{"pageNumber":"576","pageRowStart":"14375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70137838,"text":"70137838 - 2014 - Relationships between land cover and dissolved organic matter change along the river to lake transition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-13T11:22:36","indexId":"70137838","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between land cover and dissolved organic matter change along the river to lake transition","docAbstract":"<p><span>Dissolved organic matter (DOM) influences the physical, chemical, and biological properties of aquatic ecosystems. We hypothesized that controls over spatial variation in DOM quantity and composition (measured with DOM optical properties) differ based on the source of DOM to aquatic ecosystems. DOM quantity and composition should be better predicted by land cover in aquatic habitats with allochthonous DOM and related more strongly to nutrients in aquatic habitats with autochthonous DOM. Three habitat types [rivers (R), rivermouths (RM), and the nearshore zone (L)] associated with 23 tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes were sampled to test this prediction. Evidence from optical indices suggests that DOM in these habitats generally ranged from allochthonous (R sites) to a mix of allochthonous-like and autochthonous-like (L sites). Contrary to expectations, DOM properties such as the fluorescence index, humification index, and spectral slope ratio were only weakly related to land cover or nutrient data (Bayesian&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;values were indistinguishable from zero). Strongly supported models in all habitat types linked DOM quantity (that is, dissolved organic carbon concentration [DOC]) to both land cover and nutrients (Bayesian&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;values ranging from 0.55 to 0.72). Strongly supported models predicting DOC changed with habitat type: The most important predictor in R sites was wetlands whereas the most important predictor at L sites was croplands. These results suggest that as the DOM pool becomes more autochthonous-like, croplands become a more important driver of spatial variation in DOC and wetlands become less important.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-014-9804-2","usgsCitation":"Larson, J.H., Frost, P., Xenopoulos, M., Williams, C., Morales-Williams, A., Vallazza, J.M., Nelson, J., and Richardson, W.B., 2014, Relationships between land cover and dissolved organic matter change along the river to lake transition: Ecosystems, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1413-1425, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9804-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1413","endPage":"1425","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055864","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297169,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.17529296875,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.17529296875,\n              48.951366470947725\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.82763671875,\n              48.951366470947725\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.82763671875,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.17529296875,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2aa8e4b08de9379b316c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, James H. 0000-0002-6414-9758 jhlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-9758","contributorId":4250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"jhlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, Paul C.","contributorId":138622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frost","given":"Paul C.","affiliations":[{"id":12467,"text":"Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON  CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.","contributorId":138623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xenopoulos","given":"Marguerite A.","affiliations":[{"id":12467,"text":"Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON  CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Clayton J.","contributorId":138625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Clayton J.","affiliations":[{"id":12468,"text":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morales-Williams, Ana M.","contributorId":138624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morales-Williams","given":"Ana M.","affiliations":[{"id":12468,"text":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vallazza, Jonathan M. jvallazza@usgs.gov","contributorId":3651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallazza","given":"Jonathan","email":"jvallazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nelson, J. C. 0000-0002-7105-0107 jcnelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-0107","contributorId":459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"J. C.","email":"jcnelson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Richardson, William B. 0000-0002-7471-4394 wrichardson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-4394","contributorId":3277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"William","email":"wrichardson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70140648,"text":"70140648 - 2014 - Subsurface geologic features of the 2011 central Virginia earthquakes revealed by airborne geophysics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T16:39:38","indexId":"70140648","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-26T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface geologic features of the 2011 central Virginia earthquakes revealed by airborne geophysics","docAbstract":"<p><span>Characterizing geologic features associated with major earthquakes provides insights into mechanisms contributing to fault slip and assists evaluation of seismic hazard. We use high-resolution airborne geophysical data combined with ground sample measurements to image subsurface geologic features associated with the 2011 moment magnitude (M</span><sub>w</sub><span>) 5.8 central Virginia (USA) intraplate earthquake and its aftershocks. Geologic mapping and magnetic data analyses suggest that the earthquake occurred near a complex juncture of geologic contacts. These contacts also intersect a &gt;60-km-long linear gravity gradient. Distal aftershocks occurred in tight, ~1-km-wide clusters near other obliquely oriented contacts that intersect gravity gradients, in contrast to more linearly distributed seismicity observed at other seismic zones. These data and corresponding models suggest that local density contrasts (manifested as gravity gradients) modified the nearby stress regime in a manner favoring failure. However, along those gradients seismic activity is localized near structural complexities, suggesting a significant contribution from variations in associated rock characteristics such as rheological weakness and/or rock permeability, which may be enhanced in those areas. Regional magnetic data show a broader bend in geologic structures within the Central Virginia seismic zone, suggesting that seismic activity may also be enhanced in other nearby areas with locally increased rheological weaknesses and/or rock permeability. In contrast, away from the M</span><sub>w</sub><span>5.8 epicenter, geophysical lineaments are nearly continuous for tens of kilometers, especially toward the northeast. Continuity of associated geologic structures probably contributed to efficient propagation of seismic energy in that direction, consistent with moderate to high levels of damage from Louisa County to Washington, D.C., and neighboring communities.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2015.2509(17)","usgsCitation":"Shah, A.K., Horton, J., Burton, W.C., Spears, D., and Gilmer, A., 2014, Subsurface geologic features of the 2011 central Virginia earthquakes revealed by airborne geophysics: GSA Special Papers, v. 509, p. 509-517, https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(17).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"517","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049259","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297893,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","volume":"509","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2abae4b08de9379b31af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":540284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spears, David 0000-0001-8599-3125","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-3125","contributorId":139189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spears","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12690,"text":"Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Charlottesville, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gilmer, Amy K","contributorId":139190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilmer","given":"Amy K","affiliations":[{"id":12691,"text":"DMME","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70137547,"text":"70137547 - 2014 - Metrics for comparing dynamic earthquake rupture simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-09T14:52:25","indexId":"70137547","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metrics for comparing dynamic earthquake rupture simulations","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earthquakes are complex events that involve a myriad of interactions among multiple geologic features and processes. One of the tools that is available to assist with their study is computer simulation, particularly dynamic rupture simulation. A dynamic rupture simulation is a numerical model of the physical processes that occur during an earthquake. Starting with the fault geometry, friction constitutive law, initial stress conditions, and assumptions about the condition and response of the near‐fault rocks, a dynamic earthquake rupture simulation calculates the evolution of fault slip and stress over time as part of the elastodynamic numerical solution (Ⓔ&nbsp;</span><span>see the simulation description in the electronic supplement to this article). The complexity of the computations in a dynamic rupture simulation make it challenging to verify that the computer code is operating as intended, because there are no exact analytic solutions against which these codes&rsquo; results can be directly compared. One approach for checking if dynamic rupture computer codes are working satisfactorily is to compare each code&rsquo;s results with the results of other dynamic rupture codes running the same earthquake simulation benchmark. To perform such a comparison consistently, it is necessary to have quantitative metrics. In this paper, we present a new method for quantitatively comparing the results of dynamic earthquake rupture computer simulation codes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0220140122","usgsCitation":"Barall, M., and Harris, R.A., 2014, Metrics for comparing dynamic earthquake rupture simulations: Seismological Research Letters, v. 86, no. 1, p. 223-235, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220140122.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"235","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058501","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a97e4b08de9379b3122","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barall, Michael mbarall@usgs.gov","contributorId":2595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barall","given":"Michael","email":"mbarall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70134354,"text":"sir20145179 - 2014 - Seismic instrumentation plan for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:16:08","indexId":"sir20145179","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-25T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5179","title":"Seismic instrumentation plan for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"<p>The seismic network operated by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is the main source of authoritative data for reporting earthquakes in the State of Hawaii, including those that occur on the State’s six active volcanoes (Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, Mauna Kea, Haleakalā, Lō‘ihi). Of these volcanoes, Kīlauea and Mauna Loa are considered “very high threat” in a report on the rationale for a National Volcanic Early Warning System (NVEWS) (Ewert and others, 2005). This seismic instrumentation plan assesses the current state of HVO’s seismic network with respect to the State’s active volcanoes and calculates the number of stations that are needed to upgrade the current network to provide a seismic early warning capability for forecasting volcanic activity. Further, the report provides proposed priorities for upgrading the seismic network and a cost assessment for both the installation costs and maintenance costs of the improved network that are required to fully realize the potential of the early warning system.</p><p>HVO has operated seismometers on the Island of Hawai‘i since 1912. Currently, the seismic network includes more than 70 stations from four different organizations. Generally, the Island of Hawai‘i has most of the seismic stations in the network (and most of the activity), with the density of seismic stations increasing from the northern part of the island to the south-southeast. The strength of the current network, based on theoretical detection and location capabilities, is at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano and Kīlauea’s upper East Rift Zone and Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō—where few, if any, upgrades need to be made to the seismic network. The network in the region between Kīlauea and Mauna Loa is slightly weaker, as is the summit of Mauna Loa. In general, the rift zones of each volcano are more poorly monitored seismically than the summits and thus require a greater number of stations to achieve a volcanic early warning capability for monitoring seismicity.</p><p>Priorities for new seismic installations on the volcanoes depend on several factors, including current activity, historical activity, population exposure, and current network quality. On Kīlauea, new installations on the middle East Rift Zone, lower East Rift Zone, and lower Southwest Rift Zone appear to be the highest priorities. On Mauna Loa, improvements to the summit seismic network should be prioritized based on the analysis of the data, followed by the installation of a sparse network on both rift zones. Once installed, the next priority would be to create denser seismic networks on the rift zones, particularly where eruptions could quickly threaten populated areas (middle Northeast Rift Zone, lower Southwest Rift Zone). On Hualālai, analysis of the data indicates that the Northwest Rift Zone is the most important priority, particularly where it runs through the population center of Kalaoa. Hualālai’s South Rift Zone appears to be the lowest priority for additional seismic instrumentation of any rift zone on Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, or Hualālai because of its low historical activity and lack of population exposure. Mauna Kea and Haleakalā have less active historical eruptive activity and thus have more modest proposed upgrades to seismic instrumentation.</p><p>The installation of new seismic stations is only the first part of building a volcanic early warning capability for seismicity in the State of Hawaii. Additional personnel will likely be required to study the volcanic processes at work under each volcano, analyze the current seismic activity at a level sufficient for early warning, build new tools for monitoring, maintain seismic computing resources, and maintain the new seismic stations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145179","usgsCitation":"Thelen, W.A., 2014, Seismic instrumentation plan for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5179, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145179.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054008","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145179.gif"},{"id":296310,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5179/downloads/sir2014-5179.pdf","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296308,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5179/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.09649658203125,\n              18.916679786648565\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.09649658203125,\n              20.262197124246534\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.77813720703125,\n              20.262197124246534\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.77813720703125,\n              18.916679786648565\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.09649658203125,\n              18.916679786648565\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54759a1ce4b042f27ef134e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thelen, Weston A. 0000-0003-2534-5577 wthelen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-5577","contributorId":4126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelen","given":"Weston","email":"wthelen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70129824,"text":"fs20143111 - 2014 - The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T15:17:51","indexId":"fs20143111","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-25T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3111","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>Elevation data are essential to a broad range of applications, including forest resources management, wildlife and habitat management, national security, recreation, and many others. For the State of Ohio, elevation data are critical for agriculture and precision farming, natural resources conservation, flood risk management, infrastructure and construction management, water supply and quality, and other business uses. Today, high-density light detection and ranging (lidar) data are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and other datasets. Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist. A joint goal of State and Federal partners is to acquire consistent, statewide coverage to support existing and emerging applications enabled by lidar data.</p>\n<p>The National Enhanced Elevation Assessment evaluated multiple elevation data acquisition options to determine the optimal data quality and data replacement cycle relative to cost to meet the identified requirements of the user community. The evaluation demonstrated that lidar acquisition at quality level 2 for the conterminous United States and quality level 5 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data for Alaska with a 6- to 10-year acquisition cycle provided the highest benefit/cost ratios. The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative selected an 8-year acquisition cycle for the respective quality levels. 3DEP, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Office of Management and Budget Circular A&ndash;16 lead agency for terrestrial elevation data, responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other 3D representations of the Nation's natural and constructed features.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143111","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., 2014, The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Ohio (Version 1.0: Originally posted November 25, 2014; Version 1.1: June 25, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3111, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143111.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059922","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143111.jpg"},{"id":296300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3111/"},{"id":296303,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3111/pdf/fs2014-3111.pdf","text":"Report","size":"686 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.835118,41.708971],[-82.82572,41.72281],[-82.820409,41.724549],[-82.810487,41.720524],[-82.782719,41.694003],[-82.793069,41.664692],[-82.827011,41.633701],[-82.842099,41.628323],[-82.843602,41.647009],[-82.835118,41.708971]]],[[[-82.700208,41.61219],[-82.691123,41.611331],[-82.68015,41.61897],[-82.677772,41.617986],[-82.680669,41.594611],[-82.686033,41.587246],[-82.702027,41.585437],[-82.735766,41.600982],[-82.735707,41.603361],[-82.718802,41.619629],[-82.70731,41.619609],[-82.703438,41.617734],[-82.700208,41.61219]]],[[[-81.725583,39.215835],[-81.733357,39.205868],[-81.737085,39.193836],[-81.741533,39.189596],[-81.752754,39.184676],[-81.755754,39.180976],[-81.756254,39.177276],[-81.743565,39.141933],[-81.744838,39.130898],[-81.742153,39.116777],[-81.745453,39.098078],[-81.752353,39.089878],[-81.760753,39.084078],[-81.775554,39.078378],[-81.785554,39.078578],[-81.803055,39.083878],[-81.810655,39.083278],[-81.813855,39.079278],[-81.811655,39.059578],[-81.803355,39.047678],[-81.772854,39.026179],[-81.764253,39.015279],[-81.765153,39.002579],[-81.774062,38.993682],[-81.776723,38.985142],[-81.775734,38.980737],[-81.78182,38.964935],[-81.778845,38.955892],[-81.756975,38.937152],[-81.756131,38.933545],[-81.759995,38.925828],[-81.76976,38.92273],[-81.781248,38.924804],[-81.793372,38.930204],[-81.806137,38.942112],[-81.814235,38.946168],[-81.827354,38.945898],[-81.831516,38.943697],[-81.844486,38.928746],[-81.845312,38.910088],[-81.848653,38.901407],[-81.855971,38.892734],[-81.889233,38.874279],[-81.898541,38.874582],[-81.910312,38.879294],[-81.928,38.893492],[-81.926671,38.901311],[-81.90091,38.924338],[-81.89847,38.929603],[-81.900595,38.937671],[-81.933186,38.987659],[-81.941829,38.993295],[-81.951447,38.996032],[-81.967769,38.992955],[-81.979371,38.993193],[-81.982032,38.995697],[-81.987061,39.011978],[-81.994961,39.022478],[-82.002261,39.027878],[-82.017562,39.030078],[-82.035963,39.025478],[-82.041563,39.017878],[-82.045663,39.003778],[-82.051563,38.994378],[-82.091565,38.973778],[-82.094865,38.964578],[-82.109065,38.945579],[-82.111666,38.932579],[-82.128866,38.909979],[-82.143167,38.898079],[-82.145267,38.883479],[-82.139224,38.86502],[-82.144867,38.84048],[-82.16157,38.824632],[-82.179478,38.817376],[-82.191172,38.815137],[-82.20929,38.802672],[-82.217269,38.79568],[-82.221566,38.787187],[-82.220449,38.773739],[-82.216614,38.76835],[-82.198882,38.757725],[-82.195606,38.752441],[-82.193268,38.741182],[-82.188268,38.734082],[-82.182467,38.708782],[-82.190167,38.687382],[-82.190867,38.680383],[-82.186067,38.666783],[-82.185567,38.659583],[-82.179067,38.648883],[-82.172667,38.629684],[-82.172066,38.619284],[-82.177267,38.603784],[-82.188767,38.594984],[-82.205171,38.591719],[-82.222168,38.591384],[-82.245969,38.598483],[-82.26207,38.598183],[-82.27427,38.593683],[-82.291271,38.578983],[-82.293871,38.572683],[-82.293271,38.560283],[-82.295671,38.538483],[-82.303971,38.517683],[-82.304223,38.496308],[-82.310639,38.483172],[-82.318111,38.457876],[-82.323999,38.449268],[-82.330335,38.4445],[-82.34064,38.440948],[-82.381773,38.434783],[-82.389746,38.434355],[-82.404882,38.439347],[-82.529579,38.405182],[-82.549799,38.403202],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.588249,38.415489],[-82.596921,38.426705],[-82.600761,38.437425],[-82.604089,38.459841],[-82.610458,38.471457],[-82.618474,38.477089],[-82.637707,38.484449],[-82.657051,38.496816],[-82.675724,38.515504],[-82.689965,38.53592],[-82.700045,38.544336],[-82.730958,38.559264],[-82.763695,38.560399],[-82.779472,38.559023],[-82.800112,38.563183],[-82.820161,38.572703],[-82.844306,38.590862],[-82.854291,38.613454],[-82.856791,38.632878],[-82.856291,38.646078],[-82.859391,38.660378],[-82.863291,38.669277],[-82.874892,38.682827],[-82.877592,38.690177],[-82.870392,38.722077],[-82.871292,38.739376],[-82.879492,38.751476],[-82.889193,38.756076],[-82.894193,38.756576],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-82.943147,38.74328],[-82.968695,38.728776],[-82.979395,38.725976],[-83.011816,38.730057],[-83.030702,38.72572],[-83.053104,38.695831],[-83.064319,38.688976],[-83.084226,38.68109],[-83.102746,38.677316],[-83.112372,38.671685],[-83.122547,38.6592],[-83.128973,38.640231],[-83.135046,38.631719],[-83.142836,38.625076],[-83.156926,38.620547],[-83.202453,38.616956],[-83.211027,38.618578],[-83.232404,38.627569],[-83.245572,38.627936],[-83.254558,38.623403],[-83.264011,38.621535],[-83.26851,38.615104],[-83.286514,38.599241],[-83.294193,38.596588],[-83.307832,38.600824],[-83.317542,38.609242],[-83.322383,38.630615],[-83.327636,38.637489],[-83.356445,38.654009],[-83.384755,38.663171],[-83.420194,38.668428],[-83.446989,38.670143],[-83.468059,38.67547],[-83.493342,38.694187],[-83.504365,38.699256],[-83.520953,38.703045],[-83.533339,38.702105],[-83.569098,38.692842],[-83.615736,38.684145],[-83.626922,38.679387],[-83.636208,38.670584],[-83.642994,38.643273],[-83.649737,38.632753],[-83.663911,38.62793],[-83.679484,38.630036],[-83.704006,38.639724],[-83.713405,38.641591],[-83.720779,38.646704],[-83.74992,38.649613],[-83.769347,38.65522],[-83.775761,38.666748],[-83.78362,38.695641],[-83.787113,38.699489],[-83.798549,38.704668],[-83.821854,38.709575],[-83.836696,38.717857],[-83.841689,38.724264],[-83.846207,38.74229],[-83.852085,38.751433],[-83.859028,38.756793],[-83.873168,38.762418],[-83.926986,38.771562],[-83.928454,38.774583],[-83.943978,38.783616],[-83.962123,38.787384],[-83.978814,38.787104],[-84.044486,38.770572],[-84.071491,38.770475],[-84.108836,38.779247],[-84.135088,38.789485],[-84.155912,38.794909],[-84.198358,38.80092],[-84.212904,38.805707],[-84.2253,38.817665],[-84.231306,38.830552],[-84.233727,38.853576],[-84.232132,38.880483],[-84.234453,38.893226],[-84.25701,38.923208],[-84.279916,38.945168],[-84.288164,38.955789],[-84.295076,38.968295],[-84.297255,38.989694],[-84.304698,39.006455],[-84.31368,39.016981],[-84.326539,39.027463],[-84.346039,39.036963],[-84.360439,39.041362],[-84.38684,39.045162],[-84.406941,39.045662],[-84.42573,39.053059],[-84.429841,39.058262],[-84.432341,39.067561],[-84.432941,39.083961],[-84.434641,39.086861],[-84.432841,39.094261],[-84.435541,39.102261],[-84.445242,39.114461],[-84.455342,39.12036],[-84.470542,39.12146],[-84.476243,39.11916],[-84.487743,39.11076],[-84.496543,39.10026],[-84.509743,39.09366],[-84.524644,39.09216],[-84.541344,39.09916],[-84.550844,39.09936],[-84.572144,39.08206],[-84.607928,39.073238],[-84.620112,39.073457],[-84.632446,39.07676],[-84.657246,39.09546],[-84.684847,39.100459],[-84.718548,39.137059],[-84.732048,39.144458],[-84.744149,39.147458],[-84.754449,39.146658],[-84.766749,39.138558],[-84.78768,39.115297],[-84.820157,39.10548],[-84.819451,39.305152],[-84.814955,39.566251],[-84.814179,39.814212],[-84.803918,40.310094],[-84.804504,40.411555],[-84.802547,40.50181],[-84.803919,41.435531],[-84.806082,41.696089],[-84.360546,41.706621],[-83.453832,41.732647],[-83.455626,41.727445],[-83.446032,41.706847],[-83.409531,41.691247],[-83.39263,41.691947],[-83.37573,41.686647],[-83.357073,41.687763],[-83.341817,41.693518],[-83.337985,41.698682],[-83.337977,41.70341],[-83.326825,41.701562],[-83.293928,41.680846],[-83.29068,41.676794],[-83.238191,41.651167],[-83.23166,41.644218],[-83.194524,41.631008],[-83.145887,41.617904],[-83.103928,41.613558],[-83.086036,41.60668],[-83.066593,41.59534],[-83.043287,41.568205],[-83.028072,41.555656],[-82.999916,41.538534],[-82.96985,41.524327],[-82.934369,41.514353],[-82.897728,41.519241],[-82.875229,41.529684],[-82.85677,41.548262],[-82.855197,41.564114],[-82.859531,41.576371],[-82.852957,41.583327],[-82.834101,41.587587],[-82.820207,41.570664],[-82.794324,41.546486],[-82.785496,41.540675],[-82.77201,41.54058],[-82.749907,41.54647],[-82.717878,41.54193],[-82.711332,41.53695],[-82.711632,41.527201],[-82.721914,41.516677],[-82.713904,41.501697],[-82.710013,41.49759],[-82.687921,41.492324],[-82.658302,41.461878],[-82.617745,41.431833],[-82.616952,41.428425],[-82.55808,41.400005],[-82.513827,41.384257],[-82.499099,41.381541],[-82.481214,41.381342],[-82.460599,41.386316],[-82.431315,41.396866],[-82.398086,41.413945],[-82.361784,41.426644],[-82.334182,41.430243],[-82.29158,41.428442],[-82.268479,41.430842],[-82.254678,41.434441],[-82.193375,41.46454],[-82.184774,41.47404],[-82.181598,41.471634],[-82.165373,41.47444],[-82.094169,41.495039],[-82.011966,41.515639],[-81.994565,41.51444],[-81.964912,41.505446],[-81.958463,41.498642],[-81.937862,41.491443],[-81.87736,41.483445],[-81.860262,41.483841],[-81.810992,41.495592],[-81.794449,41.49663],[-81.782258,41.49605],[-81.744755,41.48715],[-81.738755,41.48855],[-81.710986,41.501734],[-81.664884,41.53143],[-81.633652,41.540458],[-81.599747,41.560649],[-81.529955,41.614374],[-81.50044,41.623448],[-81.48864,41.631348],[-81.466038,41.649148],[-81.441339,41.674074],[-81.353229,41.727743],[-81.301626,41.750543],[-81.286925,41.760243],[-81.264224,41.758143],[-81.248672,41.761291],[-81.112885,41.817571],[-81.092716,41.822988],[-81.05192,41.839557],[-81.024525,41.846469],[-81.01049,41.853962],[-80.936244,41.862352],[-80.900342,41.868912],[-80.814943,41.897694],[-80.799822,41.909749],[-80.784682,41.911525],[-80.782052,41.906635],[-80.757945,41.913352],[-80.720816,41.919744],[-80.581882,41.95761],[-80.519461,41.977513],[-80.518991,40.638801],[-80.551126,40.628847],[-80.56784,40.617552],[-80.576736,40.614224],[-80.583633,40.61552],[-80.592049,40.622496],[-80.598764,40.625263],[-80.627171,40.619936],[-80.634355,40.616095],[-80.651716,40.597744],[-80.662564,40.5916],[-80.667957,40.582496],[-80.666917,40.573664],[-80.652436,40.562544],[-80.633107,40.538705],[-80.627507,40.535793],[-80.618003,40.502049],[-80.609058,40.489506],[-80.599194,40.482566],[-80.595494,40.475266],[-80.596094,40.463366],[-80.612295,40.434867],[-80.612195,40.402667],[-80.615195,40.399867],[-80.632196,40.393667],[-80.633596,40.390467],[-80.631596,40.385468],[-80.619196,40.381768],[-80.609695,40.374968],[-80.607595,40.369568],[-80.612796,40.347668],[-80.610796,40.340868],[-80.602895,40.327869],[-80.599895,40.317669],[-80.602895,40.307069],[-80.614896,40.291969],[-80.616796,40.285269],[-80.616196,40.27227],[-80.619297,40.26517],[-80.622497,40.26177],[-80.644598,40.25127],[-80.652098,40.24497],[-80.661543,40.229798],[-80.6681,40.199671],[-80.6726,40.192371],[-80.686137,40.181607],[-80.704602,40.154823],[-80.710042,40.138311],[-80.710554,40.125271],[-80.706702,40.110872],[-80.709102,40.101472],[-80.713003,40.096872],[-80.730704,40.086472],[-80.738604,40.075672],[-80.737104,40.064972],[-80.733104,40.058772],[-80.730904,40.046672],[-80.731504,40.037472],[-80.737389,40.027593],[-80.741901,40.007929],[-80.738717,39.985113],[-80.740126,39.970793],[-80.758527,39.959241],[-80.764479,39.95025],[-80.761312,39.929098],[-80.756784,39.920586],[-80.756432,39.91393],[-80.759296,39.909466],[-80.762592,39.908906],[-80.772641,39.911306],[-80.782849,39.917162],[-80.795714,39.91969],[-80.806018,39.91713],[-80.809283,39.910314],[-80.809011,39.903226],[-80.802339,39.89161],[-80.793989,39.882787],[-80.790156,39.872252],[-80.790761,39.86728],[-80.799898,39.858912],[-80.821279,39.849982],[-80.826124,39.844238],[-80.826228,39.835802],[-80.82248,39.824971],[-80.822181,39.811708],[-80.826079,39.798584],[-80.835311,39.79069],[-80.863048,39.775197],[-80.869092,39.766364],[-80.869933,39.763555],[-80.865339,39.753251],[-80.854717,39.742592],[-80.846091,39.737812],[-80.831551,39.719475],[-80.829764,39.711839],[-80.831871,39.705655],[-80.839112,39.701033],[-80.854599,39.697473],[-80.863698,39.691724],[-80.86633,39.683167],[-80.866647,39.652616],[-80.876002,39.627084],[-80.88036,39.620706],[-80.892208,39.616756],[-80.91762,39.618703],[-80.925841,39.617396],[-80.936906,39.612616],[-80.970436,39.590127],[-80.993695,39.571253],[-81.020055,39.55541],[-81.030169,39.545211],[-81.044902,39.5363],[-81.070594,39.515991],[-81.100833,39.487175],[-81.114433,39.466275],[-81.132534,39.446275],[-81.138134,39.443775],[-81.152534,39.443175],[-81.170634,39.439175],[-81.185946,39.430731],[-81.190714,39.423562],[-81.208231,39.407147],[-81.211433,39.402031],[-81.211654,39.392977],[-81.217315,39.38759],[-81.223581,39.386062],[-81.24184,39.390276],[-81.270716,39.385914],[-81.281405,39.379258],[-81.297517,39.374378],[-81.347567,39.34577],[-81.375961,39.341697],[-81.384556,39.343449],[-81.393794,39.351706],[-81.406689,39.38809],[-81.412706,39.394618],[-81.435642,39.408474],[-81.446543,39.410374],[-81.456143,39.409274],[-81.473188,39.40017],[-81.489044,39.384074],[-81.503189,39.373242],[-81.542346,39.352874],[-81.557547,39.338774],[-81.565047,39.293874],[-81.565247,39.276175],[-81.570247,39.267675],[-81.585559,39.268747],[-81.59516,39.273387],[-81.608408,39.276043],[-81.621305,39.273643],[-81.656138,39.277355],[-81.678331,39.273755],[-81.689483,39.266043],[-81.69638,39.257035],[-81.696636,39.246123],[-81.691067,39.230139],[-81.692395,39.226443],[-81.700908,39.220844],[-81.725583,39.215835]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Ohio\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted November 25, 2014; Version 1.1: June 25, 2015","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54759a1de4b042f27ef134ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70129347,"text":"sir20145204 - 2014 - Sources, transport, and trends for selected trace metals and nutrients in the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane River Basins, Idaho, 1990-2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-24T13:48:06","indexId":"sir20145204","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-24T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5204","title":"Sources, transport, and trends for selected trace metals and nutrients in the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane River Basins, Idaho, 1990-2013","docAbstract":"<p>Data collected at 18 streamflow-gaging and water-quality sampling sites in the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene and Spokane River Basins of northern Idaho were used to estimate mean streamflow‑weighted concentrations and annual loads of total and dissolved cadmium, lead, and zinc, and total phosphorus (TP) and nitrogen (TN) for water years (WYs) 2009&ndash;13. Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) and AWQC ratios also were calculated to evaluate Idaho aquatic life criteria for chronic exposure to cadmium and zinc in streams. At four sites with a longer period of record, a Seasonal Kendall trend test was used to assess historical trends in the concentrations of total cadmium, lead, and zinc, and chronic AWQC ratios for cadmium and zinc during WYs 1990&ndash;2013.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Concentrations of dissolved and total cadmium, lead, and zinc varied widely both at and among sites. At most sites, dissolved cadmium and zinc constituted most of the total concentrations; dissolved lead generally constituted less than 10 percent of the total lead concentration. Trace metal concentrations increased by 2 to 4 orders of magnitude along the South Fork Coeur d&rsquo;Alene River (SFCDR) from near Mullan (site 2) downstream to near Pinehurst (site 13). The mean streamflow-weighted concentrations of total cadmium, lead, and zinc in the SFCDR near Pinehurst for WYs 2009&ndash;13 were 3.71, 61.4, and 514 micrograms per liter (&mu;g/L), respectively. In the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene River (CDR) near Harrison (site 15), downstream of the confluence of the metal-enriched SFCDR and the relatively dilute North Fork Coeur d&rsquo;Alene River (NFCDR), the mean streamflow-weighted concentrations of total cadmium, lead, and zinc were 1.58, 125, and 236 &mu;g/L, respectively. Trace‑metal concentrations were smaller in the Spokane River than in the CDR because of dilution and retention of trace metals in Coeur d&rsquo;Alene Lake. The mean streamflow-weighted concentrations of total cadmium, lead, and zinc in the Spokane River near Post Falls (site 18) were 0.231, 2.91, and 48.9 &mu;g/L, respectively.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>AWQC ratios indicate that cadmium and zinc concentrations met the chronic criteria (ratio of less than 1.0) for the protection of aquatic life at only three sites: the NFCDR at Enaville (site 1), the upper SFCDR near Mullan (site 2), and the St. Joe River near St. Maries (site 16). Cadmium and zinc concentrations at sites on the Spokane River (sites 17 and 18) generally were close to the chronic AWQC values. The sites with the largest chronic AWQC ratios in the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene and Spokane River Basins for both cadmium and zinc were in the Canyon and Ninemile Creek basins (sites 3&ndash;6).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Concentrations of TP and TN generally were low along the SFCDR downstream to Kellogg. From the SFCDR near Kellogg (site 9) downstream to the SFCDR above Pine Creek (site 11), the mean streamflow-weighted concentration of the nutrients TP and TN increased by 0.036 milligram per liter (mg/L) (200 percent) and 0.124 mg/L (78 percent), respectively. The increases in nutrient concentrations along the SFCDR likely are in response to discharge from wastewater‑treatment facilities. Mean streamflow-weighted concentrations for TP and TN (0.054 and 0.284 mg/L, respectively) were the highest in the sampling network in the SFCDR above Pine Creek (site 11).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>LOADEST modeling was used to relate mass transport, or load, of trace metals and nutrients to variations in streamflow and time. Results indicate that most of the cadmium and zinc load in the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene and Spokane Rivers is derived from the SFCDR, and that most of the lead load is derived from the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene River downstream of the confluence of the NFCDR and SFCDR. Major tributary sources of trace metals to the SFCDR are Canyon Creek and Ninemile Creek. Combined, these two tributaries contributed estimated mean loads of about 0.575 ton per year (ton/yr) of total cadmium, 5.29 ton/yr of total lead, and 90.9 ton/yr of total zinc to the SFCDR during WYs 2009&ndash;13. Groundwater discharge and tributaries near the Central Impoundment Area between SFCDR near Kellogg (site 9) and SFCDR near Smelterville (site 10) were other primary sources of cadmium and zinc. Combined, these sources contributed an estimated 1.39 ton/yr of total cadmium and 143 ton/yr of total zinc to the SFCDR during WYs 2009&ndash;13.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Erosion and transport of sediment-bound lead contained in the CDR flood plain and on the river bottom between Cataldo (site 14) and Harrison (site 15) were the primary source of lead. During WYs 2009&ndash;13, the mean load of trace metals delivered to Coeur d&rsquo;Alene Lake included about 4.66 ton/yr of total cadmium, 398 ton/yr of total lead, and 698 ton/yr of total zinc. About 99 percent of the trace-metal load to the lake was from the CDR as measured near site 15 at Harrison. During WYs 2009&ndash;13, about 1.48 ton/yr of cadmium, 18 ton/yr of lead, and 350 ton/yr of zinc were transported from Coeur d&rsquo;Alene Lake into the Spokane River as measured at the lake outlet (site 17).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>During WYs 2009&ndash;13, the loads of TP and TN delivered from the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene and St. Joe Rivers to Coeur d&rsquo;Alene Lake were about equivalent. On average, the CDR transported about 93.6 tons of TP and 369 tons of TN, and the St. Joe River transported about 92.9 tons of TP and 360 tons of TN to the lake during 2009&ndash;13. About 52.9 ton/yr of TP and 628 ton/yr of TN were transported from Coeur d&rsquo;Alene Lake to the Spokane River during WYs 2009&ndash;13.</p>\n<p>Results from Seasonal Kendall trend tests indicate statistically significant downward temporal trends during WYs 1990&ndash;2013 for total cadmium, lead, zinc, and chronic AWQC ratios of cadmium and zinc in the SFCDR at Elizabeth Park (site 8) and near Pinehurst (site 13), and in the CDR near Harrison (site 15). Statistically significant downward temporal trends for total lead, zinc, and the chronic AWQC ratio of zinc also occurred in the Spokane River near Post Falls (site 18) during WYs 1991&ndash;2013. Seasonal Kendall trend tests for WYs 2003&ndash;13 indicated statistically significant downward trends for total cadmium, zinc, and chronic AWQC ratios of cadmium and zinc in the SFCDR at Elizabeth Park (site 8). The Spokane River near Post Falls (site 18) had a statistically significant downward trend for total zinc during WYs 2003&ndash;13, and a significant upward trend for the chronic AWQC ratio of cadmium. No significant trends were found in trace-metal concentrations or chronic AWQC ratios in the SFCDR near Pinehurst (site 13) and the CDR near Harrison (site 15) during WYs 2003&ndash;13.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Results from this study indicate that remedial activities conducted since the 1990s have been successful in reducing the concentrations and loads of trace metals in streams and rivers in the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene and Spokane River Basins. Soils, sediment, surface water, and groundwater in areas of the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene and Spokane River Basins are contaminated, and the hydrological relations between these media are complex and difficult to characterize. Trace metals have variable source areas, are transported differently depending on hydrologic conditions, and behave differently in response to remedial activities in upstream basins. Based on these findings, no single remedial action would be completely effective in reducing all trace metals to nontoxic concentrations throughout the Coeur d&rsquo;Alene and Spokane River Basins. Instead, unique cleanup activities targeted at specific media and specific source areas may be necessary to achieve long-term water-quality goals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Mebane, C.A., 2014, Sources, transport, and trends for selected trace metals and nutrients in the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane River Basins, Idaho, 1990-2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5204, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145204.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1989-10-01","temporalEnd":"2013-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-050784","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145204.jpg"},{"id":296267,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5204/pdf/sir2014-5204.pdf","size":"3.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":296256,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5204/"}],"projection":"USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic USGS version","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Spokane River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              47.20837421346631\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              47.82790816919327\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.31249999999999,\n              47.82790816919327\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.31249999999999,\n              47.20837421346631\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              47.20837421346631\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547ae02be4b0da0a54dbb623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Gregory M. gmclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Gregory","email":"gmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mebane, Christopher A. 0000-0002-9089-0267 cmebane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-0267","contributorId":110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mebane","given":"Christopher","email":"cmebane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70133257,"text":"sim3317 - 2014 - Lidar-revised geologic map of the Poverty Bay 7.5' quadrangle, King and Pierce Counties, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T19:37:56.907916","indexId":"sim3317","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-24T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3317","title":"Lidar-revised geologic map of the Poverty Bay 7.5' quadrangle, King and Pierce Counties, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>For this map, we interpreted a 6-ft-resolution lidar digital elevation model combined with the geology depicted on the Geologic Map of the Poverty Bay 7.5' Quadrangle, King and Pierce Counties, Washington (Booth and others, 2004b). The authors of the 2004 map described, interpreted, and located the geology on the 1:24,000-scale topographic map of the Poverty Bay 7.5' quadrangle.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The topographic map, published in 1997 but compiled in 1957, includes planimetry derived from 1990 imagery and 20-ft contours, nominal horizontal resolution of 40 ft (12 m), and nominal vertical accuracy of 10 ft (3 m). Similar to many surficial geologic maps, much of the geology in Booth and others (2004b) was interpreted from landforms portrayed on the topographic map.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>In 2003, the Puget Sound Lidar Consortium obtained a lidar-derived digital elevation model (DEM) for the Puget Sound region including all of the Poverty Bay 7.5' quadrangle. For a brief description of lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) and this data acquisition program, see Haugerud and others (2003). This new DEM has a horizontal resolution and accuracy of 6 ft (2 m) and vertical accuracy of approximately 1 ft (0.3 m). The greater resolution and accuracy of the lidar DEM have facilitated a new interpretation of the geology, especially the distribution and relative age of some surficial deposits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3317","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R., Booth, D.B., and Troost, K.G., 2014, Lidar-revised geologic map of the Poverty Bay 7.5' quadrangle, King and Pierce Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3317, Pamphlet: ii, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 29.91 x 30.69 inches; Database; Metadata; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3317.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 29.91 x 30.69 inches; Database; Metadata; Readme","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052480","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296266,"rank":6,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3317.gif"},{"id":398981,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103353.htm"},{"id":296260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3317/"},{"id":309685,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3317/downloads/sim3317_map.pdf","text":"Map","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3317 Map","linkHelpText":"The map PDF shows two views: the opening view shows the complete map; the second view shows the map without the unit colors to emphasize the lidar base."},{"id":296265,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3317/downloads/metadata/pvbgeolgenmd.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Metadata"},{"id":296264,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3317/sim3317_README.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Readme"},{"id":296263,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3317/downloads/sim3317_database.zip","text":"Geospatial Database","linkFileType":{"id":4,"text":"shapefile"},"description":"Geospatial Database"},{"id":296262,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3317/downloads/sim3317_Pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"263 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County, Pierce County","otherGeospatial":"Poverty Bay 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.375,\n              47.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.375,\n              47.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.375,\n              47.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547448e6e4b06d30cba2ba82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":127390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland W.","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, Derek B.","contributorId":100873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troost, Kathy Goetz","contributorId":127391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troost","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Goetz","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70133960,"text":"70133960 - 2014 - Investigation of the high-frequency attenuation parameter, κ (kappa), from aftershocks of the 2010 M<sub>w</sub> 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-21T13:06:07","indexId":"70133960","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-20T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of the high-frequency attenuation parameter, κ (kappa), from aftershocks of the 2010 M<sub>w</sub> 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake","docAbstract":"<p>The B&iacute;o B&iacute;o region of Chile experienced a vigorous aftershock sequence following the 2010 February 27&nbsp;<em>M</em><sub>w</sub>&nbsp;8.8 Maule earthquake. The immediate aftershock sequence was captured by two temporary seismic deployments: the Quake Catcher Network Rapid Aftershock Mobilization Program (QCN RAMP) and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology CHile Aftershock Mobilization Program (IRIS CHAMP). Here, we use moderate to large aftershocks (<em>M</em><sub>L</sub>&nbsp;&ge; 4.0) occurring between 2010 March 1 and June 30 recorded by QCN RAMP and IRIS CHAMP stations to determine the spectral decay parameter, kappa (<em>&kappa;</em>). First, we compare waveforms and&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;estimates from the lower-resolution QCN stations to the IRIS CHAMP stations to ensure the QCN data are of sufficient quality. We find that QCN stations provide reasonable estimates of&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;in comparison to traditional seismic sensors and provide valuable additional observations of local ground motion variation. Using data from both deployments, we investigate the variation in&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;for the region to determine if&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;is influenced primarily by local geological structure, path attenuation, or source properties (e.g. magnitude, mechanism and depth). Estimates of&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;for the B&iacute;o B&iacute;o region range from 0.0022 to 0.0704 s with a mean of 0.0295 s and are in good agreement with&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;values previously reported for similar tectonic environments.&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;correlates with epicentral distance and, to a lesser degree, with source magnitude. We find little to no correlation between the site kappa, &kappa;<sub>0</sub>, and mapped geology, although we were only able to compare the data to a low-resolution map of surficial geology. These results support an increasing number of studies that suggest&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>observations can be attributed to a combination of source, path and site properties; additionally, measured&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;are often highly scattered making it difficult to separate the contribution from each of these factors. Thus, our results suggest that contributions from the site, path and source should be carefully considered when interpreting&nbsp;<em>&kappa;</em>&nbsp;values.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/gji/ggu390","usgsCitation":"Neighbors, C., Liao, E.J., Cochran, E.S., Funning, G., Chung, A.I., Lawrence, J.F., Christensen, C.M., Miller, M., Belmonte, A., and Sepulveda, H.H., 2014, Investigation of the high-frequency attenuation parameter, κ (kappa), from aftershocks of the 2010 M<sub>w</sub> 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake: Geophysical Journal International, v. 200, no. 1, p. 200-215, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu390.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-048902","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu390","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","state":"Bío Bío Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.970947265625,\n              -38.50948995925552\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.970947265625,\n              -36.01356058518153\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.9881591796875,\n              -36.01356058518153\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.9881591796875,\n              -38.50948995925552\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.970947265625,\n              -38.50948995925552\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"200","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546f10f3e4b057be23d4a78c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neighbors, Corrie","contributorId":127529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neighbors","given":"Corrie","affiliations":[{"id":7004,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liao, E. J.","contributorId":127530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7004,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cochran, Elizabeth S. 0000-0003-2485-4484 ecochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-4484","contributorId":2025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Elizabeth","email":"ecochran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Funning, G. J.","contributorId":127531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Funning","given":"G. J.","affiliations":[{"id":7004,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chung, A. I.","contributorId":39293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chung","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":7033,"text":"School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrence, J. F.","contributorId":14224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":7033,"text":"School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Christensen, C. M.","contributorId":71094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7033,"text":"School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Miller, M.","contributorId":13178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Belmonte, A.","contributorId":127532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belmonte","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7015,"text":"Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sepulveda, H. H. Andres","contributorId":127533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H. Andres","affiliations":[{"id":7015,"text":"Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70133695,"text":"70133695 - 2014 - A new analysis of Mars \"Special Regions\": findings of the Second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-21T11:13:28","indexId":"70133695","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-20T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":912,"text":"Astrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new analysis of Mars \"Special Regions\": findings of the Second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2)","docAbstract":"<p>A committee of the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) has reviewed and updated the description of Special Regions on Mars as places where terrestrial organisms might replicate (per the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy). This review and update was conducted by an international team (SR-SAG2) drawn from both the biological science and Mars exploration communities, focused on understanding when and where Special Regions could occur. The study applied recently available data about martian environments and about terrestrial organisms, building on a previous analysis of Mars Special Regions (2006) undertaken by a similar team. Since then, a new body of highly relevant information has been generated from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (launched in 2005) and Phoenix (2007) and data from Mars Express and the twin Mars Exploration Rovers (all 2003). Results have also been gleaned from the Mars Science Laboratory (launched in 2011). In addition to Mars data, there is a considerable body of new data regarding the known environmental limits to life on Earth&mdash;including the potential for terrestrial microbial life to survive and replicate under martian environmental conditions. The SR-SAG2 analysis has included an examination of new Mars models relevant to natural environmental variation in water activity and temperature; a review and reconsideration of the current parameters used to define Special Regions; and updated maps and descriptions of the martian environments recommended for treatment as \"Uncertain\" or \"Special\" as natural features or those potentially formed by the influence of future landed spacecraft. Significant changes in our knowledge of the capabilities of terrestrial organisms and the existence of possibly habitable martian environments have led to a new appreciation of where Mars Special Regions may be identified and protected. The SR-SAG also considered the impact of Special Regions on potential future human missions to Mars, both as locations of potential resources and as places that should not be inadvertently contaminated by human activity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","doi":"10.1089/ast.2014.1227","usgsCitation":"Rummel, J.D., Beaty, D.W., Jones, M., Bakermans, C., Barlow, N.G., Boston, P.J., Chevrier, V.F., Clark, B., de Vera, J.P., Gough, R.V., Hallsworth, J.E., Head, J.W., Hipkin, V.J., Kieft, T.L., McEwen, A.S., Mellon, M.T., Mikucki, J.A., Nicholson, W.L., Omelon, C.R., Peterson, R., Roden, E.E., Lollar, B.S., Tanaka, K.L., Viola, D., and Wray, J.J., 2014, A new analysis of Mars \"Special Regions\": findings of the Second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2): Astrobiology, v. 14, no. 11, p. 887-968, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2014.1227.","productDescription":"82 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"968","numberOfPages":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058804","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296223,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"14","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546f10dde4b057be23d4a722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rummel, John D.","contributorId":127484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rummel","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6999,"text":"Department of Biology, East Carolina University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaty, David W.","contributorId":127511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beaty","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Melissa A.","contributorId":127512,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Melissa A.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bakermans, Corien","contributorId":127513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bakermans","given":"Corien","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6988,"text":"Altoona College, Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barlow, Nadine G.","contributorId":45479,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barlow","given":"Nadine","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":7012,"text":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boston, Penelope J.","contributorId":127514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boston","given":"Penelope","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7026,"text":"New Mexico Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chevrier, Vincent F.","contributorId":127515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chevrier","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6990,"text":"Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clark, Benton C.","contributorId":127516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Benton C.","affiliations":[{"id":7038,"text":"Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"de Vera, Jean-Pierre P.","contributorId":127517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vera","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7018,"text":"German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gough, Raina V.","contributorId":127518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gough","given":"Raina","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":6995,"text":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hallsworth, John E.","contributorId":127519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallsworth","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7020,"text":"Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Head, James W.","contributorId":70772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Head","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7002,"text":"Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hipkin, Victoria J.","contributorId":127520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hipkin","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6991,"text":"Canadian Space Agency, Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kieft, Thomas L.","contributorId":48765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieft","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7026,"text":"New Mexico Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Mellon, Michael T.","contributorId":8603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7037,"text":"Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Mikucki, Jill A.","contributorId":127521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mikucki","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7010,"text":"Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Nicholson, Wayne L.","contributorId":127522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7011,"text":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Omelon, Christopher R.","contributorId":127523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Omelon","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7008,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Peterson, Ronald","contributorId":127524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Ronald","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Roden, Eric E.","contributorId":127525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roden","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7009,"text":"Department of Geoscience and NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Lollar, Barbara Sherwood","contributorId":18668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lollar","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherwood","affiliations":[{"id":7044,"text":"University of Toronto","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Viola, Donna","contributorId":127526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Viola","given":"Donna","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Wray, James J.","contributorId":81736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wray","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7032,"text":"School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25}]}}
,{"id":70129822,"text":"fs20143113 - 2014 - The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T15:18:35","indexId":"fs20143113","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-19T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3113","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Elevation data are essential to a broad range of applications, including forest resources management, wildlife and habitat management, national security, recreation, and many others. For the State of Indiana, elevation data are critical for flood risk management, agriculture and precision farming, natural resources conservation, infrastructure and construction management, aviation navigation and safety, and other business uses. Today, high-density light detection and ranging (lidar) data are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and other datasets. Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist. A joint goal of State and Federal partners is to acquire consistent, statewide coverage to support existing and emerging applications enabled by lidar data.</p>\n<p>The National Enhanced Elevation Assessment evaluated multiple elevation data acquisition options to determine the optimal data quality and data replacement cycle relative to cost to meet the identified requirements of the user community. The evaluation demonstrated that lidar acquisition at quality level 2 for the conterminous United States and quality level 5 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data for Alaska with a 6- to 10-year acquisition cycle provided the highest benefit/cost ratios. The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative selected an 8-year acquisition cycle for the respective quality levels. 3DEP, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Office of Management and Budget Circular A&ndash;16 lead agency for terrestrial elevation data, responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other 3D representations of the Nation's natural and constructed features.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143113","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., 2014, The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Indiana (Version 1.0: November 19, 2014; Version 1.1: June 5, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3113, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143113.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059223","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143113.jpg"},{"id":296213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3113/"},{"id":296214,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3113/pdf/fs2014-3113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"277 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.802483,40.528046],[-84.802547,40.50181],[-84.803928,40.462564],[-84.804504,40.411555],[-84.803917,40.310115],[-84.806175,40.197995],[-84.808291,40.129027],[-84.809737,40.048929],[-84.811212,39.995331],[-84.814179,39.814212],[-84.814129,39.72662],[-84.814619,39.669174],[-84.814323,39.655814],[-84.814955,39.566251],[-84.815754,39.477358],[-84.819451,39.305153],[-84.820159,39.227225],[-84.819802,39.157613],[-84.820157,39.10548],[-84.826246,39.10417],[-84.831197,39.10192],[-84.839515,39.095292],[-84.849574,39.088264],[-84.860689,39.07814],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.893873,39.062466],[-84.897364,39.057378],[-84.897171,39.052407],[-84.894281,39.049572],[-84.889065,39.04082],[-84.882856,39.034031],[-84.870168,39.025551],[-84.856959,39.011528],[-84.850354,39.00325],[-84.849445,39.000923],[-84.847094,38.997309],[-84.83983,38.99129],[-84.83712,38.988059],[-84.833473,38.981522],[-84.830619,38.974898],[-84.829857,38.969385],[-84.832617,38.96146],[-84.83516,38.957961],[-84.864731,38.934893],[-84.870759,38.929231],[-84.877762,38.920357],[-84.879268,38.916116],[-84.878817,38.913405],[-84.877029,38.909016],[-84.870124,38.900389],[-84.867778,38.899133],[-84.860759,38.897654],[-84.830472,38.897256],[-84.819073,38.895469],[-84.812746,38.895132],[-84.800247,38.89107],[-84.788143,38.883728],[-84.786406,38.88222],[-84.785234,38.880439],[-84.784579,38.87532],[-84.785799,38.869496],[-84.788302,38.864325],[-84.791002,38.860572],[-84.793714,38.857788],[-84.803247,38.850723],[-84.817169,38.84342],[-84.823363,38.839196],[-84.827488,38.834909],[-84.829958,38.830632],[-84.829886,38.825405],[-84.827098,38.818634],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-84.813939,38.800209],[-84.811645,38.792766],[-84.811752,38.789169],[-84.812877,38.786087],[-84.814641,38.784488],[-84.821378,38.783111],[-84.828714,38.783208],[-84.835672,38.784289],[-84.847918,38.788106],[-84.856904,38.790224],[-84.887919,38.794652],[-84.89393,38.793704],[-84.901874,38.790604],[-84.915234,38.784086],[-84.932977,38.777519],[-84.941071,38.775627],[-84.947644,38.775273],[-84.962535,38.778035],[-84.978723,38.77928],[-84.990006,38.778383],[-84.995939,38.776756],[-84.999949,38.774715],[-85.011772,38.766712],[-85.040938,38.755163],[-85.047967,38.750849],[-85.060264,38.744948],[-85.071928,38.741567],[-85.076369,38.739496],[-85.08218,38.735439],[-85.100963,38.7268],[-85.103313,38.725323],[-85.106979,38.72163],[-85.106902,38.720789],[-85.121357,38.711232],[-85.133049,38.702375],[-85.13868,38.699168],[-85.146861,38.695427],[-85.156158,38.692251],[-85.172528,38.688082],[-85.177112,38.688405],[-85.187278,38.687609],[-85.190507,38.68795],[-85.2045,38.691692],[-85.213257,38.695446],[-85.221124,38.700957],[-85.226062,38.705456],[-85.238665,38.722494],[-85.242434,38.726235],[-85.246505,38.731821],[-85.258846,38.737754],[-85.267639,38.739899],[-85.275454,38.741172],[-85.289226,38.74241],[-85.306049,38.741649],[-85.330807,38.736705],[-85.340953,38.733893],[-85.351776,38.731638],[-85.363827,38.730477],[-85.372284,38.730576],[-85.400481,38.73598],[-85.410925,38.73708],[-85.416631,38.736272],[-85.422021,38.734834],[-85.434065,38.729455],[-85.437766,38.726405],[-85.442271,38.71985],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.452114,38.709348],[-85.455967,38.695655],[-85.456978,38.689135],[-85.456481,38.685069],[-85.455486,38.68209],[-85.444815,38.670083],[-85.438742,38.659319],[-85.437738,38.648898],[-85.439458,38.632366],[-85.439351,38.610388],[-85.438594,38.605405],[-85.437446,38.601724],[-85.43617,38.598292],[-85.419883,38.573558],[-85.415821,38.563558],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.4156,38.546341],[-85.417322,38.540763],[-85.423077,38.531581],[-85.425787,38.52873],[-85.433136,38.523914],[-85.441725,38.520191],[-85.458496,38.5144],[-85.462518,38.512602],[-85.466691,38.51028],[-85.472221,38.506279],[-85.474354,38.504074],[-85.47767,38.49832],[-85.479472,38.494533],[-85.481246,38.488374],[-85.482897,38.485701],[-85.491422,38.474702],[-85.498866,38.468242],[-85.516939,38.461357],[-85.527164,38.45829],[-85.536542,38.456083],[-85.553304,38.45388],[-85.575254,38.453292],[-85.587758,38.450495],[-85.603833,38.442094],[-85.607629,38.439295],[-85.620521,38.423105],[-85.620329,38.421697],[-85.621625,38.417089],[-85.629961,38.402306],[-85.632937,38.395666],[-85.638041,38.380338],[-85.638521,38.376802],[-85.638009,38.366115],[-85.638777,38.361443],[-85.646201,38.342916],[-85.653641,38.327108],[-85.659897,38.319396],[-85.668698,38.310517],[-85.675017,38.301317],[-85.683561,38.295469],[-85.738746,38.269366],[-85.744862,38.26717],[-85.750962,38.26787],[-85.761062,38.27257],[-85.766563,38.27767],[-85.765763,38.279669],[-85.765963,38.280469],[-85.773363,38.286169],[-85.780963,38.288469],[-85.791563,38.288569],[-85.794063,38.287869],[-85.796063,38.286669],[-85.802563,38.284969],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-85.823764,38.280569],[-85.829364,38.276769],[-85.834864,38.268069],[-85.838064,38.257369],[-85.837964,38.25117],[-85.839664,38.23977],[-85.845464,38.23027],[-85.851436,38.223189],[-85.868564,38.211969],[-85.880264,38.203369],[-85.894764,38.188469],[-85.897664,38.184269],[-85.908764,38.161169],[-85.909464,38.14007],[-85.905164,38.11107],[-85.904564,38.10027],[-85.906163,38.08617],[-85.913163,38.07337],[-85.915643,38.06647],[-85.916987,38.061846],[-85.918379,38.054214],[-85.919563,38.041079],[-85.921371,38.032135],[-85.922395,38.028679],[-85.925418,38.023456],[-85.930235,38.018311],[-85.934635,38.014423],[-85.939483,38.010951],[-85.951467,38.005608],[-85.958299,38.004616],[-85.976028,38.00356],[-85.996582,38.000073],[-86.009127,37.998529],[-86.020655,37.996116],[-86.029509,37.99264],[-86.032468,37.9901],[-86.035012,37.984814],[-86.035279,37.981228],[-86.033386,37.970382],[-86.034355,37.964621],[-86.036013,37.961703],[-86.038188,37.95935],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.045208,37.958258],[-86.048458,37.959369],[-86.053912,37.963571],[-86.061731,37.971326],[-86.064859,37.975618],[-86.071644,37.9872],[-86.074915,37.993345],[-86.07398,37.995449],[-86.075393,37.996948],[-86.080034,38.000848],[-86.087525,38.005127],[-86.095766,38.00893],[-86.108156,38.013416],[-86.118208,38.015279],[-86.12757,38.016011],[-86.141063,38.01547],[-86.16731,38.009879],[-86.172186,38.00992],[-86.178983,38.011308],[-86.190927,38.016438],[-86.206439,38.021876],[-86.220371,38.027922],[-86.225519,38.03328],[-86.233057,38.039305],[-86.249972,38.04583],[-86.261273,38.052721],[-86.266891,38.057125],[-86.273584,38.067443],[-86.27872,38.089303],[-86.278656,38.098509],[-86.271223,38.130112],[-86.271802,38.137874],[-86.287773,38.15805],[-86.304155,38.167872],[-86.317139,38.172907],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.347736,38.195363],[-86.360377,38.198796],[-86.373801,38.193352],[-86.378151,38.185845],[-86.377434,38.171379],[-86.37174,38.164183],[-86.353625,38.159579],[-86.325941,38.154317],[-86.321274,38.147418],[-86.323453,38.139032],[-86.328398,38.132877],[-86.335145,38.129242],[-86.352466,38.128459],[-86.375324,38.130629],[-86.379775,38.129274],[-86.387216,38.124632],[-86.396215,38.107789],[-86.401653,38.105396],[-86.405068,38.105801],[-86.41876,38.117693],[-86.431749,38.126121],[-86.449793,38.127223],[-86.457115,38.124531],[-86.463248,38.119278],[-86.466081,38.114437],[-86.466217,38.106781],[-86.463858,38.101177],[-86.458795,38.096404],[-86.434046,38.086763],[-86.430091,38.078638],[-86.432789,38.067171],[-86.438236,38.060426],[-86.452192,38.05049],[-86.471903,38.046218],[-86.480393,38.045578],[-86.500051,38.045757],[-86.51176,38.044448],[-86.517289,38.042634],[-86.519404,38.041241],[-86.521825,38.038327],[-86.524969,38.027879],[-86.524385,38.018609],[-86.524656,38.012894],[-86.525671,38.007145],[-86.525844,37.998385],[-86.524888,37.981834],[-86.525174,37.968228],[-86.523831,37.962169],[-86.520503,37.954438],[-86.518575,37.951798],[-86.512588,37.94695],[-86.50939,37.942492],[-86.507043,37.936439],[-86.50662,37.930719],[-86.507831,37.928829],[-86.511005,37.92612],[-86.51924,37.922163],[-86.528279,37.918618],[-86.534156,37.917007],[-86.540722,37.916871],[-86.548507,37.917842],[-86.566256,37.922164],[-86.580322,37.923145],[-86.586542,37.922285],[-86.588581,37.921159],[-86.596125,37.914289],[-86.598452,37.910965],[-86.599848,37.906754],[-86.600096,37.901218],[-86.598151,37.884553],[-86.598317,37.88042],[-86.59939,37.874753],[-86.597476,37.871478],[-86.59732,37.870162],[-86.598108,37.867382],[-86.604624,37.858272],[-86.609163,37.855408],[-86.615215,37.852857],[-86.625763,37.847266],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.638265,37.842718],[-86.648028,37.841425],[-86.652516,37.841636],[-86.655286,37.842505],[-86.658268,37.844144],[-86.661637,37.849714],[-86.662495,37.856951],[-86.661233,37.862761],[-86.658374,37.869376],[-86.648727,37.886036],[-86.644754,37.894806],[-86.644039,37.898202],[-86.644143,37.902366],[-86.645513,37.906529],[-86.647081,37.908621],[-86.650087,37.910616],[-86.660888,37.913059],[-86.673038,37.914903],[-86.680929,37.91501],[-86.686015,37.913084],[-86.691994,37.908529],[-86.707816,37.898367],[-86.716138,37.894073],[-86.718462,37.893123],[-86.722247,37.892648],[-86.73146,37.89434],[-86.734718,37.896587],[-86.75099,37.912893],[-86.765054,37.93251],[-86.779993,37.956522],[-86.788044,37.97284],[-86.790597,37.980062],[-86.794985,37.988982],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-86.815267,37.998877],[-86.820071,37.999392],[-86.823491,37.998939],[-86.835161,37.99375],[-86.849027,37.99002],[-86.85595,37.987292],[-86.863224,37.982495],[-86.866936,37.979294],[-86.870388,37.975276],[-86.875874,37.97077],[-86.881338,37.967523],[-86.884961,37.964373],[-86.892084,37.955929],[-86.902413,37.946161],[-86.907131,37.943023],[-86.919329,37.936664],[-86.927747,37.934956],[-86.933357,37.934939],[-86.944633,37.933534],[-86.964785,37.932384],[-86.969044,37.932858],[-86.978834,37.930233],[-87.003301,37.922395],[-87.010315,37.919668],[-87.033444,37.906593],[-87.042249,37.898291],[-87.045101,37.893775],[-87.046237,37.889866],[-87.045894,37.887574],[-87.044144,37.884025],[-87.043407,37.87994],[-87.043049,37.875049],[-87.043854,37.870796],[-87.04926,37.859745],[-87.051452,37.853681],[-87.055404,37.835297],[-87.057836,37.827457],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.067836,37.806065],[-87.070732,37.801937],[-87.077404,37.796209],[-87.090636,37.787808],[-87.0999,37.78464],[-87.111133,37.782512],[-87.119229,37.782848],[-87.127533,37.78504],[-87.129629,37.786608],[-87.133149,37.792208],[-87.137502,37.807264],[-87.14195,37.816176],[-87.153486,37.832384],[-87.158878,37.837871],[-87.162319,37.840159],[-87.164863,37.841215],[-87.170831,37.842319],[-87.180063,37.841375],[-87.20224,37.843791],[-87.212416,37.846223],[-87.220944,37.849134],[-87.25525,37.867326],[-87.26293,37.872846],[-87.26989,37.879854],[-87.27437,37.882942],[-87.302324,37.898445],[-87.320036,37.905741],[-87.331765,37.908253],[-87.334165,37.908205],[-87.335397,37.907565],[-87.344933,37.911164],[-87.352614,37.916124],[-87.35471,37.918252],[-87.358294,37.92054],[-87.361638,37.921004],[-87.363622,37.922348],[-87.372327,37.930028],[-87.372711,37.930556],[-87.372039,37.931708],[-87.372439,37.932044],[-87.380247,37.935596],[-87.40116,37.941227],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.418585,37.944763],[-87.428521,37.944811],[-87.436859,37.944192],[-87.447786,37.942427],[-87.450458,37.941451],[-87.465514,37.93369],[-87.486347,37.920218],[-87.490411,37.916682],[-87.501131,37.909162],[-87.507483,37.90673],[-87.511499,37.906426],[-87.520284,37.912618],[-87.531532,37.916298],[-87.545901,37.922666],[-87.551277,37.925418],[-87.559342,37.931146],[-87.56587,37.93793],[-87.568398,37.941226],[-87.57203,37.947466],[-87.574287,37.954842],[-87.573415,37.962642],[-87.574715,37.967742],[-87.577915,37.971542],[-87.581115,37.973442],[-87.585916,37.975442],[-87.589816,37.976042],[-87.592916,37.975842],[-87.596716,37.974842],[-87.601416,37.972542],[-87.603816,37.968942],[-87.605216,37.965142],[-87.605216,37.961442],[-87.603516,37.958942],[-87.606216,37.949642],[-87.610816,37.944602],[-87.619488,37.938538],[-87.625616,37.933442],[-87.62896,37.926714],[-87.628416,37.92145],[-87.626256,37.916138],[-87.623296,37.910746],[-87.620272,37.906922],[-87.608479,37.898794],[-87.601967,37.895722],[-87.597118,37.892394],[-87.591582,37.887194],[-87.588426,37.868791],[-87.588729,37.860984],[-87.591504,37.856642],[-87.606599,37.838669],[-87.612426,37.83384],[-87.615399,37.831974],[-87.625014,37.829077],[-87.635806,37.827015],[-87.645858,37.825899],[-87.655171,37.826037],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.672397,37.829127],[-87.675538,37.831732],[-87.679188,37.836321],[-87.680689,37.84062],[-87.6819,37.84641],[-87.681633,37.855917],[-87.6754,37.865946],[-87.673186,37.868412],[-87.668879,37.871497],[-87.666175,37.874146],[-87.664101,37.877176],[-87.66282,37.881449],[-87.662865,37.885578],[-87.665025,37.893514],[-87.666481,37.895786],[-87.671457,37.899498],[-87.67573,37.90193],[-87.680338,37.903274],[-87.684018,37.903498],[-87.688338,37.902474],[-87.700915,37.897274],[-87.710675,37.893898],[-87.717971,37.89257],[-87.723635,37.892058],[-87.7333,37.894346],[-87.740148,37.89465],[-87.76226,37.890906],[-87.771004,37.886261],[-87.773015,37.884544],[-87.783643,37.877759],[-87.786407,37.876556],[-87.7909,37.875714],[-87.795185,37.875273],[-87.808013,37.875191],[-87.830578,37.876516],[-87.833883,37.877324],[-87.838102,37.879769],[-87.841193,37.882325],[-87.841615,37.883393],[-87.841693,37.887685],[-87.844691,37.892048],[-87.84559,37.893151],[-87.857243,37.900649],[-87.858738,37.902779],[-87.863097,37.911858],[-87.865558,37.915056],[-87.87254,37.920999],[-87.877325,37.924034],[-87.883321,37.926238],[-87.892471,37.92793],[-87.898062,37.927514],[-87.904789,37.924892],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-87.927769,37.900924],[-87.932129,37.89732],[-87.936784,37.892587],[-87.938365,37.890802],[-87.940069,37.88767],[-87.941021,37.879168],[-87.940005,37.875044],[-87.938128,37.870651],[-87.936228,37.867937],[-87.927303,37.858709],[-87.914892,37.849618],[-87.910276,37.843416],[-87.907773,37.837611],[-87.903804,37.817762],[-87.904595,37.812526],[-87.90681,37.807624],[-87.911087,37.805158],[-87.919138,37.802128],[-87.927543,37.799851],[-87.932554,37.797672],[-87.934936,37.79522],[-87.934698,37.791827],[-87.935861,37.789703],[-87.938598,37.787914],[-87.944506,37.775256],[-87.946463,37.773477],[-87.948594,37.772344],[-87.95259,37.771742],[-87.96003,37.773223],[-87.970262,37.781856],[-87.971805,37.784648],[-87.976389,37.788004],[-87.984358,37.7918],[-87.987157,37.792202],[-87.991168,37.794049],[-87.993099,37.795756],[-87.997102,37.797672],[-88.004706,37.800145],[-88.015144,37.80193],[-88.021021,37.801409],[-88.02803,37.799224],[-88.029382,37.803601],[-88.045939,37.807481],[-88.049528,37.81107],[-88.051771,37.813761],[-88.051771,37.817799],[-88.049079,37.826322],[-88.044145,37.830808],[-88.043247,37.836639],[-88.044593,37.840677],[-88.053116,37.847854],[-88.056705,37.85548],[-88.058499,37.865349],[-88.056705,37.872078],[-88.054462,37.877461],[-88.050425,37.882844],[-88.033378,37.894059],[-88.031584,37.901685],[-88.044145,37.926805],[-88.036124,37.942746],[-88.012929,37.966544],[-88.012574,37.977062],[-88.025831,38.007245],[-88.02979,38.025046],[-88.025304,38.038055],[-88.020369,38.046578],[-88.009603,38.04927],[-87.990314,38.056447],[-87.984931,38.069008],[-87.986725,38.076185],[-87.9948,38.083362],[-87.998389,38.090091],[-87.999734,38.100857],[-87.990763,38.110726],[-87.974272,38.121981],[-87.945472,38.126616],[-87.92168,38.148407],[-87.922577,38.160071],[-87.928858,38.168594],[-87.937162,38.172189],[-87.9595,38.184376],[-87.975819,38.197834],[-87.984234,38.20996],[-87.982688,38.221527],[-87.979548,38.228256],[-87.975511,38.232742],[-87.968968,38.237389],[-87.960225,38.237118],[-87.950838,38.247097],[-87.945904,38.256966],[-87.951277,38.26875],[-87.952125,38.273763],[-87.938727,38.289264],[-87.928858,38.292404],[-87.92168,38.289712],[-87.916746,38.284778],[-87.913606,38.276703],[-87.908223,38.274012],[-87.898802,38.276255],[-87.887849,38.285299],[-87.883102,38.293301],[-87.88041,38.299581],[-87.875476,38.301376],[-87.868747,38.299133],[-87.860224,38.291507],[-87.853046,38.289264],[-87.844972,38.29061],[-87.838243,38.29375],[-87.833757,38.299133],[-87.831972,38.307241],[-87.832723,38.324853],[-87.822721,38.346912],[-87.806075,38.363143],[-87.779996,38.370842],[-87.745254,38.408996],[-87.74104,38.435576],[-87.730699,38.442908],[-87.730134,38.446518],[-87.735729,38.452986],[-87.74317,38.459019],[-87.743535,38.467774],[-87.739522,38.475069],[-87.730768,38.478717],[-87.714047,38.47988],[-87.693188,38.488038],[-87.678374,38.498438],[-87.663701,38.502931],[-87.657084,38.507169],[-87.654166,38.511911],[-87.653802,38.517382],[-87.65578,38.521206],[-87.660732,38.541092],[-87.650704,38.55624],[-87.651529,38.568166],[-87.637752,38.588512],[-87.629362,38.589971],[-87.626444,38.591066],[-87.62389,38.593984],[-87.624143,38.596955],[-87.627348,38.60544],[-87.622375,38.618873],[-87.62012,38.639489],[-87.593678,38.667402],[-87.545538,38.677613],[-87.531231,38.684036],[-87.519609,38.697198],[-87.516707,38.716333],[-87.496494,38.742728],[-87.498948,38.757774],[-87.496537,38.778571],[-87.527342,38.818121],[-87.521681,38.826576],[-87.525893,38.848795],[-87.550515,38.85956],[-87.553384,38.863344],[-87.54737,38.875614],[-87.544089,38.895093],[-87.527645,38.907688],[-87.518826,38.923205],[-87.512187,38.954417],[-87.529496,38.971925],[-87.578319,38.988786],[-87.579117,39.001607],[-87.569696,39.019413],[-87.575027,39.034062],[-87.572588,39.057286],[-87.596373,39.079639],[-87.608517,39.082445],[-87.613513,39.085568],[-87.616636,39.08994],[-87.61726,39.096186],[-87.619134,39.100557],[-87.625379,39.101806],[-87.630376,39.104305],[-87.632249,39.106803],[-87.632874,39.11055],[-87.632245,39.118702],[-87.643145,39.128562],[-87.64599,39.1449],[-87.640435,39.166727],[-87.620796,39.17479],[-87.588614,39.197824],[-87.577029,39.211123],[-87.574558,39.218404],[-87.579163,39.232962],[-87.583535,39.243579],[-87.593486,39.247452],[-87.605543,39.261122],[-87.61005,39.282232],[-87.597545,39.296388],[-87.600397,39.312904],[-87.589084,39.333831],[-87.578331,39.340343],[-87.5544,39.340488],[-87.544013,39.352907],[-87.531646,39.347888],[-87.531355,39.437732],[-87.532703,39.664868],[-87.533227,39.883],[-87.531759,40.144273],[-87.526376,40.491574],[-87.525783,40.854357],[-87.526437,40.894209],[-87.526014,40.895582],[-87.526768,41.298052],[-87.526404,41.355812],[-87.52535,41.380851],[-87.525671,41.470115],[-87.52494,41.529735],[-87.525041,41.559235],[-87.524641,41.563335],[-87.524944,41.702635],[-87.524044,41.708335],[-87.520544,41.709935],[-87.515243,41.704235],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.505343,41.691535],[-87.470742,41.672835],[-87.463142,41.675535],[-87.453041,41.673035],[-87.446113,41.66934],[-87.441987,41.671905],[-87.43853,41.670679],[-87.432953,41.665102],[-87.432396,41.66053],[-87.438941,41.654335],[-87.42984,41.646035],[-87.42344,41.642835],[-87.394539,41.637235],[-87.365439,41.629536],[-87.324338,41.623036],[-87.287637,41.622236],[-87.278437,41.619736],[-87.261536,41.620336],[-87.22066,41.624356],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-87.160625,41.637266],[-87.160784,41.645385],[-87.125835,41.650302],[-87.120322,41.645701],[-87.066033,41.661845],[-87.027888,41.674661],[-86.93483,41.709638],[-86.90913,41.726938],[-86.875429,41.737939],[-86.824828,41.76024],[-86.519318,41.759447],[-86.041027,41.760512],[-85.791363,41.759051],[-85.607548,41.759079],[-85.30814,41.760097],[-85.17223,41.759618],[-85.039436,41.759985],[-84.972803,41.759366],[-84.805883,41.760216],[-84.80621,41.67455],[-84.803919,41.435531],[-84.803413,41.164649],[-84.80378,41.14052],[-84.803234,41.121414],[-84.803313,40.989394],[-84.80217,40.800601],[-84.802538,40.765515],[-84.802094,40.702476],[-84.802483,40.528046]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Indiana\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: November 19, 2014; Version 1.1: June 5, 2015","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546db11fe4b0fc7976bf1e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70102156,"text":"sir20105070I - 2014 - Occurrence model for magmatic sulfide-rich nickel-copper-(platinum-group element) deposits related to mafic and ultramafic dike-sill complexes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T19:20:33.804546","indexId":"sir20105070I","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-19T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5070","chapter":"I","title":"Occurrence model for magmatic sulfide-rich nickel-copper-(platinum-group element) deposits related to mafic and ultramafic dike-sill complexes","docAbstract":"<p>Magmatic sulfide deposits containing nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), with or without (&plusmn;) platinum-group elements (PGE), account for approximately 60 percent of the world&rsquo;s nickel production. Most of the remainder of the Ni production is derived from lateritic deposits, which form by weathering of ultramafic rocks in humid tropical conditions. Magmatic Ni-Cu&plusmn;PGE sulfide deposits are spatially and genetically related to bodies of mafic and/or ultramafic rocks. The sulfide deposits form when the mantle-derived mafic and/or ultramafic magmas become sulfide-saturated and segregate immiscible sulfide liquid, commonly following interaction with continental crustal rocks.</p>\n<p>Deposits of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfides occur with mafic and/or ultramafic bodies emplaced in diverse geologic settings. They range in age from Archean to Tertiary, but the largest number of deposits are Archean and Paleoproterozoic. Although deposits occur on most continents, ore deposits (deposits of sufficient size and grade to be economic to mine) are relatively rare; major deposits are present in Russia, China, Australia, Canada, and southern Africa. Nickel-Cu sulfide ore deposits can occur as single or multiple sulfide lenses within mafic and/or ultramafic bodies with clusters of such deposits comprising a district or mining camp. Typically, deposits contain ore grades of between 0.5 and 3 percent Ni and between 0.2 and 2 percent Cu. Tonnages of individual deposits range from a few tens of thousands to tens of millions of metric tons (Mt) bulk ore. Two giant Ni-Cu districts, with &ge;10 Mt Ni, dominate world Ni sulfide resources and production. These are the Sudbury district, Ontario, Canada, where sulfide ore deposits are at the lower margins of a meteorite impact-generated igneous complex and contain 19.8 Mt Ni; and the Noril&rsquo;sk-Talnakh district, Siberia, Russia, where the ore deposits are in subvolcanic mafic intrusions related to flood basalts and contain 23.1 Mt Ni. In the United States, the Duluth Complex in Minnesota, comprised of a group of mafic intrusions related to the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift system, represents a major Ni resource of 8 Mt Ni, but deposits generally exhibit low grades (0.2 percent Ni, 0.66 percent Cu) and remain in the process of being proven economic.</p>\n<p>The sulfides in magmatic Ni-Cu deposits generally constitute a small volume of the host rock(s) and tend to be concentrated in the lower parts of the mafic and/or ultramafic bodies, often in physical depressions or areas marking changes in the geometry of the footwall topography. In most deposits, the sulfide mineralization can be divided into disseminated, matrix or net, and massive sulfide, depending on a combination of the sulfide content of the rock and the silicate texture. The major Ni-Cu sulfide mineralogy typically consists of an intergrowth of pyrrhotite (Fe<sub>7</sub>S<sub>8</sub>), pentlandite ([Fe, Ni]<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub>), and chalcopyrite (FeCuS<sub>2</sub>). Cobalt, PGE, and gold (Au) are extracted from most magmatic Ni-Cu ores as byproducts, although such elements can have a significant impact on the economics in some deposits, such as the Noril&rsquo;sk-Talnakh deposits, which produce much of the world&rsquo;s palladium. In addition, deposits may contain between 1 and 15 percent magnetite associated with the sulfides.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit models for resource assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070I","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Schulz, K.J., Woodruff, L.G., Nicholson, S.W., Seal, R., Piatak, N.M., Chandler, V., and Mars, J.L., 2014, Occurrence model for magmatic sulfide-rich nickel-copper-(platinum-group element) deposits related to mafic and ultramafic dike-sill complexes: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070, x, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070I.","productDescription":"x, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-027620","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20105070i.jpg"},{"id":296210,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/i/pdf/sir2010-5070i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":296209,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/i/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546db11ee4b0fc7976bf1e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":525487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":2324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chandler, Val W.","contributorId":57135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"Val W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mars, John L. jmars@usgs.gov","contributorId":3428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"John","email":"jmars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70133657,"text":"70133657 - 2014 - Uncertainty analysis of a groundwater flow model in east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-05T10:39:49","indexId":"70133657","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-19T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty analysis of a groundwater flow model in east-central Florida","docAbstract":"<p>A groundwater flow model for east-central Florida has been developed to help water-resource managers assess the impact of increased groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system on heads and spring flows originating from the Upper Floridan aquifer. The model provides a probabilistic description of predictions of interest to water-resource managers, given the uncertainty associated with system heterogeneity, the large number of input parameters, and a nonunique groundwater flow solution. The uncertainty associated with these predictions can then be considered in decisions with which the model has been designed to assist. The &ldquo;Null Space Monte Carlo&rdquo; method is a stochastic probabilistic approach used to generate a suite of several hundred parameter field realizations, each maintaining the model in a calibrated state, and each considered to be hydrogeologically plausible. The results presented herein indicate that the model&rsquo;s capacity to predict changes in heads or spring flows that originate from increased groundwater withdrawals is considerably greater than its capacity to predict the absolute magnitudes of heads or spring flows. Furthermore, the capacity of the model to make predictions that are similar in location and in type to those in the calibration dataset exceeds its capacity to make predictions of different types at different locations. The quantification of these outcomes allows defensible use of the modeling process in support of future water-resources decisions. The model allows the decision-making process to recognize the uncertainties, and the spatial/temporal variability of uncertainties that are associated with predictions of future system behavior in a complex hydrogeological context.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12232","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., and Doherty, J.E., 2014, Uncertainty analysis of a groundwater flow model in east-central Florida: Groundwater, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12232.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050416","costCenters":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Lake County, Orange County, Osceola County, Polk County, Seminole County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546db11fe4b0fc7976bf1e4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doherty, John E.","contributorId":8817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7046,"text":"Watermark Numerical Computing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129826,"text":"sir20145175 - 2014 - Basin-scale simulation of current and potential climate changed hydrologic conditions in the Lake Michigan Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-14T10:22:57","indexId":"sir20145175","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-19T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5175","title":"Basin-scale simulation of current and potential climate changed hydrologic conditions in the Lake Michigan Basin, United States","docAbstract":"<p>The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) is the largest public investment in the Great Lakes in two decades. A task force of 11 Federal agencies developed an action plan to implement the initiative. The U.S. Department of the Interior was one of the 11 agencies that entered into an interagency agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as part of the GLRI to complete scientific projects throughout the Great Lakes basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, a bureau within the Department of the Interior, is involved in the GLRI to provide scientific support to management decisions as well as measure progress of the Great Lakes basin restoration efforts. This report presents basin-scale simulated current and forecast climatic and hydrologic conditions in the Lake Michigan Basin. The forecasts were obtained by constructing and calibrating a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) model of the Lake Michigan Basin; the PRMS model was calibrated using the parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis (PEST) software suite. The calibrated model was used to evaluate potential responses to climate change by using four simulated carbon emission scenarios from eight general circulation models released by the World Climate Research Programme&rsquo;s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase&nbsp;3. Statistically downscaled datasets of these scenarios were used to project hydrologic response for the Lake Michigan Basin. In general, most of the observation sites in the Lake Michigan Basin indicated slight increases in annual streamflow in response to future climate change scenarios. Monthly streamflows indicated a general shift from the current (2014) winter-storage/snowmelt-pulse system to a system with a more equally distributed hydrograph throughout the year. Simulated soil moisture within the basin illustrates that conditions within the basin are also expected to change on a monthly timescale. One effect of increasing air temperature as a result of the changing climate was the appreciable increase in the length of the growing season in the Lake Michigan Basin. The increase in growing season will cause an increase in evapotranspiration across the Lake Michigan Basin, which will directly affect soil moisture and late growing season streamflows. Output from the Lake Michigan Basin PRMS model is available through an online dynamic web mapping service available at (http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/). The map service includes layers for the each of the 8 global climate models and 4 carbon emission scenarios combinations for 12 hydrologic model state variables. The layers are pre-rendered maps of annual hydrologic response from 1977 through 2099 that provide an easily accessible online method to examine climate change effects across the Lake Michigan Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145175","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, D.E., Walker, J.F., and Hunt, R.J., 2014, Basin-scale simulation of current and potential climate changed hydrologic conditions in the Lake Michigan Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5175, Report: vi, 74 p.; 5 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145175.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 74 p.; 5 Appendices","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032245","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296202,"rank":8,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145175.jpg"},{"id":296197,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/downloads/appendix_1.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"4.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296198,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/downloads/appendix_2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"370 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296199,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/downloads/appendix_3.pdf","text":"Appendix 3","size":"840 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296196,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/pdf/sir2014-5175.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296200,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/downloads/appendix_4.pdf","text":"Appendix 4","size":"358 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":297767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":296201,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5175/downloads/appendix_5.pdf","text":"Appendix 5","size":"357 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546db11ce4b0fc7976bf1e21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen, Daniel E. 0000-0001-6108-2247 dechrist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-2247","contributorId":366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Daniel","email":"dechrist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70133712,"text":"ofr20141228 - 2014 - Population viability and connectivity of the Louisiana black bear (<i>Ursus americanus luteolus</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-21T13:07:54","indexId":"ofr20141228","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-19T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1228","title":"Population viability and connectivity of the Louisiana black bear (<i>Ursus americanus luteolus</i>)","docAbstract":"<p>In 1992, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) granted&nbsp;<em>Ursus americanus luteolus</em>&nbsp;(Louisiana black bear) threatened status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, listing loss and fragmentation of habitat as the primary threats. A study was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the University of Tennessee, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, and the USFWS to estimate demographic rates and genetic structure of Louisiana black bear populations; evaluate relations between environmental and anthropogenic factors and demographic, genetic, and movement characteristics of Louisiana black bear populations; and develop data-driven stochastic population projection models to assess long-term persistence of individual subpopulations and the overall black bear population in Louisiana.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Data were collected with non-invasive DNA sampling, live capture, winter den visits, and radio monitoring from 2002 to 2012 in the four areas supporting breeding subpopulations in Louisiana: Tensas River Basin (TRB), Upper Atchafalaya River Basin (UARB), Lower Atchafalaya River Basin (LARB), and Three Rivers Complex (TRC). Bears were live trapped and radio collared in the TRB and TRC to estimate survival and reproductive rates, deterministic matrix models were used to estimate asymptotic growth rates, and stochastic population models were used to estimate long-term viability. DNA extracted from hair collected at baited, barbed-wire enclosures in the TRB, UARB, and LARB and capture-mark-recapture (CMR) analysis based on Bayesian hierarchical modeling methods were used to estimate apparent survival (<em>&phi;</em>), per capita recruitment (<em>&gamma;</em>), abundance (<em>N</em>), realized growth rate (<em>&lambda;</em>), and long-term viability.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>From 2002 to 2012, we radio monitored 86 adult females greater than (&gt;) 2 years old within the TRB, and 43 adult females were monitored in the TRC. The mean annual survival rate estimate ranged from 0.97 to 0.99 for the TRB and from 0.93 to 0.97 for the TRC. Fecundity and yearling recruitment in the TRB were 0.47 and 0.15, respectively, whereas estimates for the TRC were 0.37 and 0.18. Depending on estimated carrying capacity, the strength of the density dependence, level of uncertainty, and the treatment of unresolved signals, persistence probabilities for the TRC subpopulation ranged from 0.295 to 0.999.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Estimates of&nbsp;<em>N</em>&nbsp;for females in the TRB ranged from 140 to 163 during 2006&ndash;12 when detection heterogeneity was assumed to follow a logistic-normal distribution (Model 1) and from 133 to 158 when a&nbsp;2-point&nbsp;finite mixture distribution was assumed (Model 2). Annual estimates of&nbsp;<em>&gamma;</em>&nbsp;ranged from 0.00 to 0.16 and from 0 to 0.22, depending on the model, and estimates of&nbsp;<em>&phi;</em>&nbsp;ranged from 0.87 to 0.93 during that period. In the UARB, estimates of&nbsp;<em>N</em>&nbsp;for females ranged from 25 to 44 during the study period, regardless of heterogeneity model. Estimated&nbsp;<em>&gamma;</em>&nbsp;ranged from 0.00 to 0.41, and&nbsp;<em>&phi;</em>&nbsp;ranged from 0.88 to 0.90 during that period. Estimated&nbsp;<em>N</em>&nbsp;for females in the LARB was from 78 to 97 from 2010 to 2012 based on Model 1 and from 68 to 84 based on Model 2. Estimates of&nbsp;<em>&gamma;</em>&nbsp;were 0.00 for 2010&ndash;11 regardless of heterogeneity model and ranged from 0.24 to 0.31 for 2011&ndash;12, depending on the model assumptions. We estimated&nbsp;<em>&phi;</em>&nbsp;as 0.81 for 2010&ndash;11, and from 0.84 to 0.85 for 2011&ndash;12, depending on model assumptions. We estimated &Phi; as 0.81 for 2010&ndash;11, ranging and from 0.84 to 0.85 for 2011&ndash;12, depending on model assumptions.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>On the basis of vital rate estimates from Model 1 of the CMR analysis, probability of persistence over 100 years for the TRB population was &gt;0.999, 0.975, and 0.958 for process-only,&nbsp;50-percent&nbsp;(%) credible interval (CI), and 95% CI projections, respectively. Similarly, the probability of persistence based on&nbsp; Model&nbsp;2 was &gt;0.999, 0.982, and 0.958. For the UARB, probabilities of persistence based on Model 1 were &gt;0.999, 0.971, and 0.958 for process-only, 50% CI, and 95% CI projections, respectively, and 0.993, 0.929, and 0.849 for Model 2. Using the telemetry and reproductive data from the TRC, probabilities of persistence were greater than or equal to 0.95 only for projections based on the most optimistic set of assumptions. Assuming that the dynamics of the TRB, TRC, and UARB populations were independent and using the most pessimistic population-specific persistence probabilities (that is, 0.958, 0.295, and 0.849, respectively), the overall probability of persistence for bears in that population system was 0.996.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Genetic methods were used to estimate interchange and structure between subpopulations in Louisiana and in Minnesota (MINN); Mississippi (MISS); and the White River Basin (WRB), Arkansas. Results from the all-population and the WRB&ndash;TRB clustering analyses indicate at least five genetically distinct populations. The genetic clustering and migrant analyses combined with capture data provided direct evidence that interchange has occurred from the WRB to the TRB and MISS, from the TRB to MISS, from the UARB to the TRC, and from the TRC to the TRB. Indirect evidence that interchange occurred from the UARB to the TRC and from the UARB to the TRB by way of the TRC was documented. No evidence was found of interchange from any of the subpopulations to the WRB, UARB, or LARB.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>From April 2010 to April 2012, global positioning system (GPS) radio collars were placed on 8 female and 23 male bears ranging from 1 to 11 years of age to develop a step-selection function model to predict routes and rates of interchange. For both males and females, the probability of a step being selected increased as the distance to natural land cover and agriculture at the end of the step decreased and as distance from roads at the end of a step increased. Of 4,000 correlated random walks, the least potential interchange was between TRB and TRC and between UARB and LARB, but the relative potential for natural interchange between UARB and TRC was high. The step-selection model predicted that dispersals between the LARB and UARB populations were infrequent but possible for males and nearly nonexistent for females. No evidence of natural female dispersal between subpopulations has been documented thus far, which is also consistent with model predictions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Tennessee, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Laufenberg, J.S., and Clark, J.D., 2014, Population viability and connectivity of the Louisiana black bear (<i>Ursus americanus luteolus</i>): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1228, viii, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141228.","productDescription":"viii, 104 p.","numberOfPages":"114","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060751","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296182,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1228"},{"id":296184,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1228/pdf/ofr2014-1228.pdf","size":"4.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141228.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.04296874999999,\n              28.8927788645183\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.04296874999999,\n              33.02708758002874\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9727783203125,\n              33.02708758002874\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9727783203125,\n              28.8927788645183\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.04296874999999,\n              28.8927788645183\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546db11fe4b0fc7976bf1e3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laufenberg, Jared S.","contributorId":28899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laufenberg","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7006,"text":"Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70123786,"text":"ofr20141179 - 2014 - Stochastic modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-18T16:25:28","indexId":"ofr20141179","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-18T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1179","title":"Stochastic modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes preliminary three-dimensional geostatistical modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system using a multiple-point geostatistical model. The purpose of this study is to provide a proof-of-concept for this modeling approach. An example of the method is demonstrated using a subset of borehole geologic data and aquifer test data from a portion of the Calico Hills Formation, a lava-flow aquifer system that partially underlies Pahute Mesa, Nevada. Groundwater movement in this aquifer system is assumed to be controlled by the spatial distribution of two geologic units&mdash;rhyolite lava flows and zeolitized tuffs. The configuration of subsurface lava flows and tuffs is largely unknown because of limited data. The spatial configuration of the lava flows and tuffs is modeled by using a multiple-point geostatistical simulation algorithm that generates a large number of alternative realizations, each honoring the available geologic data and drawn from a geologic conceptual model of the lava-flow aquifer system as represented by a training image. In order to demonstrate how results from the geostatistical model could be analyzed in terms of available hydrologic data, a numerical simulation of part of an aquifer test was applied to the realizations of the geostatistical model.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, C., and Phelps, G.A., 2014, Stochastic modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1179, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141179.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052382","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141179.gif"},{"id":296191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1179/"},{"id":296192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1179/downloads/ofr2014-1179.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pahute Mesa","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c6439e4b068a3ebb6f032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, Collin ccronkite-ratcliff@usgs.gov","contributorId":5478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronkite-Ratcliff","given":"Collin","email":"ccronkite-ratcliff@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey A. gphelps@usgs.gov","contributorId":1179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gphelps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70128978,"text":"sir20145200 - 2014 - Turbidity and suspended sediment in the upper Esopus Creek watershed, Ulster County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-18T14:54:54","indexId":"sir20145200","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-18T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5200","title":"Turbidity and suspended sediment in the upper Esopus Creek watershed, Ulster County, New York","docAbstract":"<p>Suspended-sediment concentrations (SSCs) and turbidity were measured for 2 to 3 years at 14 monitoring sites throughout the upper Esopus Creek watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. The upper Esopus Creek watershed is part of the New York City water-supply system that supplies water to more than 9 million people every day. Turbidity, caused primarily by high concentrations of inorganic suspended particles, is a potential water-quality concern because it colors the water and can reduce the effectiveness of drinking-water disinfection. The purposes of this study were to quantify concentrations of suspended sediment and turbidity levels, to estimate suspended-sediment loads within the upper Esopus Creek watershed, and to investigate the relations between SSC and turbidity. Samples were collected at four locations along the main channel of Esopus Creek and at all of the principal tributaries. Samples were collected monthly and during storms and were analyzed for SSC and turbidity in the laboratory. Turbidity was also measured every 15 minutes at six of the sampling stations with in situ turbidity probes.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The largest tributary, Stony Clove Creek, consistently produced higher SSCs and turbidity than any of the other Esopus Creek tributaries. The rest of the tributaries fell into two groups: those that produced moderate SSCs and turbidity and those that produced low SSCs and turbidity. Within those two groups the tributary that produced the highest SSCs and turbidity varied from year to year depending on the hydrologic conditions within each subwatershed. During the 3-year study, Stony Clove Creek accounted for an average of 40 percent of the annual suspended-sediment load measured at the upper Esopus Creek watershed outlet at Coldbrook, more than all of the other measured tributaries combined. The other tributaries to the upper Esopus Creek, taken together, accounted for an average of about 20 percent of the load at Coldbrook during 2010 and 2011, when most of the tributaries were sampled. Woodland Creek, the third largest tributary in the watershed, also accounted for a substantial amount of the load at Coldbrook, an average of 10 percent during the 3 years. Stony Clove Creek appeared to be a persistent source of sediment to Esopus Creek; it had the highest sediment yield (load per unit area) of all monitoring sites, including the outlet at Coldbrook.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Discharge, SSC, and turbidity were strongly related at the Coldbrook site but not at every monitoring site. In general, relations between discharge and SSC and turbidity were strongest at sites with high SSCs, with the exception of Stony Clove Creek. Stony Clove Creek had high SSCs and turbidity regardless of discharge, and although concentrations and turbidity values generally increased with increasing discharge, the relation was not strong. Five of the six sites used to investigate the relations between SSC and laboratory turbidity had a coefficient of determination (r<sup>2</sup>) greater than 0.7. Relations were not as strong between SSC and the turbidity measured by in situ probes because the period of record was shorter and therefore the sample sizes were smaller. Data from in situ turbidity probes were strongly related to turbidity data measured in the laboratory for all but one of the monitoring sites where the relation was strongly leveraged by one sample. Although the in situ turbidity probes appeared to provide a good surrogate for SSC and could allow more accurate calculations of suspended-sediment load than discrete suspended-sediment samples alone, more data would be required to define the regression models throughout the range in discharge, SSCs, and turbidity levels that occur at each monitoring site. Nonetheless, the in situ probes provided much greater detail about the relation between discharge and turbidity than did the grab samples and storm samples measured in the laboratory.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and Cornell Cooperative Extension of Ulster County","usgsCitation":"McHale, M.R., and Siemion, J., 2014, Turbidity and suspended sediment in the upper Esopus Creek watershed, Ulster County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5200, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145200.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055338","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145200.jpg"},{"id":296177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5200/"},{"id":296178,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5200/pdf/sir2014-5200.pdf","size":"6.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Ulster County","otherGeospatial":"Esopus Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.42825317382812,\n              42.08599350447723\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.42825317382812,\n              42.24173542549948\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.21676635742186,\n              42.24173542549948\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.21676635742186,\n              42.08599350447723\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.42825317382812,\n              42.08599350447723\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c643ae4b068a3ebb6f040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McHale, Michael R. 0000-0003-3780-1816 mmchale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-1816","contributorId":1735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"Michael","email":"mmchale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siemion, Jason jsiemion@usgs.gov","contributorId":3011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siemion","given":"Jason","email":"jsiemion@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129407,"text":"sir20145206 - 2014 - Measurement of unsaturated hydraulic properties and evaluation of property-transfer models for deep sedimentary interbeds, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-21T13:16:38","indexId":"sir20145206","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5206","title":"Measurement of unsaturated hydraulic properties and evaluation of property-transfer models for deep sedimentary interbeds, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Operations at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) have the potential to contaminate the underlying Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer. Methods to quantitatively characterize unsaturated flow and recharge to the ESRP aquifer are needed to inform water-resources management decisions at INL. In particular, hydraulic properties are needed to parameterize distributed hydrologic models of unsaturated flow and transport at INL, but these properties are often difficult and costly to obtain for large areas. The unsaturated zone overlying the ESRP aquifer consists of alternating sequences of thick fractured volcanic rocks that can rapidly transmit water flow and thinner sedimentary interbeds that transmit water much more slowly. Consequently, the sedimentary interbeds are of considerable interest because they primarily restrict the vertical movement of water through the unsaturated zone. Previous efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have included extensive laboratory characterization of the sedimentary interbeds and regression analyses to develop property-transfer models, which relate readily available physical properties of the sedimentary interbeds (bulk density, median particle diameter, and uniformity coefficient) to water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>During 2013&ndash;14, the USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, focused on further characterization of the sedimentary interbeds below the future site of the proposed Remote Handled Low-Level Waste (RHLLW) facility, which is intended for the long-term storage of low-level radioactive waste. Twelve core samples from the sedimentary interbeds from a borehole near the proposed facility were collected for laboratory analysis of hydraulic properties, which also allowed further testing of the property-transfer modeling approach. For each core sample, the steady-state centrifuge method was used to measure relations between matric potential, saturation, and conductivity. These laboratory measurements were compared to water-retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity parameters estimated using the established property-transfer models. For each core sample obtained, the agreement between measured and estimated hydraulic parameters was evaluated quantitatively using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation is for saturated hydraulic conductivity (<em>K<sub>sat</sub></em>) with an r value of 0.922. The saturated water content (q<sub><em>sat</em></sub>) also exhibits a strong linear correlation with an r value of 0.892. The curve shape parameter (&lambda;) has a value of 0.731, whereas the curve scaling parameter (y<sub>o</sub>) has the lowest r value of 0.528. The r values demonstrate that model predictions correspond well to the laboratory measured properties for most parameters, which supports the value of extending this approach for quantifying unsaturated hydraulic properties at various sites throughout INL.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145206","collaboration":"DOE/ID-22231. Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy.","usgsCitation":"Perkins, K., Johnson, B., and Mirus, B.B., 2014, Measurement of unsaturated hydraulic properties and evaluation of property-transfer models for deep sedimentary interbeds, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5206, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145206.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058687","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145206.jpg"},{"id":296125,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5206/"},{"id":296126,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5206/pdf/sir2014-5206.pdf","size":"1.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.148193359375,\n              43.37311218382002\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.148193359375,\n              43.92163712834673\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              43.92163712834673\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              43.37311218382002\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.148193359375,\n              43.37311218382002\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5467199de4b04d4b7dbde52e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, Kimberlie kperkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kimberlie","email":"kperkins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Brittany D. bdjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Brittany D.","email":"bdjohnson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mirus, Benjamin B.","contributorId":12348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mirus","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7043,"text":"University of North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70133365,"text":"70133365 - 2014 - Landsat 8 operational land imager on-orbit geometric calibration and performance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T11:25:22","indexId":"70133365","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat 8 operational land imager on-orbit geometric calibration and performance","docAbstract":"<p>The Landsat 8 spacecraft was launched on 11 February 2013 carrying the Operational Land Imager (OLI) payload for moderate resolution imaging in the visible, near infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands. During the 90-day commissioning period following launch, several on-orbit geometric calibration activities were performed to refine the prelaunch calibration parameters. The results of these calibration activities were subsequently used to measure geometric performance characteristics in order to verify the OLI geometric requirements. Three types of geometric calibrations were performed including: (1) updating the OLI-to-spacecraft alignment knowledge; (2) refining the alignment of the sub-images from the multiple OLI sensor chips; and (3) refining the alignment of the OLI spectral bands. The aspects of geometric performance that were measured and verified included: (1) geolocation accuracy with terrain correction, but without ground control (L1Gt); (2) Level 1 product accuracy with terrain correction and ground control (L1T); (3) band-to-band registration accuracy; and (4) multi-temporal image-to-image registration accuracy. Using the results of the on-orbit calibration update, all aspects of geometric performance were shown to meet or exceed system requirements.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs61111127","usgsCitation":"Storey, J.C., Choate, M., and Lee, K., 2014, Landsat 8 operational land imager on-orbit geometric calibration and performance: Remote Sensing, v. 6, no. 11, p. 11127-11152, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61111127.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"11127","endPage":"11152","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056529","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61111127","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5467199be4b04d4b7dbde521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232 storey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":5333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"storey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choate, Mike 0000-0002-8101-4994 choate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":4618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Mike","email":"choate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Kenton","contributorId":127404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Kenton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6944,"text":"Ball Aerospace Technologies Corporation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70133366,"text":"70133366 - 2014 - Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor geometric characterization and calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T11:24:53","indexId":"70133366","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor geometric characterization and calibration","docAbstract":"<p>The Landsat 8 spacecraft was launched on 11 February 2013 carrying two imaging payloads: the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). The TIRS instrument employs a refractive telescope design that is opaque to visible wavelengths making prelaunch geometric characterization challenging. TIRS geometric calibration thus relied heavily on on-orbit measurements. Since the two Landsat 8 payloads are complementary and generate combined Level 1 data products, the TIRS geometric performance requirements emphasize the co-alignment of the OLI and TIRS instrument fields of view and the registration of the OLI reflective bands to the TIRS long-wave infrared emissive bands. The TIRS on-orbit calibration procedures include measuring the TIRS-to-OLI alignment, refining the alignment of the three TIRS sensor chips, and ensuring the alignment of the two TIRS spectral bands. The two key TIRS performance metrics are the OLI reflective to TIRS emissive band registration accuracy, and the registration accuracy between the TIRS thermal bands. The on-orbit calibration campaign conducted during the commissioning period provided an accurate TIRS geometric model that enabled TIRS Level 1 data to meet all geometric accuracy requirements. Seasonal variations in TIRS-to-OLI alignment have led to several small calibration parameter adjustments since commissioning.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs61111153","usgsCitation":"Storey, J.C., Choate, M., and Moe, D., 2014, Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor geometric characterization and calibration: Remote Sensing, v. 6, no. 11, p. 11153-11181, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61111153.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"11153","endPage":"11181","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057919","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61111153","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296114,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5467199ce4b04d4b7dbde52a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232 storey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":5333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"storey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choate, Mike 0000-0002-8101-4994 choate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":4618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Mike","email":"choate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moe, Donald dpmoe@usgs.gov","contributorId":127405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moe","given":"Donald","email":"dpmoe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70143057,"text":"70143057 - 2014 - Coseismic landslides reveal near-surface rock strength in a high-relief tectonically active setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-17T10:58:58","indexId":"70143057","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic landslides reveal near-surface rock strength in a high-relief tectonically active setting","docAbstract":"<p>We present quantitative estimates of near-surface rock strength relevant to landscape evolution and landslide hazard assessment for 15 geologic map units of the Longmen Shan, China. Strength estimates are derived from a novel method that inverts earthquake peak ground acceleration models and coseismic landslide inventories to obtain material proper- ties and landslide thickness. Aggregate rock strength is determined by prescribing a friction angle of 30&deg; and solving for effective cohesion. Effective cohesion ranges are from 70 kPa to 107 kPa for 15 geologic map units, and are approximately an order of magnitude less than typical laboratory measurements, probably because laboratory tests on hand-sized specimens do not incorporate the effects of heterogeneity and fracturing that likely control near-surface strength at the hillslope scale. We find that strength among the geologic map units studied varies by less than a factor of two. However, increased weakening of units with proximity to the range front, where precipitation and active fault density are the greatest, suggests that cli- matic and tectonic factors overwhelm lithologic differences in rock strength in this high-relief tectonically active setting.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/G36080.1","collaboration":"University of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Gallen, S.F., Clark, M., and Godt, J.W., 2014, Coseismic landslides reveal near-surface rock strength in a high-relief tectonically active setting: Geology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 11-14, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36080.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060313","costCenters":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g36080.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298617,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298588,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geology.gsapubs.org/content/43/1/11.short"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5509502ae4b02e76d757e60c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallen, Sean F.","contributorId":139683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallen","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12879,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Marin K.","contributorId":139684,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Marin K.","affiliations":[{"id":12879,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70127877,"text":"sir20145195 - 2014 - Flood-inundation maps and updated components for a flood-warning system or the City of Marietta, Ohio and selected communities along the Lower Muskingum River and Ohio River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T10:33:20","indexId":"sir20145195","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5195","title":"Flood-inundation maps and updated components for a flood-warning system or the City of Marietta, Ohio and selected communities along the Lower Muskingum River and Ohio River","docAbstract":"<p>Digital flood-inundation maps for lower reaches of the Muskingum River and a reach of the Ohio River in southeast Ohio were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District and the City of Marietta, Ohio. To complete the inundation maps, Ohio River and lower Muskingum River bathymetry was updated and two streamgages, one on the Ohio River upstream of Marietta near Sardis, Ohio, and one on the Muskingum River in Beverly, Ohio, were added as basic components of the flood-warning system. An updated hydraulic model component also led to the new flood-inundation maps. The maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/\">http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/</a>&nbsp;depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to water levels (stages) at one or more of the following USGS streamgages: Muskingum River at McConnelsville, Ohio (03150000); Muskingum River at Beverly, Ohio (03150500); and Ohio River at Marietta, Ohio (03150700). The maps can be used in conjunction with National Weather Service flood-forecast data to show areas of estimated flood inundation associated with forecasted flood-peak stages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Flood profiles for selected reaches were prepared by calibrating steady-state step-backwater models to selected streamgage rating curves. The step-backwater models were used to determine water-surface-elevation profiles for up to 12 flood stages at a streamgage with corresponding stream-flows ranging from approximately the 10- to 0.2-percent chance annual-exceedance probabilities for each of the 3 streamgages that correspond to the flood-inundation maps. Additional hydraulic modeling was used to account for the effects of backwater from the Ohio River on water levels in the Muskingum River. The computed longitudinal profiles of flood levels were used with a Geographic Information System digital elevation model (derived from light detection and ranging) to delineate flood-inundation areas. Digital maps showing flood-inundation areas overlain on digital orthophotographs were prepared for the selected floods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145195","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District and the City of Marietta, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, M.T., and Ostheimer, C.J., 2014, Flood-inundation maps and updated components for a flood-warning system or the City of Marietta, Ohio and selected communities along the Lower Muskingum River and Ohio River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5195, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145195.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057794","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145195.jpg"},{"id":296086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5195/"},{"id":296087,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5195/pdf/sir2014-5195.pdf","size":"1.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Marietta","otherGeospatial":"Muskingum River, Ohio River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.6007080078125,\n              39.049052206453524\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6007080078125,\n              40.23760536584024\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.46936035156249,\n              40.23760536584024\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.46936035156249,\n              39.049052206453524\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6007080078125,\n              39.049052206453524\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5467199be4b04d4b7dbde51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitehead, Matthew T. mtwhiteh@usgs.gov","contributorId":2158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"Matthew","email":"mtwhiteh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostheimer, Chad J. ostheime@usgs.gov","contributorId":2160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostheimer","given":"Chad","email":"ostheime@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188058,"text":"70188058 - 2014 - Multisensor earth observations to characterize wetlands and malaria epidemiology in Ethiopia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:10:33","indexId":"70188058","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multisensor earth observations to characterize wetlands and malaria epidemiology in Ethiopia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Malaria is a major global public health problem, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The spatial heterogeneity of malaria can be affected by factors such as hydrological processes, physiography, and land cover patterns. Tropical wetlands, for example, are important hydrological features that can serve as mosquito breeding habitats. Mapping and monitoring of wetlands using satellite remote sensing can thus help to target interventions aimed at reducing malaria transmission. The objective of this study was to map wetlands and other major land cover types in the Amhara region of Ethiopia and to analyze district-level associations of malaria and wetlands across the region. We evaluated three random forests classification models using remotely sensed topographic and spectral data based on Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery, respectively. The model that integrated data from both sensors yielded more accurate land cover classification than single-sensor models. The resulting map of wetlands and other major land cover classes had an overall accuracy of 93.5%. Topographic indices and subpixel level fractional cover indices contributed most strongly to the land cover classification. Further, we found strong spatial associations of percent area of wetlands with malaria cases at the district level across the dry, wet, and fall seasons. Overall, our study provided the most extensive map of wetlands for the Amhara region and documented spatiotemporal associations of wetlands and malaria risk at a broad regional level. These findings can assist public health personnel in developing strategies to effectively control and eliminate malaria in the region.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014WR015634","usgsCitation":"Midekisa, A., Senay, G., and Wimberly, M.C., 2014, Multisensor earth observations to characterize wetlands and malaria epidemiology in Ethiopia: Water Resources Research, v. 50, no. 11, p. 8791-8806, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015634.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"8791","endPage":"8806","ipdsId":"IP-060676","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015634","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":341868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ethiopia","otherGeospatial":"Amhara region","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 35.26885986328125, 11.953349393643416 ], [ 35.299072265625, 11.899603531895703 ], [ 35.27984619140625, 11.867350911459308 ], [ 35.3045654296875, 11.805522732159929 ], [ 35.3924560546875, 11.794768579564735 ], [ 35.474853515625, 11.797457157244434 ], [ 35.562744140625, 11.80014570857395 ], [ 35.5902099609375, 11.85391119291692 ], [ 35.66162109375, 11.896915959499266 ], [ 35.66162109375, 11.937226753541461 ], [ 35.73028564453125, 11.947975286928044 ], [ 35.7769775390625, 12.052751072179356 ], [ 35.90057373046875, 12.015143939577031 ], [ 35.95550537109375, 12.020516709145957 ], [ 35.980224609375, 11.956036406986875 ], [ 36.04339599609375, 11.88616540437571 ], [ 36.09283447265625, 11.821653169925586 ], [ 36.1175537109375, 11.75174775769061 ], [ 36.1285400390625, 11.689893557325728 ], [ 36.16973876953125, 11.689893557325728 ], [ 36.25213623046875, 11.76788135475553 ], [ 36.3262939453125, 11.813588069771273 ], [ 36.34552001953125, 11.735613215486856 ], [ 36.3372802734375, 11.668375810026845 ], [ 36.37847900390625, 11.614574146281976 ], [ 36.42791748046875, 11.504248316773985 ], [ 36.4031982421875, 11.442339253918387 ], [ 36.42242431640624, 11.415418041941416 ], [ 36.45538330078125, 11.431571076012284 ], [ 36.5185546875, 11.458490752653873 ], [ 36.54327392578124, 11.396571673390975 ], [ 36.55426025390625, 11.366953427299931 ], [ 36.53778076171875, 11.350796722383672 ], [ 36.5625, 11.315787392354615 ], [ 36.54876708984375, 11.30232112478806 ], [ 36.4910888671875, 11.278080249522125 ], [ 36.474609375, 11.253837328831702 ], [ 36.46636962890625, 11.15684527521178 ], [ 36.5185546875, 11.14606637590688 ], [ 36.551513671875, 11.135287077054238 ], [ 36.573486328125, 11.108337084308143 ], [ 36.5460205078125, 11.102946786877578 ], [ 36.507568359375, 11.100251600839384 ], [ 36.45263671875, 11.040951224961734 ], [ 36.37573242187499, 10.96006778449538 ], [ 36.31256103515625, 10.87107045949965 ], [ 36.30706787109375, 10.833305983642491 ], [ 36.287841796875, 10.814421958289003 ], [ 36.2823486328125, 10.733476978551995 ], [ 36.309814453125, 10.763159330300518 ], [ 36.34552001953125, 10.798234704435858 ], [ 36.3702392578125, 10.787442717183227 ], [ 36.36749267578125, 10.74966771410236 ], [ 36.33453369140625, 10.692996347925087 ], [ 36.31805419921875, 10.652510316099377 ], [ 36.29608154296875, 10.595820834654047 ], [ 36.31805419921875, 10.525619323394588 ], [ 36.3702392578125, 10.51481766953869 ], [ 36.37847900390625, 10.471607278043903 ], [ 36.441650390625, 10.444597722834875 ], [ 36.46636962890625, 10.47430810424045 ], [ 36.52679443359375, 10.482410441586682 ], [ 36.5570068359375, 10.458102794213447 ], [ 36.529541015625, 10.398676095047769 ], [ 36.551513671875, 10.35815140094367 ], [ 36.6119384765625, 10.368958499166258 ], [ 36.6558837890625, 10.323025760406285 ], [ 36.683349609375, 10.3257278721883 ], [ 36.71905517578125, 10.360853210444702 ], [ 36.76849365234375, 10.360853210444702 ], [ 36.80694580078125, 10.336536087082974 ], [ 36.85638427734375, 10.34734393012535 ], [ 36.89483642578125, 10.3176214672129 ], [ 36.97174072265625, 10.3176214672129 ], [ 37.02392578125, 10.293301000109102 ], [ 37.0404052734375, 10.279788819052088 ], [ 37.09808349609375, 10.255465437158735 ], [ 37.19970703125, 10.228437266155943 ], [ 37.17498779296874, 10.163560279490476 ], [ 37.2161865234375, 10.090557928582758 ], [ 37.28759765625, 10.077037154404719 ], [ 37.298583984375, 10.0418804895794 ], [ 37.353515625, 10.009424792388483 ], [ 37.38372802734375, 10.044584984211802 ], [ 37.43316650390625, 10.022948394510141 ], [ 37.5018310546875, 10.020243719192832 ], [ 37.54852294921875, 9.97967088558205 ], [ 37.5897216796875, 9.925565912405506 ], [ 37.694091796875, 9.847097830667165 ], [ 37.803955078125, 9.86604011578546 ], [ 37.880859375, 9.909332674647834 ], [ 37.97698974609375, 9.939092995832704 ], [ 38.0621337890625, 9.993195726219207 ], [ 38.13079833984375, 10.033766870069249 ], [ 38.1829833984375, 10.068924417668384 ], [ 38.2489013671875, 10.101374139160903 ], [ 38.31756591796875, 10.10407813498404 ], [ 38.32855224609374, 10.144635340238578 ], [ 38.419189453125, 10.155449728333865 ], [ 38.441162109375, 10.214922317483653 ], [ 38.47412109375, 10.282491301524178 ], [ 38.47686767578124, 10.371660215460267 ], [ 38.61694335937499, 10.368958499166258 ], [ 38.69384765625, 10.374361908438 ], [ 38.748779296875, 10.379765224421455 ], [ 38.84765625, 10.36355499665266 ], [ 38.8641357421875, 10.27708631346126 ], [ 38.83941650390624, 10.236545959307557 ], [ 38.83392333984375, 10.212219258788627 ], [ 38.8421630859375, 10.166263750813554 ], [ 38.85040283203125, 10.120301632173907 ], [ 38.78448486328125, 10.090557928582758 ], [ 38.7158203125, 10.060811476952429 ], [ 38.65264892578125, 10.068924417668384 ], [ 38.66912841796875, 10.031062285047685 ], [ 38.704833984375, 10.001310360636928 ], [ 38.78997802734375, 9.974260791984173 ], [ 38.7982177734375, 9.898510069669967 ], [ 38.80096435546875, 9.838979375579344 ], [ 38.836669921875, 9.790264460914448 ], [ 38.8751220703125, 9.744249366331491 ], [ 38.924560546875, 9.714471509337628 ], [ 38.9739990234375, 9.717178696853328 ], [ 38.97674560546875, 9.75778387784387 ], [ 39.04266357421875, 9.70634981542623 ], [ 39.07562255859375, 9.67656858750112 ], [ 39.056396484375, 9.619706192472623 ], [ 39.05914306640625, 9.57095938061286 ], [ 39.12506103515625, 9.560125804733719 ], [ 39.1717529296875, 9.581792611104946 ], [ 39.20745849609375, 9.684691002690007 ], [ 39.26239013671875, 9.730714305756955 ], [ 39.31732177734375, 9.75778387784387 ], [ 39.3475341796875, 9.763197528547247 ], [ 39.34204101562499, 9.792971032906088 ], [ 39.4024658203125, 9.782144612590105 ], [ 39.41070556640625, 9.738835407948073 ], [ 39.4024658203125, 9.703642540353869 ], [ 39.4024658203125, 9.657615522114368 ], [ 39.385986328125, 9.581792611104946 ], [ 39.32281494140624, 9.546583349757588 ], [ 39.30084228515625, 9.500534980425044 ], [ 39.3145751953125, 9.465317340414682 ], [ 39.36676025390625, 9.478863014423208 ], [ 39.451904296875, 9.432805545760889 ], [ 39.451904296875, 9.381322272728047 ], [ 39.49310302734375, 9.373192635083441 ], [ 39.50958251953125, 9.346092468634017 ], [ 39.43267822265625, 9.343382335853477 ], [ 39.375, 9.289175258776764 ], [ 39.33380126953125, 9.310859099000712 ], [ 39.30084228515625, 9.300017346869128 ], [ 39.254150390625, 9.343382335853477 ], [ 39.254150390625, 9.278332835101478 ], [ 39.287109375, 9.18344737101288 ], [ 39.35028076171875, 9.17531314526067 ], [ 39.36126708984375, 9.123792057073985 ], [ 39.35028076171875, 9.058702156392139 ], [ 39.27337646484375, 8.952905955274625 ], [ 39.298095703125, 8.85250673734347 ], [ 39.31732177734375, 8.798225459016358 ], [ 39.3310546875, 8.74122155002497 ], [ 39.36126708984375, 8.784653893732001 ], [ 39.39971923828125, 8.735792150582744 ], [ 39.407958984375, 8.822653022233062 ], [ 39.43817138671875, 8.838937166669162 ], [ 39.495849609375, 8.800939712392442 ], [ 39.52056884765625, 8.760223824796954 ], [ 39.5672607421875, 8.779225128474106 ], [ 39.5947265625, 8.830795184328931 ], [ 39.63043212890625, 8.817224814384145 ], [ 39.70458984374999, 8.847078969093316 ], [ 39.7705078125, 8.882358029987763 ], [ 39.75677490234375, 9.129215680645755 ], [ 39.814453125, 9.145486056167277 ], [ 39.847412109375, 9.18073598316442 ], [ 39.8748779296875, 9.237670763985172 ], [ 39.891357421875, 9.308148692484803 ], [ 39.85015869140625, 9.354222740364856 ], [ 39.79522705078125, 9.359642815950757 ], [ 39.8089599609375, 9.400290685848121 ], [ 39.869384765625, 9.454480416742815 ], [ 39.89959716796874, 9.52220557466749 ], [ 39.88861083984375, 9.62512207167862 ], [ 39.86114501953125, 9.717178696853328 ], [ 39.86663818359375, 9.765904320896558 ], [ 39.96551513671875, 9.722593006167342 ], [ 40.03143310546875, 9.722593006167342 ], [ 40.02044677734374, 9.814622813899064 ], [ 40.07537841796875, 9.871451997300548 ], [ 40.0836181640625, 9.966145483151626 ], [ 40.03143310546875, 10.017539021316155 ], [ 39.990234375, 10.060811476952429 ], [ 40.00946044921875, 10.095966079317295 ], [ 40.05340576171875, 10.098670120603392 ], [ 40.13580322265625, 10.10407813498404 ], [ 40.133056640625, 10.13922800920163 ], [ 40.13580322265625, 10.223031355670871 ], [ 40.14404296875, 10.250059987303016 ], [ 40.14678955078125, 10.339238082719238 ], [ 40.16876220703124, 10.43919552993234 ], [ 40.18798828124999, 10.463504658291983 ], [ 40.16326904296875, 10.52291894538631 ], [ 40.155029296875, 10.59312107334358 ], [ 40.14404296875, 10.676802582247122 ], [ 40.10833740234375, 10.741572454818735 ], [ 40.1220703125, 10.787442717183227 ], [ 40.166015625, 10.860281096281666 ], [ 40.16876220703124, 10.914224006944352 ], [ 40.13031005859375, 10.938495125120143 ], [ 40.17425537109375, 10.978942571323032 ], [ 40.20721435546875, 11.075993807840769 ], [ 40.1934814453125, 11.202651131282447 ], [ 40.133056640625, 11.305014428931411 ], [ 40.07537841796875, 11.334639102837388 ], [ 40.06439208984375, 11.447723189292294 ], [ 40.01220703125, 11.584978801371687 ], [ 39.979248046875, 11.64416634948904 ], [ 39.94903564453125, 11.681824597858505 ], [ 39.8748779296875, 11.778636560450623 ], [ 39.88861083984375, 11.902291077727055 ], [ 39.869384765625, 11.915728408209805 ], [ 39.87213134765625, 11.945288193567402 ], [ 39.82818603515625, 12.009771062776911 ], [ 39.82818603515625, 12.063494999963579 ], [ 39.7979736328125, 12.103780891645817 ], [ 39.803466796875, 12.133320019854683 ], [ 39.77874755859374, 12.195073064033384 ], [ 39.7650146484375, 12.267547413218194 ], [ 39.79522705078125, 12.321219274328346 ], [ 39.6990966796875, 12.310485779027603 ], [ 39.6331787109375, 12.302435369557129 ], [ 39.61395263671875, 12.275598890561733 ], [ 39.54803466796875, 12.259495689846283 ], [ 39.55352783203125, 12.286333810713812 ], [ 39.54254150390625, 12.329269107612827 ], [ 39.4464111328125, 12.329269107612827 ], [ 39.36950683593749, 12.321219274328346 ], [ 39.34478759765625, 12.299751844907373 ], [ 39.27337646484375, 12.31853594166211 ], [ 39.24591064453125, 12.380245638557236 ], [ 39.22119140624999, 12.508984031068016 ], [ 39.188232421875, 12.651058133703483 ], [ 39.29534912109374, 12.704650508287893 ], [ 39.25689697265625, 12.736800512460297 ], [ 39.31732177734375, 12.7528739862054 ], [ 39.2706298828125, 12.78769634352248 ], [ 39.3035888671875, 12.822513897983297 ], [ 39.2926025390625, 12.835903983635566 ], [ 39.31182861328125, 12.865359661408899 ], [ 39.27612304687499, 12.908198108318507 ], [ 39.24865722656249, 12.956382587313202 ], [ 39.2266845703125, 13.017938075150177 ], [ 39.1497802734375, 13.025965926333539 ], [ 39.0948486328125, 12.983147716796578 ], [ 39.012451171875, 13.023290004843894 ], [ 38.9959716796875, 13.071452163589443 ], [ 39.02069091796875, 13.132979019087472 ], [ 39.04815673828125, 13.157050553721387 ], [ 39.04815673828125, 13.186468107797188 ], [ 39.02069091796875, 13.191816374047733 ], [ 38.99871826171875, 13.207860470525487 ], [ 38.9630126953125, 13.213208268446683 ], [ 38.94378662109375, 13.269353062714407 ], [ 38.8421630859375, 13.24261906101892 ], [ 38.72406005859375, 13.264006497508065 ], [ 38.7322998046875, 13.378931658431565 ], [ 38.7158203125, 13.448394732660567 ], [ 38.67462158203125, 13.520508153934646 ], [ 38.62518310546875, 13.50448483093049 ], [ 38.6004638671875, 13.523178603049868 ], [ 38.5675048828125, 13.491131239570988 ], [ 38.47137451171875, 13.47777690149573 ], [ 38.54827880859375, 13.557891715542786 ], [ 38.46038818359375, 13.56857165361117 ], [ 38.44940185546874, 13.58726038897713 ], [ 38.41094970703125, 13.544541117879882 ], [ 38.34503173828125, 13.541870908391594 ], [ 38.29559326171875, 13.496472765758952 ], [ 38.24066162109375, 13.496472765758952 ], [ 38.18023681640625, 13.493802017602025 ], [ 38.1500244140625, 13.480447828815223 ], [ 38.10333251953125, 13.496472765758952 ], [ 38.0731201171875, 13.46976394051145 ], [ 38.0621337890625, 13.488460431671312 ], [ 37.99896240234375, 13.50448483093049 ], [ 37.9522705078125, 13.501814172428668 ], [ 37.9412841796875, 13.531189770768197 ], [ 37.869873046875, 13.539200668930816 ], [ 37.8424072265625, 13.571241563074146 ], [ 37.7764892578125, 13.640648651718347 ], [ 37.6995849609375, 13.47777690149573 ], [ 37.61444091796875, 13.405650601795035 ], [ 37.4853515625, 13.362898869407998 ], [ 37.34252929687499, 13.384275684388783 ], [ 37.24090576171874, 13.408322332907831 ], [ 37.14752197265624, 13.437709413814021 ], [ 37.08709716796875, 13.394963380464146 ], [ 36.9964599609375, 13.365571074958245 ], [ 36.83990478515625, 13.435038009690745 ], [ 36.76300048828125, 13.499143484036335 ], [ 36.75750732421875, 13.539200668930816 ], [ 36.6888427734375, 13.573911442504558 ], [ 36.5460205078125, 13.600608583816797 ], [ 36.5130615234375, 13.632641180688484 ], [ 36.485595703125, 13.696693336737654 ], [ 36.49383544921875, 13.728712877085783 ], [ 36.4471435546875, 13.752724664396988 ], [ 36.4141845703125, 13.65399383320737 ], [ 36.4141845703125, 13.605947651142655 ], [ 36.24664306640625, 13.373587513919782 ], [ 36.15325927734375, 13.028641818911026 ], [ 36.1669921875, 12.985824071305613 ], [ 36.1285400390625, 12.942998943409737 ], [ 36.13128662109375, 12.905520920167197 ], [ 36.16424560546875, 12.868037278927382 ], [ 36.13677978515625, 12.707329830793384 ], [ 36.112060546875, 12.701971157535398 ], [ 36.0516357421875, 12.723405172327517 ], [ 36.03240966796875, 12.71804683823392 ], [ 35.99945068359375, 12.723405172327517 ], [ 35.70556640625, 12.66713702980535 ], [ 35.70556640625, 12.626937890764976 ], [ 35.68359375, 12.59477402876256 ], [ 35.64788818359375, 12.59477402876256 ], [ 35.43640136718749, 12.243391505623274 ], [ 35.43640136718749, 12.203126750176567 ], [ 35.386962890625, 12.178964957906539 ], [ 35.35125732421875, 12.06618091465063 ], [ 35.3375244140625, 12.015143939577031 ], [ 35.2716064453125, 11.982905071887561 ], [ 35.26885986328125, 11.953349393643416 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"50","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592e84c0e4b092b266f10d68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Midekisa, Alemayehu 0000-0003-2558-6952","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-6952","contributorId":192416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Midekisa","given":"Alemayehu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":696467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wimberly, Michael C.","contributorId":167855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wimberly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70138054,"text":"70138054 - 2014 - Mapping current and potential distribution of non-native Prosopis juliflora in the Afar region of Ethiopia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-15T08:40:14","indexId":"70138054","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-13T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping current and potential distribution of non-native Prosopis juliflora in the Afar region of Ethiopia","docAbstract":"<p>We used correlative models with species occurrence points, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices, and topo-climatic predictors to map the current distribution and potential habitat of invasive <i>Prosopis juliflora</i> in Afar, Ethiopia. Time-series of MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Indices (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) with 250 m2 spatial resolution were selected as remote sensing predictors for mapping distributions, while WorldClim bioclimatic products and generated topographic variables from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission product (SRTM) were used to predict potential infestations. We ran Maxent models using non-correlated variables and the 143 species-occurrence points. Maxent generated probability surfaces were converted into binary maps using the 10-percentile logistic threshold values. Performances of models were evaluated using area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Our results indicate that the extent of <i>P. juliflora</i> invasion is approximately 3,605 km<sup>2</sup> in the Afar region (AUC = 0.94), while the potential habitat for future infestations is 5,024 km<sup>2</sup> (AUC = 0.95). Our analyses demonstrate that time-series of MODIS vegetation indices and species occurrence points can be used with Maxent modeling software to map the current distribution of P. juliflora, while topo-climatic variables are good predictors of potential habitat in Ethiopia. Our results can quantify current and future infestations, and inform management and policy decisions for containing <i>P. juliflora</i>. Our methods can also be replicated for managing invasive species in other East African countries.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0112854","usgsCitation":"Wakie, T., Evangelista, P.H., Jarnevich, C.S., and Laituri, M., 2014, Mapping current and potential distribution of non-native Prosopis juliflora in the Afar region of Ethiopia: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 11, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112854.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052121","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112854","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297259,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112854"}],"country":"Ethiopia","volume":"9","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bede4b08de9379b357a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wakie, Tewodros","contributorId":138730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wakie","given":"Tewodros","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evangelista, Paul H.","contributorId":14747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evangelista","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarnevich, Catherine S. 0000-0002-9699-2336 jarnevichc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-2336","contributorId":3424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnevich","given":"Catherine","email":"jarnevichc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laituri, Melinda","contributorId":138731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laituri","given":"Melinda","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70129677,"text":"70129677 - 2014 - A modified procedure for mixture-model clustering of regional geochemical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:08:54.470958","indexId":"70129677","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-12T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A modified procedure for mixture-model clustering of regional geochemical data","docAbstract":"<p>A modified procedure is proposed for mixture-model clustering of regional-scale geochemical data. The key modification is the robust principal component transformation of the isometric log-ratio transforms of the element concentrations. This principal component transformation and the associated dimension reduction are applied before the data are clustered. The principal advantage of this modification is that it significantly improves the stability of the clustering. The principal disadvantage is that it requires subjective selection of the number of clusters and the number of principal components. To evaluate the efficacy of this modified procedure, it is applied to soil geochemical data that comprise 959 samples from the state of Colorado (USA) for which the concentrations of 44 elements are measured. The distributions of element concentrations that are derived from the mixture model and from the field samples are similar, indicating that the mixture model is a suitable representation of the transformed geochemical data. Each cluster and the associated distributions of the element concentrations are related to specific geologic and anthropogenic features. In this way, mixture model clustering facilitates interpretation of the regional geochemical data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.10.011","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K.J., Smith, D., and Horton, J.D., 2014, A modified procedure for mixture-model clustering of regional geochemical data: Applied Geochemistry, v. 51, p. 315-326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.10.011.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055485","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.095947265625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.0283203125,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.039306640625,\n              36.99377838872517\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.041015625,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.0849609375,\n              40.95501133048621\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.095947265625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5464769de4b0ba83040c9337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":519902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":523266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, John D. 0000-0003-2969-9073 jhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9073","contributorId":1227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"John","email":"jhorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":523267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70129713,"text":"70129713 - 2014 - Vulnerability of breeding waterbirds to climate change in the Prairie Pothole Region, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-13T10:27:18","indexId":"70129713","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-12T04:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of breeding waterbirds to climate change in the Prairie Pothole Region, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the north-central U.S. and south-central Canada contains millions of small prairie wetlands that provide critical habitat to many migrating and breeding waterbirds. Due to their small size and the relatively dry climate of the region, these wetlands are considered at high risk for negative climate change effects as temperatures increase. To estimate the potential impacts of climate change on breeding waterbirds, we predicted current and future distributions of species common in the PPR using species distribution models (SDMs). We created regional-scale SDMs for the U.S. PPR using Breeding Bird Survey occurrence records for 1971&ndash;2011 and wetland, upland, and climate variables. For each species, we predicted current distribution based on climate records for 1981&ndash;2000 and projected future distributions to climate scenarios for 2040&ndash;2049. Species were projected to, on average, lose almost half their current habitat (-46%). However, individual species projections varied widely, from +8% (Upland Sandpiper) to -100% (Wilson's Snipe). Variable importance ranks indicated that land cover (wetland and upland) variables were generally more important than climate variables in predicting species distributions. However, climate variables were relatively more important during a drought period. Projected distributions of species responses to climate change contracted within current areas of distribution rather than shifting. Given the large variation in species-level impacts, we suggest that climate change mitigation efforts focus on species projected to be the most vulnerable by enacting targeted wetland management, easement acquisition, and restoration efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0096747","usgsCitation":"Steen, V., Skagen, S.K., and Noon, B.R., 2014, Vulnerability of breeding waterbirds to climate change in the Prairie Pothole Region, U.S.A.: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 6, e96747; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096747.","productDescription":"e96747; 14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053462","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472641,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096747","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295754,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0096747"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Pothole Region","volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546476a1e4b0ba83040c936d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steen, Valerie vsteen@usgs.gov","contributorId":5598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"Valerie","email":"vsteen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noon, Barry R.","contributorId":119751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noon","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}