Water resources data for the 1977 water year for Connecticut consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 50 gaging stations; tidal volume for 1 gaging station; stage only records for 3 tidal-gaging stations; contents for 36 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 56 gaging stations, 3 lakes, 28 wells, 4 springs, 4 seepage sites, and 1 chemical precipitation station; and water levels for 21 observation wells. Also included are 44 crest-stage partial-record stations and 38 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. Locations of hydrologic stations are shown on figures 2, 3, and 4. A few pertinent stations (not included above) in bordering States are also enclosed in this report. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Connecticut.
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O.","contributorId":9266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70112362,"text":"70112362 - 1979 - What is a picture worth? A history of remote sensing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:07:01","indexId":"70112362","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T16:27:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1926,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What is a picture worth? A history of remote sensing","docAbstract":"Remote sensing is the use of electromagnetic energy to measure the physical properties of distant objects. It includes photography and geophysical surveying as well as newer techniques that use other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The history of remote sensing begins with photography. The origin of other types of remote sensing can be traced to World War II, with the development of radar, sonar, and thermal infrared detection systems. Since the 1960s, sensors have been designed to operate in virtually all of the electromagnetic spectrum. Today a wide variety of remote sensing instruments are available for use in hydrological studies; satellite data, such as Skylab photographs and Landsat images are particularly suitable for regional problems and studies. Planned future satellites will provide a ground resolution of 10–80 m.
\nRemote sensing is currently used for hydrological applications in most countries of the world. The range of applications includes groundwater exploration determination of physical water quality, snowfield mapping, flood-inundation delineation, and making inventories of irrigated land. The use of remote sensing commonly results in considerable hydrological information at minimal cost. This information can be used to speed-up the development of water resources, to improve management practices, and to monitor environmental problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","doi":"10.1080/02626667909491887","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.K., 1979, What is a picture worth? A history of remote sensing: Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, v. 24, no. 4, p. 477-485, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491887.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"477","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491887","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":288572,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288571,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491887"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc62e4b0e83db6d09087","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Gerald K.","contributorId":14377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185633,"text":"70185633 - 1979 - Chemical changes in an industrial waste liquid during post-injection movement in a limestone aquifer, Pensacola, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:13:01","indexId":"70185633","displayToPublicDate":"1979-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical changes in an industrial waste liquid during post-injection movement in a limestone aquifer, Pensacola, Florida","docAbstract":"An industrial waste liquid containing organonitrile compounds and nitrate ion has been injected into the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer near Pensacola, Florida since June 1975. Chemical analyses of water from monitor wells and backflow from the injection well indicate that organic carbon compounds are converted to CO2 and nitrate is converted to N2. These transformations are caused by bacteria immediately after injection, and are virtually completed within 100 m of the injection well. The zone near the injection well behaves like an anaerobic filter with nitrate respiring bacteria dominating the microbial flora in this zone.
Sodium thiocyanate contained in the waste is unaltered during passage through the injection zone and is used to detect the degree of mixing of injected waste liquid with native water at a monitor well 312 m (712 ft) from the injection well. The dispersivity of the injection zone was calculated to be 10 m (33 ft). Analyses of samples from the monitor well indicate 80 percent reduction in chemical oxygen demand and virtually complete loss of organonitriles and nitrate from the waste liquid during passage from the injection well to the monitor well. Bacterial densities were much lower at the monitor well than in backflow from the injection well.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03357.x","usgsCitation":"Ehrlich, G.G., Godsy, E., Pascale, C., and Vecchioli, J., 1979, Chemical changes in an industrial waste liquid during post-injection movement in a limestone aquifer, Pensacola, Florida: Groundwater, v. 17, no. 6, p. 562-573, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03357.x.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"562","endPage":"573","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Pensacola ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.334953881988564\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63042e4b05ec79913112d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ehrlich, G. G.","contributorId":89126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehrlich","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godsy, E.M.","contributorId":56685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pascale, C.A.","contributorId":68724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascale","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012545,"text":"70012545 - 1979 - Measurement of fluid velocity using temperature profiles: Experimental verification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:52:48.986571","indexId":"70012545","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of fluid velocity using temperature profiles: Experimental verification","docAbstract":"Temperature profiling has been used to predict the rate and direction of groundwater movement. A controlled field experiment was conducted to ascertain the validity of the rate calculations made using this method. The vertical velocity, or leakage, of groundwater between two aquifers was calculated utilizing both hydrologic and temperature measurements in a well drilled into the Paw Paw buried bedrock valley in northern Illinois.
The experiment showed that accurate estimates of leakage can be made in stable boreholes where there are no geologic complications. Estimates utilizing temperature and hydrologic methods produced similar results for one of two aquicludes. However, the methods produced dissimilar results for the second aquiclude. It is speculated that the presence of a thin organic silt caused most of the problem; other complicating factors were lithologic variation and a very low hydraulic gradient. Nevertheless, the method appears to have great promise in many geologic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90172-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., 1979, Measurement of fluid velocity using temperature profiles: Experimental verification: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 185-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90172-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"northern Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 42.55447369305182\n ],\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 40.57720848844366\n ],\n [\n -87.46773625767648,\n 40.57720848844366\n ],\n [\n -87.46773625767648,\n 42.55447369305182\n ],\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 42.55447369305182\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5303e4b0c8380cd6c801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012494,"text":"70012494 - 1979 - Contribution of groundwater modeling to planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:56:14.014137","indexId":"70012494","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of groundwater modeling to planning","docAbstract":"The consideration of groundwater in water-resource planning frequently has been neglected because many planners believed that groundwater could not be adequately evaluated in terms of availability, quality, cost of development, or effect of development on the surface-water supply. The development of predictive groundwater models now provides the water planner with tools to evaluate these problems. Highly sophisticated digital models can be used in planning the development of groundwater and the conjunctive use of ground- and surface water. About 250 digital models have been used to evaluate groundwater problems: The models are powerful tools for predicting the response of groundwater systems to stresses. They can also clarify the cause and progress of past stresses. With these developments it is now possible to integrate the utilization of groundwater into water-resource planning with a high degree of confidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90168-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1979, Contribution of groundwater modeling to planning: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 121-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90168-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa82e4b0c8380cd4db3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.E.","contributorId":34927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012530,"text":"70012530 - 1979 - Simulated changes in potentiometric levels resulting from groundwater development for phosphate mines, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:38:22.145099","indexId":"70012530","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated changes in potentiometric levels resulting from groundwater development for phosphate mines, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"A digital model of two-dimensional groundwater flow was used to predict changes in the potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer resulting from groundwater development for proposed and existing phosphate mines during 1976-2000. The modeled area covers 15,379 km2in west-central Florida.
In 1975, groundwater withdrawn from the Floridan aquifer for irrigation, phosphate mines, other industries and municipal supplies averaged about 28,500 1/s. Withdrawals for phosphate mines are expected to shift from Polk County to adjacent counties to the south and west, and to decline from about 7,620 1/s in 1975 to about 7,060 1/s in 2000.
The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. Input parameters included aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient; thickness, vertical hydraulic conductivity, and storage coefficient of the upper confining bed; altitudes of the water table and potentiometric surface; and groundwater withdrawals.
Simulation of November 1976 to October 2000, using projected combined pumping rates for existing and proposed phosphate mines, resulted in a rise in the potentiometric surface of about 6 m in Polk County, and a decline of about 4 m in parts of Manatee and Hardee counties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0167-5648(09)70034-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wilson, W., and Gerhart, J.M., 1979, Simulated changes in potentiometric levels resulting from groundwater development for phosphate mines, west-central Florida: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 491-515, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5648(09)70034-6.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"515","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"west-central Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.65993890446225,\n 27.823062786062707\n ],\n [\n -82.65993890446225,\n 27.417356611278876\n ],\n [\n -81.64909608630823,\n 27.417356611278876\n ],\n [\n -81.64909608630823,\n 27.823062786062707\n ],\n [\n -82.65993890446225,\n 27.823062786062707\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f86e4b08c986b318fa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, W.E.","contributorId":100831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerhart, J. M.","contributorId":12855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012577,"text":"70012577 - 1979 - Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:45:30.277357","indexId":"70012577","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers","docAbstract":"The results of the natural processes caused by solution and leaching of limestone, dolomite, gypsum, salt and other soluble rocks, is known as karst. Development of karst is commonly known as karstification, which may have a pronounced effect on the topography, hydrology and environment, especially where such karst features as sinkholes and vertical solution shafts extend below the land surface and intersect lateral solution passages, cavities, caverns and other karst features in carbonate rocks. Karst features may be divided into two groups: (1) surficial features that do not extend far below the surface; and (2) karst features such as sinkholes that extend below the surface and affect the circulation of water below.
The permeability of the most productive carbonate aquifers is due chiefly to enlargement of fractures and other openings by circulation of water. Important controlling factors responsible for the development of karst and permeability in carbonate aquifers include: (1) climate, topography, and presence of soluble rocks; (2) geologic structure; (3) nature of underground circulation; and (4) base level. Another important factor is the condition of the surface of the carbonate rocks at the time they are exposed to meteoric water. A carbonate rock surface, with soil or relatively permeable, less soluble cover, is more favorable for initiation of karstification and solution than bare rocks. Water percolates downward through the cover to the underlying carbonate rocks instead of running off on the surface. Also, the water becomes more corrosive as it percolates through the permeable cover to the underlying carbonate rocks. Where there is no cover or the cover has been removed, the carbonate rocks become case hardened and resistant to erosion. However, in regions underlain not only by carbonate rocks but also by beds of anhydrite, gypsum and salt, such as the Hueco Plateau in southeastern New Mexico, subsurface solution may occur where water without natural acids moves down from bare rock surfaces through cracks to the beds that are more soluble than carbonate rocks. For example, in the area of Carlsbad Caverns in southeastern New Mexico, much of the water responsible for solution that formed the caverns apparently entered the groundwater system through large open fractures and did not form sinkhole topography. East of the Carlsbad Caverns, however, in the Pecos River Valley where the carbonate rocks are overlain by the less soluble Ogallala Formation of Late Tertiary age, solution began along escarpments as the Pecos River and its tributaries cut through the less soluble cover. As these escarpments retreated, sinkholes and other karst features developed.
Joints or fractures are essential for initiation of downward percolation of water in compact carbonate rocks such as some Paleozoic limestone in which there is no intergranular permeability. Also joints or fractures and bedding planes may be essential in the initiation of lateral movement of water in the zone of saturation. Where conditions of recharge and discharge are favorable, groundwater may move parallel to the dip. However, the direction of movement of water in most carbonate rocks is not necessarily down dip or parallel to the dip. The general direction of movement of both surface and groundwater may be parallel to the strike in a breached anticline. Faults may restrict the lateral movement of water, especially if water-bearing beds are faulted against relatively impervious beds. Conversely, some fault may serve as avenues through which water may move as, for example, in the Cretaceous Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas.
Karst aquifers, chiefly carbonate rocks, may be placed in three groups according to water-bearing capacity. Water in aquifers of group 1 occurs chiefly in joints, fractures, and other openings that have not been enlarged by solution. The yield of wells is small. Aquifers in group 2, with low to intermediate yields, are those in which water occurs in joints and fractures with some cavities and channels enlarged by solution. Aquifers in group 3 are those in which the yield of wells and springs range from intermediate to very large. This group includes five of the most productive aquifers in the U.S.A.
The water-bearing beds of all of these productive aquifers, except the Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida, contain buried paleokarst in which the permeability has been reactivated and enlarged by the present circulation system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90178-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., Rapp, J.R., and Anders, R., 1979, Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 313-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90178-1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0730e4b0c8380cd515d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, J. R.","contributorId":29394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anders, R.B.","contributorId":106533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012536,"text":"70012536 - 1979 - Hydrogeology of glacial-terrain lakes, with management and planning applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T17:13:00.512137","indexId":"70012536","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of glacial-terrain lakes, with management and planning applications","docAbstract":"The subject of the relationship between groundwater and lakes is characterized by sparse information and, in general, has received limited attention by hydrologists. Nevertheless, the hydrogeologic regime of lakes must be adequately assessed in order to intelligently manage lakes and their related shorelands. This paper is a compilation of hydrogeologic data for numerous lakes in North America and presents a preliminary classification framework for lakes based on hydrogeologic considerations. The classification leads to systematic categorization of lake types for planning and management purposes.
The main hydrogeologic factors for assessing lake environments are: (1) regime dominance, the relative magnitude of groundwater in the total water budget of a lake; (2) system efficiency, a description of the rate aspects of surface and groundwater movement through a lake system; and (3) position within a groundwater flow system. We indicate the significance and difficulty of measuring these descriptive characteristics and provide examples of each category. Additionally, a variety of lake-related activities that illustrate the value of hydrogeologic information for planning and management purposes are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90163-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Born, S., Smith, S., and Stephenson, D., 1979, Hydrogeology of glacial-terrain lakes, with management and planning applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 7-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90163-X.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a348de4b0c8380cd5f854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Born, S.M.","contributorId":105435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Born","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S.A.","contributorId":72930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, D.A.","contributorId":103794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012544,"text":"70012544 - 1979 - Hydraulic potential in Lake Michigan bottom sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T17:07:52.687346","indexId":"70012544","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic potential in Lake Michigan bottom sediments","docAbstract":"The magnitude and direction of groundwater flux in the bottom sediments of Lake Michigan were deduced from measurements made during three shipboard cruises between 1973 and 1975. These factors affect the geochemical environment of the sediments and therefore the distribution of trace elements reported to be present. The near-shore, sandy-bottom and fine-grained, soft, deep-lake sediments were investigated; areas of hard till or bedrock were not included in the study.
Thirty-three piezometers were placed in near-shore sands in waters 5-15 m deep. The piezometers were placed an average of 3 m into the bottom sediment. Water levels from the piezometers averaged 0.6 cm above the lake level, equivalent to an upward hydraulic gradient of about 0.002 cm/cm. Water samples taken from the piezometers have a distinctly different chemical composition from that of the lake water. The total dissolved mineral content and hardness of the groundwater are about twice those of the lake water.
Twenty-two hydraulic gradient measurements were made in the fine-grained soft deep-lake sediments in waters 48-140 m deep by using a differential-pressure transducer dropped into the sediments. These measurements show an upward gradient averaging 0.2 cm/cm. No chemical data were obtained for the groundwater in the deep-lake sediments.
The results of this study indicate that the groundwater flux is upward through the bottom sediments into Lake Michigan and that there is a chemical change in the water near the water-sediment contact.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90165-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., Hunt, C., Hughes, G., and Brower, R., 1979, Hydraulic potential in Lake Michigan bottom sediments: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 67-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90165-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.60478003613326\n ],\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.32699859495696\n ],\n [\n -87.68145821342434,\n 42.32699859495696\n ],\n [\n -87.68145821342434,\n 42.60478003613326\n ],\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.60478003613326\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32f9e4b0c8380cd5ec11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, C.S.","contributorId":84904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, G.M.","contributorId":87289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brower, R.D.","contributorId":75276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brower","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199455,"text":"70199455 - 1979 - Risk preferences and flood insurance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-22T17:18:39.066589","indexId":"70199455","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-01T15:06:11","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5747,"text":"American Journal of Agricultural Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Risk preferences and flood insurance","docAbstract":"A detailed theoretical model characterizing the individual's decision to purchase flood insurance is specified and the magnitude of the risk parameter is estimated using data based on transactions of flood insurance purchases. Empirical results for several samples of this subset of the general population indicated that consumers exhibited a relatively uniform degree of risk aversion across various localities where different hydrologic and economic conditions prevailed. While the estimates presented should not be directly extrapolated to the entire population located in a flood prone area, they provide evidence that parameters determining an individual's and/or community's willingness to pay for flood protection can be measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/1239435","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Karlinger, M.R., 1979, Risk preferences and flood insurance: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 61, no. 3, p. 490-495, https://doi.org/10.2307/1239435.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"490","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185634,"text":"70185634 - 1979 - Monitoring of subsurface injection of wastes, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:14:59","indexId":"70185634","displayToPublicDate":"1979-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring of subsurface injection of wastes, Florida","docAbstract":"Injection of waste liquids into Florida's subsurface is physically feasible in many places but should be accompanied by monitoring of the waste-receiving aquifer system in addition to the injection facility. Monitoring of the interaction of factors including hydrogeologic conditions, well construction, waste volumes and characteristics, and potable-water sources is desirable to assure that fresh-water resources are not being adversely affected. An effective aquifer-system monitoring program includes on-site wells located close to an injection well and open to the next-higher permeable stratum, satellite wells located hundreds to several thousands of feet from an injection well and open to the receiving aquifer, and regional wells located miles from individual injection wells and open to the receiving aquifer. An extensive aquifer-system monitoring program associated with two waste-injection facilities near Pensacola, Florida, has provided data which have aided hydrologists to understand the aquifer system's response to the injection and, accordingly, to evaluate the potential for affecting the area's fresh-water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03318.x","usgsCitation":"Vecchioli, J., 1979, Monitoring of subsurface injection of wastes, Florida: Groundwater, v. 17, no. 3, p. 244-249, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03318.x.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"244","endPage":"249","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -86.17675781249999,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -85.20996093749999,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 25.20494115356912\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 25.085598897064752\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -81.4306640625,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 31.12819929911196\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63042e4b05ec79913112f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231373,"text":"ofr791498 - 1979 - Regional geohydrology of the San Juan hydrologic basin of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T14:03:36.437327","indexId":"ofr791498","displayToPublicDate":"1979-02-01T10:02:50","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1498","title":"Regional geohydrology of the San Juan hydrologic basin of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"The San Juan Basin in the southeastern part of the Colorado Plateau, southwest of the San Juan Mountains, broadly includes the Acoma and Gallup Sags in its southern part and the small Chama Basin in its northeastern part. Regionally, the water-yielding strata (aquifers) dip inward toward the center of San Juan Basin or toward the axes of the adjoining structural sags. Aquifers exposed or at shallow depths along the margin of the basin are deeply buried in the center of the basin.
The occurrence and movement of ground water is strongly influenced by the structural configuration of the basin; fractures along joints and faults, particularly the Puerco fault belt; distribution and lithology of the rock strata, and the relationship of the uplands recharge areas of the aquifers to the lowland areas where the most ground-water discharges.
The aggregate thickness of sedimentary rocks is more than 10,000 feet in the deepest part of the basin. In order of decreasing abundance, these rocks consist of mudstone, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, silty sandstone, coal, limestone, conglomerate, and gypsum. The main aquifers consist of sandstone or sandstone containing lenses of conglomerate except for the San Andres Limestone.
The principal aquifers, listed in descending stratigraphic order, are the Tertiary Cuba Mesa and Llaves Members of the San Jose Formation and the Ojo Alamo Sandstone; the Pictured Cliffs, Cliff House, Point Lookout, Gallup, and Dakota Sandstones; the Westwater Canyon and Salt Wash Sandstone Members of the Morrison Formation, the Cow Springs Sandstone, the Zuni Sandstone, and the Entrada Sandstone; and the San Andres Limestone, Glorieta Sandstone, and De Chelly Sandstone. These aquifer are separated by formations, that do not readily transmit water between the aquifers.
Regional movement of ground water is mainly to the San Juan and Chaco s Rivers, the Puerco River, the Rio Puerco, and their main tributaries. Ground water from aquifers overlying the Dakota Sandstone discharge within the confines of the San Juan hydrologic basin. Part of the ground water in the Dakota Sandstone, Morrison Formation, and underlying formations moves across the interbasin divide into the Black Mesa, the Blanding Basin, or to the Rio Grande Trough.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Interior","doi":"10.3133/ofr791498","collaboration":"San Juan Basin Regional Uranium Study Working Paper No. 11C","usgsCitation":"Cooley, M.E., and Weist, W., 1979, Regional geohydrology of the San Juan hydrologic basin of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1498, vii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791498.","productDescription":"vii, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400384,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1498/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":400383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1498/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"San Juan hydrologic basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 34.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Maurice E.","contributorId":8077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weist, William G.","contributorId":21526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weist","given":"William G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10362,"text":"ofr791543 - 1979 - Hydrologic and geologic data from the Upper East Coast Planning Area, southeast Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T15:17:36.702962","indexId":"ofr791543","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T22:05:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1543","title":"Hydrologic and geologic data from the Upper East Coast Planning Area, southeast Florida","docAbstract":"The Upper East Coast Planning Area, one of five designated planning areas in the South Florida Water Management District, consists of St. Lucie, Martin, and eastern Okeechobee Counties. Existing hydrologic and geologic data have been compiled as a base for additional investigations to determine the water-bearing characteristics of the shallow aquifer system in the area. These data include lithologic logs from 51 wells in excess of 90 feet in depth, periodic ground-water levels from 100 wells, and ground-water levels from 100 wells, and ground-water quality data from 93 wells. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr791543","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.L., 1979, Hydrologic and geologic data from the Upper East Coast Planning Area, southeast Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1543, iii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791543.","productDescription":"iii, 99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":968,"rank":99,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1543/ofr791543.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":143398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1543/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Martin County, Okeechobee County, St. Lucie County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.77766418457031,\n 27.563069215397533\n ],\n [\n -80.84564208984375,\n 27.56367792633874\n ],\n [\n -80.85525512695312,\n 27.15936422843682\n ],\n [\n -80.84220886230469,\n 27.15019980940818\n ],\n [\n -80.82984924316406,\n 27.178301644674047\n ],\n [\n -80.82984924316406,\n 27.1923499094294\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 27.20212157179689\n ],\n [\n -80.73989868164062,\n 27.174025734723248\n ],\n [\n -80.70556640625,\n 27.142867732886465\n ],\n [\n -80.68702697753906,\n 27.12147976230783\n ],\n [\n -80.68016052246092,\n 27.101921467004363\n ],\n [\n -80.66642761230469,\n 27.086639170923554\n ],\n [\n -80.63690185546875,\n 27.024877476307523\n ],\n [\n -80.61836242675781,\n 26.974709325134718\n ],\n [\n -80.61355590820312,\n 26.952065151373972\n ],\n [\n -80.06767272949219,\n 26.95022893777318\n ],\n [\n -80.08827209472656,\n 27.011419925555597\n ],\n [\n -80.10818481445312,\n 27.06279462605336\n ],\n [\n -80.13771057128906,\n 27.12147976230783\n ],\n [\n -80.1507568359375,\n 27.158142349342786\n ],\n [\n -80.15419006347656,\n 27.18502060071115\n ],\n [\n -80.16860961914062,\n 27.21311366818236\n ],\n [\n -80.1947021484375,\n 27.259512784361693\n ],\n [\n -80.27091979980469,\n 27.42846138179594\n ],\n [\n -80.28739929199219,\n 27.47598882050083\n ],\n [\n -80.3155517578125,\n 27.561851783388512\n ],\n [\n -80.77766418457031,\n 27.563069215397533\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A digital model of the Bayou Bartholomew aquifer-stream system in Arkansas was calibrated for the purpose of predicting hydrologic responses to stresses of water development. The simulated-time span for model calibration was from 1953 to 1970, during which time the system was stressed largely by ground- and surface-water diversions for rice irrigation.
The model was calibrated by comparing groundwater-level and streamflow data with model-derived groundwater levels and streamflow. In the calibrated model, the ratio of model-derived to observed streamflows for 17 subbasins averaged 1.1; the ratios among the subbasins ranged from 0.8 to 1.6. The average deviation of the differences between model-derived and observed groundwater levels at 47 nodes was 0.2; the average among the nodes ranged from -2.3 to 10.4. The average standard deviation of the differences between the model-derived and observed groundwater levels was 3.5; the average among the nodes ranged from 0.4 to 10.5.
The model will provide projections of changes in the potentiometric surface resulting from (1) changes in the rate or distribution of groundwater pumpage or (2) changes in the stage of streams and reservoirs. The model will provide only approximate projections of the streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79685","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Commission","usgsCitation":"Reed, J., and Broom, M.E., 1979, Digital model of the Bayou Bartholomew alluvial aquifer stream system, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-685, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79685.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":466314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0685/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0685/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Bayou Bartholomew alluvial aquifer stream system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.2204577284588,\n 34.387761168083614\n ],\n [\n -92.2204577284588,\n 33.00814806284808\n ],\n [\n -90.96476672569646,\n 33.00814806284808\n ],\n [\n -90.96476672569646,\n 34.387761168083614\n ],\n [\n -92.2204577284588,\n 34.387761168083614\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"The Late Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation and the basal portion of the overlying Hell Creek Formation constitute an important aquifer in the Fort Union coal region. Throughout most of southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota the aquifer is at depths ranging from 1000 to 2000 ft, except for exposures along the Cedar Creek anticline. Water flows in the aquifer from southwest to northeast, with flow rates of a few feet per year. The recharge and discharge areas of the aquifer are separated by a north-south trending transition zone in which significant changes in water chemistry occur. Dissolved constituents in the recharge area (the western part of the study area) are Na+ = 18 mmol/l, Cl− = 0.7 mmol/1, SO42− = 2.7 mmol/1, and HCO3− = 13 mmol/l (δ13C = −12‰) with pH = 8.5. Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ are each less than 0.1 mmol/l, dissolved O2 = 0, and traces of H2S and CH4 are present. Computer modeling and carbon isotope data suggest the following reactions in the recharge area. CO2 derived from lignitic carbon reacts to dissolve carbonate minerals, with cations then being exchanged for Na+ on clay minerals. The high pH in the aquifer is the result of buffering by carbonate-ion exchange equilibria. In the discharge area, pH values have declined to 8.3, Cl− has increased from 0.7 to 5.5 mmol/l, with a parallel increase in Na+ SO42− has essentially disappeared, HCO3− has increased from 13 to 21 mmol/l (δ13C = −9‰), CH4 has attained concentrations greater than 0.5 mmol/l, and small amounts of He are present. Traces of H2S are present, and Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+concentrations remain low throughout the aquifer: These changes can be accounted for by reactions in the aquifer: (1) sulfate reduction to pyrite with lignitic material as the carbon source and (2) continuous buffering of pH by the carbonate-ion exchange equilibria. Chemical and hydrologic data suggest that the increase in NaCl results from upward movement of small volumes of water into the Fox Hills aquifer from the transition zone eastward. Redox reactions in the aquifer are closely analogous to those observed in pore waters of reducing marine sediments. Reactions approach but do not achieve true thermodynamic equilibrium. Measurements of redox potential suggest a downgradient decrease in redox potential. The measurements are not amenable to quantitative interpretation.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/WR015i006p01479","usgsCitation":"Thorstenson, D.C., Fisher, D.W., and Croft, M.G., 1979, The geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek Aquifer in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota: Water Resources Research, v. 15, no. 6, p. 1479-1498, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i006p01479.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1479","endPage":"1498","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff4a4ae4b0da30c1bfdbc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorstenson, Donald C.","contributorId":107323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Donald W.","contributorId":106468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Croft, Mack G.","contributorId":203351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Croft","given":"Mack","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012253,"text":"70012253 - 1979 - Some basic considerations in the design of hydrologic data networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:27:36","indexId":"70012253","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some basic considerations in the design of hydrologic data networks","docAbstract":"Two preeminent considerations of data network design are the random nature of the hydrologic phenomena and the uses that will be made of the data. Information distilled from the data is usually measured in a parametric statistical sense, although the data user is more concerned with the integrated measure of information - what impact does the lack of perfect hydrologic information have on the ensuing decisions? Two facets of the network, the efficiency of the data collection and the effectiveness of the resulting information, must be integrated to achieve a complete network design.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR015i006p01673","usgsCitation":"Moss, M.E., 1979, Some basic considerations in the design of hydrologic data networks: Water Resources Research, v. 15, no. 6, p. 1673-1676, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i006p01673.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1673","endPage":"1676","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b927de4b08c986b319f43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Marshall E.","contributorId":6830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011710,"text":"70011710 - 1979 - Space, time, and the third dimension (model error)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:26:24","indexId":"70011710","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space, time, and the third dimension (model error)","docAbstract":"The space-time tradeoff of hydrologic data collection (the ability to substitute spatial coverage for temporal extension of records or vice versa) is controlled jointly by the statistical properties of the phenomena that are being measured and by the model that is used to meld the information sources. The control exerted on the space-time tradeoff by the model and its accompanying errors has seldom been studied explicitly. The technique, known as Network Analyses for Regional Information (NARI), permits such a study of the regional regression model that is used to relate streamflow parameters to the physical and climatic characteristics of the drainage basin.
The NARI technique shows that model improvement is a viable and sometimes necessary means of improving regional data collection systems. Model improvement provides an immediate increase in the accuracy of regional parameter estimation and also increases the information potential of future data collection. Model improvement, which can only be measured in a statistical sense, cannot be quantitatively estimated prior to its achievement; thus an attempt to upgrade a particular model entails a certain degree of risk on the part of the hydrologist.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR015i006p01797","usgsCitation":"Moss, M.E., 1979, Space, time, and the third dimension (model error): Water Resources Research, v. 15, no. 6, p. 1797-1800, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i006p01797.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1797","endPage":"1800","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b940ae4b08c986b31a819","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Marshall E.","contributorId":6830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012589,"text":"70012589 - 1979 - International cooperation in water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012589","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1746,"text":"GeoJournal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"International cooperation in water resources","docAbstract":"Advancements in hydrology proceeded slowly until the late 1800's when new ventures created a surge of interest and accomplishment. Progress waned again until the middle 20th century when an International Hydrological Decade was conceived, eventually receiving wide multinational support from governmental agencies and nongovernmental institutions. Organized by UNESCO, the Decade program was launched January 1, 1965. Participation included 107 nations, six United Nations agencies, and more than a dozen international scientific organizations. The initial program emphasized scientific research, and international cooperation; the second half of the Decade, emphasized technical assistance and technology transfer, largerly through education, training and demonstration. The success of the Decade led to the establishment of the International Hydrological Program, again under the aegis of UNESCO, to continue the work of the Decade indefinitely. The five major program activities, now involving about 90 countries and several international organizations, include: the scientific program, the promotion of education and training, the enhancement of information exchange, support of technical assistance, and the enlargement of regional cooperation. A significant amount of activity related to hydrological data networks and forecasting is carried on in an Operational Hydrology Programme by the WMO, chiefly through its Commission for Hydrology. Other international governmental organizations with a strong interest in water include the UN, the UN Development Programme, the FAO, the WHO, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UN Environment Programme, the International Standardization Organization, and developmental institutions such as the World Bank. The specialized interests of researchers outside of the governmental structure, are met through association in various scientific and technical organizations which are world wide in scope and membership. Notwithstanding a sometimes bewildering variety of organizations, there certainly exists, for any nation, group, or individual, a demonstrated mechanism for almost any conceivable form of international cooperation in hydrology and water resources. ?? 1979 Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GeoJournal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00455987","issn":"03432521","usgsCitation":"Jones, J., Beall, R., and Giusti, E., 1979, International cooperation in water resources: GeoJournal, v. 3, no. 5, p. 481-487, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00455987.","startPage":"481","endPage":"487","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455987"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d39e4b0c8380cd633d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, J.R.","contributorId":15967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beall, R.M.","contributorId":88392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beall","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giusti, E.V.","contributorId":51342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giusti","given":"E.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012588,"text":"70012588 - 1979 - Uranium transport in the Walker River Basin, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-05T17:23:39.748459","indexId":"70012588","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium transport in the Walker River Basin, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"A computer program, SWAMP, was designed to simulate the effects of flood frequency and depth to water table on southern wetlands forest vegetation dynamics. By incorporating these hydrologic characteristics into the model, forest vegetation and vegetation dynamics can be simulated. The model, based on data from the White River National Wildlife Refuge near De Witt, Arkansas, “grows” individual trees on a 20 x 20-m plot taking into account effects on the tree growth of flooding, depth to water table, shade tolerance, overtopping and crowding, and probability of death and reproduction. A potential application of the model is illustrated with simulations of tree fruit production following flood-control implementation and lumbering.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(79)90038-3","usgsCitation":"Phipps, R.L., 1979, Simulation of wetlands forest vegetation dynamics: Ecological Modelling, v. 7, no. 4, p. 257-288, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(79)90038-3.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90bfe4b08c986b319653","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phipps, Richard L.","contributorId":52122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phipps","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}