This paper reports on tests which show significant effects on early salmonid life stages of nitrates at levels commonly found in groundwaters in geographical areas that are influenced by fertilizer application. It has long been known, from fish cultural experience, that in certain site specific locations, chronic problems can be expected with salmonid egg development and early fry mortality. However, fingerlings which survive usually grow normally. A complete explanation is lacking although several environmental factors have been proposed to account for this phenomenon. One, which has so far received little attention, is that nitrate levels in the ground and surface waters of many areas have been increasing significantly over historical background levels. Ammonia, urea, and other potential sources of nitrate can enter natural waters from a variety of sources, such as domestic or industrial sewage, animal feedlots, or seepage and return flows from agricultural lands. The latter may be the largest contributor, since billions of tons of nitrate fertilizers are applied to agricultural crops on a worldwide basis each year. In addition, intensive forest management techniques include the aerial application of nitrate fertilizer to increase the yield of wood products, while range management practices call for use of nitrates to increase forage production. The nitrate that is not taken up by plants ultimately appears in ground or surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01770006","usgsCitation":"Kincheloe, J.W., Wedemeyer, G.A., and Koch, D.L., 1979, Tolerance of developing salmonid eggs and fry to nitrate exposure: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 575-578, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01770006.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"578","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569f6c55e4b0961cf27fd1d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincheloe, John W.","contributorId":152375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincheloe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary A.","contributorId":30668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koch, David L.","contributorId":152376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koch","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157376,"text":"70157376 - 1979 - Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : for the first year of the fifth extension of the USGS-MPMR Work Agreement, fiscal year 1398 : 1 Rajab 1398-30 Jumad thani 1399 (6 June 1978-26 May 1979)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T12:13:42","indexId":"70157376","displayToPublicDate":"1979-11-30T19:45:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : for the first year of the fifth extension of the USGS-MPMR Work Agreement, fiscal year 1398 : 1 Rajab 1398-30 Jumad thani 1399 (6 June 1978-26 May 1979)","docAbstract":"Prepared for Directorate General of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources
","language":"English","publisher":"The Mission","publisherLocation":"Jiddah, Saudi Arabia","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission, 1979, Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : for the first year of the fifth extension of the USGS-MPMR Work Agreement, fiscal year 1398 : 1 Rajab 1398-30 Jumad thani 1399 (6 June 1978-26 May 1979), vi, 49 p.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56027bb0e4b03bc34f5447ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission","contributorId":147326,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission","id":572913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175866,"text":"70175866 - 1979 - Operating instructions D-77 suspended-sediment sampler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:43:03","indexId":"70175866","displayToPublicDate":"1979-11-28T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Operating instructions D-77 suspended-sediment sampler","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., 1979, Operating instructions D-77 suspended-sediment sampler, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82de1e4b03fd6b7da3973","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012458,"text":"70012458 - 1979 - The Galilean satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 imaging science results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T16:49:15.253682","indexId":"70012458","displayToPublicDate":"1979-11-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Galilean satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 imaging science results","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1380198","usgsCitation":"Barnum, D.A., Green, J., Flinders, J.T., and Gates, N., 1979, Nutritional levels and growth rates of hand-reared coyote pups: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 60, no. 4, p. 820-823, https://doi.org/10.2307/1380198.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"820","endPage":"823","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnum, Douglas A. doug_barnum@usgs.gov","contributorId":3566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnum","given":"Douglas","email":"doug_barnum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":550,"text":"Salton Sea Science Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, J.S.","contributorId":65793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flinders, Jerran T.","contributorId":171440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flinders","given":"Jerran","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":26916,"text":"Brigham Young University, Provo, UT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":315297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gates, N.L.","contributorId":22722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185633,"text":"70185633 - 1979 - Chemical changes in an industrial waste liquid during post-injection movement in a limestone aquifer, Pensacola, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:13:01","indexId":"70185633","displayToPublicDate":"1979-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical changes in an industrial waste liquid during post-injection movement in a limestone aquifer, Pensacola, Florida","docAbstract":"An industrial waste liquid containing organonitrile compounds and nitrate ion has been injected into the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer near Pensacola, Florida since June 1975. Chemical analyses of water from monitor wells and backflow from the injection well indicate that organic carbon compounds are converted to CO2 and nitrate is converted to N2. These transformations are caused by bacteria immediately after injection, and are virtually completed within 100 m of the injection well. The zone near the injection well behaves like an anaerobic filter with nitrate respiring bacteria dominating the microbial flora in this zone.
Sodium thiocyanate contained in the waste is unaltered during passage through the injection zone and is used to detect the degree of mixing of injected waste liquid with native water at a monitor well 312 m (712 ft) from the injection well. The dispersivity of the injection zone was calculated to be 10 m (33 ft). Analyses of samples from the monitor well indicate 80 percent reduction in chemical oxygen demand and virtually complete loss of organonitriles and nitrate from the waste liquid during passage from the injection well to the monitor well. Bacterial densities were much lower at the monitor well than in backflow from the injection well.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03357.x","usgsCitation":"Ehrlich, G.G., Godsy, E., Pascale, C., and Vecchioli, J., 1979, Chemical changes in an industrial waste liquid during post-injection movement in a limestone aquifer, Pensacola, Florida: Groundwater, v. 17, no. 6, p. 562-573, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03357.x.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"562","endPage":"573","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Pensacola ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.334953881988564\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63042e4b05ec79913112d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ehrlich, G. G.","contributorId":89126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehrlich","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godsy, E.M.","contributorId":56685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pascale, C.A.","contributorId":68724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascale","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70175864,"text":"70175864 - 1979 - Instructions for the peristaltic pump, RP-77","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:42:42","indexId":"70175864","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-30T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Instructions for the peristaltic pump, RP-77","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., 1979, Instructions for the peristaltic pump, RP-77, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327050,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dcae4b03fd6b7da37bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012603,"text":"70012603 - 1979 - Magnitude of shear stress on the San Andreas fault: Implications of a stress measurement profile at shallow depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T16:54:16.652813","indexId":"70012603","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnitude of shear stress on the San Andreas fault: Implications of a stress measurement profile at shallow depth","docAbstract":"A profile of measurements of shear stress perpendicular to the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California, shows a marked increase in stress with distance from the fault. The pattern suggests that shear stress on the fault increases slowly with depth and reaches a value on the order of the average stress released during earthquakes. This result has important implications for both long- and short-term prediction of large earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.206.4417.445","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M.D., and Roller, J., 1979, Magnitude of shear stress on the San Andreas fault: Implications of a stress measurement profile at shallow depth: Science, v. 206, no. 4417, p. 445-447, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.206.4417.445.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"445","endPage":"447","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palmdale","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.23170506110633,\n 34.64371528129553\n ],\n [\n -118.23170506110633,\n 34.528275038980325\n ],\n [\n -117.99584077609029,\n 34.528275038980325\n ],\n [\n -117.99584077609029,\n 34.64371528129553\n ],\n [\n -118.23170506110633,\n 34.64371528129553\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"206","issue":"4417","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4bf1e4b0c8380cd698af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roller, J.C.","contributorId":12507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roller","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70119908,"text":"70119908 - 1979 - Robust estimation of population size when capture probabilities vary among animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T13:58:05","indexId":"70119908","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T13:52:29","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robust estimation of population size when capture probabilities vary among animals","docAbstract":"A model is given for multiple recapture studies on closed populations which allows capture probabilities to vary among individuals. The capture probability of each individual is assumed to be constant over time. Based on this model we give a nonparametric estimation procedure for population size. The estimator involves selecting one of a sequence of estimator which are each linear combinations of the capture frequencies. The individual estimators are derived from the generalized jackknife method. We also give a goodness of fit test for the model's assumption that individual capture probabilities do not change during the study. The robustness of the estimation procedure is investigated with a simulation study. By virtue of this study, and the theoretical nature of the estimator, it is judged to be robust to moderate variations in individual capture probabilities which may occur in commonly used short-term livetrapping studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.2307/1936861","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K., and Overton, W., 1979, Robust estimation of population size when capture probabilities vary among animals: Ecology, v. 60, no. 5, p. 927-936, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936861.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"927","endPage":"936","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291965,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1936861"}],"volume":"60","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8d4e4b008eaa4f3f68e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overton, W.S.","contributorId":47488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120093,"text":"70120093 - 1979 - Robust estimation from line transect data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-12T10:47:51","indexId":"70120093","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T10:38:26","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robust estimation from line transect data","docAbstract":"Line transect sampling often provides a practical way to approach estimation of wildlife population density (Seber 1973, Eberhardt 1978). Burnham and Anderson (1976) provided a general framework for the estimation of animal density from line transect data, and many specific analytical methods have been proposed in the literature. Numerous persons are researching methods of statistical analysis for line transect data; however, little consideration has been given to specifying criteria for \"good\" methods of line transect estimation. We present here some criteria which we believe line transect estimators should satisfy. We do not deal with the case where objects may move from their initial location before being detected.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3808290","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., and Laake, J., 1979, Robust estimation from line transect data: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 43, no. 4, p. 992-996, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808290.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"996","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292007,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3808290"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53eb2a8ae4b0461e44764ab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, Kenneth P.","contributorId":95025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":92722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laake, J.L.","contributorId":50372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laake","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012530,"text":"70012530 - 1979 - Simulated changes in potentiometric levels resulting from groundwater development for phosphate mines, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:38:22.145099","indexId":"70012530","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated changes in potentiometric levels resulting from groundwater development for phosphate mines, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"A digital model of two-dimensional groundwater flow was used to predict changes in the potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer resulting from groundwater development for proposed and existing phosphate mines during 1976-2000. The modeled area covers 15,379 km2in west-central Florida.
In 1975, groundwater withdrawn from the Floridan aquifer for irrigation, phosphate mines, other industries and municipal supplies averaged about 28,500 1/s. Withdrawals for phosphate mines are expected to shift from Polk County to adjacent counties to the south and west, and to decline from about 7,620 1/s in 1975 to about 7,060 1/s in 2000.
The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. Input parameters included aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient; thickness, vertical hydraulic conductivity, and storage coefficient of the upper confining bed; altitudes of the water table and potentiometric surface; and groundwater withdrawals.
Simulation of November 1976 to October 2000, using projected combined pumping rates for existing and proposed phosphate mines, resulted in a rise in the potentiometric surface of about 6 m in Polk County, and a decline of about 4 m in parts of Manatee and Hardee counties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0167-5648(09)70034-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wilson, W., and Gerhart, J.M., 1979, Simulated changes in potentiometric levels resulting from groundwater development for phosphate mines, west-central Florida: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 491-515, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5648(09)70034-6.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"515","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"west-central Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.65993890446225,\n 27.823062786062707\n ],\n [\n -82.65993890446225,\n 27.417356611278876\n ],\n [\n -81.64909608630823,\n 27.417356611278876\n ],\n [\n -81.64909608630823,\n 27.823062786062707\n ],\n [\n -82.65993890446225,\n 27.823062786062707\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f86e4b08c986b318fa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, W.E.","contributorId":100831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerhart, J. M.","contributorId":12855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012545,"text":"70012545 - 1979 - Measurement of fluid velocity using temperature profiles: Experimental verification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:52:48.986571","indexId":"70012545","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of fluid velocity using temperature profiles: Experimental verification","docAbstract":"Temperature profiling has been used to predict the rate and direction of groundwater movement. A controlled field experiment was conducted to ascertain the validity of the rate calculations made using this method. The vertical velocity, or leakage, of groundwater between two aquifers was calculated utilizing both hydrologic and temperature measurements in a well drilled into the Paw Paw buried bedrock valley in northern Illinois.
The experiment showed that accurate estimates of leakage can be made in stable boreholes where there are no geologic complications. Estimates utilizing temperature and hydrologic methods produced similar results for one of two aquicludes. However, the methods produced dissimilar results for the second aquiclude. It is speculated that the presence of a thin organic silt caused most of the problem; other complicating factors were lithologic variation and a very low hydraulic gradient. Nevertheless, the method appears to have great promise in many geologic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90172-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., 1979, Measurement of fluid velocity using temperature profiles: Experimental verification: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 185-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90172-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"northern Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 42.55447369305182\n ],\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 40.57720848844366\n ],\n [\n -87.46773625767648,\n 40.57720848844366\n ],\n [\n -87.46773625767648,\n 42.55447369305182\n ],\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 42.55447369305182\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5303e4b0c8380cd6c801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012494,"text":"70012494 - 1979 - Contribution of groundwater modeling to planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:56:14.014137","indexId":"70012494","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of groundwater modeling to planning","docAbstract":"The consideration of groundwater in water-resource planning frequently has been neglected because many planners believed that groundwater could not be adequately evaluated in terms of availability, quality, cost of development, or effect of development on the surface-water supply. The development of predictive groundwater models now provides the water planner with tools to evaluate these problems. Highly sophisticated digital models can be used in planning the development of groundwater and the conjunctive use of ground- and surface water. About 250 digital models have been used to evaluate groundwater problems: The models are powerful tools for predicting the response of groundwater systems to stresses. They can also clarify the cause and progress of past stresses. With these developments it is now possible to integrate the utilization of groundwater into water-resource planning with a high degree of confidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90168-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1979, Contribution of groundwater modeling to planning: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 121-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90168-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa82e4b0c8380cd4db3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.E.","contributorId":34927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012536,"text":"70012536 - 1979 - Hydrogeology of glacial-terrain lakes, with management and planning applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T17:13:00.512137","indexId":"70012536","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of glacial-terrain lakes, with management and planning applications","docAbstract":"The subject of the relationship between groundwater and lakes is characterized by sparse information and, in general, has received limited attention by hydrologists. Nevertheless, the hydrogeologic regime of lakes must be adequately assessed in order to intelligently manage lakes and their related shorelands. This paper is a compilation of hydrogeologic data for numerous lakes in North America and presents a preliminary classification framework for lakes based on hydrogeologic considerations. The classification leads to systematic categorization of lake types for planning and management purposes.
The main hydrogeologic factors for assessing lake environments are: (1) regime dominance, the relative magnitude of groundwater in the total water budget of a lake; (2) system efficiency, a description of the rate aspects of surface and groundwater movement through a lake system; and (3) position within a groundwater flow system. We indicate the significance and difficulty of measuring these descriptive characteristics and provide examples of each category. Additionally, a variety of lake-related activities that illustrate the value of hydrogeologic information for planning and management purposes are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90163-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Born, S., Smith, S., and Stephenson, D., 1979, Hydrogeology of glacial-terrain lakes, with management and planning applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 7-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90163-X.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a348de4b0c8380cd5f854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Born, S.M.","contributorId":105435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Born","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S.A.","contributorId":72930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, D.A.","contributorId":103794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012544,"text":"70012544 - 1979 - Hydraulic potential in Lake Michigan bottom sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T17:07:52.687346","indexId":"70012544","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic potential in Lake Michigan bottom sediments","docAbstract":"The magnitude and direction of groundwater flux in the bottom sediments of Lake Michigan were deduced from measurements made during three shipboard cruises between 1973 and 1975. These factors affect the geochemical environment of the sediments and therefore the distribution of trace elements reported to be present. The near-shore, sandy-bottom and fine-grained, soft, deep-lake sediments were investigated; areas of hard till or bedrock were not included in the study.
Thirty-three piezometers were placed in near-shore sands in waters 5-15 m deep. The piezometers were placed an average of 3 m into the bottom sediment. Water levels from the piezometers averaged 0.6 cm above the lake level, equivalent to an upward hydraulic gradient of about 0.002 cm/cm. Water samples taken from the piezometers have a distinctly different chemical composition from that of the lake water. The total dissolved mineral content and hardness of the groundwater are about twice those of the lake water.
Twenty-two hydraulic gradient measurements were made in the fine-grained soft deep-lake sediments in waters 48-140 m deep by using a differential-pressure transducer dropped into the sediments. These measurements show an upward gradient averaging 0.2 cm/cm. No chemical data were obtained for the groundwater in the deep-lake sediments.
The results of this study indicate that the groundwater flux is upward through the bottom sediments into Lake Michigan and that there is a chemical change in the water near the water-sediment contact.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90165-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., Hunt, C., Hughes, G., and Brower, R., 1979, Hydraulic potential in Lake Michigan bottom sediments: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 67-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90165-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.60478003613326\n ],\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.32699859495696\n ],\n [\n -87.68145821342434,\n 42.32699859495696\n ],\n [\n -87.68145821342434,\n 42.60478003613326\n ],\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.60478003613326\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32f9e4b0c8380cd5ec11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, C.S.","contributorId":84904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, G.M.","contributorId":87289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brower, R.D.","contributorId":75276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brower","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014350,"text":"1014350 - 1979 - The parasitic coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, from the eggs of the American acipenseriform Polyodon Spainthula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-30T16:40:59.48378","indexId":"1014350","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The parasitic coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, from the eggs of the American acipenseriform Polyodon Spainthula","docAbstract":"No significant differences in macro- and micromorphology were found between the parasitic stolon and free-living polyps of Polypodium sp. obtained from infected eggs of the North American acipenseriform fish Polyodon spathula and corresponding developmental stages of Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, parasitic in the Volga sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Therefore, both the American and the European
forms of Polypodium belong to the species P. hydriforme Ussov.
The results of the natural processes caused by solution and leaching of limestone, dolomite, gypsum, salt and other soluble rocks, is known as karst. Development of karst is commonly known as karstification, which may have a pronounced effect on the topography, hydrology and environment, especially where such karst features as sinkholes and vertical solution shafts extend below the land surface and intersect lateral solution passages, cavities, caverns and other karst features in carbonate rocks. Karst features may be divided into two groups: (1) surficial features that do not extend far below the surface; and (2) karst features such as sinkholes that extend below the surface and affect the circulation of water below.
The permeability of the most productive carbonate aquifers is due chiefly to enlargement of fractures and other openings by circulation of water. Important controlling factors responsible for the development of karst and permeability in carbonate aquifers include: (1) climate, topography, and presence of soluble rocks; (2) geologic structure; (3) nature of underground circulation; and (4) base level. Another important factor is the condition of the surface of the carbonate rocks at the time they are exposed to meteoric water. A carbonate rock surface, with soil or relatively permeable, less soluble cover, is more favorable for initiation of karstification and solution than bare rocks. Water percolates downward through the cover to the underlying carbonate rocks instead of running off on the surface. Also, the water becomes more corrosive as it percolates through the permeable cover to the underlying carbonate rocks. Where there is no cover or the cover has been removed, the carbonate rocks become case hardened and resistant to erosion. However, in regions underlain not only by carbonate rocks but also by beds of anhydrite, gypsum and salt, such as the Hueco Plateau in southeastern New Mexico, subsurface solution may occur where water without natural acids moves down from bare rock surfaces through cracks to the beds that are more soluble than carbonate rocks. For example, in the area of Carlsbad Caverns in southeastern New Mexico, much of the water responsible for solution that formed the caverns apparently entered the groundwater system through large open fractures and did not form sinkhole topography. East of the Carlsbad Caverns, however, in the Pecos River Valley where the carbonate rocks are overlain by the less soluble Ogallala Formation of Late Tertiary age, solution began along escarpments as the Pecos River and its tributaries cut through the less soluble cover. As these escarpments retreated, sinkholes and other karst features developed.
Joints or fractures are essential for initiation of downward percolation of water in compact carbonate rocks such as some Paleozoic limestone in which there is no intergranular permeability. Also joints or fractures and bedding planes may be essential in the initiation of lateral movement of water in the zone of saturation. Where conditions of recharge and discharge are favorable, groundwater may move parallel to the dip. However, the direction of movement of water in most carbonate rocks is not necessarily down dip or parallel to the dip. The general direction of movement of both surface and groundwater may be parallel to the strike in a breached anticline. Faults may restrict the lateral movement of water, especially if water-bearing beds are faulted against relatively impervious beds. Conversely, some fault may serve as avenues through which water may move as, for example, in the Cretaceous Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas.
Karst aquifers, chiefly carbonate rocks, may be placed in three groups according to water-bearing capacity. Water in aquifers of group 1 occurs chiefly in joints, fractures, and other openings that have not been enlarged by solution. The yield of wells is small. Aquifers in group 2, with low to intermediate yields, are those in which water occurs in joints and fractures with some cavities and channels enlarged by solution. Aquifers in group 3 are those in which the yield of wells and springs range from intermediate to very large. This group includes five of the most productive aquifers in the U.S.A.
The water-bearing beds of all of these productive aquifers, except the Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida, contain buried paleokarst in which the permeability has been reactivated and enlarged by the present circulation system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90178-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., Rapp, J.R., and Anders, R., 1979, Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 313-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90178-1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0730e4b0c8380cd515d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, J. R.","contributorId":29394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anders, R.B.","contributorId":106533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001611,"text":"1001611 - 1979 - Duck nest structure evaluations in prairie wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T18:42:20.280796","indexId":"1001611","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duck nest structure evaluations in prairie wetlands","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808286","usgsCitation":"Doty, H.A., 1979, Duck nest structure evaluations in prairie wetlands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 43, no. 4, p. 976-979, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808286.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"976","endPage":"979","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633b5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doty, Harold A.","contributorId":17565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doty","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181768,"text":"70181768 - 1979 - Histopathology of yearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T15:23:18.074303","indexId":"70181768","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1650,"text":"Fish Pathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Histopathology of yearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN)","docAbstract":"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is generally believed to be a virus disease of very young salmonids. In recent years there have been increasing numbers of unpublished reports that this disease has been occurring uncharacteristically in fish as old as 7-14 months. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of this age the histological changes were not severe. Intestinal tract granular cells thought to be pathognomic in young fish were conspicuously absent. Kidney imprints showed necrobiotic bodies however, and subtle changes were observed in the spleen and kidney hematopoietic tissue.
","language":"English","publisher":"Japanese Society of Fish Pathology","doi":"10.3147/jsfp.14.59","usgsCitation":"Yasutake, W.T., 1979, Histopathology of yearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN): Fish Pathology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 59-64, https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.14.59.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480602,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.14.59","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":335278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a2d3c3e4b0c82512869a3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yasutake, William T.","contributorId":70444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":887051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70237065,"text":"70237065 - 1979 - Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T11:52:51.189043","indexId":"70237065","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-29T06:44:27","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments","docAbstract":"The deep-tow instrument package of Scripps Institution of Oceanography provides a unique opportunity to delineate small-scale features of a size comparable to those features usually described from ancient deep-sea fan deposits. On Navy Fan, the deep-tow side-scanning sonar readily detected steep channel walls and steps and terraces within channels. The most striking features observed in side-scan are large crescentic depressions commonly occurring in groups. These appear to be large scours or flutes carved by turbidity currents. Four distinct acoustic facies were mapped on the basis of qualitative assessment of reflectivity of 4 kHz reflection profiles. There is a distinct increase in depth of acoustic penetration, number of sub-bottom reflectors, and reflector continuity from the upper fan-valley to the lower fan. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in surface relief.
Navy Fan is made up of three active sectors. The active upper fan is dominated by a single channel with prominent levees that decrease in height downstream. The active mid-fan region or suprafan is where sand is deposited. Well defined distributary channels with steps, terraces, and other mesotopography terminate in depositional lobes. Interchannel areas are rough, containing giant scours as well as other relief. The active lower fan accumulates mud and silt and is without resolvable surface morphology.
The morphological features seen on Navy Fan other than levees, interchannel areas, and lobes are principally erosional. The distributary channels are up to 0.5 km wide and 5–15 m deep. Such features, because of their large size and low relief, are rarely completely exposed or easily detectable in ancient rock sequences. Some flute-shaped scours are larger than channels in cross section but many are 5-30 m across and 1-2 m deep. If observed in ancient rocks transverse to palaeo-current direction, they would perhaps be indistinguishable from channels. Surface sediment distribution combined with fan morphology can be used to relate modern sediments to facies models for ancient fan sediments. Gravel and sand occur in the upper valley, massive sand beds in the mid-fan distributary channels, classical complete Bouma sequences on depositional lobes, incomplete Bouma sequences (lacking division a) on the lower mid-fan, and Bouma sequence with lenticular shape or other limited extent on mid-fan interchannel areas and on levees.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x","usgsCitation":"Normark, W., Piper, D., and Hess, G.R., 1979, Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments: Sedimentology, v. 26, no. 6, p. 749-774, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"749","endPage":"774","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 32.24997445586331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, William","contributorId":33052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.J.W.","contributorId":17351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7219,"text":"Natural Resources Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":853230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Gordon R.","contributorId":102119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012222,"text":"70012222 - 1979 - Earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Comparing the 1934 and 1966 sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T16:58:49.661941","indexId":"70012222","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Comparing the 1934 and 1966 sequences","docAbstract":"Moderate-sized earthquakes (Richter magnitude ML 5 1/2) have occurred four times this century (1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966) on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield in central California. In many respects the June 1966 sequence was a remarkably detailed repetition of the June 1934 sequence, suggesting a recurring recognizable pattern of stress and fault zone behavior.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.205.4413.1375","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., and McEvilly, T., 1979, Earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Comparing the 1934 and 1966 sequences: Science, v. 205, no. 4413, p. 1375-1377, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4413.1375.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1375","endPage":"1377","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.46018920313436,\n 35.91924841319678\n ],\n [\n -120.46018920313436,\n 35.886490437485804\n ],\n [\n -120.40915302292922,\n 35.886490437485804\n ],\n [\n -120.40915302292922,\n 35.91924841319678\n ],\n [\n -120.46018920313436,\n 35.91924841319678\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"205","issue":"4413","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0528e4b0c8380cd50c9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. 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Actually, only about 0.04 percent of the seeping gas is hydrocarbons and 98 percent is carbon dioxide. The isotopic compositions of carbon dioxide (δ13CPDB = –2.7 per mil) and methane (δ13CPDB = –36 per mil) where PDB is the Peedee belemnite standard) indicate that geothermal processes are active here.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.205.4412.1264","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., Weliky, K., Nelson, H., and Des Marais, D., 1979, Submarine seep of carbon dioxide in Norton Sound, Alaska: Science, v. 205, no. 4412, p. 1264-1266, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4412.1264.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1264","endPage":"1266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Norton Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.6423345377574,\n 64.83224768963393\n ],\n [\n -165.6423345377574,\n 63.025952674809105\n ],\n [\n -160.41867319197272,\n 63.025952674809105\n ],\n [\n -160.41867319197272,\n 64.83224768963393\n ],\n [\n -165.6423345377574,\n 64.83224768963393\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"205","issue":"4412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d32e4b08c986b31d6cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weliky, K.","contributorId":15350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weliky","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, H.","contributorId":16568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Des Marais, D.J.","contributorId":84075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Des Marais","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70129660,"text":"70129660 - 1979 - Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T14:47:59","indexId":"70129660","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-01T14:38:32","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite","docAbstract":"Calcite cementation of aragonite ooid sand is producing oolite on Joulters Cays, Bahamas. During the last 1,000 years, calcite cement has formed at an average rate of between 27 and 55 cm3 /m3 /yr and is derived from dissolution of ooid aragonite in fresh water. The dissolution-reprecipitation of carbonate minerals in the aquifer results in ground waters of unusually high Sr content. Sea water and mixtures of fresh and sea water appear to inhibit cementation. A pronounced cement fabric change occurs across the water table and has produced an obvious petrographic record of fresh-water diagenesis. Above the water table, cement is typically near grain contact positions, where water is held by capillarity; below the water table, cement is more randomly distributed around grains. At the water table a transition zone, 1 meter thick, marks the boundary between cement textures. No porosity reduction is associated with cementation; calcite cement precipitation is apparently compensated by an equal or greater amount of aragonite dissolution in the interval undergoing cementation. Permeability is more variable above the water table than below it, reflecting early channelling of flow patterns in the vadose zone. Effective permeability below the water table is one to two orders of magnitude higher than above the water table because of entrained gas in the vadose zone. This permeability difference promotes preservation of unstable minerals above the water table and continued diagenetic alteration below the water table.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","doi":"10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Halley, R.B., and Harris, P.M., 1979, Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 969-987, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"969","endPage":"987","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295739,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D"},{"id":295740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","otherGeospatial":"Joulters Cays","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544b6a1fe4b03653c63fb1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halley, R. B.","contributorId":9984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, P. M.","contributorId":27377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120099,"text":"70120099 - 1979 - A parametric generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-12T11:06:40","indexId":"70120099","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-01T11:03:23","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A parametric generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling","docAbstract":"The Hayne model for line transect sampling is generalized by using an elliptical (rather than circular) flushing model for animal detection. By assuming the ration of major and minor axes lengths is constant for all animals, a model results which allows estimation of population density based directly upon sighting distances and sighting angles. The derived estimator of animal density is a generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biometrics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/2530249","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K.P., 1979, A parametric generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling: Biometrics, v. 35, no. 3, p. 587-595, https://doi.org/10.2307/2530249.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"595","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292011,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2530249"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53eb2a4ee4b0461e4476499f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, Kenneth P.","contributorId":95025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}