The Sutron 8310-N-S (8310) data collection platform (DCP) manufactured by Sutron Corporation was evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) for conformance to the manufacturer’s specifications for recording and transmitting data. The 8310-N-S is a National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)-enclosed DCP with a built-in Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite transmitter that operates over a temperature range of −40 to 60 degrees Celsius (°C). The evaluation procedures followed and the results obtained are described in this report for bench, temperature chamber, and outdoor deployment testing. The three units tested met the manufacturer’s stated specifications for the tested conditions, but two of the units had transmission errors either during temperature chamber or deployment testing. During outdoor deployment testing, 6.72 percent of transmissions by serial number 1206109 contained errors, resulting in missing data. Transmission errors were also observed during temperature chamber testing with serial number 1208283, at an error rate of 3.22 percent. Overall, the 8310 has good logging capabilities, but the transmission errors are a concern for users who require reliable telemetered data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151210","usgsCitation":"Kunkle, G.A., 2016, Evaluation of the 8310 manufactured by Sutron—Results of bench, temperature, and field deployment testing: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1210, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151210.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064816","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1210/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":313954,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1210/ofr20151210.pdf","text":"Report","size":"410 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1210"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Stennis Space Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.66423034667969,\n 30.312431154103745\n ],\n [\n -89.66423034667969,\n 30.365173612441442\n ],\n [\n -89.58045959472656,\n 30.365173612441442\n ],\n [\n -89.58045959472656,\n 30.312431154103745\n ],\n [\n -89.66423034667969,\n 30.312431154103745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Chief, Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility
U.S. Geological Survey
Building 2101
Stennis Space Center, MS 39529
http://water.usgs.gov/hif/
Water use and water withdrawals and returns in 2010 are estimated for each major river basin, principal aquifer, water-planning region, and county in Georgia using data obtained from various Federal and State agencies and local sources. Offstream water use in 2010 is estimated for the categories of public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, irrigation, livestock, aquaculture, and thermoelectric power. Water-use trends for 1985 to 2010 are also shown.
\nThe period between 2007 and 2010 was a challenging time economically and climatologically in Georgia. During that period, the United States was in the midst of a major recession, resulting in decreases in the manufacturing and construction industries and large increases in unemployment. During 2007, 2008, and the latter half of 2010, precipitation in Georgia was substantially below the 30-year norm.
\nAccording to the 2010 Census of Population and Housing, nearly 9.7 million people lived in Georgia. The water for about 85 percent of that population was provided by public water suppliers. Estimated total water withdrawals from ground-water and surface-water sources were about 4,670 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) in 2010, about a 15-percent reduction from 2005 (5,471 Mgal/d). In 2010, thermoelectric-power facilities (2,046 Mgal/d) and public-supply uses (1,121 Mgal/d) accounted for 68 percent of all water withdrawn in Georgia. Surface-water withdrawals were greatest for thermoelectric-power generation (2,043 Mgal/d), whereas irrigation used the largest amount of groundwater (599 Mgal/d). Surface water provided 78 percent of the 1,121 Mgal/day withdrawn for public supply in 2010. Typically, counties in northern Georgia withdraw a larger percentage of water from surface water than groundwater sources; whereas, counties in the southern part of the State withdraw more water from groundwater sources.
\nHistorically, water withdrawals in Georgia were highest in 1980 (6,725 Mgal/d). By 1990, water use had decreased by 20 percent to 5,353 Mgal/d, but increased to 6,487 Mgal/d in 2000. By 2005, water use had decreased to an estimated 5,471 Mgal/d, and declined further to 4,670 Mgal/d in 2010—a 30-percent decrease since 1980. This decline was evident across all water-use categories, but was greatest for surface-water withdrawals by thermoelectric-power facilities. The estimated total water use per capita in 1985 (total withdrawals for all categories divided by total population) was about 850 gallons per day (gal/d), steadily decreasing to about 798 gal/d in 2000, and decreasing further to 460 gal/d in 2010. Although water use declined among all use categories during that 10-year period, most of the decline in per capita water use was caused by the large decrease in water used for thermoelectric-power generation.
\nThroughout 1985–2010 water withdrawn for thermoelectric-power generation has constituted the largest volume of offstream water use in Georgia. Total withdrawals for thermoelectric-power generation declined about 37 percent between 2000 and 2010, mostly due to the decommissioning of power plants in the State. Also during this period, several power plants were shut down and re-tooled to use natural gas-powered generators; thus, water withdrawals for cooling were substantially reduced.
\nThe decline in water withdrawals and use between 2005 and 2010 can probably be attributed to several factors working together during this period: (1) water conservation laws and policies along with advances in water-conservation technology; (2) the onset of a major recession in 2007; and (3) below average rainfall in 2007, 2008, and the latter half of 2010. Because of these factors, water withdrawn by public suppliers decreased by 4.8 percent (despite a nearly 11-percent increase in population served) and per capita use decreased by 19 percent between 2005 and 2010.
\nAbout 2,225 Mgal/d of water was returned to Georgia streams and lakes in 2010 under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program administered by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. This amount is about 48 percent of the total water withdrawn from all sources in 2010. Water returns declined 39 percent between 1995 and 2010, mirroring the decline in water withdrawals during that period. In addition, land applications of treated wastewater increased steadily between 1995 and 2010.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, S.J., 2016, Water use in Georgia by county for 2010 and water-use trends, 1985–2010 (ver. 1.1, January 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1230, 206 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151230.","productDescription":"viii, 206 p.","numberOfPages":"218","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-037442","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1230/ofr20151230.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1230"},{"id":312329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1230/coverthbn.jpg"},{"id":314402,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1230/verHist.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1230"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.594482421875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 32.222095840502334\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 31.83089906339438\n ],\n [\n -85.05615234375,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 31.21280145833882\n ],\n [\n -84.91333007812499,\n 30.72294882477251\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 30.5717205651999\n ],\n [\n -82.188720703125,\n 30.363396239603716\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -82.034912109375,\n 30.732392734006083\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 30.62845887475364\n ],\n [\n -81.10107421874999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 31.942839972853083\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 32.55607364492029\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 33.08233672856376\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -82.518310546875,\n 33.93424531117312\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 34.4793919710481\n ],\n [\n -83.045654296875,\n 34.470335121217495\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -83.08959960937499,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -85.594482421875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted December 16, 2015; Version 1.1: January 15, 2016","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
One of the goals of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment (SESQA) is to characterize contaminants at perennial-stream sites throughout the southern Piedmont and southern Appalachian Mountains. The evaluation of pesticide inputs from agricultural sources will aid in that characterization.
\nMethods used for calculating county-level pesticide use documented in this report are from methods developed and described by Thelin and Stone (2013) and Baker and Stone (2015). Two methods for calculating estimated pesticide use (EPest) rates—EPest-low and EPest-high—were applied in this study to estimate a probable range in the annual amounts of pesticide used for agriculture in 2014. To calculate watershed-level estimates, county-level use was proportionally allocated to agricultural land within each watershed. Concentrations of 262 pesticide compounds were estimated and compiled for subsequent analysis by the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Program, Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment.
\nThis report provides estimates of annual agricultural use of 262 pesticide compounds for counties and selected watersheds in parts of eight southeastern States for 2014. Estimates of county- and watershed-level annual agricultural pesticide use are provided as downloadable, tab-delimited files for both EPest-high and EPest-low.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151224","usgsCitation":"Baker, N.T., 2016, Estimated agricultural pesticide use for Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment, 2014 (ver 2.1, July, 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1224, 5 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151224.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 5 p.; 3 Tables","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2014-01-01","temporalEnd":"2014-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-067218","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311730,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224_table1.txt","text":"Estimated pesticide use (EPest)-high and EPest-low estimates, by county","size":"15.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224","linkHelpText":"(Table 1)"},{"id":311734,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224_table3.xlsx","text":"Southeast Stream-Quality Assessment watershed station information","size":"20.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224","linkHelpText":"(Table 3)"},{"id":311729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224.pdf","text":"Report","size":"687 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224"},{"id":312158,"rank":6,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/versionHist.txt","size":"793 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":311733,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/ofr20151224_table2.txt","text":"Estimated pesticide use (EPest)-high and EPest-low estimates, by watershed","size":"1.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1224","linkHelpText":"(Table 2)"},{"id":311728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1224/coverthb1.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 37.37888785004527\n ],\n [\n -80.09033203125,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -78.46435546875,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -77.420654296875,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -77.750244140625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -78.145751953125,\n 35.36217605914681\n ],\n [\n -79.661865234375,\n 34.768691457552706\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -84.88037109375,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -87.418212890625,\n 32.98102014898148\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 33.742612777346885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted December 1, 2015; Version 2.0: December 14, 2015; Version 2.1: July 19, 2016","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
http://in.water.usgs.gov/
Profiles of reservoir properties of oil-bearing plays for selected petroleum provinces in the United States were developed to characterize the database to be used for a potential assessment by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of oil that would be technically recoverable by the application of enhanced oil recovery methods using injection of carbon dioxide (CO2-EOR). The USGS assessment methodology may require reservoir-level data for the purposes of screening conventional oil reservoirs and projecting CO2-EOR performance in terms of the incremental recoverable oil. The information used in this report is based on reservoir properties from the “Significant Oil and Gas Fields of the United States Database” prepared by Nehring Associates, Inc. (2012). As described by Nehring Associates, Inc., the database “covers all producing provinces (basins) in the United States except the Appalachian Basin and the Cincinnati Arch.”
\nUnder contract to the USGS, INTEK, Inc., developed and applied algorithms to estimate variables useful in projecting EOR performance at the reservoir level and to complete some partial reservoir records of the “Significant Oil and Gas Fields of the United States Database” (Nehring Associates, Inc., 2012). The augmented database is referred to here as the “Comprehensive Resource Database” (CRD).
\nThe CRD play and province classification scheme corresponds to the definitions used in the 1995 USGS National Oil and Gas Assessment (NOGA). The profiles in this report consist of a resource table and a six-part figure showing the variation of reservoir parameters selected because of their importance in the choice of a miscible or immiscible method for CO2-EOR and in the assessment of potential oil recovery using the EOR processes. A subset of these reservoirs may be available for either miscible- or immiscible-type flooding for CO2-EOR. Plays with fewer than 10 oil reservoirs were not graphed and were omitted from the province profiles. For this report and for the purposes of screening reservoirs as candidates for the application of CO2-EOR methods, oil reservoirs must have no more than 10,000 standard cubic feet of natural gas per barrel of oil at surface conditions. Oil-bearing plays presented in this report must contain at least one oil reservoir so defined.
\nThe profile plots allow geologists to evaluate the range of empirical and default values of the oil reservoir characteristics within a play and across plays that belong to the same province in the CRD. For most plays, the default estimates can be identified by the stacking of points at a single value on strip charts in the profiles. Reasonable default values should be within the range of the reservoir parameter values assigned by Nehring Associates, Inc. (2012), to reservoirs of that particular play.
\nEach province profile figure consists of five strip charts and a boxplot. The five strip charts display for individual plays the following reservoir-fluid and reservoir properties: A, oil density (American Petroleum Institute [API] gravity in degrees); B, computed pseudo-Dykstra-Parsons coefficient; C, reservoir porosity (in percent); D, reservoir permeability (in millidarcies); and E, estimates of the original oil in place (OOIP) per unit volume of reservoir rock (in barrels per acre-foot). The OOIP per unit volume of reservoir rock is an indicator of the relative richness of the oil reservoir and is derived from estimates in the CRD of OOIP, reservoir acreage, and net pay. The net pay is the interval of productive reservoir rock. The same data for OOIP per unit volume are graphed as a strip chart (E) and a boxplot (F).
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted November 5, 2015: Version 1.1: February 2016","contact":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
MS 956 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://energy.usgs.gov/GeneralInfo/
ScienceCenters/Eastern.aspx
Mercury (Hg) analyses were obtained for 42 samples of feed coal provided by Eskom, the national electric utility of South Africa, representing all 13 coal-fired power stations operated by Eskom in South Africa. This sampling includes results for three older power stations returned to service starting in the late 2000s. These stations were not sampled in the most recent previous study. Mercury concentrations determined in the present study are similar to or slightly lower than those previously reported, and input Hg for the three stations returned to service is comparable to that for the other 10 power stations. Determination of halogen contents of the 42 feed coals confirms that chlorine contents are generally low, and as such, the extent of Hg self-capture by particulate control devices (PCDs) is rather limited. Eight density separates of a South African Highveld (#4) coal were also provided by Eskom, and these show a strong mineralogical association of Hg (and arsenic) with pyrite. The density separates were used to predict Hg and ash contents of coal products used in South Africa or exported. A suite of 48 paired samples of pulverization-mill feed coal and fly ash collected in a previous (2010) United Nations Environment Programme-sponsored study of emissions from the Duvha and Kendal power stations was obtained for further investigation in the present study. These samples show that in each station, Hg capture varies by boiler unit and confirms that units equipped with fabric filters for air pollution control are much more effective in capturing Hg than those equipped with electrostatic precipitators. Apart from tracking the performance of PCDs individually, changes resulting in improved mercury capture of the Eskom fleet are discussed. These include Hg reduction through coal selection and washing, as well as through optimization of equipment and operational parameters. Operational changes leading to increased mercury capture include increasing mercury adsorption on unburned carbon and minimizing the concentration of sulfuric acid vapor in the flue gas. Equipment options for improving Hg capture include addition of fabric filters, use of halogenated sorbents, and addition of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers, listed in order of increasing cost. The capital cost of adding FGD scrubbers to existing plants is probably too high to be justified on the grounds of Hg removal alone. However, if future regulations require reductions in sulfur dioxide emissions, and FGDs are installed to meet these standards, further reduction in Hg emissions will be a co-benefit of this installation.
In this revised version, corrected results for the suite of 42 samples of feed coal and 8 density separates determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) replace results originally reported in the 2014 version of this report. In many cases, especially for the transition metals, values reported here are lower than those originally reported, and in some cases, the corrected results are less than 50 percent of their original values. Note that results for mercury (Hg) and halogens contained in the original report are unaffected by revisions to ICP-MS data included here. This revised version also includes the following updates: (1) data for selenium, which were not available for inclusion in the original publication, are now provided; (2) results for ICP-MS trace element data are expressed here on a whole-coal dry basis to facilitate comparison with published results for coals elsewhere; and (3) the text has been updated to take into account the U.S. Supreme Court decision of June 29, 2015, which puts on hold implementation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mercury and Air Toxics Standards in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141153","usgsCitation":"Kolker, Allan, Senior, C.L., and van Alphen, Chris, 2014, Collaborative studies for mercury characterization in coal and coal combustion products, Republic of South Africa (ver. 2.0, May 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014–1153, 47 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141153.","productDescription":"ix, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055869","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296735,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/pdf/ofr20141153.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2014-1153"},{"id":296736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/images/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":296734,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/index.html","description":"OFR 2014-1153"},{"id":321863,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1153/versionHist.txt","size":"1.60 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2014-1153"}],"country":"South Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 16.32568359375,\n -34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n 16.32568359375,\n -22.12635475991967\n ],\n [\n 33.02490234375,\n -22.12635475991967\n ],\n [\n 33.02490234375,\n -34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n 16.32568359375,\n -34.92197103616377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted December 15, 2014; Version 2.0 May 31, 2016","contact":"Director, Eastern Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
956 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://energy.usgs.gov/
A bathymetric terrain model of the Atlantic margin covering almost 725,000 square kilometers of seafloor from the New England Seamounts in the north to the Blake Basin in the south is compiled from existing multibeam bathymetric data for marine geological investigations. Although other terrain models of the same area are extant, they are produced from either satellite-derived bathymetry at coarse resolution (ETOPO1), or use older bathymetric data collected by using a combination of single beam and multibeam sonars (Coastal Relief Model). The new multibeam data used to produce this terrain model have been edited by using hydrographic data processing software to maximize the quality, usability, and cartographic presentation of the combined 100-meter resolution grid. The final grid provides the largest high-resolution, seamless terrain model of the Atlantic margin..
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121266","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Andrews, B., Chaytor, J., ten Brink, U., Brothers, D., Gardner, J.V., Lobecker, E.A., and Calder, B.R., 2016, Bathymetric terrain model of the Atlantic margin for marine geological investigations (Originally posted December 3, 2013; Version 2.0: May 25, 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1266, Report: vi, 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34 x 44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121266.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34 x 44 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042694","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321436,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/ofr20121266_plate1.pdf","size":"224 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"},{"id":280161,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/title_page.html","text":"Title Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"},{"id":280162,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121266.GIF"},{"id":280159,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/"},{"id":280160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/pdf/ofr20121266_v2.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"},{"id":321437,"rank":6,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/versionHist.txt","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2012-1266"}],"projection":"Mercator Projection","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-73.990880318804216, 33.01264651249938], [-76.177520201754476, 33.091051926629071], [-75.698376004295199, 34.511061093644571], [-74.875119155933476, 35.45555931929227], [-74.779290316441632, 37.146980850626349], [-74.522294792349953, 37.547719633955907], [-73.847137059566478, 38.309994493550107], [-73.193758608485723, 38.681660632687567], [-71.600531692308323, 40.026021055247213], [-69.508342808469592, 39.982462491841702], [-69.199077008291354, 40.056512049630946], [-69.107604025140176, 40.296084148360578], [-68.645883253042939, 40.161052601803874], [-68.144959773881169, 40.49209768368479], [-67.535139886205798, 40.422403982236055], [-66.942743423892523, 40.614061661219928], [-65.912845523979058, 41.517915052123776], [-65.276890498260514, 41.160734832199637], [-65.795237402784551, 40.616252789632284], [-65.69505270695214, 40.516068093799888], [-63.020011669307671, 40.487826667598029], [-62.954087379549208, 40.38069969674067], [-64.339510213776634, 39.77339458773816], [-64.213190379900993, 39.564313483392247], [-66.837158239441294, 38.363839475939926], [-67.22047359740867, 37.950033123588796], [-67.758421855465201, 37.826326803517404], [-67.706151579378741, 37.530128572360809], [-70.217302759699066, 37.434299732869007], [-72.491909742100063, 35.603103845332321], [-72.936207088835033, 34.334403118951634], [-73.053815210029597, 34.360538256994865], [-73.990880318804216, 33.01264651249938]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-76.177520201754476, 33.01264651249938, -62.954087379549208, 41.517915052123776], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091982\"}","edition":"Originally posted December 3, 2013; Version 2.0: May 25, 2016","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
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Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
The Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Saudi Arabia cover about 90,000 km2, one of the largest areas of alkali olivine basalt in the world. These volcanic rocks are in 13 separate fields near the eastern coast of the Red Sea and in the western Arabian Peninsula highlands from Syria southward to the Yemen Arab Republic.
\nThe initial phase of rifting of the Arabian Plate from the African Plate began as a wide zone of continental-crust extension manifested by basin and range topography. Freshwater lakes, northwest-trending marine gulfs, and alkali olivine basalt flows occupied these basins. Extensive dike swarms intruded parallel to the proto-Red Sea and marked the first phase of new mafic crust formed by volcanic processes. After a hiatus in volcanic activity, counterclockwise rotation of the Arabian Plate during middle Miocene time changed the stress pattern in the plate and a second phase of extrusion of alkali olivine basalt commenced along north-trending fractures. This stress pattern continues to influence Holocene volcanism.
\nThe earliest (pre-uplift) basalts to erupt on the Arabian Plate were predominantly undersaturated picrite and ankaramite, whereas those to erupt near the axis of the proto-Red Sea rift zone were tholeiite. The within-plate volcanic rocks evolved from picrite-ankaramite to alkali olivine basalt with minor volumes of fractionated, undersaturated felsic rocks. Continued crustal thinning and dike intrusion along the proto-Red Sea were accompanied by melting of the continental crust to produce silicic magma as part of a bimodal volcanic suite (tholeiite-rhyolite). These magmas were emplaced as dikes, sills, layered bodies, and flows that mark the early construction of the Red Sea crust. Second-phase lavas are predominantly fractionated hawaiites and alkali olivine basalts. Because undersaturated and oversaturated silicic magmas represent the second phase of activity, both fractional crystallization of the basaltic magma and melting of the crust are believed to have occurred.
\nThe historical record of volcanic activity in Saudi Arabia suggests that volcanism is dormant. The harrats should be evaluated for their potential as volcanic hazards and as sources of geothermal energy. The volcanic rocks are natural traps for groundwater; thus water resources for agriculture may be significant and should be investigated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr83788","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., Gregory, R.T., and Brown, G.F., 2016, Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-788, iii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83788.","productDescription":"iii, 86 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":35955,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35956,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":324557,"rank":4,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0788/ofr83788_erratum-june282016.txt","text":"Erratum","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"tableOfContents":"This study, covering the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Central Yukon Planning Area (CYPA), Alaska, was prepared to aid BLM mineral resource management planning. Estimated mineral resource potential and certainty are mapped for six selected mineral deposit groups: (1) rare earth element (REE) deposits associated with peralkaline to carbonatitic intrusive igneous rocks, (2) placer and paleoplacer gold, (3) platinum group element (PGE) deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic intrusive igneous rocks, (4) carbonate-hosted copper deposits, (5) sandstone uranium deposits, and (6) tin-tungsten-molybdenum-fluorspar deposits associated with specialized granites. These six deposit groups include most of the strategic and critical elements of greatest interest in current exploration.
\nThis study has used a data-driven, geographic information system (GIS)-based method for evaluating the mineral resource potential across the large region of the CYPA. This method systematically and simultaneously analyzes geoscience data from multiple geospatially referenced datasets and uses individual subwatersheds (12-digit hydrologic unit codes or HUCs) as the spatial unit of classification. The final map output indicates an estimated potential (high, medium, low) for a given mineral deposit group and indicates the certainty (high, medium, low) of that estimate for any given subwatershed (HUC). Accompanying tables describe the data layers used in each analysis, the values assigned for specific analysis parameters, and the relative weighting of each data layer that contributes to the estimated potential and certainty determinations. Core datasets used include the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Alaska Geochemical Database (AGDB2), the Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys Web-based geochemical database, data from an anticipated USGS geologic map of Alaska, and the USGS Alaska Resource Data File. Map plates accompanying this report illustrate the mineral prospectivity for the six deposit groups across the CYPA and estimates of mineral resource potential. There are numerous areas, some of them large, rated with high potential for one or more of the selected deposit groups within the CYPA.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.V., III, Karl, S.M., Labay, K.A., Shew, N.B., Granitto, M., Hayes, T.S., Mauk, J.L., Schmidt, J.M., Todd, E., Wang, B., Werdon, M.B., and Yager, D.B., 2015, GIS-based identification of areas with mineral resource potential for six selected deposit groups, Bureau of Land Management Central Yukon Planning Area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1021, 78 p., 5 appendixes, 12 pls., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151021.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 78 p.; 12 Plates: 11 inches x 16.3 inches; Metadata; 5 Appendices","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056688","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxD.xlsx","text":"Appendix D","size":"17.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Lithology keyword search terms for an anticipated U.S. Geological Survey geologic map of Alaska."},{"id":371213,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxE.zip","text":"Appendix E","size":"411 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - Scoring results for HUC analysis of selected deposit groups (folder containing Excel spreadsheet and geospatial data files)"},{"id":371214,"rank":9,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021.zip","text":"Complete data package","size":"451 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - A single ZIP file that contains the report, appendixes, metadata and plates."},{"id":371215,"rank":10,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_meta.txt","size":"83.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":371211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxC.xlsx","text":"Appendix C","size":"38.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF) mineral deposit keyword and scoring templates."},{"id":371191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":371192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1021"},{"id":371210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxB.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"138 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":" - Igneous rock geochemistry peer-reviewed literature sources."},{"id":371208,"rank":11,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_metadatafaq.pdf","text":"Metadata FAQ","size":"243 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":371209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxE.zip","text":"Appendix A","size":"28.4 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Stream-sediment geochemistry summary statistics and percentile cutoffs."},{"id":371207,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_plates.pdf","text":"Plates 1-12","size":"39.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":" - A single PDF file that contains the 12 plates not included in the report."}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Central Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 71.1877539181316\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 71.1877539181316\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 62.431074232920906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Alaska Science Center staff
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4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Alaska Science Center
The Wyoming Basin Rapid Ecoregional Assessment was conducted in partnership with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The overall goals of the BLM Rapid Ecoregional Assessments (REAs) are to identify important ecosystems and wildlife habitats at broad spatial scales; identify where these resources are at risk from Change Agents, including development, wildfire, invasive species, disease and climate change; quantify cumulative effects of anthropogenic stressors; and assess current levels of risk to ecological resources across a range of spatial scales and jurisdictional boundaries by assessing all lands within an ecoregion. There are several components of the REAs. Management Questions, developed by the BLM and stakeholders for the ecoregion, identify the regionally significant information needed for addressing land-management responsibilities. Conservation Elements represent regionally significant species and ecological communities that are of management concern. Change Agents that currently affect or are likely to affect the condition of species and communities in the future are identified and assessed. REAs also identify areas that have high conservation potential that are referred to as “large intact areas.” At the ecoregion level, the ecological value of large intact areas is based on the assumption that because these areas have not been greatly altered by human activities (such as development), they are more likely to contain a variety of plant and animal communities and to be resilient and resistant to changes resulting from natural disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, and disease.
\nThe Wyoming Basin Ecoregion encompasses approximately 133,656 square kilometers (51,604.87 square miles), including portions of Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The Wyoming Basin has some of the highest quality wildlife habitats remaining in the Intermountain West. The wide variety of habitats includes intermountain basins dominated by sagebrush shrublands interspersed with deciduous and conifer woodlands and montane or subalpine forests at higher elevations. The Wyoming Basin also supports ranching and agricultural operations that are important to the region’s economy and vital to conserving habitats for wildlife. The region also contains abundant energy resources, including large natural gas reserves and areas of high wind-energy potential. Combined with increased residential and industrial development, fast-paced energy development is resulting in notable land-use changes, including habitat loss and fragmentation.
\nIn the Wyoming Basin REA, we evaluated the following seven communities as Conservation Elements: streams and rivers, wetlands, riparian forests and shrublands, sagebrush steppe, desert shrublands, foothill shrublands and woodlands, and mountain forests and alpine zones. We evaluated a total of 14 species and species assemblages as Conservation Elements: aspen forests and woodlands, five-needle pine forests and woodlands, juniper woodlands, cutthroat trout, three-species fish assemblage, northern leatherside chub, sauger, spadefoot assemblage, greater sage-grouse, golden eagle, ferruginous hawk, sagebrush-obligate birds, pygmy rabbit, and mule deer.
\nWe evaluated Management Questions (Core and Integrated) for each species and community for the Wyoming Basin REA. Core Management Questions address primary management issues, including (1) where is the Conservation Element, and what are its key ecological attributes (characteristics of species and communities that may affect their long-term persistence or viability); (2) what and where are the Change Agents; and (3) how do the Change Agents affect the key ecological attributes? Integrated Management Questions synthesize the Core Management Questions as follows: (1) where are the areas with high landscape-level ecological values; (2) where are the areas with high landscape-level risks; and (3) where are the potential areas for conservation, restoration, and development? The associated maps and key findings for each Management Question are summarized for each Conservation Element in individual chapters. Additional chapters on landscape intactness and an REA synthesis are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Carr, N.B., and Melcher, C.P., eds., 2017, Wyoming Basin Rapid Ecoregional Assessment: (ver. 1.1, April 2017) U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1155, 896 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151155. ","productDescription":"xx, 896 p.","numberOfPages":"916","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056609","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307273,"rank":5,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1155/pdf/section3/","text":"Section III. Assessments of Communities","linkHelpText":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. C
Fort Collins, CO 80526–8118
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/
The Missouri River Pallid Sturgeon Effects Analysis (EA) was commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop a foundation of understanding of how pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) population dynamics are linked to management actions in the Missouri River. The EA consists of several steps: (1) development of comprehensive, conceptual ecological models illustrating pallid sturgeon population dynamics and links to management actions and other drivers; (2) compilation and assessment of available scientific literature, databases, and models; (3) development of predictive, quantitative models to explore the system dynamics and population responses to management actions; and (4) analysis and assessment of effects of system operations and actions on species’ habitats and populations. This report addresses the second objective, compilation and assessment of relevant information.
\nScientific information on pallid sturgeon and its environment has grown substantially during the last decade. Presently available (2015) information indicates that stocked sturgeon are surviving and growing, and that wild and hatchery sturgeon are spawning in the wild. However, natural recruitment to age-1 and older has not been detected since systematic sampling began in 2005. Population models indicate the sensitivity of population growth to certain demographic variables, in particular early-life stage survival and perhaps adult fecundity. This report documents the existing population models for the pallid sturgeon, and the substantial quantities of information developed through the Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program (PSPAP), the Habitat Assessment and Monitoring Program (HAMP), the Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project (CSRP), range-wide genetics databases, and related research studies. The reference database compiled for the EA consists of over 190 peer-reviewed documents specifically related to pallid sturgeon and over 12,000 references on the Missouri River system and related species.
\nNotwithstanding the large quantity of information available, the EA faces challenges in synthesizing the information into useful, quantitative models. In particular, critical demographic parameters for population models remain uncertain and the functional relationships between the two main categories of physical management action—changes in flow regime and reengineering channel form—and pallid sturgeon survival responses are obscure. In addition, there is an overarching uncertainty about how physical management actions interact with propagation management actions in view of evolving understanding of genetic structuring of the pallid sturgeon population. Synthesis efforts are also challenged by the fragmentation of information sources among projects and agencies; one objective of this report is to facilitate future assessments by providing documentation of what information is available and where.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151226","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery Program","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Parsley, M.J., Annis, M.L., Colvin, M.E., Welker, T.L., and James, D.A.,\n2015, Science information to support Missouri River Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon)\neffects analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1226, 78 p.,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151226.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059606","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1226/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314738,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1226/ofr20151226.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1226"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -100.26123046875,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -112.8076171875,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -112.60986328125,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -106.74316406249999,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"
Director, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 65201
The U.S. Government created the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge (Kofa NWR) in 1939 in response to a citizen campaign to improve desert bighorn sheep populations in Arizona. The Kofa NWR is mountainous and remote, and its management by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) keeps anthropogenic disturbance levels low. As such, Partners In Flight (PIF) listed the Kofa NWR as one of its Sonoran Desert portfolio sites in its Desert Bird Conservation Plan (McCreedy and others, 2009). Research presented here demonstrates that bird communities within a well-managed and remote Sonoran Desert portfolio site can nonetheless be negatively affected by human-caused stressors like fire and Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism, which originate from beyond the Kofa NWR’s boundaries.
\nIn chapter 1, we examine how avian productivity can be influenced by timing of nest initiation. We demonstrate that (1) late nesting dates are correlated with low winter precipitation levels, a condition expected to occur in greater frequency in coming decades due to climate change (Seager and others, 2007) and that (2) late nesting dates result in decreased productivity, due to higher rates of nest depredation and, in the case of an open-cup nesting species, higher rates of brood parasitism experienced later in the breeding season. The brood parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird, appears to forage and roost on agricultural lands north of the Kofa NWR’s boundary. From that location, they commute to the refuge to parasitize other passerine bird nests. Drought and subsequent loss in primary production have been correlated with decreased productivity for birds that breed in arid habitats (Preston and Rotenberry, 2006; Chase and others, 2005; Johnson and others, 2002; Morrison and Bolger, 2002; Brown and Li, 1996; Anderson and Anderson, 1973), yet drought’s standing as a threat to bird populations has been underestimated in recent regional conservation planning efforts (McCreedy and others, 2009; Latta and others, 1999).
\nIn chapter 2, we examine the effects of the King Valley fire on breeding and migrant birds within the Kofa NWR. This fire was caused by incendiary weapons testing within Yuma Proving Ground, south of the Kofa NWRboundary (Esque and others, 2013). We found large differences in spring migrant and breeding species abundance and richness between bird count stations within the 2005 King Valley fire zone and bird count stations immediately outside the fire perimeter. Habitat loss to fire, and the subsequent slow regeneration of a Sonoran Desert flora that is not well adapted to fire disturbance, is a recognized threat to bird populations (McCreedy and others, 2009; Latta, 1999), and of all Sonoran Desert wildlife, birds may be the most impacted by loss of perennial Sonoran Desert vegetation to fire (Esque and Schwalbe, 2002). We conclude that decreases in both breeding and migrant use of washes within burned areas will likely persist into the long term (>25 years) due to slow return rates of xeroriparian woodlands lost in the fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151240","usgsCitation":"McCreedy, C., van Riper, C., III, Esque, T.C., and Darrah, A.J., 2015, Effects of drought and fire on bird communities of the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1240, 34 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151240.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057555","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313109,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1240/ofr20151240.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1240 Report PDF"},{"id":313108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1240/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Kofa National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.27154541015625,\n 32.923402043498875\n ],\n [\n -114.27154541015625,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -113.72772216796875,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -113.72772216796875,\n 32.923402043498875\n ],\n [\n -114.27154541015625,\n 32.923402043498875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"SBSC staff, Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/
Charles van Riper III
ST Research Ecologist - Emeritus
USGS/Southwest Biological Science Center
520 North Park Avenue
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85719
ph (520) 670-6671 ext 267
Two hand-dug trenches at the Schist Creek site on the Denali fault system in central Alaska exposed evidence of four surface-rupturing earthquakes on the basis of upward terminations of fault strands and at least one buried, scarp-derived colluvial wedge. Limited radiocarbon ages provide some constraints on times of the ruptures. The youngest rupture (PE1) likely occurred about 200–400 years ago, the penultimate rupture (PE2) is younger than 1,200 years old, the third event back (PE3) occurred between 1,200 and 2,700 years ago, and the oldest rupture (PE4) occurred more than 2,700 and less than 17,000 years ago. Evidence for a possible additional rupture (PE4?) is equivocal and probably is related to earthquake PE4. On the basis of a nearby measured slip rate of 9.4 ± 1.6 millimeters per year and the long interevent times between our documented ruptures, we believe that our paleoseismic record at this site is incomplete. We suspect one undocumented earthquake between PE1 and PE2 and one or perhaps two more earthquakes between PE2 and PE3. We found stratigraphic evidence in the trenches for only four or possibly five (PE4?) earthquakes, but the addition of two or three inferred earthquakes yields a record of eight possible surface ruptures at the Schist Creek site. Our interpretation of the paleoseismic history at the site is consistent with recurrence intervals of several hundred years on this section of the Denali fault system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151225","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and the University of Alaska–Fairbanks","usgsCitation":"Personius, S.F., Crone, A.J., Burns, P.A.C, and Rozell, Ned, 2015, Paleoseismology of the Denali fault system at the Schist Creek site, central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1225, 15 p., 1 oversize plate, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151225.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069007","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1225/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":313023,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1225/ofr20151225.pdf","text":"Report","size":"33.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1225"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Schist Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.568115234375,\n 63.35705629693301\n ],\n [\n -148.568115234375,\n 63.563229678512144\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 63.563229678512144\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 63.35705629693301\n ],\n [\n -148.568115234375,\n 63.35705629693301\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/
In 2001, tags applied to the federally endangered species cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) to study their population dynamics were discovered strewn throughout the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) nesting colony on Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Cui-ui are endemic to Pyramid Lake, and Anaho Island harbors one of North America’s largest nesting colonies of American White Pelican. Cui-ui are consumed by pelicans during the fish’s spring migration into the Truckee River to reproduce. The predatory success of pelican has been validated by determining the odds of finding a tag from a predated cui-ui within the Anaho Island nesting colony. It is unknown how many cui-ui tags are eliminated by birds before arrival to the colony versus how many are brought to the colony but never recovered. The focus of this study was to improve the estimate of the chances of collecting a tag from a predated adult cui-ui in the pelican nesting colony by feeding dead tagged Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to pelican and subsequently searching for these tags within the colony. We also randomly deployed 1,000 dispersal tags throughout the nesting colony, searching for these after one and two breeding seasons. After adding 1,027 fed fish to 547 previously fed fish, we estimated 5.3 percent of the tagged cui-ui taken by pelican were recovered during tag searches. A study of dispersal tags randomly deployed within the pelican nesting colony showed that 51.5 percent would be expected to be recovered after at least one breeding season after being deployed. Results of our studies indicate that more than 90 percent of tags from adult cui-ui are eliminated by birds outside the pelican nesting colony. Tags recovered from other species and the site at which they were tagged are also reported. Most notable were recovered Lahontan cutthroat trout tags, which were the highest in number, but their proximity to double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) nests suggests this species to be the primary predator. Tags from other species of fish came from as far as the Columbia River, Washington (about 600 kilometers). This study provides an important baseline for future tag recovery from the pelican nesting colony on Anaho Island and opens new questions to American White Pelican movement patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Scoppettone, G.G., Fabes, M.C., Rissler, P.H., and Withers, Donna, 2016, Fish tag recovery from Anaho Island nesting colony, Pyramid Lake, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1242, 28 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151242.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 28 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-068748","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313939,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1242/ofr20151242_appendixa.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"15 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1242 Appendix A"},{"id":313938,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1242/ofr20151242.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1242 PDF"},{"id":313937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1242/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.52301025390624,\n 39.94475254043076\n ],\n [\n -119.52301025390624,\n 39.964095972290416\n ],\n [\n -119.49743270874022,\n 39.964095972290416\n ],\n [\n -119.49743270874022,\n 39.94475254043076\n ],\n [\n -119.52301025390624,\n 39.94475254043076\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
This report documents the development of statistical tools used to quantify the hazard presented by the response of sea-level elevation to natural or anthropogenic changes in climate and ocean circulation. A hazard is a physical process (or processes) that, when combined with vulnerability (or susceptibility to the hazard), results in risk. This study presents the development and comparison of new and existing sea-level analysis methods, exploration of the strengths and weaknesses of the methods using synthetic time series, and when appropriate, synthesis of the application of the method to observed sea-level time series. These reports are intended to enhance material presented in peer-reviewed journal articles where it is not always possible to provide the level of detail that might be necessary to fully support or recreate published results.
\nThe purpose of this report is to document and compare three simple methodologies that have previously been used to provide estimates with associated errors of the acceleration of sea-level elevation. These techniques have been used by coastal scientists and planners in assessing coastal risk over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Because relative sea-level (SL) elevation time series contain energetic fluctuations at many time scales, extracting what can be relatively small rate and acceleration signals (along with estimates of the error) from much larger “noise” has proven to be both difficult and controversial. Acceleration is a preferred measure of SL response to recent changes in the Earth’s climate because over time scales of 100 years or less slow vertical land motions (such as glacial isostatic adjustment) contribute only to the linear signal and not to acceleration, thus reducing the complexity of the analysis. Hence acceleration is useful if the goal of a study is to characterize and quantify the hazard associated with the changing relative elevation of water with respect to land on decadal time scales. Although in some cases it may be necessary to determine the cause of relative sea level rise, as a first step, it is important to accurately estimate the magnitude of the threat.
\nMost researchers agree that global sea level (GSL) rose persistently through much of the 20th century at about 1.5–2.0 millimeters per year (mm/yr). There is far less agreement about whether the rate of sea-level rise (SLR) is increasing (that is, an acceleration in SL).
\nRecent studies, and most of their predecessors, use tide gage data to quantify SL acceleration, ASL(t). In the current study, three techniques were used to calculate acceleration from tide gage data, and of those examined, it was determined that the two techniques based on sliding a regression window through the time series are more robust compared to the technique that fits a single quadratic form to the entire time series, particularly if there is temporal variation in the magnitude of the acceleration. The single-fit quadratic regression method has been the most commonly used technique in determining acceleration in tide gage data. The inability of the single-fit method to account for time-varying acceleration may explain some of the inconsistent findings between investigators. Properly quantifying ASL(t) from field measurements is of particular importance in evaluating numerical models of past, present, and future SLR resulting from anticipated climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151187","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Doran, K.S., Howd, P.A., and Sallenger, A.H., Jr., 2015, Detecting sea-level hazards—Simple regression-based methods for calculating the acceleration of sea level: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1187, 28 p.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039300","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313205,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1187/cover.jpg"},{"id":313038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1187/ofr20151187.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1187"}],"contact":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
Statistical summaries of streamflow data collected at 184 streamgages in Iowa are presented in this report. All streamgages included for analysis have at least 10 years of continuous record collected before or through September 2013. This report is an update to two previously published reports that presented statistical summaries of selected Iowa streamflow data through September 1988 and September 1996. The statistical summaries include (1) monthly and annual flow durations, (2) annual exceedance probabilities of instantaneous peak discharges (flood frequencies), (3) annual exceedance probabilities of high discharges, and (4) annual nonexceedance probabilities of low discharges and seasonal low discharges. Also presented for each streamgage are graphs of the annual mean discharges, mean annual mean discharges, 50-percent annual flow-duration discharges (median flows), harmonic mean flows, mean daily mean discharges, and flow-duration curves. Two sets of statistical summaries are presented for each streamgage, which include (1) long-term statistics for the entire period of streamflow record and (2) recent-term statistics for or during the 30-year period of record from 1984 to 2013. The recent-term statistics are only calculated for streamgages with streamflow records pre-dating the 1984 water year and with at least 10 years of record during 1984–2013. The streamflow statistics in this report are not adjusted for the effects of water use; although some of this water is used consumptively, most of it is returned to the streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Transportation, the Iowa Highway Research Board (Iowa DOT Research Project TR-669), and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., O’Shea, P.S., Weber, J.R., Nguyen, K.T., Montgomery, N.L., and Simonson, A.J., 2015, Statistical summaries of selected Iowa streamflow data through September 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1214, 18 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151214.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 18 p.; Table; Companion File","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1984-01-01","ipdsId":"IP-064768","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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In Mauritania, mineral occurrences of the polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposit type are found near the Florence-El Khdar shear zone in northeast Mauritania. The deposits visited were deemed representative of other similar occurrences and consist of quartz veins with trace sulfides. The low sulfide and Pb-Zn-Cu content in the quartz veins is unlike producing polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits, such that the veins are not considered to belong to this deposit type. Mineral potential tracts for polymetallic Pb-ZnCu veins are highly speculative considering the lack of known mineralization belonging to this deposit type. Mineral potential tracts for polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu veins are associated with and surround major shear zones in the Rgueïbat Shield and zones of complex faulting in the southern Mauritanides, at the exclusion of the imbricated thrust faults that are not considered favorable for this deposit type. No skarn and replacement deposits have been documented in Mauritania and the low mineral potential is indicated by lack of causative Mesozoic and Cenozoic mafic to felsic stocks.
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2015 - Geochemistry areas and sample sites, and multielement and single element geochemistry maps of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 58)","indexId":"ofr20131280D1","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"D1","title":"Geochemistry areas and sample sites, and multielement and single element geochemistry maps of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 58)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":31},{"subject":{"id":70159530,"text":"ofr20131280P1 - 2012 - Permissive tracts for shoreline placer titanium deposits in Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 84): Chapter P1 in Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)","indexId":"ofr20131280P1","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"P1","title":"Permissive tracts for shoreline placer titanium deposits in Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 84): Chapter P1 in Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 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2015 - Iron oxide copper-gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 79)","indexId":"ofr20131280M","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Iron oxide copper-gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 79)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":35},{"subject":{"id":70168372,"text":"ofr20131280N - 2015 - Uranium in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 81)","indexId":"ofr20131280N","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"N","title":"Uranium in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 81)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 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In 1999, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania implemented a program for the acquisition of the recommended basic geoscientific information, termed the first Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (Project for Institutional Capacity Building in the Mining Sector, PRISM-I). As a result of the PRISM-I efforts, a great deal of new geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, and hydrological data became available for evaluation and synthesis. However, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines recognized that additional work was required to extract the full benefit of the data before it could be of greatest use to the international community and of benefit to the Mauritanian minerals and development sector.
\nTo achieve this benefit, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines implemented a second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (PRISM-II) in 2006 to consolidate, synthesize, and interpret all of the existing data, create a new 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map, and define the mineral resource potential of the country. A consortium in which the USGS was the lead scientific agency carried out the majority of the PRISM-II work. In 2008, the USGS Mauritania Minerals Project was interrupted due to political changes in Mauritania. PRISM-II work resumed in 2011, and was completed in 2013 with the delivery of over 40 separate written reports and plates, an access file containing the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database, and an interactive GIS containing all of the multi-disciplinary data and interpretive areas of mineral resource potential in Mauritania.
\nThis report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. Additional chapters include the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database are accompanied by an explanatory text and the Mauritania Minerals Project GIS that contains all of the interpretive layers created by USGS scientists. Raw data not in the public domain may be obtained from the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
","language":"English, French","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131280","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.D., ed., 2015, Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) phase V: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013‒1280, 20 chaps., pages variable, pls. variable, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131280. [In English and French.]","productDescription":"Report: 20 Chapters; Readme; GIS and Maps; Publication Index","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-071408","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312690,"rank":35,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1280/GIS_and_Maps/Chapter_Q1_deliverable_86-Incompatible_element_deposits_hosted_in_pegmatities_alkaline rocks_and_carbonatities","text":"Chapter Q1--Permissive Tracts for Incompatible Element Deposits Hosted in Pegmatities, Alkaline Rocks, and Carbonatities in Mauritania","size":"2.39 MB","description":"OFR 2013-1280 Chapter Q1","linkHelpText":"Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-973
Denver, CO 80225
http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/
A new Web-based application, titled “Application of Flood Regressions and Climate Change Scenarios To Explore Estimates of Future Peak Flows”, has been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State Department of Transportation, that allows a user to apply a set of regression equations to estimate the magnitude of future floods for any stream or river in New York State (exclusive of Long Island) and the Lake Champlain Basin in Vermont. The regression equations that are the basis of the current application were developed in previous investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and are described at the USGS StreamStats Web sites for New York (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/new_york.html) and Vermont (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/Vermont.html). These regression equations include several fixed landscape metrics that quantify aspects of watershed geomorphology, basin size, and land cover as well as a climate variable—either annual precipitation or annual runoff.
\nThe application uses predictions of future annual precipitation from five climate models and two future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios and provides results that are averaged over three future periods—2025 to 2049, 2050 to 2074, and 2075 to 2099. Results are presented in ensemble form as the mean, median, maximum, and minimum values among the five climate models for each greenhouse gas emissions scenario and period. These predictions of future annual precipitation are substituted into either the precipitation variable or a water balance equation for runoff to calculate potential future peak flows. This application is intended to be used only as an exploratory tool because (1) the regression equations on which the application is based have not been adequately tested outside the range of the current climate and (2) forecasting future precipitation with climate models and downscaling these results to a fine spatial resolution have a high degree of uncertainty. This report includes a discussion of the assumptions, uncertainties, and appropriate use of this exploratory application.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151235","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., Smith, M.J., and Freehafer, D.A., 2015, Development of flood regressions and climate change scenarios to explore estimates of future peak flows: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1235, 11 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151235.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-063239","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313159,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1235/ofr20151235.pdf","text":"Report","size":"643 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1235"},{"id":313160,"rank":3,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7WS8R9S","text":"Application of Flood Regressions and Climate Change Scenarios to Explore Estimates of Future Peak Flows"},{"id":313161,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1235/index.html"},{"id":313157,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1235/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180-8349
Email: dc_ny@usgs.gov
Information requests:
(518) 285-5602 or visit our Web site at:
http://ny.water.usgs.gov
Water, bed sediment, and biota were sampled in streams from Butte to near Missoula, Montana, as part of a monitoring program in the upper Clark Fork Basin of western Montana. The sampling program was led by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to characterize aquatic resources in the Clark Fork Basin, with emphasis on trace elements associated with historic mining and smelting activities. Sampling sites were located on the Clark Fork and selected tributaries. Water samples were collected periodically at 20 sites from October 2013 through September 2014. Bed-sediment and biota samples were collected once at 14 sites during August 2014.
\nThis report presents the analytical results and qualityassurance data for water-quality, bed-sediment, and biota samples collected at sites from October 2013 through September 2014. Water-quality data include concentrations of selected major ions, trace elements, and suspended sediment. At 12 sites, dissolved organic carbon and turbidity samples were collected. In addition, nitrogen (nitrate plus nitrite) samples were collected at two sites. Daily values of mean suspended-sediment concentration and suspended-sediment discharge were determined for four sites. Seasonal daily values of turbidity were determined for four sites. Bed-sediment data include trace-element concentrations in the fine-grained fraction. Biological data include trace-element concentrations in wholebody tissue of aquatic benthic insects. Statistical summaries of water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data for sites in the upper Clark Fork Basin are provided for the period of record.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151223","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Dodge, K.A., and Hornberger, M.I., 2015, Water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data (October 2013 through September\n2014) and statistical summaries of data for streams in the Clark Fork Basin, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1223, 125 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151223.","productDescription":"vi, 125 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068852","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312826,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1223/ofr20151223.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1223"},{"id":312825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1223/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Clark Fork Basin, Silver Bow Creek, Warm Springs Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.0655517578125,\n 46.97275640318636\n ],\n [\n -113.0712890625,\n 46.81133924039194\n ],\n [\n -112.30224609374999,\n 46.3810438458062\n ],\n [\n -112.0550537109375,\n 46.02366774426006\n ],\n [\n -111.91223144531249,\n 45.75602615586017\n ],\n [\n -111.917724609375,\n 45.3868773482704\n ],\n [\n -112.071533203125,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -113.4283447265625,\n 45.90147732739488\n ],\n [\n -114.2962646484375,\n 46.543749602738565\n ],\n [\n -114.32922363281249,\n 46.991494313050424\n ],\n [\n -114.0655517578125,\n 46.97275640318636\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave.
Helena, MT 59601
http://wy-mt.water.usgs.gov/
Benthic invertebrate communities are monitored because the composition of those communities can effect and be affected by the water quality of an aquatic system. Benthic communities use and sometimes regulate the cycling of essential elements (for example, carbon). Benthic invertebrate taxa may also indicate acutely and chronically stressful environments because they are mostly sessile, accumulate contaminants, and sometimes respond dramatically to oligotrophic as well as eutrophic conditions. Benthic communities can in turn affect water quality by grazing pelagic food resources and increasing the rate of nutrient regeneration through feeding and bioturbating the sediment.
South San Francisco Bay is a system dependent on phytoplankton as the base to the food web. Despite abundant nutrients, south San Francisco Bay has had limited phytoplankton production in the last several decades owning to poor light conditions and high grazing losses from the water column by benthic invertebrates. The south San Francisco Bay achieves a balance of biogeochemical conditions in most springs to accommodate a short phytoplankton bloom. This balance has maintained the phytoplankton in south San Francisco Bay at low biomass levels relative to other high-nutrient urban estuaries. The role that benthic invertebrates play in this balance, in these episodic spring events, and in other seasons within the estuary remains of great interest to water-quality and biological resource managers.
Our primary objective in this study is to quantify current (2014) benthic-community structure and function in the south San Francisco Bay sloughs and to compare those communities temporally over decadal time scales with a unique long-term dataset. The study area (fig. 1) is inclusive of the area south of the Dumbarton Bridge (DB) including Alviso and Guadalupe Sloughs and Coyote Creek.
The following are results highlighted in this report:
NRP staff, National Research Program
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS-435
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/
Since 2008, Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado has been implementing an elk and vegetation management plan with the goal of managing elk populations and their habitats to improve the condition of key vegetation communities on elk winter range. Management actions that have been taken thus far include small reductions in the elk herd through culling of animals and temporary fencing of large areas of willow and aspen habitat to protect them from elk browsing. As part of the park’s elk and vegetation management plan (EVMP), a monitoring program was established to assess effectiveness of management actions in achieving vegetation goals. We collected data to monitor offtake (consumption) of upland herbaceous plants and willow annually from 2008 to 2014 and to assess aspen stand structure and regeneration and willow cover and height in 2013, 5 years after plan implementation. Loss of many willow and a few aspen monitoring sites to a fire in late 2012 complicated data collection and interpretation of results but will provide opportunities to observe habitat recovery following fire and in the presence and absence of elk herbivory, which will offer important insights into the use of prescribed fire as an additional management tool in these habitats.
\nIncreases in the number of small-diameter, tree-sized (stems greater than 2.5 meter height) aspen stems were observed but only inside fences that excluded ungulates. In unfenced areas, stand structure was stagnant, with many medium- and large-diameter (older) stems and no replacement of small-diameter stems. By 2013, aspen saplings (stems less than or equal to 2.5 meter height) were recruiting on 29 percent of sampled sites, an increase from 13 percent of sites at baseline, but this was mainly due to growth inside fences. Upland herbaceous offtake dropped below baseline levels (61 percent) on both core and noncore winter range in 2010–14. Less than 10 percent of the upland areas had intense herbivory (greater than 85 percent offtake), and less than 30 percent of the landscape had offtake greater than 70 percent after 2009. Offtake levels in 2013 and 2014 indicated an increase in grazing pressure on upland sites compared to 2010–12 levels, but this change may have been in response to loss of large patches of both herbaceous and woody forage in Moraine Park following the 2012 Fern Lake Fire. Winter willow offtake remained steady from 2009 to 2014, and although there were no substantial increases in offtake, there were also no consistent declines. Winter-range willow offtake was below the baseline level of 35 percent only in 2013 and 2014. Willow heights have stayed at or above baseline levels of 0.9 meter. Average heights of willow increased compared to baseline measures within fenced habitat on the core winter range and on noncore (all unfenced) winter range. Willow cover increased at least 75 percent compared to baseline within core winter-range fenced areas and roughly 25 percent in noncore winter range. Overall, during the first 5 years of implementation, the EVMP at Rocky Mountain National Park seems to be making steady progress toward the vegetation objectives set out by the EVMP. Habitat fencing has been the most effective means of improving aspen and willow habitat conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151216","collaboration":"In cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L.C., and Johnson, T.L., 2015, Monitoring of vegetation response to elk population and habitat management in Rocky Mountain National Park, 2008–14: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1216, 44 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151216.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057139","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312403,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1216/ofr20151216.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1216"},{"id":312401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1216/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.83473205566406,\n 40.23183929314176\n ],\n [\n -105.57106018066406,\n 40.23183929314176\n ],\n [\n -105.57106018066406,\n 40.43440488077008\n ],\n [\n -105.83473205566406,\n 40.43440488077008\n ],\n [\n -105.83473205566406,\n 40.23183929314176\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. C
Fort Collins, CO 80526–8118
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/
Continuous Slope-Area (CSA) gages were developed by the Arizona Water Science Center to enable the estimation of hydrographs when direct measurements of discharge cannot be made (Smith and others, 2010). CSA gages extend standard U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) methods for determining peak discharges to mid and high flows over a hydrograph computed at regular intervals with indirect measurement methods (Benson and Dalrymple, 1967; Dalrymple and Benson, 1967). CSA gages combine continuous stage records at two or more (typically three or four) cross sections with crosssection surveys and estimates of channel roughness to compute discharge over a range of flows. With standard indirect methods of determining peak discharge, water-surface elevation in the study reach at the peak flow is estimated from surveys of debris associated with the peak-flow water line. With CSA gages, stages are continuously measured at the cross sections, at regular and synchronized intervals (typically 5 minutes) over a flow event, and discharge can be calculated at each interval.
\nCalculation of discharge using indirect methods has been automated with the slope-area computation (SAC) program (Fulford, 1994). SAC is a widely used program within the USGS; it is easily run and displays output in a clear and convenient format, which includes flags that alert the user to shortcomings in the calculation. Use of SAC has been facilitated by SACGUI (Bradley, 2012; SACGUI uses a version of SAC called SAC7), a user interface that directly reads and displays survey data, allows for specification of water-surface slope and channel roughness, writes the input file for SAC7, runs SAC7, and displays SAC7 output.
\ncsa2sac is a program (appendix 1) that repeatedly runs SAC7 using stage data and a SAC7 input template file to compute the discharge at CSA gages. It is written in the C programming language, and is compatible with 64-bit Windows operating systems. The program reads a SAC7 input file and a file containing stage-data time series. It writes a new version of the SAC7 input file with the stage data for one time step, runs SAC7, then extracts computed discharges from the SAC7 output file and collates the discharges and stages to a separate file. It repeats these steps for each time interval in the stage file to produce a discharge time series from the stage data. csa2sac has been tested with two, three, four, and six cross sections and found to operate successfully. By running SAC7, csa2sac maintains consistency and comparability of both discharges calculated from CSA gages and of standard USGS methods for computing discharges indirectly. Brown and Metcalfe (2014) have made available alternative software for producing CSA discharges.
\nIn addition to csa2sac, the SAC7 program is required. It is the same as the original SAC program, except that it is compiled for 64-bit Windows operating systems and has a slightly different command line input. It is available online (http://water.usgs.gov/software/SAC/) as part of the SACGUI installation program. The program name, “SAC7.exe,” is coded into csa2sac, and must not be changed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151229","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., 2015, csa2sac—A program for computing discharge from Continuous Slope-Area stage data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1229, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151229.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 4 p.; Appendixes: 1-4; Companion File","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069076","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311896,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1229/ofr20151229_appendix2_csa2sac.in","text":"Appendix 2 — csa2sac.in","size":"467 KB","description":"OFR 2015-1229 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Sample control file."},{"id":311895,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1229/ofr20151229_appendix1_csa2sac.cpp.txt","text":"Appendix 1 — csa2sac.cpp.txt","size":"6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1229 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"csa2sac program code."},{"id":311897,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1229/ofr20151229_appendix3_sactemplate.txt","text":"Appendix 3 — sactemplate.txt","size":"2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1229 Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Sample SAC input file used as template for csa2sac."},{"id":311898,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1229/ofr20151229_appendix4_stagedata.txt","text":"Appendix 4 — stagedata.txt","size":"20 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2015-1229 Appendix 4","linkHelpText":"Sample stage data input file."},{"id":311891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1229/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":311892,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1229/ofr20151229.pdf","text":"Report","size":"191 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1229"},{"id":312279,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1229/ofr20151229_csa2sac_executable.zip","text":"Program — csa2sac.exe","size":"48 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2015-1229 Program csa2sac.exe","linkHelpText":"csa2sac program."}],"contact":"Director, Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
http://az.water.usgs.gov/
An understanding of the effects on human and ecological health brought by major coastal storms or flooding events is typically limited because of a lack of regionally consistent baseline and trends data in locations proximal to potential contaminant sources and mitigation activities, sensitive ecosystems, and recreational facilities where exposures are probable. In an attempt to close this gap, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has implemented the Sediment-bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) strategy pilot study to collect regional sediment-quality data prior to and in response to future coastal storms. The standard operating procedure (SOP) detailed in this document serves as the sample-collection protocol for the SCoRR strategy by providing step-by-step instructions for site preparation, sample collection and processing, and shipping of soil and surficial sediment (for example, bed sediment, marsh sediment, or beach material). The objectives of the SCoRR strategy pilot study are (1) to create a baseline of soil-, sand-, marsh sediment-, and bed-sediment-quality data from sites located in the coastal counties from Maine to Virginia based on their potential risk of being contaminated in the event of a major coastal storm or flooding (defined as Resiliency mode); and (2) respond to major coastal storms and flooding by reoccupying select baseline sites and sampling within days of the event (defined as Response mode). For both modes, samples are collected in a consistent manner to minimize bias and maximize quality control by ensuring that all sampling personnel across the region collect, document, and process soil and sediment samples following the procedures outlined in this SOP. Samples are analyzed using four USGS-developed screening methods—inorganic geochemistry, organic geochemistry, pathogens, and biological assays—which are also outlined in this SOP. Because the SCoRR strategy employs a multi-metric approach for sample analyses, this protocol expands upon and reconciles differences in the sample collection protocols outlined in the USGS “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data,” which should be used in conjunction with this SOP. A new data entry and sample tracking system also is presented to ensure all relevant data and metadata are gathered at the sample locations and in the laboratories.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151188B","collaboration":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Fisher, S.C., Reilly, T.J., Jones, D.K., Benzel, W.M., Griffin, D.W., Loftin, K.A., Iwanowicz, L.R., and Cohl, J.A., 2015, Standard operating procedure for collection of soil and sediment samples for the Sediment-bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) strategy pilot study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1188b, 37 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151188B.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066316","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151188A","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1188A","description":"OFR 2015-1188B","linkHelpText":"Strategy to Evaluate Persistent Contaminant Hazards Resulting from Sea-Level RiseToxic Substances Hydrology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
http://www.usgs.gov/envirohealth/
http://health.usgs.gov/scorr/
In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Pigeon Point map area is located in central California, on the Pacific Coast about 50 km south of San Francisco and 25 km northwest of Santa Cruz. The onshore part of the map area is sparsely populated. The nearest significant onshore cultural center is Pescadero, an unincorporated community with a population of well under 1,000. The hilly coastal area is virtually undeveloped, used primarily for agricultural or as grazing land for sheep and cattle. Agriculture is limited to the coastal uplifted Pleistocene marine terraces and upper Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits, which lie between the shoreline and the northwest-trending Santa Cruz Mountains.
\nThe map area is cut by the San Gregorio Fault Zone, and is located a few kilometers southwest of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Coastal uplift and folding in the map area has been attributed to a westward bend in the San Andreas Fault Zone and also to right-lateral movement along the San Gregorio Fault Zone. The irregular coastal geomorphology of this area, which consists of low, rocky cliffs and sparse, small pocket beaches backed by low, terraced hills, is partly attributable to this ongoing deformation.
\nThe shelf in the map area is underlain by variable amounts (0 to 20 m) of upper Quaternary nearshore and shelf sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene. The southern part of the map is characterized by the presence of uplifted bedrock that has been linked to a local zone of transpression in the San Gregorio Fault Zone. This uplift, coupled with high wave energy, has resulted in little or no sediment cover in this area where exposures of bedrock are present at water depths of as much as 45 m. The thickest deposits of sediment are located in the northern part of the map area.
\nCoastal sediment transport in the map area is characterized by north-to-south littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from streams in the Santa Cruz Mountains and also from local coastal erosion. Shoreline-change studies indicate long-term erosion; within the region between San Francisco and Davenport, the highest long- and short-term coastal-erosion rates occur in the map area, just north of Point Año Nuevo. During the last approximately 300 years, as much as 18 million cubic yards (14 million cubic meters) of sand-sized sediment has been eroded from the area between Año Nuevo Island and Point Año Nuevo and transported south. Once widened by this pulse of eroded sediment, beaches south of Point Año Nuevo are now narrowing as the tail end of this mass of sand progresses farther south.
\nThe Offshore of Pigeon Point map area lies within the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from southern British Columbia to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 335 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off of central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Pigeon Point map area lie within the Shelf (continental shelf) megahabitat. Significant rocky outcrops, which support kelp-forest communities in the nearshore and rocky-reef communities in deeper water, dominate the inner shelf waters. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high-wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of rockfish and greenling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151232","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Watt, J.T., Dartnell, P., Greene, H.G., Erdey, M.D., Dieter, B.E., Golden, N.E., Johnson, S.Y., Endris, C.A., Hartwell, S.R., Kvitek, R.G., Davenport, C.W., Krigsman, L.M., Ritchie, A.C., Sliter, R.W., Finlayson, D.P., and Maier, K.L. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Pigeon Point, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1232, pamphlet 40 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151232.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 40 p.; 10 Sheets: 50.50 x 36.00 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057881","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438659,"rank":21,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7513W80","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog--Offshore of Pigeon Point, California"},{"id":312124,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151191","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1191","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Scott Creek, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":399012,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103761.htm"},{"id":312123,"rank":14,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"},{"id":312122,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_metadata.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":312121,"rank":12,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7513W80","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"The GIS data layers for this map are accessible from “Data Catalog—Offshore Pigeon Point, California,” which is part of California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog. Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":312119,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 9 PDF","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Pigeon Point to Southern Monterey Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Janet T. Watt, Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Ray W. Sliter, and Katherine L. Maier"},{"id":312128,"rank":19,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":312127,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1260/","text":"Open-File Report 2014–1260","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Pacifica, California, by Brian D. 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