The recovery of endangered Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in Upper Klamath Lake is limited by poor juvenile survival and failure to recruit into the adult population. Poor water quality, degradation of rearing habitat, and toxic levels of microcystin are hypothesized to contribute to low juvenile survival. Studies of wild juvenile suckers are limited in that capture rates are low and compromised individuals are rarely captured in passive nets. The goal of this study was to assess the use of a mesocosm for learning about juvenile survival, movement, and health. Hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers were PIT (passive integrated transponder) tagged and monitored by three vertically stratified antennas. Fish locations within the mesocosm were recorded at least every 30 minutes and were assessed in relation to vertically stratified water-quality conditions. Vertical movement patterns were analyzed to identify the timing of mortality for each fish. Most mortality occurred from July 28 to August 16, 2014. Juvenile suckers spent daylight hours near the benthos and moved throughout the entire water column during dark hours. Diel movements were not in response to dissolved-oxygen concentrations, temperature, or pH. Furthermore, low dissolved-oxygen concentrations, high temperatures, high pH, high un-ionized ammonia, or high microcystin levels did not directly cause mortality, although indirect effects may have occurred. However, water-quality conditions known to be lethal to juvenile Lost River suckers did not occur during the study period. Histological assessment revealed severe gill hyperplasia and Ichthyobodo sp. infestations in most moribund fish. For these fish, Ichthyobodo sp. was likely the cause of mortality, although it is unclear if this parasite originated in the rearing facility because fish were not screened for this parasite prior to introduction. This study has demonstrated that we can effectively use a mesocosm equipped with antennas to learn about the timing of mortality, movement, and health of PIT-tagged hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161012","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hereford, D.M., Burdick, S.M., Elliott, D.G., Dolan-Caret, Amari, Conway, C.M., and Harris, A.C., 2016, Survival, movement, and health of hatchery-raised juvenile Lost River suckers within a mesocosm in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1012, 48 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161012.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070117","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314949,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1012/ofr20161012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1012 Report PDF"},{"id":314948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1012/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.09518432617186,\n 42.379850764344134\n ],\n [\n -122.09518432617186,\n 42.50450285299051\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 42.50450285299051\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 42.379850764344134\n ],\n [\n -122.09518432617186,\n 42.379850764344134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) Hinkley compressor station, in the Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, is used to compress natural gas as it is transported through a pipeline from Texas to California. Between 1952 and 1964, cooling water used at the compressor station was treated with a compound containing chromium to prevent corrosion. After cooling, the wastewater was discharged to unlined ponds, resulting in contamination of soil and groundwater in the underlying alluvial aquifer (Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, 2013). Since 1964, cooling-water management practices have been used that do not contribute chromium to groundwater.
In 2007, a PG&E study of the natural background concentrations of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater estimated average concentrations in the Hinkley area to be 1.2 micrograms per liter (μg/L), with a 95-percent upper-confidence limit of 3.1 μg/L (CH2M-Hill, 2007). The 3.1 μg/L upper-confidence limit was adopted by the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) as the maximum background concentration used to map the plume extent. In response to criticism of the study’s methodology, and an increase in the mapped extent of the plume between 2008 and 2011, the Lahontan RWQCB (Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, 2012) agreed that the 2007 PG&E background-concentration study be updated.
The purpose of the updated background study is to evaluate the presence of natural and man-made Cr(VI) near Hinkley, Calif. The study also is to estimate natural background Cr(VI) concentrations in the aquifer upgradient and downgradient from the mapped Cr(VI) contamination plume, as well as in the plume and near its margins. The study was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in collaboration with a technical working group (TWG) composed of community members, the Independent Review Panel (IRP) Manager (Project Navigator, Ltd.), the Lahontan RWQCB, PG&E, and consultants for PG&E.&E.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., and Groover, Krishangi, A Plan for Study of Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1004, 12 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161004.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069161","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1004/ofr20161004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.2 MB","description":"OFR 2016-1004 PDF"},{"id":314700,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1004/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.21931457519533,\n 34.87860836385923\n ],\n [\n -117.21931457519533,\n 35.030558627895005\n ],\n [\n -117.12593078613283,\n 35.030558627895005\n ],\n [\n -117.12593078613283,\n 34.87860836385923\n ],\n [\n -117.21931457519533,\n 34.87860836385923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, CA 95819
http://ca.water.usgs.gov
This report documents a process of filtering of hypotheses that relate Missouri River Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon) population dynamics to management actions including flow alterations, channel reconfigurations, and pallid sturgeon population augmentation. The filtering process was a partnership among U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to contribute to the Missouri River Recovery Management Plan process. The objective of the filtering process was to produce a set of hypotheses with high relevance to pallid sturgeon population dynamics and decision making on the Missouri River. The Missouri River Pallid Sturgeon Effects Analysis team filtered hundreds of potential hypotheses implicit in conceptual ecological models to develop a set of 40 candidate dominant hypotheses that were identified by experts as being important in pallid sturgeon population dynamics. Using a modified Delphi process and additional expert opinion, the team reduced this set of hypotheses to 23 working dominant hypotheses. We then matched the 23 hypotheses with management actions that could influence the biotic outcomes, resulting in as many as 176 potential effects between management actions and pallid sturgeon in the Missouri River. This number was consolidated to a candidate set of 53 working management hypotheses because some management actions applied to multiple life stages of the pallid sturgeon. We used an additional round of expert surveys to identify a set of 30 working management hypotheses. Finally, the set of working management hypotheses was filtered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Recovery Program for actions that were within the agency’s authority and jurisdiction. This round resulted in a set of 21 hypotheses for initial modeling of linkages from management to pallid sturgeon population responses.
\nThe initial set of candidate hypotheses provides a useful starting point for quantitative modeling and adaptive management of the river and species. We anticipate that hypotheses will change from the set of working management hypotheses as adaptive management progresses. More importantly, hypotheses that have been filtered out of our multistep process are still being considered. These filtered hypotheses are archived and if existing hypotheses are determined to be inadequate to explain observed population dynamics, new hypotheses can be created or filtered hypotheses can be reinstated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151236","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery Program","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Parsley, M.J., Annis, M.L., Colvin, M.E., Welker, T.L., and James, D.A., 2016, Development of working hypotheses linking management of the Missouri River to population dynamics of Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1236, 33 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151236.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056930","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1236/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314406,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1236/ofr20151236.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1236"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -93.18603515624999,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -93.49365234375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -95.29541015625,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -99.1845703125,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -99.95361328125,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -100.94238281249999,\n 47.91634204016118\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -102.32666015625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.38134765625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -104.74365234375,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -111.64306640625,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 48.36354888898689\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 47.879512933970496\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 47.50978034953473\n ],\n [\n -115.169677734375,\n 47.137424646293866\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -114.312744140625,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -112.82958984375,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.41808794374849\n ],\n [\n -109.44580078125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -108.25927734375,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -107.4462890625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -107.33642578124999,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -107.05078125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -105.66650390625,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -106.3037109375,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -106.06201171875,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -104.7216796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -103.95263671874999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -100.96435546875,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -98.32763671875,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 38.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -95.03173828125,\n 37.96152331396616\n ],\n [\n -94.37255859375,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 65201
The Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project is a multiyear, multiagency collaborative research framework developed to provide information to support pallid sturgeon recovery and Missouri River management decisions. The project strategy integrates field and laboratory studies of pallid sturgeon reproductive ecology, early life history, habitat requirements, and physiology. The project scope of work is developed annually with collaborating research partners and in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Recovery—Integrated Science Program. The research consists of several interdependent and complementary tasks that engage multiple disciplines.
\nThe research tasks in the 2013 scope of work emphasized understanding reproductive migrations and spawning of adult pallid sturgeon, and hatch and drift of free embryos and larvae. These tasks were addressed in four study sections located in three hydrologically and geomorphologically distinct parts of the Missouri River Basin: the Upper Missouri River downstream from Fort Peck Dam, including downstream reaches of the Milk River, the Lower Yellowstone River, and the Lower Missouri River downstream from Gavins Point Dam. The research is designed to inform management decisions related to channel re-engineering, flow modification, and pallid sturgeon population augmentation on the Missouri River, and throughout the range of the species. Research and progress made through this project are reported to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers annually. This annual report details the research effort and progress made by the Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project during 2013.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery–Integrated Science Program U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Yankton, South Dakota","usgsCitation":"DeLonay, A.J., Jacobson, R.B., Chojnacki, K.A., Braaten, P.J., Buhl, K.J., Eder, B.L., Elliott, C.M., Erwin, S.O., Fuller,\nD.B., Haddix, T.M., Ladd, H.L.A., Mestl, G.E., Papoulias, D.M., Rhoten, J.C., Wesolek, C.J., and Wildhaber, M.L., 2016,\nEcological requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction and recruitment in the Missouri River—Annual report 2013:\nU.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1197, 99 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151197.","productDescription":"xi, 99 p.","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056500","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1197/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314416,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1197/ofr20151197.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1197"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -93.18603515624999,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -93.49365234375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -95.29541015625,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -99.1845703125,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -99.95361328125,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -100.94238281249999,\n 47.91634204016118\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -102.32666015625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.38134765625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -104.74365234375,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -111.64306640625,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 48.36354888898689\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 47.879512933970496\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 47.50978034953473\n ],\n [\n -115.169677734375,\n 47.137424646293866\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -114.312744140625,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -112.82958984375,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.41808794374849\n ],\n [\n -109.44580078125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -108.25927734375,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -107.4462890625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -107.33642578124999,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -107.05078125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -105.66650390625,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -106.3037109375,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -106.06201171875,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -104.7216796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -103.95263671874999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -100.96435546875,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -98.32763671875,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 38.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -95.03173828125,\n 37.96152331396616\n ],\n [\n -94.37255859375,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 65201
Phytoplankton is an important and limiting food source in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) and San Francisco Bay; the decline of phytoplankton biomass is one possible factor in the pelagic organism decline and specifically in the decline of the protected delta smelt. The bivalves Corbicula fluminea andPotamocorbula amurensis have been shown to control phytoplankton biomass in several locations throughout the system, and their distribution and population dynamics are therefore of great interest. We were able to describe the distribution and dynamics of bivalve biomass through use of samples collected by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) as part of a monitoring program from 1977 to 2013. As one element of DWR’s and the Bureau of Reclamation’s Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP), the DWR benthic monitoring program examines the impact of water project operations on the estuary as prescribed by a series of Water Rights Decisions mandated by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). The availability of multidecade samples allowed us to examine long-term trends in biomass, recruitment, and size of bivalves at the 15 stations sampled.
\nBiomass and grazing rate had the same basic trends, and the conclusions that we apply to biomass can be applied to grazing rate data. During winter of most years, Potamocorbula biomass was low at all locations and was near zero in the shallow San Pablo Bay station. The Potamocorbula biomass at shallow stations consistently peaked during summer and fall, but there was no consistent peak season in the deep stations. Corbicula had a much less consistent seasonal biomass pattern than Potamocorbula. However, some interannual patterns were consistent between stations. Corbicula biomass at three stations declined after 2003 (C9, D16, and D28). The Franks Tract (D19) Corbicula biomass had a baseline shift up (that is, all values were > 0) in 1985 until DWR ceased sampling at the station in 1995. Two other stations showed a similar increase in baseline but at different times; D24 shifted up after 2007 and D11 shifted up in 1991.
\nPotamocorbula recruitment (any bivalve ≤ 2.5 millimeters [mm] in length) occurred anytime between spring and fall, with bivalves at the most downstream stations in San Pablo Bay recruiting in spring and animals at the most upstream stations recruiting in fall. The bivalves at the stations between these endpoints recruited in (1) spring or (2) summer and fall (Carquinez Strait), or in some combination of two of those three seasons in Grizzly Bay. The few locations where Potamocorbula and Corbicula overlapped showed recruitment abundance opposing each other, with Potamocorbula recruits peaking during the more saline time of year and Corbicula recruits peaking during periods of lower salinities. Corbicula recruits were present throughout most of the year with some peaks in abundance, but the patterns were not seasonally consistent at any station.
\nMean size peaked in both bivalves in late summer and early fall and never got above a certain size; maximum size depended on location. The mean size of both bivalves has decreased over the years, with the size distributions throughout the Delta now skewed toward smaller, younger Corbicula (< 10 mm). The mean size of Potamocorbula has also become skewed toward the small, younger bivalves, with sizes in the range of 2–8 mm. The mean size ofPotamocorbula increased from spring to fall and decreased in winter. A similar generalization is not possible with Corbicula because seasonal patterns in size varied depending on station location. Station D24 on the Sacramento River was the only location with an increase in Corbicula mean size over the sampling period.
\nThe largest mean sized Potamocorbula were seen in the channel areas, where sizes of 15 mm were common at stations D41C, 8.1, and D6; sizes in excess of 15 mm were observed at all three D4 stations during the mid 1990s. The mean size of Potamocorbula in the shoals was ≈5–7 mm in most years in Grizzly Bay (D7) and San Pablo Bay (D41A), with an increase to > 10 mm at D7 in the wet years.
\nThe largest mean sized Corbicula were in the southern Delta (C9 ≈25 mm during 1996–97 and 2012–2013), and the smallest average sizes were in the San Joaquin River (P8 and D16). Corbicula at the upstream Sacramento River station (D24) and in the southern Delta (C9) showed similar interannual patterns in average size although the animals at C9 were consistently larger than those at D24 were. Corbicula in Franks Tract (D19) and the Old River (D28A) south of Franks Tract were also similar in size and in interannual patterns.
\nAt the few stations where Potamocorbula and Corbicula co-occur, it appears that they did not hinder each other’s growth. Both bivalves had large animals at D4, where Corbicula size increased coincident with the presence of Potamocorbula in 1987. Corbicula were observed in wet years prior to Potamocorbula’sinvasion at D7 (Grizzly Bay) and were capable of growing to significant size in wet years (> 20 mm in 1986).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Crauder, J.S., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Anduaga, R.I., Pearson, S.A., Gehrts, K., Fuller, H., and Wells, E., 2016, Bivalve effects on the food web supporting delta smelt—A long-term study of bivalve recruitment, biomass, and grazing rate patterns with varying freshwater outflow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1005, 216 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161005.","productDescription":"xi, 216 p.","numberOfPages":"227","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070546","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1005/ofr20161005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.7 MB","description":"OFR 2016-1005 PDF"},{"id":314275,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1005/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.81737834565083\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 38.148597559924355\n ],\n [\n -121.30279541015624,\n 38.148597559924355\n ],\n [\n -121.30279541015624,\n 37.81737834565083\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.81737834565083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"NRP staff, National Research Program
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http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/
The recently (2013) identified pathogenic chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), poses a severe threat to the distribution and abundance of salamanders within the United States and Europe. Development of a response strategy for the potential, and likely, invasion of Bsal into the United States is crucial to protect global salamander biodiversity. A formal working group, led by Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins Science Center, and Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, was held at the USGS Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States from June 23 to June 25, 2015, to identify crucial Bsal research and monitoring needs that could inform conservation and management strategies for salamanders in the United States. Key findings of the workshop included the following: (1) the introduction of Bsal into the United States is highly probable, if not inevitable, thus requiring development of immediate short-term and long-term intervention strategies to prevent Bsal establishment and biodiversity decline; (2) management actions targeted towards pathogen containment may be ineffective in reducing the long-term spread of Bsal throughout the United States; and (3) early detection of Bsal through surveillance at key amphibian import locations, among high-risk wild populations, and through analysis of archived samples is necessary for developing management responses. Top research priorities during the preinvasion stage included the following: (1) deployment of qualified diagnostic methods for Bsal and establishment of standardized laboratory practices, (2) assessment of susceptibility for amphibian hosts (including anurans), and (3) development and evaluation of short- and long-term pathogen intervention and management strategies. Several outcomes were achieved during the workshop, including development of an organizational structure with working groups for a Bsal Task Force, creation of an initial influence diagram to aid in identifying effective management actions in the face of uncertainty, and production of a list of potential management actions and key research uncertainties. Additional products under development include a Bsal Strategic Action plan, an emergency response plan, a monitoring and surveillance program, a standardized diagnostic approach, decision models for natural resource agencies, and a reporting database for salamander mortalities. This workshop was the first international meeting to address the threat of Bsal to salamander populations in the United States, with more than 30 participants from U.S. conservation and resource management agencies (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. National Park Service, and Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies) and academic research institutions in Australia, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151233","usgsCitation":"Grant, E.H.C., Muths, E., Katz, R.A., Canessa, Stefano, Adam, M.J., Ballard, J.R., Berger, Lee, Briggs, C.J., Coleman, Jeremy, Gray, M.J., Harris, M.C., Harris, R.N., Hossack, Blake, Huyvaert, K.P., Kolby, J.E., Lips, K.R., Lovich, R.E., McCallum, H.I., Mendelson, J.R., III, Nanjappa, Priya, Olson, D.H., Powers, J.G., Richgels, K.L.D., Russell, R.E., Schmidt, B.R., Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Watry, M.K., Woodhams, D.C., and White, C.L., 2016, Salamander chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans) in the United States—Developing research, monitoring, and management strategies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1233, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151233.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069828","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1233/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":313293,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1233/ofr20151233.pdf","text":"Report","size":"902 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1233"}],"contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708
And
SO Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory
1 Migratory Way
Turners Falls, MA 01376
In 1958, the U.S. Geological Survey began documenting hydrologic conditions, including groundwater levels, groundwater withdrawals for agricultural irrigation and public water supply, and water quality, in the South Coast aquifer, Puerto Rico. This information has improved the understanding of the water resources of the region. The hydrologic data indicate that (1) groundwater levels declined as much as 40 feet in the Salinas area and 11 feet in the Guayama area during 2012–14; (2) groundwater withdrawals for agricultural irrigation increased from 6.0 to 10.5 million gallons per day, or 75 percent, from 2010 to 2012; and (3) total groundwater withdrawals decreased from 29.3 to 23.8 million gallons per day from 2010 to 2014. The quantity and quality of water in the aquifer is primarily affected by variations in aquifer recharge as a result of changing rainfall or modes of irrigation; however, the spatial patterns and magnitude of water withdrawals for all uses have a secondary impact on the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer.
\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data from climatological stations indicate that the 30-year normal precipitation for the period 1991–2010 in the South Coastal and Southern Slopes climatological regions was about 37.74 and 61.61 inches, respectively; the 30-year moving average precipitation for the period 1985–2014 was 37.94 and 61.80 inches, respectively, for these regions. The mean annual precipitation during 2012–14 was 13 percent below the 30-year moving average for the South Coastal climatological region and 7.7 percent below for the Southern Slopes climatological region. When rainfall is below the 30-year moving average, recharge is diminished and groundwater levels decline. Annual precipitation in the South Coast aquifer, which includes a large part of the South Coastal and Southern Slopes climatological regions, was 39.42, 37.25, and 34.89 inches per year for 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively.
\nWater level declines reduce the thickness of freshwater in the unconfined parts of the South Coast aquifer. Additionally, the pumping-induced migration of poor-quality water from deep or seaward areas of the aquifer can contribute to reductions in the thickness of freshwater in the aquifer. The reduction in the freshwater saturated thickness of the aquifer in areas near Ponce, Juana Díaz, Salinas, and Guayama is of particular concern because the total saturated thickness of the aquifer is thinner in these areas. Total dissolved solids concentration in groundwater samples indicates a small positive trend in Ponce, Santa Isabel, Salinas, and Guayama. Diminished aquifer recharge during 2012 to 2015 and, to a lesser extent, increased groundwater withdrawals have resulted in a reduction in the freshwater saturated thickness of the aquifer. The reduction in freshwater saturated thickness of the aquifer may affect freshwater resources available for agriculture and public water supply. A prolonged time period with reduced aquifer recharge may have substantial implications for groundwater levels and fresh groundwater availability.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151215","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources","usgsCitation":"Torres-González, Sigfredo, and Rodríguez, J.M., 2016, Hydrologic conditions in the South Coast aquifer, Puerto Rico, 2010–15: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1215, 32 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151215.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065638","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1215/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314150,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1215/ofr20151215.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 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U.S. Geological Survey
651 Federal Drive Suite 400-15
Guaynabo, PR 00965
http://pr.water.usgs.gov/
This report documents the changes in seabed morphology and modern sediment thickness detected on the inner continental shelf offshore of Fire Island, New York, before and after Hurricanes Irene and Sandy made landfall. Comparison of acoustic backscatter imagery, seismic-reflection profiles, and bathymetry collected in 2011 and in 2014 show that sedimentary structures and depositional patterns moved alongshore to the southwest in water depths up to 30 meters during the 3-year period. The measured lateral offset distances range between about 1 and 450 meters with a mean of 20 meters. The mean distances computed indicate that change tended to decrease with increasing water depth. Comparison of isopach maps of modern sediment thickness show that a series of shoreface-attached sand ridges, which are the dominant sedimentary structures offshore of Fire Island, migrated toward the southwest because of erosion of the ridge crests and northeast-facing flanks as well as deposition on the southwest-facing flanks and in troughs between individual ridges. Statistics computed suggest that the modern sediment volume across the about 81 square kilometers of common sea floor mapped in both surveys decreased by 2.8 million cubic meters, which is a mean change of –0.03 meters, which is smaller than the resolution limit of the mapping systems used.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151238","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Baldwin, W.E., and Denny, J.F., 2016, Assessing the impact of Hurricanes Irene and Sandy on the morphology and modern sediment thickness on the inner continental shelf offshore of Fire Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1238, 15 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151238.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-067754","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314316,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1238/pdf/ofr20151238.pdf","text":"Report","size":"782 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1238"},{"id":314303,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ofr/2015/1238","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2015-1238"},{"id":314315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1238/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 40.629587853312174\n ],\n [\n -72.76382446289062,\n 40.777421721005936\n ],\n [\n -72.75283813476562,\n 40.76182096906601\n ],\n [\n -73.08517456054688,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -73.28292846679688,\n 40.60978237983301\n ],\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 40.629587853312174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
The Illinois River is a primary tributary of the Mississippi River, connecting with the Mississippi at Grafton, Illinois. The headwaters of the river are at the confluence of the Des Plaines and Kankakee Rivers in eastern Grundy County, Illinois. Approximately 273 miles long, it runs through the heart of Illinois and is the connection between the Mississippi River and Lake Michigan in the Great Lakes basin. Because of this connection, there is concern about the potential for introduced aquatic species in one basin to migrate through this connection into the other basin. A prime example of this are the Asian carps, which were introduced into commercial fishing ponds in Arkansas in the 1970s and, following escape, are now making their way up the Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers. Options are being investigated to minimize or prevent non-native aquatic species from invading either basin through the Illinois River connection and eventually having detrimental impacts on the basin into which they migrate.
\nThe Illinois River has a series of locks and dams that are used to facilitate the navigation of commercial and recreational shipping from Chicago to Beardstown, Illinois. One option under consideration is to develop a lock treatment process that stops aquatic invasive species from entering (and moving through) the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS), while at the same time not unduly impeding the movement of barges and other boat traffic between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. The purpose this report was to evaluate the feasibility of using chemical and (or) physical treatments to determine if a sufficiently efficacious option could be used to prevent aquatic invasive species from being transported through the locks. Approximately 30 chemical and physical control options were evaluated on the basis of nine factors ranging from viability for use on a large scale, rapid lethality, human health effects, and potential damage to lock structures and vessel hulls.
\nCompatibility of the various options was also evaluated to assess the possibility that options could be combined to enhance efficacy. Engineering requirements were not considered as part of this evaluation. The available information suggests that hot water at 43 °C and ozone are the most feasible options.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161001","usgsCitation":"Hubert, T.D., Boogaard, M.A., and Fredricks, K.T., 2016, Identify potential lock treatment options to prevent movement of aquatic invasive species through the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1001, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161001.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071535","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1001/ofr20161001.pdf","text":"Report","size":"223 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1001"},{"id":313865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1001/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chicago Area Waterway System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.47015380859375,\n 41.3850519497068\n ],\n [\n -88.47015380859375,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -86.956787109375,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -86.956787109375,\n 41.3850519497068\n ],\n [\n -88.47015380859375,\n 41.3850519497068\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
LaCrosse, WI 54603
http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/
Episodic runoff brings suspended sediment to the nearshore waters of West Maui, Hawaiʻi. Even small rainfalls create visible plumes over a few hours. We used mapping, field experiments, and analysis of recent (July 19–20, 2014) and historic rainfall to estimate sources of land-based pollution for two watersheds in West Maui: Honolua, and Honokōwai. Former agricultural fields and some unimproved roads are plausible sources for polluted runoff, but have saturated hydraulic conductivities greater than the 10–15 millimeters per hour (mm/hr) rainfalls of July 2014. These fields and roads showed minor evidence for storm runoff, and could not have contributed substantially to July 2014 plume generation. Since 1978, rain at intensities capable of causing runoff from former agricultural fields sustained for 1–2 hours is also rare; such intensities have 2–5 year recurrence rates in the north, and greater than 25 year recurrence rates to the south near Lahaina. Streambanks now eroding into historic terraces of sands, silts, and clays are a more plausible source. Although past large storms contributed to sediment loading, annual plume generation is now caused by smaller rainfalls eroding these near-stream legacy deposits. Treatments of former agricultural fields, roads, and reserve forests are consequently not likely to measurably affect sediment pollution from smaller, more frequent storms. Increased runoff from the development of West Maui has the potential to exacerbate sediment plumes from such storms unless there is an effective strategy to reduce bank erosion. Uncertainties in the extent and erosion rate of historic terraces, however, limit our ability to plan mitigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151190","usgsCitation":"Stock, J.D., Falinksi, K.A., Callender, T., 2015, Reconnaissance sediment budget for selected watersheds of West Maui, Hawai‘i: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1190, 42 p., https://www.dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151190.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066158","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1190/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314195,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1190/ofr20151190.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1190"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"West Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.70074462890625,\n 20.785646688202153\n ],\n [\n -156.70074462890625,\n 21.03804387657284\n ],\n [\n -156.55620574951172,\n 21.03804387657284\n ],\n [\n -156.55620574951172,\n 20.785646688202153\n ],\n [\n -156.70074462890625,\n 20.785646688202153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"GMEG staff, Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center—Flagstaff
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1600
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/
The biological and hydraulic performance of a new portable floating fish collector (PFFC) located in a cul-de-sac within the forebay of Cougar Dam, Oregon, was evaluated during 2014. The purpose of the PFFC was to explore surface collection as a means to capture juvenile salmonids at one or more sites using a small, cost-effective, pilot-scale device. The PFFC used internal pumps to draw attraction flow over an inclined plane about 3 meters (m) deep, through a flume at a design velocity of as much as 6 feet per second (ft/s), and to empty a small amount of water and any entrained fish into a collection box. Performance of the PFFC was evaluated at 64 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (Low) and 109 ft3/s (High) inflow rates alternated using a randomized-block schedule from May 27 to December 16, 2014. The evaluation of the biological performance was based on trap catch; behaviors, locations, and collection of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) tagged with acoustic transmitters plus passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags; collection of juvenile Chinook salmon implanted with only PIT tags; and untagged fish monitored near and within the PFFC using acoustic cameras. The evaluation of hydraulic performance was based on measurements of water velocity and direction of flow in the PFFC.
\nThe PFFC collected 156 juvenile Chinook salmon and 280 individuals of other species, primarily dace (Cyprinidae) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The collection included one of the 212 acoustic+PIT-tagged fish detected near the PFFC and two of the 1,505 PIT-tagged fish released near the head of the reservoir. No juvenile salmonids were collected between early July and early September when water temperatures near the water surface were greater than about 16 degrees Celsius (°C). Depths of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish indicated a preferential selection of water temperature of 13–15 °C, which was often deeper than the entrance to the PFFC, and those fish rarely were at depths with water temperatures greater than 16 °C. Dam passage of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish was similar to previous years, but much of the passage occurred prior to the date the PFFC began operation. Discovery Efficiency, the proportion of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish detected in the cul-de-sac that were within 10 m of the PFFC entrance and 0–6 m deep (the Discovery Zone), was 0.736 during the Low treatment and 0.639 during the High treatment. Entrance Efficiency, the proportion of fish in the Discovery Zone that were collected by the PFFC, was 0.007 during the Low treatment and 0.000 during the High treatment. Fish Collection Efficiency, the proportion of acoustic+PIT-tagged fish collected of those detected in the cul-de-sac, was 0.005 and 0.000 during the Low and High treatments, respectively. The areas of highest use by acoustic+PIT-tagged fish were between the stern of the PFFC and the outlet of the reservoir (a water temperature control tower), with the greatest use being near the tower.
\nResults from untagged fish detected with acoustic cameras indicated that most fish near and within the PFFC were in the 90–250-millimeter length bin and few were less than 60 millimeters long; most fish were present during crepuscular periods; trajectories of fish outside the PFFC were rarely directed toward the entrance; and many fish entering the PFFC swam back out before they could be collected.
\nThe hydraulic performance of the PFFC did not achieve the design goals of smooth acceleration of inflow culminating in a peak water velocity of 6 ft/s and, as a result, the hydraulic performance likely contributed to the low biological performance. The greatest water velocity measured in the PFFC (1.87 ft/s) was lower than designed due at least in part to the PFFC being lower in the water column than expected. Additionally, difficulties during anchor deployment prevented placement of the PFFC as near to the reservoir outlet as planned, resulting in a PFFC position outside the prevailing flow field and known areas of high fish densities. Overall, the results indicate that location, hydraulic conditions, water temperature, and shallow depth of the entrance were among the factors contributing to the low biological performance of the PFFC in 2014.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J.W., Evans, S.D., Haner, P.V., Hansel, H.C., Hansen, A.C., Hansen, G.S., Hatton, T.W., Sprando, J.M., Smith, C.D., and Adams, N.S., 2016, Evaluation of the biological and hydraulic performance of the portable floating fish collector at Cougar Reservoir and Dam, Oregon, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1003, 127 p., https://dx.doi.org/ 10.3133/ofr20161003.","productDescription":"xii, 127 p.","numberOfPages":"143","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066415","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1003/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314045,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1003/ofr20161003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1003 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cougar Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25173950195311,\n 44.06464670206631\n ],\n [\n -122.25173950195311,\n 44.132449357705454\n ],\n [\n -122.2071075439453,\n 44.132449357705454\n ],\n [\n -122.2071075439453,\n 44.06464670206631\n ],\n [\n -122.25173950195311,\n 44.06464670206631\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) utilizes light detection and ranging (lidar) and enabling technologies to support many science research activities. Lidar-derived metrics and products have become a fundamental input to complex hydrologic and hydraulic models, flood inundation models, fault detection and geologic mapping, topographic and land-surface mapping, landslide and volcano hazards mapping and monitoring, forest canopy and habitat characterization, coastal and fluvial erosion mapping, and a host of other research and operational activities. This report documents the types of lidar being used by the USGS, discusses how lidar technology facilitates the achievement of individual mission area goals within the USGS, and offers recommendations and suggested changes in direction in terms of how a mission area could direct work using lidar as it relates to the mission area goals that have already been established.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151209","usgsCitation":"Stoker, J.M., Brock, J.C., Soulard, C.E., Ries, K.G., Sugarbaker, L.J., Newton, W.E., Haggerty, P.K., Lee, K.E., and Young, J.A., 2016, USGS lidar science strategy—Mapping the technology to the science: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1209, 33 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151209.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065301","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1209/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":313847,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1209/ofr20151209.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1209"}],"contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
511 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email:3dep@usgs.gov
http://www.usgs.gov/ngpo/
http://nationalmap.gov/3DEP/
The Sutron 8310-N-S (8310) data collection platform (DCP) manufactured by Sutron Corporation was evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) for conformance to the manufacturer’s specifications for recording and transmitting data. The 8310-N-S is a National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)-enclosed DCP with a built-in Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite transmitter that operates over a temperature range of −40 to 60 degrees Celsius (°C). The evaluation procedures followed and the results obtained are described in this report for bench, temperature chamber, and outdoor deployment testing. The three units tested met the manufacturer’s stated specifications for the tested conditions, but two of the units had transmission errors either during temperature chamber or deployment testing. During outdoor deployment testing, 6.72 percent of transmissions by serial number 1206109 contained errors, resulting in missing data. Transmission errors were also observed during temperature chamber testing with serial number 1208283, at an error rate of 3.22 percent. Overall, the 8310 has good logging capabilities, but the transmission errors are a concern for users who require reliable telemetered data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151210","usgsCitation":"Kunkle, G.A., 2016, Evaluation of the 8310 manufactured by Sutron—Results of bench, temperature, and field deployment testing: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1210, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151210.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064816","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1210/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":313954,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1210/ofr20151210.pdf","text":"Report","size":"410 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1210"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Stennis Space Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.66423034667969,\n 30.312431154103745\n ],\n [\n -89.66423034667969,\n 30.365173612441442\n ],\n [\n -89.58045959472656,\n 30.365173612441442\n ],\n [\n -89.58045959472656,\n 30.312431154103745\n ],\n [\n -89.66423034667969,\n 30.312431154103745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Chief, Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility
U.S. Geological Survey
Building 2101
Stennis Space Center, MS 39529
http://water.usgs.gov/hif/
Water use and water withdrawals and returns in 2010 are estimated for each major river basin, principal aquifer, water-planning region, and county in Georgia using data obtained from various Federal and State agencies and local sources. Offstream water use in 2010 is estimated for the categories of public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, irrigation, livestock, aquaculture, and thermoelectric power. Water-use trends for 1985 to 2010 are also shown.
\nThe period between 2007 and 2010 was a challenging time economically and climatologically in Georgia. During that period, the United States was in the midst of a major recession, resulting in decreases in the manufacturing and construction industries and large increases in unemployment. During 2007, 2008, and the latter half of 2010, precipitation in Georgia was substantially below the 30-year norm.
\nAccording to the 2010 Census of Population and Housing, nearly 9.7 million people lived in Georgia. The water for about 85 percent of that population was provided by public water suppliers. Estimated total water withdrawals from ground-water and surface-water sources were about 4,670 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) in 2010, about a 15-percent reduction from 2005 (5,471 Mgal/d). In 2010, thermoelectric-power facilities (2,046 Mgal/d) and public-supply uses (1,121 Mgal/d) accounted for 68 percent of all water withdrawn in Georgia. Surface-water withdrawals were greatest for thermoelectric-power generation (2,043 Mgal/d), whereas irrigation used the largest amount of groundwater (599 Mgal/d). Surface water provided 78 percent of the 1,121 Mgal/day withdrawn for public supply in 2010. Typically, counties in northern Georgia withdraw a larger percentage of water from surface water than groundwater sources; whereas, counties in the southern part of the State withdraw more water from groundwater sources.
\nHistorically, water withdrawals in Georgia were highest in 1980 (6,725 Mgal/d). By 1990, water use had decreased by 20 percent to 5,353 Mgal/d, but increased to 6,487 Mgal/d in 2000. By 2005, water use had decreased to an estimated 5,471 Mgal/d, and declined further to 4,670 Mgal/d in 2010—a 30-percent decrease since 1980. This decline was evident across all water-use categories, but was greatest for surface-water withdrawals by thermoelectric-power facilities. The estimated total water use per capita in 1985 (total withdrawals for all categories divided by total population) was about 850 gallons per day (gal/d), steadily decreasing to about 798 gal/d in 2000, and decreasing further to 460 gal/d in 2010. Although water use declined among all use categories during that 10-year period, most of the decline in per capita water use was caused by the large decrease in water used for thermoelectric-power generation.
\nThroughout 1985–2010 water withdrawn for thermoelectric-power generation has constituted the largest volume of offstream water use in Georgia. Total withdrawals for thermoelectric-power generation declined about 37 percent between 2000 and 2010, mostly due to the decommissioning of power plants in the State. Also during this period, several power plants were shut down and re-tooled to use natural gas-powered generators; thus, water withdrawals for cooling were substantially reduced.
\nThe decline in water withdrawals and use between 2005 and 2010 can probably be attributed to several factors working together during this period: (1) water conservation laws and policies along with advances in water-conservation technology; (2) the onset of a major recession in 2007; and (3) below average rainfall in 2007, 2008, and the latter half of 2010. Because of these factors, water withdrawn by public suppliers decreased by 4.8 percent (despite a nearly 11-percent increase in population served) and per capita use decreased by 19 percent between 2005 and 2010.
\nAbout 2,225 Mgal/d of water was returned to Georgia streams and lakes in 2010 under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program administered by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. This amount is about 48 percent of the total water withdrawn from all sources in 2010. Water returns declined 39 percent between 1995 and 2010, mirroring the decline in water withdrawals during that period. In addition, land applications of treated wastewater increased steadily between 1995 and 2010.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, S.J., 2016, Water use in Georgia by county for 2010 and water-use trends, 1985–2010 (ver. 1.1, January 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1230, 206 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151230.","productDescription":"viii, 206 p.","numberOfPages":"218","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-037442","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1230/ofr20151230.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1230"},{"id":312329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1230/coverthbn.jpg"},{"id":314402,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1230/verHist.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1230"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.594482421875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 32.222095840502334\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 31.83089906339438\n ],\n [\n -85.05615234375,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 31.21280145833882\n ],\n [\n -84.91333007812499,\n 30.72294882477251\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 30.5717205651999\n ],\n [\n -82.188720703125,\n 30.363396239603716\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -82.034912109375,\n 30.732392734006083\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 30.62845887475364\n ],\n [\n -81.10107421874999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 31.942839972853083\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 32.55607364492029\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 33.08233672856376\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -82.518310546875,\n 33.93424531117312\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 34.4793919710481\n ],\n [\n -83.045654296875,\n 34.470335121217495\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -83.08959960937499,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -85.594482421875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted December 16, 2015; Version 1.1: January 15, 2016","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
One of the goals of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment (SESQA) is to characterize contaminants at perennial-stream sites throughout the southern Piedmont and southern Appalachian Mountains. The evaluation of pesticide inputs from agricultural sources will aid in that characterization.
\nMethods used for calculating county-level pesticide use documented in this report are from methods developed and described by Thelin and Stone (2013) and Baker and Stone (2015). Two methods for calculating estimated pesticide use (EPest) rates—EPest-low and EPest-high—were applied in this study to estimate a probable range in the annual amounts of pesticide used for agriculture in 2014. To calculate watershed-level estimates, county-level use was proportionally allocated to agricultural land within each watershed. Concentrations of 262 pesticide compounds were estimated and compiled for subsequent analysis by the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Program, Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment.
\nThis report provides estimates of annual agricultural use of 262 pesticide compounds for counties and selected watersheds in parts of eight southeastern States for 2014. Estimates of county- and watershed-level annual agricultural pesticide use are provided as downloadable, tab-delimited files for both EPest-high and EPest-low.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151224","usgsCitation":"Baker, N.T., 2016, Estimated agricultural pesticide use for Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment, 2014 (ver 2.1, July, 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1224, 5 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151224.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 5 p.; 3 Tables","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2014-01-01","temporalEnd":"2014-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-067218","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311730,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224_table1.txt","text":"Estimated pesticide use (EPest)-high and EPest-low estimates, by county","size":"15.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224","linkHelpText":"(Table 1)"},{"id":311734,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224_table3.xlsx","text":"Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment watershed station information","size":"20.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224","linkHelpText":"(Table 3)"},{"id":311729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224.pdf","text":"Report","size":"687 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224"},{"id":312158,"rank":6,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/versionHist.txt","size":"793 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":311733,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224_table2.txt","text":"Estimated pesticide use (EPest)-high and EPest-low estimates, by watershed","size":"1.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224","linkHelpText":"(Table 2)"},{"id":311728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/coverthb1.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 37.37888785004527\n ],\n [\n -80.09033203125,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -78.46435546875,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -77.420654296875,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -77.750244140625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -78.145751953125,\n 35.36217605914681\n ],\n [\n -79.661865234375,\n 34.768691457552706\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -84.88037109375,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -87.418212890625,\n 32.98102014898148\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 33.742612777346885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted December 1, 2015; Version 2.0: December 14, 2015; Version 2.1: July 19, 2016","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
http://in.water.usgs.gov/
Profiles of reservoir properties of oil-bearing plays for selected petroleum provinces in the United States were developed to characterize the database to be used for a potential assessment by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of oil that would be technically recoverable by the application of enhanced oil recovery methods using injection of carbon dioxide (CO2-EOR). The USGS assessment methodology may require reservoir-level data for the purposes of screening conventional oil reservoirs and projecting CO2-EOR performance in terms of the incremental recoverable oil. The information used in this report is based on reservoir properties from the “Significant Oil and Gas Fields of the United States Database” prepared by Nehring Associates, Inc. (2012). As described by Nehring Associates, Inc., the database “covers all producing provinces (basins) in the United States except the Appalachian Basin and the Cincinnati Arch.”
\nUnder contract to the USGS, INTEK, Inc., developed and applied algorithms to estimate variables useful in projecting EOR performance at the reservoir level and to complete some partial reservoir records of the “Significant Oil and Gas Fields of the United States Database” (Nehring Associates, Inc., 2012). The augmented database is referred to here as the “Comprehensive Resource Database” (CRD).
\nThe CRD play and province classification scheme corresponds to the definitions used in the 1995 USGS National Oil and Gas Assessment (NOGA). The profiles in this report consist of a resource table and a six-part figure showing the variation of reservoir parameters selected because of their importance in the choice of a miscible or immiscible method for CO2-EOR and in the assessment of potential oil recovery using the EOR processes. A subset of these reservoirs may be available for either miscible- or immiscible-type flooding for CO2-EOR. Plays with fewer than 10 oil reservoirs were not graphed and were omitted from the province profiles. For this report and for the purposes of screening reservoirs as candidates for the application of CO2-EOR methods, oil reservoirs must have no more than 10,000 standard cubic feet of natural gas per barrel of oil at surface conditions. Oil-bearing plays presented in this report must contain at least one oil reservoir so defined.
\nThe profile plots allow geologists to evaluate the range of empirical and default values of the oil reservoir characteristics within a play and across plays that belong to the same province in the CRD. For most plays, the default estimates can be identified by the stacking of points at a single value on strip charts in the profiles. Reasonable default values should be within the range of the reservoir parameter values assigned by Nehring Associates, Inc. (2012), to reservoirs of that particular play.
\nEach province profile figure consists of five strip charts and a boxplot. The five strip charts display for individual plays the following reservoir-fluid and reservoir properties: A, oil density (American Petroleum Institute [API] gravity in degrees); B, computed pseudo-Dykstra-Parsons coefficient; C, reservoir porosity (in percent); D, reservoir permeability (in millidarcies); and E, estimates of the original oil in place (OOIP) per unit volume of reservoir rock (in barrels per acre-foot). The OOIP per unit volume of reservoir rock is an indicator of the relative richness of the oil reservoir and is derived from estimates in the CRD of OOIP, reservoir acreage, and net pay. The net pay is the interval of productive reservoir rock. The same data for OOIP per unit volume are graphed as a strip chart (E) and a boxplot (F).
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted November 5, 2015: Version 1.1: February 2016","contact":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
MS 956 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://energy.usgs.gov/GeneralInfo/
ScienceCenters/Eastern.aspx
Mercury (Hg) analyses were obtained for 42 samples of feed coal provided by Eskom, the national electric utility of South Africa, representing all 13 coal-fired power stations operated by Eskom in South Africa. This sampling includes results for three older power stations returned to service starting in the late 2000s. These stations were not sampled in the most recent previous study. Mercury concentrations determined in the present study are similar to or slightly lower than those previously reported, and input Hg for the three stations returned to service is comparable to that for the other 10 power stations. Determination of halogen contents of the 42 feed coals confirms that chlorine contents are generally low, and as such, the extent of Hg self-capture by particulate control devices (PCDs) is rather limited. Eight density separates of a South African Highveld (#4) coal were also provided by Eskom, and these show a strong mineralogical association of Hg (and arsenic) with pyrite. The density separates were used to predict Hg and ash contents of coal products used in South Africa or exported. A suite of 48 paired samples of pulverization-mill feed coal and fly ash collected in a previous (2010) United Nations Environment Programme-sponsored study of emissions from the Duvha and Kendal power stations was obtained for further investigation in the present study. These samples show that in each station, Hg capture varies by boiler unit and confirms that units equipped with fabric filters for air pollution control are much more effective in capturing Hg than those equipped with electrostatic precipitators. Apart from tracking the performance of PCDs individually, changes resulting in improved mercury capture of the Eskom fleet are discussed. These include Hg reduction through coal selection and washing, as well as through optimization of equipment and operational parameters. Operational changes leading to increased mercury capture include increasing mercury adsorption on unburned carbon and minimizing the concentration of sulfuric acid vapor in the flue gas. Equipment options for improving Hg capture include addition of fabric filters, use of halogenated sorbents, and addition of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers, listed in order of increasing cost. The capital cost of adding FGD scrubbers to existing plants is probably too high to be justified on the grounds of Hg removal alone. However, if future regulations require reductions in sulfur dioxide emissions, and FGDs are installed to meet these standards, further reduction in Hg emissions will be a co-benefit of this installation.
In this revised version, corrected results for the suite of 42 samples of feed coal and 8 density separates determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) replace results originally reported in the 2014 version of this report. In many cases, especially for the transition metals, values reported here are lower than those originally reported, and in some cases, the corrected results are less than 50 percent of their original values. Note that results for mercury (Hg) and halogens contained in the original report are unaffected by revisions to ICP-MS data included here. This revised version also includes the following updates: (1) data for selenium, which were not available for inclusion in the original publication, are now provided; (2) results for ICP-MS trace element data are expressed here on a whole-coal dry basis to facilitate comparison with published results for coals elsewhere; and (3) the text has been updated to take into account the U.S. Supreme Court decision of June 29, 2015, which puts on hold implementation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mercury and Air Toxics Standards in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141153","usgsCitation":"Kolker, Allan, Senior, C.L., and van Alphen, Chris, 2014, Collaborative studies for mercury characterization in coal and coal combustion products, Republic of South Africa (ver. 2.0, May 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014–1153, 47 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141153.","productDescription":"ix, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055869","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296735,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/pdf/ofr20141153.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2014-1153"},{"id":296736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/images/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":296734,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/index.html","description":"OFR 2014-1153"},{"id":321863,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/versionHist.txt","size":"1.60 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2014-1153"}],"country":"South Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 16.32568359375,\n -34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n 16.32568359375,\n -22.12635475991967\n ],\n [\n 33.02490234375,\n -22.12635475991967\n ],\n [\n 33.02490234375,\n -34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n 16.32568359375,\n -34.92197103616377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted December 15, 2014; Version 2.0 May 31, 2016","contact":"Director, Eastern Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
956 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://energy.usgs.gov/
A bathymetric terrain model of the Atlantic margin covering almost 725,000 square kilometers of seafloor from the New England Seamounts in the north to the Blake Basin in the south is compiled from existing multibeam bathymetric data for marine geological investigations. Although other terrain models of the same area are extant, they are produced from either satellite-derived bathymetry at coarse resolution (ETOPO1), or use older bathymetric data collected by using a combination of single beam and multibeam sonars (Coastal Relief Model). The new multibeam data used to produce this terrain model have been edited by using hydrographic data processing software to maximize the quality, usability, and cartographic presentation of the combined 100-meter resolution grid. The final grid provides the largest high-resolution, seamless terrain model of the Atlantic margin..
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121266","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Andrews, B., Chaytor, J., ten Brink, U., Brothers, D., Gardner, J.V., Lobecker, E.A., and Calder, B.R., 2016, Bathymetric terrain model of the Atlantic margin for marine geological investigations (Originally posted December 3, 2013; Version 2.0: May 25, 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1266, Report: vi, 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34 x 44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121266.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34 x 44 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042694","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321436,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/ofr20121266_plate1.pdf","size":"224 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"},{"id":280161,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/title_page.html","text":"Title Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"},{"id":280162,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121266.GIF"},{"id":280159,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/"},{"id":280160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/pdf/ofr20121266_v2.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"},{"id":321437,"rank":6,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/versionHist.txt","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"}],"projection":"Mercator Projection","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-73.990880318804216, 33.01264651249938], [-76.177520201754476, 33.091051926629071], [-75.698376004295199, 34.511061093644571], [-74.875119155933476, 35.45555931929227], [-74.779290316441632, 37.146980850626349], [-74.522294792349953, 37.547719633955907], [-73.847137059566478, 38.309994493550107], [-73.193758608485723, 38.681660632687567], [-71.600531692308323, 40.026021055247213], [-69.508342808469592, 39.982462491841702], [-69.199077008291354, 40.056512049630946], [-69.107604025140176, 40.296084148360578], [-68.645883253042939, 40.161052601803874], [-68.144959773881169, 40.49209768368479], [-67.535139886205798, 40.422403982236055], [-66.942743423892523, 40.614061661219928], [-65.912845523979058, 41.517915052123776], [-65.276890498260514, 41.160734832199637], [-65.795237402784551, 40.616252789632284], [-65.69505270695214, 40.516068093799888], [-63.020011669307671, 40.487826667598029], [-62.954087379549208, 40.38069969674067], [-64.339510213776634, 39.77339458773816], [-64.213190379900993, 39.564313483392247], [-66.837158239441294, 38.363839475939926], [-67.22047359740867, 37.950033123588796], [-67.758421855465201, 37.826326803517404], [-67.706151579378741, 37.530128572360809], [-70.217302759699066, 37.434299732869007], [-72.491909742100063, 35.603103845332321], [-72.936207088835033, 34.334403118951634], [-73.053815210029597, 34.360538256994865], [-73.990880318804216, 33.01264651249938]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-76.177520201754476, 33.01264651249938, -62.954087379549208, 41.517915052123776], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091982\"}","edition":"Originally posted December 3, 2013; Version 2.0: May 25, 2016","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
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Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
The Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Saudi Arabia cover about 90,000 km2, one of the largest areas of alkali olivine basalt in the world. These volcanic rocks are in 13 separate fields near the eastern coast of the Red Sea and in the western Arabian Peninsula highlands from Syria southward to the Yemen Arab Republic.
\nThe initial phase of rifting of the Arabian Plate from the African Plate began as a wide zone of continental-crust extension manifested by basin and range topography. Freshwater lakes, northwest-trending marine gulfs, and alkali olivine basalt flows occupied these basins. Extensive dike swarms intruded parallel to the proto-Red Sea and marked the first phase of new mafic crust formed by volcanic processes. After a hiatus in volcanic activity, counterclockwise rotation of the Arabian Plate during middle Miocene time changed the stress pattern in the plate and a second phase of extrusion of alkali olivine basalt commenced along north-trending fractures. This stress pattern continues to influence Holocene volcanism.
\nThe earliest (pre-uplift) basalts to erupt on the Arabian Plate were predominantly undersaturated picrite and ankaramite, whereas those to erupt near the axis of the proto-Red Sea rift zone were tholeiite. The within-plate volcanic rocks evolved from picrite-ankaramite to alkali olivine basalt with minor volumes of fractionated, undersaturated felsic rocks. Continued crustal thinning and dike intrusion along the proto-Red Sea were accompanied by melting of the continental crust to produce silicic magma as part of a bimodal volcanic suite (tholeiite-rhyolite). These magmas were emplaced as dikes, sills, layered bodies, and flows that mark the early construction of the Red Sea crust. Second-phase lavas are predominantly fractionated hawaiites and alkali olivine basalts. Because undersaturated and oversaturated silicic magmas represent the second phase of activity, both fractional crystallization of the basaltic magma and melting of the crust are believed to have occurred.
\nThe historical record of volcanic activity in Saudi Arabia suggests that volcanism is dormant. The harrats should be evaluated for their potential as volcanic hazards and as sources of geothermal energy. The volcanic rocks are natural traps for groundwater; thus water resources for agriculture may be significant and should be investigated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr83788","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., Gregory, R.T., and Brown, G.F., 2016, Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-788, iii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83788.","productDescription":"iii, 86 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":35955,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35956,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":324557,"rank":4,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/ofr83788_erratum-june282016.txt","text":"Erratum","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"tableOfContents":"This study, covering the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Central Yukon Planning Area (CYPA), Alaska, was prepared to aid BLM mineral resource management planning. Estimated mineral resource potential and certainty are mapped for six selected mineral deposit groups: (1) rare earth element (REE) deposits associated with peralkaline to carbonatitic intrusive igneous rocks, (2) placer and paleoplacer gold, (3) platinum group element (PGE) deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic intrusive igneous rocks, (4) carbonate-hosted copper deposits, (5) sandstone uranium deposits, and (6) tin-tungsten-molybdenum-fluorspar deposits associated with specialized granites. These six deposit groups include most of the strategic and critical elements of greatest interest in current exploration.
\nThis study has used a data-driven, geographic information system (GIS)-based method for evaluating the mineral resource potential across the large region of the CYPA. This method systematically and simultaneously analyzes geoscience data from multiple geospatially referenced datasets and uses individual subwatersheds (12-digit hydrologic unit codes or HUCs) as the spatial unit of classification. The final map output indicates an estimated potential (high, medium, low) for a given mineral deposit group and indicates the certainty (high, medium, low) of that estimate for any given subwatershed (HUC). Accompanying tables describe the data layers used in each analysis, the values assigned for specific analysis parameters, and the relative weighting of each data layer that contributes to the estimated potential and certainty determinations. Core datasets used include the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Alaska Geochemical Database (AGDB2), the Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys Web-based geochemical database, data from an anticipated USGS geologic map of Alaska, and the USGS Alaska Resource Data File. Map plates accompanying this report illustrate the mineral prospectivity for the six deposit groups across the CYPA and estimates of mineral resource potential. There are numerous areas, some of them large, rated with high potential for one or more of the selected deposit groups within the CYPA.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.V., III, Karl, S.M., Labay, K.A., Shew, N.B., Granitto, M., Hayes, T.S., Mauk, J.L., Schmidt, J.M., Todd, E., Wang, B., Werdon, M.B., and Yager, D.B., 2015, GIS-based identification of areas with mineral resource potential for six selected deposit groups, Bureau of Land Management Central Yukon Planning Area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1021, 78 p., 5 appendixes, 12 pls., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151021.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 78 p.; 12 Plates: 11 inches x 16.3 inches; Metadata; 5 Appendices","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056688","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxD.xlsx","text":"Appendix D","size":"17.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Lithology keyword search terms for an anticipated U.S. Geological Survey geologic map of Alaska."},{"id":371213,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxE.zip","text":"Appendix E","size":"411 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - Scoring results for HUC analysis of selected deposit groups (folder containing Excel spreadsheet and geospatial data files)"},{"id":371214,"rank":9,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021.zip","text":"Complete data package","size":"451 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - A single ZIP file that contains the report, appendixes, metadata and plates."},{"id":371215,"rank":10,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_meta.txt","size":"83.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":371211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxC.xlsx","text":"Appendix C","size":"38.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF) mineral deposit keyword and scoring templates."},{"id":371191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":371192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1021"},{"id":371210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxB.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"138 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":" - Igneous rock geochemistry peer-reviewed literature sources."},{"id":371208,"rank":11,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_metadatafaq.pdf","text":"Metadata FAQ","size":"243 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":371209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxE.zip","text":"Appendix A","size":"28.4 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Stream-sediment geochemistry summary statistics and percentile cutoffs."},{"id":371207,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_plates.pdf","text":"Plates 1-12","size":"39.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":" - A single PDF file that contains the 12 plates not included in the report."}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Central Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 71.1877539181316\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 71.1877539181316\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 62.431074232920906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Alaska Science Center staff
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4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Alaska Science Center
The Wyoming Basin Rapid Ecoregional Assessment was conducted in partnership with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The overall goals of the BLM Rapid Ecoregional Assessments (REAs) are to identify important ecosystems and wildlife habitats at broad spatial scales; identify where these resources are at risk from Change Agents, including development, wildfire, invasive species, disease and climate change; quantify cumulative effects of anthropogenic stressors; and assess current levels of risk to ecological resources across a range of spatial scales and jurisdictional boundaries by assessing all lands within an ecoregion. There are several components of the REAs. Management Questions, developed by the BLM and stakeholders for the ecoregion, identify the regionally significant information needed for addressing land-management responsibilities. Conservation Elements represent regionally significant species and ecological communities that are of management concern. Change Agents that currently affect or are likely to affect the condition of species and communities in the future are identified and assessed. REAs also identify areas that have high conservation potential that are referred to as “large intact areas.” At the ecoregion level, the ecological value of large intact areas is based on the assumption that because these areas have not been greatly altered by human activities (such as development), they are more likely to contain a variety of plant and animal communities and to be resilient and resistant to changes resulting from natural disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, and disease.
\nThe Wyoming Basin Ecoregion encompasses approximately 133,656 square kilometers (51,604.87 square miles), including portions of Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The Wyoming Basin has some of the highest quality wildlife habitats remaining in the Intermountain West. The wide variety of habitats includes intermountain basins dominated by sagebrush shrublands interspersed with deciduous and conifer woodlands and montane or subalpine forests at higher elevations. The Wyoming Basin also supports ranching and agricultural operations that are important to the region’s economy and vital to conserving habitats for wildlife. The region also contains abundant energy resources, including large natural gas reserves and areas of high wind-energy potential. Combined with increased residential and industrial development, fast-paced energy development is resulting in notable land-use changes, including habitat loss and fragmentation.
\nIn the Wyoming Basin REA, we evaluated the following seven communities as Conservation Elements: streams and rivers, wetlands, riparian forests and shrublands, sagebrush steppe, desert shrublands, foothill shrublands and woodlands, and mountain forests and alpine zones. We evaluated a total of 14 species and species assemblages as Conservation Elements: aspen forests and woodlands, five-needle pine forests and woodlands, juniper woodlands, cutthroat trout, three-species fish assemblage, northern leatherside chub, sauger, spadefoot assemblage, greater sage-grouse, golden eagle, ferruginous hawk, sagebrush-obligate birds, pygmy rabbit, and mule deer.
\nWe evaluated Management Questions (Core and Integrated) for each species and community for the Wyoming Basin REA. Core Management Questions address primary management issues, including (1) where is the Conservation Element, and what are its key ecological attributes (characteristics of species and communities that may affect their long-term persistence or viability); (2) what and where are the Change Agents; and (3) how do the Change Agents affect the key ecological attributes? Integrated Management Questions synthesize the Core Management Questions as follows: (1) where are the areas with high landscape-level ecological values; (2) where are the areas with high landscape-level risks; and (3) where are the potential areas for conservation, restoration, and development? The associated maps and key findings for each Management Question are summarized for each Conservation Element in individual chapters. Additional chapters on landscape intactness and an REA synthesis are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Carr, N.B., and Melcher, C.P., eds., 2017, Wyoming Basin Rapid Ecoregional Assessment: (ver. 1.1, April 2017) U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1155, 896 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151155. ","productDescription":"xx, 896 p.","numberOfPages":"916","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056609","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307273,"rank":5,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1155/pdf/section3/","text":"Section III. Assessments of Communities","linkHelpText":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. C
Fort Collins, CO 80526–8118
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/
The Missouri River Pallid Sturgeon Effects Analysis (EA) was commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop a foundation of understanding of how pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) population dynamics are linked to management actions in the Missouri River. The EA consists of several steps: (1) development of comprehensive, conceptual ecological models illustrating pallid sturgeon population dynamics and links to management actions and other drivers; (2) compilation and assessment of available scientific literature, databases, and models; (3) development of predictive, quantitative models to explore the system dynamics and population responses to management actions; and (4) analysis and assessment of effects of system operations and actions on species’ habitats and populations. This report addresses the second objective, compilation and assessment of relevant information.
\nScientific information on pallid sturgeon and its environment has grown substantially during the last decade. Presently available (2015) information indicates that stocked sturgeon are surviving and growing, and that wild and hatchery sturgeon are spawning in the wild. However, natural recruitment to age-1 and older has not been detected since systematic sampling began in 2005. Population models indicate the sensitivity of population growth to certain demographic variables, in particular early-life stage survival and perhaps adult fecundity. This report documents the existing population models for the pallid sturgeon, and the substantial quantities of information developed through the Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program (PSPAP), the Habitat Assessment and Monitoring Program (HAMP), the Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project (CSRP), range-wide genetics databases, and related research studies. The reference database compiled for the EA consists of over 190 peer-reviewed documents specifically related to pallid sturgeon and over 12,000 references on the Missouri River system and related species.
\nNotwithstanding the large quantity of information available, the EA faces challenges in synthesizing the information into useful, quantitative models. In particular, critical demographic parameters for population models remain uncertain and the functional relationships between the two main categories of physical management action—changes in flow regime and reengineering channel form—and pallid sturgeon survival responses are obscure. In addition, there is an overarching uncertainty about how physical management actions interact with propagation management actions in view of evolving understanding of genetic structuring of the pallid sturgeon population. Synthesis efforts are also challenged by the fragmentation of information sources among projects and agencies; one objective of this report is to facilitate future assessments by providing documentation of what information is available and where.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151226","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery Program","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Parsley, M.J., Annis, M.L., Colvin, M.E., Welker, T.L., and James, D.A.,\n2015, Science information to support Missouri River Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon)\neffects analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1226, 78 p.,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151226.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059606","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1226/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314738,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1226/ofr20151226.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1226"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -100.26123046875,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -112.8076171875,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -112.60986328125,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -106.74316406249999,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"
Director, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 65201
The U.S. Government created the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge (Kofa NWR) in 1939 in response to a citizen campaign to improve desert bighorn sheep populations in Arizona. The Kofa NWR is mountainous and remote, and its management by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) keeps anthropogenic disturbance levels low. As such, Partners In Flight (PIF) listed the Kofa NWR as one of its Sonoran Desert portfolio sites in its Desert Bird Conservation Plan (McCreedy and others, 2009). Research presented here demonstrates that bird communities within a well-managed and remote Sonoran Desert portfolio site can nonetheless be negatively affected by human-caused stressors like fire and Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism, which originate from beyond the Kofa NWR’s boundaries.
\nIn chapter 1, we examine how avian productivity can be influenced by timing of nest initiation. We demonstrate that (1) late nesting dates are correlated with low winter precipitation levels, a condition expected to occur in greater frequency in coming decades due to climate change (Seager and others, 2007) and that (2) late nesting dates result in decreased productivity, due to higher rates of nest depredation and, in the case of an open-cup nesting species, higher rates of brood parasitism experienced later in the breeding season. The brood parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird, appears to forage and roost on agricultural lands north of the Kofa NWR’s boundary. From that location, they commute to the refuge to parasitize other passerine bird nests. Drought and subsequent loss in primary production have been correlated with decreased productivity for birds that breed in arid habitats (Preston and Rotenberry, 2006; Chase and others, 2005; Johnson and others, 2002; Morrison and Bolger, 2002; Brown and Li, 1996; Anderson and Anderson, 1973), yet drought’s standing as a threat to bird populations has been underestimated in recent regional conservation planning efforts (McCreedy and others, 2009; Latta and others, 1999).
\nIn chapter 2, we examine the effects of the King Valley fire on breeding and migrant birds within the Kofa NWR. This fire was caused by incendiary weapons testing within Yuma Proving Ground, south of the Kofa NWRboundary (Esque and others, 2013). We found large differences in spring migrant and breeding species abundance and richness between bird count stations within the 2005 King Valley fire zone and bird count stations immediately outside the fire perimeter. Habitat loss to fire, and the subsequent slow regeneration of a Sonoran Desert flora that is not well adapted to fire disturbance, is a recognized threat to bird populations (McCreedy and others, 2009; Latta, 1999), and of all Sonoran Desert wildlife, birds may be the most impacted by loss of perennial Sonoran Desert vegetation to fire (Esque and Schwalbe, 2002). We conclude that decreases in both breeding and migrant use of washes within burned areas will likely persist into the long term (>25 years) due to slow return rates of xeroriparian woodlands lost in the fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151240","usgsCitation":"McCreedy, C., van Riper, C., III, Esque, T.C., and Darrah, A.J., 2015, Effects of drought and fire on bird communities of the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1240, 34 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151240.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057555","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313109,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1240/ofr20151240.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1240 Report PDF"},{"id":313108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1240/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Kofa National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.27154541015625,\n 32.923402043498875\n ],\n [\n -114.27154541015625,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -113.72772216796875,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -113.72772216796875,\n 32.923402043498875\n ],\n [\n -114.27154541015625,\n 32.923402043498875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"SBSC staff, Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/
Charles van Riper III
ST Research Ecologist - Emeritus
USGS/Southwest Biological Science Center
520 North Park Avenue
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85719
ph (520) 670-6671 ext 267
Two hand-dug trenches at the Schist Creek site on the Denali fault system in central Alaska exposed evidence of four surface-rupturing earthquakes on the basis of upward terminations of fault strands and at least one buried, scarp-derived colluvial wedge. Limited radiocarbon ages provide some constraints on times of the ruptures. The youngest rupture (PE1) likely occurred about 200–400 years ago, the penultimate rupture (PE2) is younger than 1,200 years old, the third event back (PE3) occurred between 1,200 and 2,700 years ago, and the oldest rupture (PE4) occurred more than 2,700 and less than 17,000 years ago. Evidence for a possible additional rupture (PE4?) is equivocal and probably is related to earthquake PE4. On the basis of a nearby measured slip rate of 9.4 ± 1.6 millimeters per year and the long interevent times between our documented ruptures, we believe that our paleoseismic record at this site is incomplete. We suspect one undocumented earthquake between PE1 and PE2 and one or perhaps two more earthquakes between PE2 and PE3. We found stratigraphic evidence in the trenches for only four or possibly five (PE4?) earthquakes, but the addition of two or three inferred earthquakes yields a record of eight possible surface ruptures at the Schist Creek site. Our interpretation of the paleoseismic history at the site is consistent with recurrence intervals of several hundred years on this section of the Denali fault system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151225","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and the University of Alaska–Fairbanks","usgsCitation":"Personius, S.F., Crone, A.J., Burns, P.A.C, and Rozell, Ned, 2015, Paleoseismology of the Denali fault system at the Schist Creek site, central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1225, 15 p., 1 oversize plate, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151225.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069007","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1225/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":313023,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1225/ofr20151225.pdf","text":"Report","size":"33.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1225"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Schist Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.568115234375,\n 63.35705629693301\n ],\n [\n -148.568115234375,\n 63.563229678512144\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 63.563229678512144\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 63.35705629693301\n ],\n [\n -148.568115234375,\n 63.35705629693301\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/
In 2001, tags applied to the federally endangered species cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) to study their population dynamics were discovered strewn throughout the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) nesting colony on Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Cui-ui are endemic to Pyramid Lake, and Anaho Island harbors one of North America’s largest nesting colonies of American White Pelican. Cui-ui are consumed by pelicans during the fish’s spring migration into the Truckee River to reproduce. The predatory success of pelican has been validated by determining the odds of finding a tag from a predated cui-ui within the Anaho Island nesting colony. It is unknown how many cui-ui tags are eliminated by birds before arrival to the colony versus how many are brought to the colony but never recovered. The focus of this study was to improve the estimate of the chances of collecting a tag from a predated adult cui-ui in the pelican nesting colony by feeding dead tagged Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to pelican and subsequently searching for these tags within the colony. We also randomly deployed 1,000 dispersal tags throughout the nesting colony, searching for these after one and two breeding seasons. After adding 1,027 fed fish to 547 previously fed fish, we estimated 5.3 percent of the tagged cui-ui taken by pelican were recovered during tag searches. A study of dispersal tags randomly deployed within the pelican nesting colony showed that 51.5 percent would be expected to be recovered after at least one breeding season after being deployed. Results of our studies indicate that more than 90 percent of tags from adult cui-ui are eliminated by birds outside the pelican nesting colony. Tags recovered from other species and the site at which they were tagged are also reported. Most notable were recovered Lahontan cutthroat trout tags, which were the highest in number, but their proximity to double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) nests suggests this species to be the primary predator. Tags from other species of fish came from as far as the Columbia River, Washington (about 600 kilometers). This study provides an important baseline for future tag recovery from the pelican nesting colony on Anaho Island and opens new questions to American White Pelican movement patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Scoppettone, G.G., Fabes, M.C., Rissler, P.H., and Withers, Donna, 2016, Fish tag recovery from Anaho Island nesting colony, Pyramid Lake, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1242, 28 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151242.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 28 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-068748","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313939,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1242/ofr20151242_appendixa.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"15 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1242 Appendix A"},{"id":313938,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1242/ofr20151242.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1242 PDF"},{"id":313937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1242/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.52301025390624,\n 39.94475254043076\n ],\n [\n -119.52301025390624,\n 39.964095972290416\n ],\n [\n -119.49743270874022,\n 39.964095972290416\n ],\n [\n -119.49743270874022,\n 39.94475254043076\n ],\n [\n -119.52301025390624,\n 39.94475254043076\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/