/369474a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Revenaugh, J., and Sipkin, S., 1994, Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity: Nature, v. 369, no. 6480, p. 474-476, https://doi.org/10.1038/369474a0.","startPage":"474","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369474a0"},{"id":225197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"369","issue":"6480","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b0fe4b08c986b31756a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revenaugh, Justin","contributorId":86465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revenaugh","given":"Justin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017075,"text":"70017075 - 1994 - Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-05T14:00:25","indexId":"70017075","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows","docAbstract":"The character of the vesicle population in lava flows includes several measurable parameters that may provide important constraints on lava flow dynamics and rheology. Interpretation of vesicle size distributions (VSDs), however, requires an understanding of vesiculation processes in feeder conduits, and of post-eruption modifications to VSDs during transport and emplacement. To this end we collected samples from active basalt flows at Kilauea Volcano: (1) near the effusive Kupaianaha vent; (2) through skylights in the approximately isothermal Wahaula and Kamoamoa tube systems transporting lava to the coast; (3) from surface breakouts at different locations along the lava tubes; and (4) from different locations in a single breakout from a lava tube 1 km from the 51 vent at Pu'u ‘O’o.
Near-vent samples are characterized by VSDs that show exponentially decreasing numbers of vesicles with increasing vesicle size. These size distributions suggest that nucleation and growth of bubbles were continuous during ascent in the conduit, with minor associated bubble coalescence resulting from differential bubble rise. The entire vesicle population can be attributed to shallow exsolution of H2O-dominated gases at rates consistent with those predicted by simple diffusion models. Measurements of H2O, CO2 and S in the matrix glass show that the melt equilibrated rapidly at atmospheric pressure.
Down-tube samples maintain similar VSD forms but show a progressive decrease in both overall vesicularity and mean vesicle size. We attribute this change to open system, “passive” rise and escape of larger bubbles to the surface. Such gas loss from the tube system results in the output of 1.2 × 106 g/day SO2, an output representing an addition of approximately 1% to overall volatile budget calculations. A steady increase in bubble number density with downstream distance is best explained by continued bubble nucleation at rates of 7–8/cm3s. Rates are ∼25% of those estimated from the vent samples, and thus represent volatile supersaturations considerably less than those of the conduit. We note also that the small total volume represented by this new bubble population does not: (1) measurably deplete the melt in volatiles; or (2) make up for the overall vesicularity decrease resulting from the loss of larger bubbles.
Surface breakout samples have distinctive VSDs characterized by an extreme depletion in the small vesicle population. This results in samples with much lower number densities and larger mean vesicle sizes than corresponding tube samples. Similar VSD patterns have been observed in solidified lava flows and are interpreted to result from either static (wall rupture) or dynamic (bubble rise and capture) coalescence. Through comparison with vent and tube vesicle populations, we suggest that, in addition to coalescence, the observed vesicle populations in the breakout samples have experienced a rapid loss of small vesicles consistent with ‘ripening’ of the VSD resulting from interbubble diffusion of volatiles. Confinement of ripening features to surface flows suggests that the thin skin that forms on surface breakouts may play a role in the observed VSD modification.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00015-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Cashman, K.V., Mangan, M.T., and Newman, S., 1994, Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 45-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00015-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fa2e4b08c986b31e72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cashman, K. V.","contributorId":16831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017182,"text":"70017182 - 1994 - Dissolved volatile concentrations in an ore-forming magma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T13:10:05","indexId":"70017182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved volatile concentrations in an ore-forming magma","docAbstract":"Infrared spectroscopic measurements of glass inclusions within quartz phenocrysts from the Plinian fallout of the 22 Ma tuff of Pine Grove show that the trapped silicate melt contained high concentrations of H2O and CO2. Intrusive porphyries from the Pine Grove system are nearly identical in age, composition, and mineralogy to the tephra, and some contain high-grade Mo mineralization. Assuming that the porphyry magmas originally contained similar abundances of volatile components as the erupted rocks, they would have been saturated with fluid at pressures far greater than those at which the porphyries were emplaced and mineralized. The data are consistent with formation of Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits by prolonged fluid flux from a large volume of relatively Mo-poor (1-5 ppm) magma. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0893:DVCIAO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., 1994, Dissolved volatile concentrations in an ore-forming magma: Geology, v. 22, no. 10, p. 893-896, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0893:DVCIAO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"893","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0242e4b0c8380cd4ff87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018001,"text":"70018001 - 1994 - Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T21:47:06","indexId":"70018001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites","docAbstract":"Evidence of past cryovolcanism is widespread and extremely varied on the icy satellites. Some cryovolcanic landscapes, notably on Triton, are similar to many silicate volcanic terrains, including what appear to be volcanic rifts, calderas and solidified lava lakes, flow fields, breached cinder cones or stratovolcanoes, viscous lava domes, and sinuous rilles. Most other satellites have terrains that are different in the important respect that no obvious volcanoes are present. The preserved record of cryovolcanism generally is believed to have formed by eruptions of aqueous solutions and slurries. Even Triton's volcanic crust, which is covered by nitrogen-rich frost, is probably dominated by water ice. Nonpolar and weakly polar molecular liquids (mainly N2, CH4, CO, CO2, and Ar), may originate by decomposition of gas-clathrate hydrates and may have been erupted on some icy satellites, but without water these substances do not form rigid solids that are stable against sublimation or melting over geologic time. Triton's plumes, active at the time of Voyager 2's flyby, may consist of multicomponent nonpolar gas mixtures. The plumes may be volcanogenic fumaroles or geyserlike emissions powered by deep internal heating, and, thus, the plumes may be indicating an interior that is still cryomagmatically active; or Triton's plumes may be powered by solar heating of translucent ices very near the surface. The Uranian and Neptunian satellites Miranda, Ariel, and Triton have flow deposits that are hundreds to thousands of meters thick (implying highly viscous lavas); by contrast, the Jovian and Saturnian satellites generally have plains-forming deposits composed of relatively thin flows whose thicknesses have not been resolved in Voyager images (thus implying relatively low-viscosity lavas). One possible explanation for this inferred rheological distinction involves a difference in volatile composition of the Uranian and Neptunian satellites on one hand and of the Jovian and Saturnian satellites on the other hand. Perhaps the Jovian and Saturnian satellites tend to have relatively \"clean\" compositions with water ice as the main volatile (ammonia and water-soluble salts may also be present). The Uranian and Neptunian satellites may possess large amounts of a chemically unequilibrated comet-like volatile assemblage, including methanol, formaldehyde, and a host of other highly water- and ammonia-water-soluble constituents and gas clathrate hydrates. These two volatile mixtures would produce melts that differ enormously in viscosity The geomorphologic similarity in the products of volcanism on Earth and Triton may arise partly from a rheological similarity of the ammonia-water-methanol series of liquids and the silicate series ranging from basalt to dacite. An abundance of gas clathrate hydrates hypothesized to be contained by the satellites of Uranus and Neptune could contribute to evidence of explosive volcanism on those objects. ?? 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00613296","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Kargel, J., 1994, Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 67, no. 1-3, p. 101-113, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00613296.","startPage":"101","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480267,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00613296","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613296"},{"id":228916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf5e4b0c8380cd4e543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17319,"text":"ofr94242 - 1994 - Major-element, trace-element, and volatile concentrations in silicate melt inclusions from the tuff of Pine Grove, Wah Wah Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:29:24","indexId":"ofr94242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-242","title":"Major-element, trace-element, and volatile concentrations in silicate melt inclusions from the tuff of Pine Grove, Wah Wah Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94242","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., Bacon, C.R., Calk, L.C., Hervig, R., and Aines, R., 1994, Major-element, trace-element, and volatile concentrations in silicate melt inclusions from the tuff of Pine Grove, Wah Wah Mountains, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-242, 20 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94242.","productDescription":"20 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46455,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Pine Grove, Wah Wah Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":175899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":175900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hervig, R.L.","contributorId":98108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hervig","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aines, R.D.","contributorId":87306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aines","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017355,"text":"70017355 - 1994 - Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:15:33.028058","indexId":"70017355","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra","docAbstract":"Absorption features at 2.28 and 5.4 μm identified in Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and terrestrial telescopic spectra are consistent with the spectra of hydrous magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite and artinite. Spectral characteristics of these hydrous carbonates are different from those of the anhydrous carbonates, as the former do not have the strong spectral features typically associated with anhydrous carbonates such as calcite and siderite. Theoretical mixing indicates that, depending on the type of hydrous carbonate, 10–20 wt % can be incorporated into the regolith without contradicting the spectral observations or the Viking x ray fluorescence chemical analysis. Hydrous carbonates form as weathering products of mafic minerals in the presence of H2O and CO2, even in the Antarctic. Their formation as evaporite minerals from either original magmas or hydrothermally altered rocks is consistent with the Martian environment, provided liquid water is or has been at least transiently present. On Earth, formation of hydrous Mg carbonates is associated with the production of amorphous iron oxides, which is consistent with both the environment and the inferred surface mineralogy of Mars. These minerals are about 60 wt % H2O, CO3, and OH; if they are abundant everywhere at the 10% level, then about 6% of the surface weight could be volatiles bound in this type of mineral. Although the stability of hydrous carbonates in a Martian environment is uncertain, there may be kinetic factors inhibiting the dehydration of these minerals, which may persist metastably in the current environment. Although the spectroscopic evidence for anhydrous carbonates is scant, the possible presence of hydrous carbonates provides an appealing mechanism for the existence of carbonates on Mars.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JE01090","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., King, T.V., and Clark, R.N., 1994, Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. E7, p. 14659-14675, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JE01090.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"14659","endPage":"14675","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"99","issue":"E7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b1e4b0c8380cd61098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5238,"text":"fs03094 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit : Scope of the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages Study-Unit investigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T10:04:28","indexId":"fs03094","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"030-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit : Scope of the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages Study-Unit investigation","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to document the status of and trends in quality of a large representative part of the Nation's water resources and to provide a sound scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors that affect the quality of these resources. The program is designed to produce long-term, consistent water-quality information that will be useful to policymakers and managers at national, State, and local levels.
Investigations of 60 hydrologic systems (study units), which include parts of most major river basins and aquifer systems in the United States, are the building blocks of NAWQA. A framework has been established to ensure nationwide consistency in the approach to each study--in field and laboratory methods, in water-quality measurements, and in the supporting data requirements. Twenty studies were started in 1991, 20 more have begun in 1994, and 20 are scheduled to begin in 1997.
A major design feature of the program that will facilitate integration of water-quality information at national, regional, and local scales is coordination between the individual study-unit teams and the national synthesis effort at all stages of the investigations. Thus, results that relate to various topics addressed in the study-unit investigations will be integrated smoothly into NAWQA's national synthesis component. Teams have been developed to address the following topics of national importance: pesticides, nutrients, and volatile organic compounds. These teams are investigating the specific issues by means of comparative studies of a large set of hydrologic systems distributed over a wide range of environmental settings found in the 60 study-units.
The information below summarizes the goals and scope of the NAWQA Program and the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages study, which began in 1994.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs03094","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit : Scope of the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages Study-Unit investigation: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 030-94, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03094.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_030_94.jpg"},{"id":135,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0030","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
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The use of dilutions has been the foundation of our approach for assessing contaminated water, and accordingly, it may be important to establish similar or parallel approaches for sediment dilutions. Test organism responses to dilution gradients can identify the degree of necessary sediment alteration to reduce the toxicity. Using whole sediment dilutions to represent the complex interactions of in situ sediments can identify the toxicity, but the selection of the appropriate diluent for the contaminated sediment may affect the results and conclusions drawn. Contaminated whole sediments were examined to evaluate the toxicity of dilutions of sediments with a diversity of test organisms. Dilutions of the contaminated sediments were prepared with differing diluents that varied in organic carbon content, particle size distribution, and volatile solids. Studies were conducted using four macroinvertebrates and a vascular, rooted plant. Responses by some test organisms followed a sigmoidal dose-response curve, but others followed a U-shaped curve. Initial dilutions reduced toxicity as expected, but further dilution resulted in an increase in toxicity. The type of diluent used was an important factor in assessing the sediment toxicity, because the control soil reduced toxicity more effectively than sand as a diluent of the same sediment. Using sediment chemical and physical characteristics as an indicator of sediment dilution may not be as useful as chemical analysis of contaminants, but warrants further investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(93)90158-2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, M., Landrum, P., Burton, G., Klaine, S., Crecelius, E., Byl, T., Gossiaux, D.C., Tsymbal, V., Cleveland, L., Ingersoll, C.G., and Sasson-Brickson, G., 1993, Toxicity of contaminated sediments in dilution series with control sediments: Chemosphere, v. 27, no. 9, p. 1789-1812, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90158-2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1789","endPage":"1812","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5868d226e4b0cd2dabe7c809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, M.K.","contributorId":80583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landrum, P.F.","contributorId":98423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G.A. Jr.","contributorId":91959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klaine, S.J.","contributorId":38304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaine","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crecelius, E.A.","contributorId":50787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crecelius","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Byl, T.D.","contributorId":86373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gossiaux, Duane C.","contributorId":7225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gossiaux","given":"Duane","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tsymbal, V.N.","contributorId":177807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsymbal","given":"V.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cleveland, L.","contributorId":82084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sasson-Brickson, G.","contributorId":177808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sasson-Brickson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13348,"text":"Wright State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":5223369,"text":"5223369 - 1993 - Toxicity of sediments and pore water from Brunswick Estuary, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-18T17:30:51","indexId":"5223369","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of sediments and pore water from Brunswick Estuary, Georgia","docAbstract":"A chlor-alkali plant in Brunswick, Georgia, USA, discharged >2 kg mercury/d into a tributary of the Turtle River-Brunswick Estuary from 1966 to 1971. Mercury concentrations in sediments collected in 1989 along the tributary near the chlor-alkali plant ranged from 1 to 27 μg/g (dry weight), with the highest concentrations found in surface (0–8 cm) sediments of subtidal zones in the vicinity of the discharge site. Toxicity screening in 1990 using Microtox® bioassays on pore water extracted on site from sediments collected at six stations distributed along the tributary indicated that pore water was highly toxic near the plant discharge. Ten-day toxicity tests on pore water from subsequent sediment samples collected near the plant discharge confirmed high toxicity to Hyalella azteca, and feeding activity was significantly reduced in whole-sediment tests. In addition to mercury in the sediments, other metals (chromium, lead, and zinc) exceeded 50 μg/g, and polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) concentrations ranged from 67 to 95 μg/g. On a molar basis, acid-volatile sulfide concentrations (20–45 μmol/g) in the sediments exceeded the metal concentrations. Because acid-volatile sulfides bind with cationic metals and form metal sulfides, which are generally not bioavailable, toxicities shown by these sediments were attributed to the high concentrations of PCBs and possibly methylmercury.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00210729","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., Lasier, P.J., and Geitner, H., 1993, Toxicity of sediments and pore water from Brunswick Estuary, Georgia: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 25, no. 3, p. 371-376, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210729.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"376","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Brunswick Estuary, Turtle River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 31.084105761640277\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 31.21280145833882\n ],\n [\n -81.47254943847656,\n 31.21280145833882\n ],\n [\n -81.47254943847656,\n 31.084105761640277\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 31.084105761640277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f07b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, Parley V.","contributorId":27983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"Parley","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasier, Peter J.","contributorId":6178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geitner, Harvey","contributorId":177539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geitner","given":"Harvey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":338552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29027,"text":"wri934170 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri934170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4170","title":"Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data were collected near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee to determine the extent and magnitude of ground-water contamination in offsite areas and to assess the potential for contamination of nearby water-supply wells. New methods were used to collect ground-water samples from the alluvial aquifer at six offsite stations at depths of less than about 40 feet below land surface. In addition, 36 offsite wells were installed at these stations to collect samples from the alluvial aquifer and to depths of about 150 feet in the deeper Fort Pillow aquifer. Ground-water samples collected by the new methods and from the 36 offsite wells were analyzed for selected volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The samples collected from the 36 wells also were analyzed for major and trace inorganic constituents. Naphthalene and some volatile organic compounds were detected at low concentrations in samples from both the alluvial aquifer and the Fort Pillow aquifer. To assess the potential for water-supply contamination from the site, four water-supply wells to the east (upgradient) and three wells to the west (down- gradient) of the abandoned plant site were sampled. These samples were analyzed for the same analytes as the samples from the 36 wells. Although volatile organic compounds and elevated concentrations of trace and major inorganic constituents were measured in samples from some wells east of the site, no organic compounds associated with the wood- preserving process were detected. No contaminants from the site were detected in samples from wells west of the site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934170","usgsCitation":"Parks, W.S., Mirecki, J., and Kingsbury, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4170, vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934170.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57891,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, W. S.","contributorId":99555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mirecki, J. E.","contributorId":97152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kingsbury, J.A.","contributorId":21583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}