By the method of electron reflection, we have identified seven well-defined magnetized regions in the equatorial belt of the lunar far side sampled by the Apollo 16 Particles and Fields subsatellite. Most of these surface magnetic fields lie within one basin radius from the rim of a ringed impact basin, where thick deposits of basin ejecta are observed or inferred. The strongest of the seven magnetic features is linear, at least 250 km long, and radial to the Freundlich-Sharonov basin. The apparent correlation with basin ejecta suggests some form of impact origin for the observed permanently magnetized regions.
Leg 49 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project recovered 192 cores at eight drilling sites, 407 through 414 (Figure 1). Light-microscope techniques were used to study the cocoliths, silicoflagellates, and sponge spicules of 120 samples from these cores. The cocolith zonation of the samples follows Bukry (1975a), and is summarized in Figure 2. Silicoflagellate zonation, summarized in Figure 3, is explained in the text. Siliceous sponge spicules are common in many samples and are briefly discussed and illustrated. One new silicoflagellate, Distephanus sulcatus, from the Plicene of Site 407, is described.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.49.118.1979","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1979, Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, northern mid-Atlantic Ridge and Reykjanes Ridge, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 49: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 49, p. 551-581, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.49.118.1979.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"581","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.49.118.1979","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.deepseadrilling.org/49/dsdp_toc.htm"}],"otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -62.22656249999999,\n 15.368949896534705\n ],\n [\n -62.22656249999999,\n 67.23806155909902\n ],\n [\n 4.306640625,\n 67.23806155909902\n ],\n [\n 4.306640625,\n 15.368949896534705\n ],\n [\n -62.22656249999999,\n 15.368949896534705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b5ee4b08de9379b3349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":30980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168569,"text":"70168569 - 1979 - Space techniques for measuring crustal deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-19T15:53:20","indexId":"70168569","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space techniques for measuring crustal deformation","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1979, Space techniques for measuring crustal deformation: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 11, no. 1, p. 9-17.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c84acce4b0b3c9ae3810a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168602,"text":"70168602 - 1979 - Some aspects of the early history of seismology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T15:59:18","indexId":"70168602","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some aspects of the early history of seismology","docAbstract":"From the earliest times, people have been terrified yet fascinated by the workings of the Earth. Indeed records of earthquakes have been kept in China for over 3000 years and for 1500 years in Japan. because of the interior of the Earth is inaccessible, nothing about it could be known with any certainty. For thousands of years, thinkers and writers could base their conclusions on a limited number of observations, some of which were as follows; the Earth was not stable and sometimes shook violently; the earthquakes produced were more frequent in some localities than in others; they were sometimes accompanied by heavy rumblings, fissures in the ground, changes in the level of the land, and tidal waves. Oftentimes earthquakes were associated with volcanoes or \"burning mountains.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sachs, J., 1979, Some aspects of the early history of seismology: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 11, no. 2, p. 58-63.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318220,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c54e4b059daa47c9af8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sachs, J.S.","contributorId":47546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sachs","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197172,"text":"70197172 - 1979 - Geomagnetic paleointensities by the Thelliers' method from submarine pillow basalts: Effects of seafloor weathering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T15:18:04","indexId":"70197172","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomagnetic paleointensities by the Thelliers' method from submarine pillow basalts: Effects of seafloor weathering","docAbstract":"Measurements of geomagnetic paleointensity using the Thelliers' double‐heating method in vacuum have been made on 10 specimens of submarine pillow basalt obtained from 7 fragments dredged from localities 700,000 years old or younger. In the magnetic minerals, the titanium/iron ratio parameter x and the cation deficiency (oxidation) parameter x were determined by X‐ray diffraction and Curie temperature measurement. Fresh material (z ≅ 0) provided excellent results: most of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) could be thermally demagnetized before the magnetic minerals became altered, and the NRM‐TRM lines were straight and well constrained, and geologically reasonable paleointensities were obtained. Somewhat oxidized material (z ≅ 0.2) also provided apparently valid paleointensities: values were similar to those from fresh specimens cut from the same fragments, although only half or less of the NRM could be thermally demagnetized before alteration of the magnetic minerals. More highly oxidized material (z ≅ 0.6) gave a result seriously in error: the paleointensity value is much too low, because of continuous disproportionation of titanomaghemite during the heating experiments and because seafloor weathering had decreased the NRM intensity. From limited published data, the extent of oxidation of titanomagnetite to cation deficient titanomaghemite in pillow basalt exposed on the seafloor appears to be approximately z = 0.3 at 0.2–0.5 m.y., z = 0.6 at 1 m.y., and z = 0.8–1.0 at 10–100 m.y. This implies that valid paleointensities can be obtained from exposed submarine basalt, but only if the basalt is younger than a few hundred thousand years. Equally good paleointensities were obtained from strongly magnetized (L‐type) basalt and moderately magnetized (L‐type) basalt. The degree of low‐temperature oxidation of cubic iron‐titanium oxides in submarine basalts correlates very well with the diminution of amplitude of linear magnetic anomalies when both are compared as a function of crustal age. Systematic radial variation of Curie temperature is a primary feature of submarine basalt pillows, so that estimation of the oxidation parameter z from the Curie temperature alone by assuming a value for x can be in error. Reasonably precise and self‐consistent values of both x and z can be obtained if both the cubic cell dimension and the Curie temperature of the cubic oxide are measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB084iB07p03553","usgsCitation":"Gromme, S., Mankinen, E.A., Marshall, M., and Coe, R.S., 1979, Geomagnetic paleointensities by the Thelliers' method from submarine pillow basalts: Effects of seafloor weathering: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 84, no. B7, p. 3553-3575, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB07p03553.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"3553","endPage":"3575","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff4a4ae4b0da30c1bfdbc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gromme, Sherman","contributorId":59318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"Sherman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, Monte","contributorId":91116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Monte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coe, Robert S.","contributorId":20477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168571,"text":"70168571 - 1979 - Predicting rock bursts in mines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T12:47:49","indexId":"70168571","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting rock bursts in mines","docAbstract":"In terms of lives lost, rock bursts in underground mines can be as hazardous as earthquakes on the surface. So it is not surprising that fo the last 40 years the U.S Bureau of Mines has been using seismic methods for detecting areas in underground mines where there is a high differential stress which could lead to structural instability of the rock mass being excavated.
\nThe microseismic method relies on observational data, amply demonstrated in laboratory experiments, that acoustic noise occurs in rocks subjected to high differential stresses. Acoustic emission becomes most pronounced as the breaking strength of the rock is reached. Laboratory studies have shown that the acoustic emission is linked with the release of stored strain energy as the rock mass undergoes small-scale adjustments such as the formation of cracks. Studies in actual mines have shown that acoustic noises often precede failure of rock masses in rock bursts or in coal bumps. Seismologists are, therefore, very interested in whether these results can be applied to large-scale failures; that is, earthquakes. An active research program in predicting rock bursts in mines is being conducted by Brian T. Brady and his colleagues at the U.S Bureau of Mines, Denver Colo.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1979, Predicting rock bursts in mines: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 11, no. 3, p. 89-94.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c84acbe4b0b3c9ae381096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168572,"text":"70168572 - 1979 - Earthquake research in the Soviet Union","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T16:56:09","indexId":"70168572","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake research in the Soviet Union","docAbstract":"Henry Spall talked recently with Robert L. Wesson, the new Chief, Office of Earthquake Studies at the U.S Geological Survey National Center, Reston, Va. Wesson has spent altogether almost 1 year in the U.S.S.R, and 6 months of that time in the Garm area of Soviet Tadzhikistan in 1974.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1979, Earthquake research in the Soviet Union: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 11, no. 1, p. 22-25.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Former USSR","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 34.453125,\n 69.77895177646761\n ],\n [\n 35.859375,\n 72.50172235139388\n ],\n [\n 28.125,\n 68.78414378041504\n ],\n [\n 30.937499999999996,\n 62.75472592723178\n ],\n [\n 27.0703125,\n 59.5343180010956\n ],\n [\n 28.125,\n 53.54030739150022\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n 54.140625,\n 42.8115217450979\n ],\n [\n 64.3359375,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n 79.453125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n 80.85937499999999,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n 87.890625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n 94.21875,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n 110.0390625,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n 116.71874999999999,\n 50.736455137010665\n ],\n [\n 132.1875,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n 132.1875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n 136.7578125,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n 142.3828125,\n 50.958426723359935\n ],\n [\n 140.625,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n 144.84375,\n 58.63121664342478\n ],\n [\n 152.578125,\n 57.89149735271034\n ],\n [\n 155.7421875,\n 50.28933925329178\n ],\n [\n 185.625,\n 64.32087157990324\n ],\n [\n 182.4609375,\n 68.78414378041504\n ],\n [\n 163.4765625,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n 138.1640625,\n 72.39570570653261\n ],\n [\n 116.3671875,\n 74.1160468394894\n ],\n [\n 109.3359375,\n 77.07878389624943\n ],\n [\n 91.40625,\n 76.01609366420995\n ],\n [\n 59.4140625,\n 70.72897946208789\n ],\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 68.00757101804004\n ],\n [\n 34.453125,\n 69.77895177646761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c84ac7e4b0b3c9ae381046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168573,"text":"70168573 - 1979 - Earthquake prediction research at the Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T13:01:28","indexId":"70168573","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake prediction research at the Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","docAbstract":"The Seismological Laboratory at the California Institute of Techonology (Caltech) was founded in 1928 as a result of a study by the Carnegie Institue of Washington. The study was based primarily on a 1916 report by H. O. Wood which recommended that a network of seismic stations be established in southern California. In 1929, the Carnegie Advisory Committee sponsored a conference at Caltech involving world authorities in seismology (fig. 1). Shortly thereafter, Beno Gutenberg was appointed to work at the Seismological Laboratory, although it was not until 1947 that he was formally names as director. He was succeeded in 1957 by Frank Press (now the President's Science Advisor) and in 1967 by Don Anderson.
\nMuch of the present research at the laboratory involves disciplines that did not exist 20 years ago. They included studies of the free oscillations of the Earth after a great earthquake, studies of the properties of rocks and minerals at high temperatures and pressures, construction of synthetic seismograms, and planetary seismology.
\nNevertheless, basic earthquake-related information has always been of consuming interest to the public and the media in this part of California (fig. 2.). So it is not surprising that earthquake prediction continues to be a significant reserach program at the laboratory. Several of the current spectrum of projects related to prediction are discussed below.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1979, Earthquake prediction research at the Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 11, no. 3, p. 95-101.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"101","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c84ac6e4b0b3c9ae38103e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168570,"text":"70168570 - 1979 - Sociological aspects of earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T12:40:14","indexId":"70168570","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sociological aspects of earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"Henry Spall talked recently with Denis Mileti who is in the Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. Dr. Mileti is a sociologst involved with research programs that study the socioeconomic impact of earthquake prediction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1979, Sociological aspects of earthquake prediction: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 11, no. 3, p. 102-105.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318191,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c84acce4b0b3c9ae3810a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70196081,"text":"70196081 - 1979 - The geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek Aquifer in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:39:38","indexId":"70196081","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek Aquifer in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Late Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation and the basal portion of the overlying Hell Creek Formation constitute an important aquifer in the Fort Union coal region. Throughout most of southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota the aquifer is at depths ranging from 1000 to 2000 ft, except for exposures along the Cedar Creek anticline. Water flows in the aquifer from southwest to northeast, with flow rates of a few feet per year. The recharge and discharge areas of the aquifer are separated by a north-south trending transition zone in which significant changes in water chemistry occur. Dissolved constituents in the recharge area (the western part of the study area) are Na+ = 18 mmol/l, Cl− = 0.7 mmol/1, SO42− = 2.7 mmol/1, and HCO3− = 13 mmol/l (δ13C = −12‰) with pH = 8.5. Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ are each less than 0.1 mmol/l, dissolved O2 = 0, and traces of H2S and CH4 are present. Computer modeling and carbon isotope data suggest the following reactions in the recharge area. CO2 derived from lignitic carbon reacts to dissolve carbonate minerals, with cations then being exchanged for Na+ on clay minerals. The high pH in the aquifer is the result of buffering by carbonate-ion exchange equilibria. In the discharge area, pH values have declined to 8.3, Cl− has increased from 0.7 to 5.5 mmol/l, with a parallel increase in Na+ SO42− has essentially disappeared, HCO3− has increased from 13 to 21 mmol/l (δ13C = −9‰), CH4 has attained concentrations greater than 0.5 mmol/l, and small amounts of He are present. Traces of H2S are present, and Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+concentrations remain low throughout the aquifer: These changes can be accounted for by reactions in the aquifer: (1) sulfate reduction to pyrite with lignitic material as the carbon source and (2) continuous buffering of pH by the carbonate-ion exchange equilibria. Chemical and hydrologic data suggest that the increase in NaCl results from upward movement of small volumes of water into the Fox Hills aquifer from the transition zone eastward. Redox reactions in the aquifer are closely analogous to those observed in pore waters of reducing marine sediments. Reactions approach but do not achieve true thermodynamic equilibrium. Measurements of redox potential suggest a downgradient decrease in redox potential. The measurements are not amenable to quantitative interpretation.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/WR015i006p01479","usgsCitation":"Thorstenson, D.C., Fisher, D.W., and Croft, M.G., 1979, The geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek Aquifer in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota: Water Resources Research, v. 15, no. 6, p. 1479-1498, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i006p01479.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1479","endPage":"1498","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff4a4ae4b0da30c1bfdbc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorstenson, Donald C.","contributorId":107323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Donald W.","contributorId":106468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Croft, Mack G.","contributorId":203351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Croft","given":"Mack","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162501,"text":"70162501 - 1979 - Trees as indicators of past movements on the San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T01:53:45","indexId":"70162501","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trees as indicators of past movements on the San Andreas Fault","docAbstract":"Trees are sources of information about fault movements that have occurred before the earliest historical reports. This kind of evidence can be used to improve estimates of when earthquakes will recur on faults known to be seismically active and to identify active faults that have no record of movement during recent history.
\nThe approach is not new. Robert Page of the U.S Geological Survey described the effects of the 1958 earthquake on trees along the Fairweather fault in Alaska. He showed that tree rings methods could have been used to identify and to closely date this event. We undertook a similar study of the northern part of the San Andreas fault, in part because there are no historic records prior to 1906 along this segment.
\nEarthquakes and surface rupture along faults affect trees in several different ways. Direct effects include fracturing, twisting, and tilting of trees that grown on the surface of the break. In a much wider zone along the fault, trees may be felled or topped as a result of ground motion.
\nAmong the indirect effects are tilting, felling, or burial of trees in earthquake-triggered landslides. Long-term effects may include changes in growth rate due to local hydrologic and topographic changes as well as to biological effects such as the death of neighboring trees. Under favoralbe circumstances these can be dated by tree ring methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Wallace, R.E., and LaMarche, V., 1979, Trees as indicators of past movements on the San Andreas Fault: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 11, no. 4, p. 127-131.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.068603515625,\n 40.6639728763869\n ],\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 38.212288054388175\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -123.78295898437501,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -124.29931640625,\n 40.153686857794035\n ],\n [\n -124.442138671875,\n 40.40513069752789\n ],\n [\n -124.1455078125,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -124.068603515625,\n 40.6639728763869\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a7556fe4b0b28f1184d8a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, R. E.","contributorId":6823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaMarche, Valmore C. Jr.","contributorId":37322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaMarche","given":"Valmore C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162341,"text":"70162341 - 1979 - Immersion vaccination of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with two pathogenic strains of Vibrio anguillarum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T15:06:48","indexId":"70162341","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immersion vaccination of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with two pathogenic strains of Vibrio anguillarum","docAbstract":"Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were immersion-vaccinated in suspensions containing 5 × 107, 5 × 106, 5 × 105, or 5 × 104 bacteria/mL of bivalent or monovalent, formalin-killedVibrio anguillarum, Types I and II. The fish were split into two lots and held for 54 d. At that time one lot was challenged with living, virulent V. anguillarum, Type I, and one with living, virulent V.anguillarum, Type II. Immunization with bivalent bacterin effectively protected the fish from vibriosis, but monovalent vaccine was effective only against the homologous challenge. Immunization with the highest concentration of Type I monovalent bacterin resulted in 0% Type I and 58% Type II challenge mortality. Immunization with the highest concentration of Type II monovalent bacterin resulted in 41% Type I and 0% Type II challenge mortality. Immunization with the highest concentration of bivalent Type I/Type II bacterin resulted in 2% mortality in both challenges. Protective bacterins were effective at concentrations down to 5 × 105 bacteria/mL.Key words: immersion vaccination, bivalent vaccines, Vibrio anguillarum, vibriosis.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f79-033","usgsCitation":"Gould, R.W., Antipa, R., and Amend, D., 1979, Immersion vaccination of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with two pathogenic strains of Vibrio anguillarum: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 36, no. 2, p. 222-225, https://doi.org/10.1139/f79-033.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"222","endPage":"225","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f49e4b0961cf2811bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gould, R. W.","contributorId":67054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antipa, R.","contributorId":152314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Antipa","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amend, D.F.","contributorId":63082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012432,"text":"70012432 - 1979 - Determination of arsenic in geological materials by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometry after hydride generation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:12:35.322414","indexId":"70012432","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of arsenic in geological materials by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometry after hydride generation","docAbstract":"Rock and soil samples are decomposed with HClO4—HNO3; after further treatment, arsine is generated and absorbed in a dilute silver nitrate solution. Aliquots of this solution are injected into a carbon rod atomizer. Down to 1 ppm As in samples can be determined and there are no significant interferences, even from chromium in soils. Good results were obtained for geochemical reference samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93076-4","usgsCitation":"Sanzolone, R.F., Chao, T.T., and Welsch, E.P., 1979, Determination of arsenic in geological materials by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometry after hydride generation: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 108, no. C, p. 357-361, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93076-4.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"361","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff93e4b0c8380cd4f27c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welsch, E. P.","contributorId":6050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsch","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162339,"text":"70162339 - 1979 - New host and geographical records for the leech Acanthobdella peledina Grube 1851 (Hirudinea, Acanthobdellidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T15:03:14","indexId":"70162339","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New host and geographical records for the leech Acanthobdella peledina Grube 1851 (Hirudinea, Acanthobdellidae)","docAbstract":"A total of four leeches (Acanthobdella peledina), parasitizing four specimens of the least cisco (Coregonus sardinella), were found during July and August 1977. The hosts and parasites were collected during a fishery survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the North Slope waters of Naval Petroleum Reserve, Alaska. Two host fishes were collected from the Chipp River (70035' latitude, 155012' longitude) and two from an unnamed, landlocked lake (69054' latitude, 153o23' longitude). The Chipp River collection site is about 130 km southeast of Barrow, and the unnamed lake about 200 km southeast of Barrow. The leeches, which were fixed in situ with neutral formalin, appeared to have penetrated the integument and were embedded in subcutaneous tissues and white muscle at the base of the pelvic fins. The specimens were cylindrical and about 23 mm long and 2-3 mm wide. Color before fixation was olive-green. The five anterior segments each had four pairs of hooked setae at the ventral surface. Our identification was based on a description in Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al., 1962, Key to parasites of freshwater fish of the USSR (Transl. from Russian), NTIS TT-64-11040.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/3280268","usgsCitation":"Hauck, A.K., Fallon, M.J., and Burger, C.V., 1979, New host and geographical records for the leech Acanthobdella peledina Grube 1851 (Hirudinea, Acanthobdellidae): Journal of Parasitology, v. 65, no. 6, p. 989-989, https://doi.org/10.2307/3280268.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"989","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4ce4b0961cf2811c0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauck, A. K.","contributorId":152417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hauck","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, Michael J.","contributorId":152418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fallon","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burger, Carl V.","contributorId":152419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burger","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162342,"text":"70162342 - 1979 - Mortality of experimentally descaled smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in fresh and salt water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T15:10:35","indexId":"70162342","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of experimentally descaled smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in fresh and salt water","docAbstract":"Removal of slime from 25% of the body caused no deaths among smolts of coho salmon in fresh water or in seawater (28‰). Removal of slime and scales from the same percentage of body area caused no deaths in fresh water, but 75% mortality within 10 days in seawater. The 10-day median tolerance limit was 10% scale removal immediately before the smolts entered seawater. Mortality was highest when the scales were removed from the area of the rib cage. Recovery of smolts in fresh water from a loss of scales that would be lethal in seawater occurred rapidly; 90% of the fish regained tolerance to seawater within 1 day.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1979)108<67:MOEDSO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bouck, G.R., and Smith, S., 1979, Mortality of experimentally descaled smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in fresh and salt water: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 108, no. 1, p. 67-69, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1979)108<67:MOEDSO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"69","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4be4b0961cf2811c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouck, Gerald R.","contributorId":152420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouck","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Stanley D.","contributorId":83417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanley D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11750,"text":"ofr79250 - 1979 - Stratigraphic sections of Jurassic San Rafael Group and adjacent rocks in Delta, Mesa, and Montrose Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-10T19:13:58.200658","indexId":"ofr79250","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-250","title":"Stratigraphic sections of Jurassic San Rafael Group and adjacent rocks in Delta, Mesa, and Montrose Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79250","usgsCitation":"Wright, J.C., and Dickey, D.D., 1979, Stratigraphic sections of Jurassic San Rafael Group and adjacent rocks in Delta, Mesa, and Montrose Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-250, i, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79250.","productDescription":"i, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144747,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0250/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":419718,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0250/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Delta County, Mesa County, Montrose County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, James Clifton","contributorId":95878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Clifton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickey, Dayton Delbert","contributorId":8472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickey","given":"Dayton","email":"","middleInitial":"Delbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2000109,"text":"2000109 - 1979 - Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T14:30:38","indexId":"2000109","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"79/31","title":"Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States","docAbstract":"This classification, to be used in a new inventory of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States, is intended to describe ecological taxa, arrange them in a system useful to resource managers, furnish units for mapping, and provide uniformity of concepts and terms. Wetlands are defined by plants (hydrophytes), soils (hydric soils), and frequency of flooding. Ecologically related areas of deep water, traditionally not considered wetlands, are included in the classification as deepwater habitats.Systems form the highest level of the classification hierarchy; five are defined--Marine, Estuarine, Riverine, Lacustrine, and Palustrine. Marine and Estuarine systems each have two subsystems, Subtidal and Intertidal; the Riverine system has four subsystems, Tidal, Lower Perennial, Upper Perennial, and Intermittent; the Lacustrine has two, Littoral and Limnetic; and the Palustrine has no subsystem.Within the subsystems, classes are based on substrate material and flooding regime, or on vegetative life form. The same classes may appear under one or more of the systems or subsystems. Six classes are based on substrate and flooding regime: (1) Rock Bottom with a substrate of bedrock, boulders, or stones; (2) Unconsolidated Bottom with a substrate of cobbles, gravel, sand, mud, or organic material; (3) Rocky Shore with the same substrate as Rock Bottom; (4) Unconsolidated Shore with the same substrate as Unconsolidated Bottom; (5) Streambed with any of the substrates; and (6) Reef with a substrate composed of the living and dead remains of invertebrates (corals, mollusks, or worms). The bottom classes, (1) and (2) above, are flooded all or most of the time and the shore classes, (3) and (4), are exposed most of the time. The class Streambed is restricted to channels of intermittent streams and tidal channels that are dewatered at low tide. The life form of the dominant vegetation defines the five classes based on vegetative form: (1) Aquatic Bed, dominated by plants that grow principally on or below the surface of the water; (2) Moss-Lichen Wetland, dominated by mosses or lichens; (3) Emergent Wetland, dominated by emergent herbaceous angiosperms; (4) Scrub-Shrub Wetland, dominated by shrubs or small trees; and (5) Forested Wetland, dominated by large trees.The dominance type, which is named for the dominant plant or animal forms, is the lowest level of the classification hierarchy. Only examples are provided for this level; dominance types must be developed by individual users of the classification.Modifying terms applied to the classes or subclasses are essential for use of the system. In tidal areas, the type and duration of flooding are described by four water regime modifiers: subtidal, irregularly exposed, regularly flooded, and irregularly flooded. In nontidal areas, six regimes are used: permanently flooded, intermittently exposed, semipermanently flooded, seasonally flooded, saturated, temporarily flooded, intermittently flooded, and artificially flooded. A hierarchical system of water chemistry modifiers, adapted from the Venice System, is used to describe the salinity of the water. Fresh waters are further divided on the basis of pH. Use of a hierarchical system of soil modifiers taken directly from U.S. soil taxonomy is also required. Special modifiers are used where appropriate: excavated, impounded, diked, partly drained, farmed, and artificial.Regional differences important to wetland ecology are described through a regionalization that combines a system developed for inland areas by R. G. Bailey in 1976 with our Marine and Estuarine provinces.The structure of the classification allows it to be used at any of several hierarchical levels. Special data required for detailed application of the system are frequently unavailable, and thus data gathering may be prerequisite to classification. Development of rules by the user will be required for specific map scales. Dominance types and relationships of plant and animal co","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., Carter, V., Golet, F., and LaRoe, E., 1979, Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States: FWS/OBS 79/31, 103 p.","productDescription":"103 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11908,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Classification-of-Wetlands-and-Deepwater-Habitats-of-the-United-States.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, V.","contributorId":61115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golet, F.C.","contributorId":32124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golet","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaRoe, E.T.","contributorId":103766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2000011,"text":"2000011 - 1979 - Annotated list of the fishes of the Lake Ontario watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"2000011","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":222,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Annotated list of the fishes of the Lake Ontario watershed","docAbstract":"This annotated list of the fishes of Lake Ontario and its watershed is based on published distribution records, museum collections, and reports of fish surveys that confirm the occurrence of fish species dating back to the 1850's. It includes 130 forms (129 spp. + the hybrid splake), 20 of which have disappeared or are extremely rare today. Considering species present only in the lake proper, 64 were reported in 1929, and 51 of those remained in 1972-73 (13 having disappeared). Seventeen species and the splake are fishes not known to have occurred in the lake in 1929 or were introduced since then. A list of 86 references pertinent to the study of the fish fauna of the watershed is given. The present list, started in 1972, includes some information from as late as 1976.","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Crossman, E.J., and Van Meter, H.D., 1979, Annotated list of the fishes of the Lake Ontario watershed: Technical Report 36, 25 p.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.glfc.org/pubs/TechReports/Tr36.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crossman, Edwin J.","contributorId":42678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crossman","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Meter, Harry D.","contributorId":36887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Meter","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2000126,"text":"2000126 - 1979 - Sea ice as a factor in seabird distribution and ecology in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-11T10:43:19","indexId":"2000126","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":74,"text":"Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Sea ice as a factor in seabird distribution and ecology in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering seas","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of marine birds of northern North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Divoky, G., 1979, Sea ice as a factor in seabird distribution and ecology in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering seas: Research Report 11, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94578,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.archive.org/details/conservationofma00naturich","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Divoky, G.J.","contributorId":15971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Divoky","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007442,"text":"1007442 - 1979 - Quantitative variation and the ecological role of vulpinic acid and atranorin in thallus of Letharia vulpina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T15:44:13.597724","indexId":"1007442","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":999,"text":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Quantitative variation and the ecological role of vulpinic acid and atranorin in thallus of Letharia vulpina","title":"Quantitative variation and the ecological role of vulpinic acid and atranorin in thallus of Letharia vulpina","docAbstract":"High pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine concentrations of vulpinic acid and atranorin in the thaullus of Letharia vulpina. Vulpinic acid concentration is lowest in the old basal branches of the thallus and increases toward the young branch tips, whereas the reverse is true for atranorin. The suggested role of vulpinic acid as an anti-herbivore defense compound is supported by both this distribution of the compound and our observations that vulpinic acid acts as a feeding deterrent to certain invertebrates. No significant difference in the content of atranorin or vulpinic acid was found in lichens from microhabitats of different sunlight intensities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0305-1978(79)90003-6","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, N.L., and Rundel, P.W., 1979, Quantitative variation and the ecological role of vulpinic acid and atranorin in thallus of Letharia vulpina: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, v. 7, p. 263-267, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(79)90003-6.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39634,"text":"pp1093 - 1979 - Reconnaissance study of Upper Cretaceous to Miocene stratigraphic units and sedimentary facies, Kodiak and adjacent islands, Alaska, with a section on sedimentary petrography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T20:28:16.515686","indexId":"pp1093","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1093","title":"Reconnaissance study of Upper Cretaceous to Miocene stratigraphic units and sedimentary facies, Kodiak and adjacent islands, Alaska, with a section on sedimentary petrography","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1093","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T.H., Moore, G.W., and Winkler, G., 1979, Reconnaissance study of Upper Cretaceous to Miocene stratigraphic units and sedimentary facies, Kodiak and adjacent islands, Alaska, with a section on sedimentary petrography: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1093, iii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1093.","productDescription":"iii, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423453,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92998.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":67294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1093/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak and adjacent islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.28399817357698,\n 59.09188784586141\n ],\n [\n -156.21502324975097,\n 56.928847174988135\n ],\n [\n -157.4912996207561,\n 55.944402141102984\n ],\n [\n -154.65842888802027,\n 55.228220221718345\n ],\n [\n -150.73142570390337,\n 57.773066039035626\n ],\n [\n -151.03162130058027,\n 58.89851922131746\n ],\n [\n -152.28399817357698,\n 59.09188784586141\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db63676e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Tor Helge","contributorId":89864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Tor","email":"","middleInitial":"Helge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, George William","contributorId":89123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winkler, Gary R.","contributorId":75513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkler","given":"Gary R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175047,"text":"70175047 - 1979 - Population dynamics and sediment relations of Gemma gemma in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T14:44:35","indexId":"70175047","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Population dynamics and sediment relations of Gemma gemma in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco State University","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Thompson, J., 1979, Population dynamics and sediment relations of Gemma gemma in San Francisco Bay.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325730,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db67e4b0589fa1c7ea02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175207,"text":"70175207 - 1979 - Methanogenic activity in plankton samples and fish intestines A mechanism for in situ methanogenesis in oceanic surface waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T14:48:21","indexId":"70175207","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methanogenic activity in plankton samples and fish intestines A mechanism for in situ methanogenesis in oceanic surface waters","docAbstract":"When plankton samples were incubated anaerobically with a cysteine-sulfide reducing agent, pronounced methane evolution occurred. This activity was inhibited by air, CHCl3, C2H2, and 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid. Adding [14C]CO32− resulted in accumulation of [14C]CH4. Portions of the digestive tracts of three fishes were incubated in methanogenic media, and two of the samples showed the presence of methanogenic bacteria.
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