Chantelle is a hydrologist in the Surface Water Investigation Unit. She received her bachelor of science degree in environmental geology from the University of Kansas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip202","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, Chantelle postcard: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 202, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip202.","productDescription":"Postcard: 6.00 x 4.00 inches","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-117268","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0202/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":376592,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0202/gip202.pdf","text":"Postcard","size":"490 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"GIP 202"}],"contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Hydrologists study the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the Earth’s surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.
For more information, visit https://www.usajobs.gov.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip201","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, Hydrologist postcard: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 201, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip201.","productDescription":"Postcard: 6.00 x 4.00 inches","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-117272","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0201/gip201.pdf","text":"Postcard","size":"269 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"GIP 201"},{"id":376587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0201/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Chemists design analytical methods, analyze samples, and review instrument results to ensure high-quality, defensible data are provided to our Nation’s decision makers.
For more information, visit https://www.usajobs.gov.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip200","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, Chemist postcard: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 200, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip200.","productDescription":"Postcard: 6.00 x 4.00 inches","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-117271","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376583,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0200/gip200.pdf","text":"Postcard","size":"284 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"GIP 200"},{"id":376603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0200/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Michaelah is an environmental chemist in the Organic Geochemistry Research Unit. She received her bachelor of science degree in environmental chemistry from the University of Kansas and her master’s degree in biomimicry from Arizona State University.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip199","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, Michaelah postcard: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 199, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip199.","productDescription":"Postcard: 6.00 x 4.00 inches","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-117270","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0199/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":376580,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0199/gip199.pdf","text":"Report","size":"303 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"GIP 199"}],"contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Plant associations with soil microbiota can modulate tree seedling growth and survival via mutualistic or antagonistic interactions. It is uncertain, however, whether soil microbiota influence seedling growth of coastal trees when exposed to extreme flooding regimes. We evaluated the role of soil microbes in promoting baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedling performance under different inundation scenarios and determined the influence of flooding on the colonization of in planta beneficial microbes. Seedlings reared in sterile and non-sterile soil were exposed to three different flooding regimes historically experienced in Louisiana swamps. Seedling growth was assessed, and the colonization by beneficial symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrizhal fungi (AMF), and dark septate endophytes (DSE) was evaluated in harvested roots. Seedlings grown in sterile soil had six times higher growth than seedlings reared in non-sterile soil. As a result, we evaluated pathogen load in the roots by assessing oomycete colonization. Flooding influenced the in planta colonization of DSE and oomycetes, but did not affect the colonization of mutualist AMF fungi. DSE and oomycetes were rarer in flooded conditions, while AMF remained abundant. Seedling biomass production was not correlated with in planta fungal colonization or pathogen load. Soil microbiota can negatively influence baldcypress seedling growth, and no growth benefit was evidenced from the root colonization of mutualist fungi. Flooding can modify baldcypress-fungal interactions by diminishing colonization of DSE. Overall, baldycpress seedlings were more sensitive to the presence of microbiota than flooding, and thus restoration efforts should focus on having a better understanding of plant–microbe interactions in swamps.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11258-020-01059-4","usgsCitation":"Torres-Martinez, L., Sanchez-Julia, M., Kimbrough, E., Hendrix, T., Hendrix, M., Day, R.H., Krauss, K.W., and Van Bael, S.A., 2020, Influence of soil microbiota on Taxodium distichum seedling performance during extreme flooding events: Plant Ecology, v. 221, p. 773-793, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-020-01059-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"793","ipdsId":"IP-101293","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Bayou Chevreuil","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.75153350830078,\n 29.881136828132842\n ],\n [\n -90.5990982055664,\n 29.881136828132842\n ],\n [\n -90.5990982055664,\n 29.912090918781505\n ],\n [\n -90.75153350830078,\n 29.912090918781505\n ],\n [\n -90.75153350830078,\n 29.881136828132842\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"221","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres-Martinez, Lorena 0000-0002-0903-8633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-8633","contributorId":229687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Torres-Martinez","given":"Lorena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13500,"text":"Tulane University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanchez-Julia, Mareli","contributorId":229688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanchez-Julia","given":"Mareli","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13500,"text":"Tulane University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimbrough, Elizabeth 0000-0002-4007-6304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-6304","contributorId":228831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13500,"text":"Tulane University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hendrix, Trey","contributorId":229689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendrix","given":"Trey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13500,"text":"Tulane University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hendrix, Miranda","contributorId":229690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendrix","given":"Miranda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13500,"text":"Tulane University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Day, Richard H. 0000-0002-5959-7054 dayr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-7054","contributorId":2427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Richard","email":"dayr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Van Bael, Sunshine A 0000-0001-7317-3533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-3533","contributorId":228832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Bael","given":"Sunshine","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":13500,"text":"Tulane University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70213042,"text":"70213042 - 2020 - The field trip that changed the course of my career","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T16:52:03.442187","indexId":"70213042","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-22T11:47:11","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The field trip that changed the course of my career","docAbstract":"After gobbling down a breakfast of sliced papaya, scrambled eggs, refried beans, and soft flour tacos, we gathered our gear and loaded it into the red zodiac that the station manager had assigned to us. My colleagues and I were headed to a pair of islands off the coast of Belize called Twin Cays, occupied by a unique group of tropical plants and animals adapted to a wet and saline habitat. \n\nOur ride from Carrie Bow Cay, home of the Smithsonian Institution’s field station, took about twenty minutes because of the choppy water. As we crossed the three-kilometer stretch from Carrie Bow to Twin Cays, I struggled to keep my seat on the bouncing pontoon and was soon soaked by salt spray. As we neared Twin Cays, the deep blue of the lagoon gave way to the turquoise and pale green colors of the shallow sand flats in the lee of the archipelago. Finally, the zodiac slowed, and we pulled into the calm channel separating the two islands. \n\nOn either side of the channel was an intimidating tangle of tree trunks, branches, leaves, and aerial roots. The trees leaned out over the water and appeared poised to topple into the sea. However, they were perfectly still in the humid morning air and anchored solidly in place by arching prop roots. I sensed that I had entered an alien world, a waterlogged Terra Incognita that looked, smelled, and sounded like nothing I had ever experienced. As we slowly motored along, I peered more closely at the trees that fringed the shoreline. They had gnarled trunks and twisted branches that supported a canopy of dark green leaves. These trees were red mangroves or Rhizophora mangle, their scientific name, and were the dominant vegetation here. \n\nThese oceanic mangrove islands were intertidal, which means that the trees were inundated twice a day by the sea. Their intimate relationship with the sea, however, was most apparent along the water’s edge. Long, drop roots plunged from the canopy to dangle in the crystal-clear water. Encrusted on the submerged portions of the mangrove roots were yellow and orange sponges, white and pink anemones, sharp-edged oysters, and feathery-green algae. The mangroves, it turned out, provided the only solid substrate for these sessile creatures. \n\nThere were also mobile animals that I glimpsed as I leaned over the pontoon to peer into the pellucid water. Tiny fish flashed among the partially submerged roots as each one briefly flipped its body sideways to catch the sun glinting through the water. A school of mangrove snappers swam past the boat and disappeared under the overhanging creekbank, which created a shadowy haven from predators. Ribbons of turtlegrass, uprooted from the nearby reef flat, were draped on mangrove prop roots like green and brown tinsel. As the zodiac floated closer to shore, I spotted a mangrove tree crab, which stealthily crept up a tree trunk. In the distance, I could hear the hectoring cry of an osprey, as well as the periodic cheep-cheep of a mangrove warbler deeper in the forest. A soft breeze carried the faint odor of rotten eggs, which was caused by the microbially mediated production of hydrogen sulfide in the waterlogged soil.\n\nThis was my first close-up view of Belize’s mangroves. The year was 1985. The movie “Back to the Future” had just premiered, PLO terrorists had hijacked the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro, five people had died after ingesting cyanide-laced Tylenol, and Microsoft had just released Windows 1.0. I had recently gotten a Macintosh personal computer with 128k of memory (seemed like a lot back then) and was learning how to use Cricket Graph, my first software program. Until that point, I had been creating graphs by hand with ink-filled drawing pens, T-squares, and Letraset dry-transfer sheets. This was a time when the world seemed to be on the verge of dramatic changes—many that would impact me and my career as a scientist.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"History of Wetland Science: Perspectives from Wetland Leaders","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Amazon Print-on-Demand","usgsCitation":"McKee, K.L., 2020, The field trip that changed the course of my career, chap. of History of Wetland Science: Perspectives from Wetland Leaders, p. 167-171.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"171","ipdsId":"IP-111561","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378188,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.amazon.com/History-Wetland-Science-Perspectives-Leaders/dp/B08DC6GXDM"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Karen L. 0000-0001-7042-670X mckeek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Karen","email":"mckeek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213317,"text":"70213317 - 2020 - Rediscovery of the horseshoe shrimp Lightiella serendipita Jones, 1961 (Cephalocarida: Hutchinsoniellidae) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, with a key to the worldwide species of Cephalocarida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T15:45:57.282329","indexId":"70213317","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-22T10:39:51","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2235,"text":"Journal of Crustacean Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rediscovery of the horseshoe shrimp Lightiella serendipita Jones, 1961 (Cephalocarida: Hutchinsoniellidae) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, with a key to the worldwide species of Cephalocarida","title":"Rediscovery of the horseshoe shrimp Lightiella serendipita Jones, 1961 (Cephalocarida: Hutchinsoniellidae) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, with a key to the worldwide species of Cephalocarida","docAbstract":"Lightiella serendipitaJones, 1961 was first discovered in San Francisco Bay, California in 1953, but it had not been observed since 1988. In 2017, a total of 13 adult L. serendipita specimens were found as part of a study in central San Francisco Bay, nearly doubling the total number of specimens ever collected. We measured vertical distribution of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables, including grain size and chemical composition of sediment samples, to evaluate potential features associated with the habitat of the species. Specimens were generally found in sediments with low organic matter (1.7–3%), high sulfate concentrations (594.6–647 ppm SO4), fine grain size (12.8–36.2% sand, 35.6–58% silt, 22.8–37.6% clay) and were mostly found in deep core sections (4–10 cm). Specimens were also consistently observed in cores containing tube-forming Polychaeta (i.e., Sabaco elongatus (Verrill, 1873) and Capitellidae), suggesting L. serendipita may have a commensal relationship with sedentary polychaetes, as do other cephalocaridans such as Lightiella incisaGooding, 1963. We provide a scanning electron micrograph of L. serendipita and the first complete key to the species in class Cephalocarida to help elucidate the taxonomy of this rare crustacean taxon. The perceived absence of L. serendipita in previous surveys of the Bay may be attributable to its rarity; however, additional research is needed to fully understand habitat requirements and population size of this unique endemic species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa044","usgsCitation":"Garcia, C., Woo, I., Rogers, D.C., Flanagan, A.M., and De La Cruz, S.E., 2020, Rediscovery of the horseshoe shrimp Lightiella serendipita Jones, 1961 (Cephalocarida: Hutchinsoniellidae) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, with a key to the worldwide species of Cephalocarida: Journal of Crustacean Biology, v. 40, no. 5, p. 600-606, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa044.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"606","ipdsId":"IP-118484","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa044","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":378511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 37.55328764595765\n ],\n [\n -122.2174072265625,\n 37.74248523826606\n ],\n [\n -122.29980468749999,\n 37.801103690609615\n ],\n [\n -122.31628417968749,\n 37.91170058826019\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.94203148678865\n ],\n [\n -122.5140380859375,\n 37.94636345087475\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.89002800137122\n ],\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 37.81629348024509\n ],\n [\n -122.3712158203125,\n 37.80544394934271\n ],\n [\n -122.37396240234375,\n 37.76637243960179\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.659906493259385\n ],\n [\n -122.35198974609375,\n 37.58594229860422\n ],\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 37.53150992479082\n ],\n [\n -122.15698242187499,\n 37.49883141715704\n ],\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 37.55328764595765\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, Crystal 0000-0002-9425-7573","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9425-7573","contributorId":240868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garcia","given":"Crystal","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48152,"text":"Former USGS, Current affiliation: ICF International Inc., 2600 Hilltop Dr. Suite C137, Richmond, CA 94086, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":799020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woo, Isa 0000-0002-8447-9236 iwoo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8447-9236","contributorId":2524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"Isa","email":"iwoo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":799021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, D. Christopher","contributorId":190496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flanagan, Alison M 0000-0002-1769-1536","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-1536","contributorId":240869,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":48155,"text":"Former USGS WERC, Current affiliation: Department of Recovery Ecology, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA 92027, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":799023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De La Cruz, Susan E.W. 0000-0001-6315-0864","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6315-0864","contributorId":202774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De La Cruz","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":799024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70227118,"text":"70227118 - 2020 - Breeding biology of the Mountain Wren-Babbler (Gypsophila crassus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T15:55:53.909241","indexId":"70227118","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-22T09:53:23","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Breeding biology of the Mountain Wren-Babbler (Gypsophila crassus)","title":"Breeding biology of the Mountain Wren-Babbler (Gypsophila crassus)","docAbstract":"Life history theory in ornithology has been mostly based on temperate birds in part because a relative paucity of biological data has been described for tropical species. Expanding our knowledge about life histories of tropical birds can help us to better understand global trends in life history strategies. To aid in this endeavor, we studied Mountain Wren-Babblers (Gypsophila crassus) breeding in Malaysian Borneo from 2009 to 2017. Relatively small (mean = 28.8 g), dark brown birds, they were cooperative breeders and foraged and cared for the nest in groups of typically 4 or 5 birds. We located 145 nests, which were globular and partially domed (91.8 mm mean opening height accounted for half of 180.7 mm total mean nest height), constructed from fern fronds on the outside and dead leaves on the inside, and most often placed on banks. Brooding attentiveness decreased with nestling age and was rare after day 7 once they began growing their primary feathers. Provisioning rate slightly increased with nestling age. Nestling growth rate constants were typical of many tropical birds, asymptoting a few days prior to fledging. Predation accounted for nearly all nest failures (87 of 88), with a daily nest predation rate for the total nesting period of 0.056 and nest success decreasing with elevation. Daily predation rate was highest during lay (0.117) and lowest during incubation (0.046). We compared these results with related species to identify potential explanations for the trends we described. The most notable result from these comparisons was that Mountain Wren-Babblers have a long incubation period (23.5 d) and adults only incubate for a small part of the day. This anomalous behavior emphasizes the importance of understanding the great variation in tropical life history strategies to ultimately improve life history theory.
Permafrost and glaciers are being degraded by the warming effects of climate change. The impact that this degradation has on slope stability in mountainous terrain is the subject of ongoing research efforts. The relatively new availability of high-resolution (≤ 10 m) imagery with worldwide coverage and short (≤ 30 days) repeat acquisition times, as well as the emerging field of environmental seismology, presents opportunities for making remote, systematic observations of landslides in cryospheric mountainous terrain. I reviewed the literature and evaluated landslide activity in existing imagery to select five ~ 5000-km2 sites where long-term, systematic observations could take place. The five proposed sites are the northern and eastern flanks of the Northern Patagonia Ice Field, the Western European Alps, the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalayan Mountains, the Southern Alps of New Zealand, and the Fairweather Range in Southeast Alaska. Systematic observations of landslide occurrence, triggers, size, and travel distance at these sites, especially if coupled with observations from in situ instrumental monitoring, could lead to a better understanding of changes in slope stability induced by climate change. The suggested sites are not meant to be absolute and unalterable. Rather, they are intended as a starting point and discussion starter for new work in this expanding landslide research frontier.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10346-020-01462-y","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., 2020, Bellwether sites for evaluating changes in landslide frequency and magnitude in cryospheric mountainous terrain: A call for systematic, long-term observations to decipher the impact of climate change: Landslides, v. 17, no. 11, p. 2483-2501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01462-y.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2483","endPage":"2501","ipdsId":"IP-118231","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01462-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":379655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":802615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211852,"text":"70211852 - 2020 - Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to different preparatory photoperiods during smoltification show varying responses in gill Na+/K+-ATPase, salinity-specific mRNA transcription and ionocyte differentiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-10T14:50:22.179148","indexId":"70211852","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-22T09:46:51","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to different preparatory photoperiods during smoltification show varying responses in gill Na+/K+-ATPase, salinity-specific mRNA transcription and ionocyte differentiation","docAbstract":"Control of the parr-smolt transformation (or smoltification) is crucial for the husbandry and successful seawater (SW) transfer of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in freshwater (FW) hatcheries. Photoperiod is an important environmental signal that initiates the complex physiological, morphological and behavioural changes that coincide with marine migration. While the use of long-day photoperiods to initiate smoltification has been well studied, this study investigated how three preparatory photoperiods in FW (LD 08:16, LD 12:12, LD 16:08) preceding exposure to 24-h light (LD 24:0) may influence or enhance smolt performance and growth post-SW transfer. After the photoperiod treatment phase (8 weeks), all groups were exposed to LD 24:0 for 8 weeks (FW) and then transferred to SW for a further 8 weeks. Exposure to LD 16:08 induced rapid development of smolt-related characteristics such as increased gill NKA activity, gill NKAα1b mRNA, and plasma cortisol, and decreased gill NKAα1a mRNA levels and condition factor through the 8-week treatment phase. Subsequent exposure to a LD 24:0 photoperiod resulted in a partial reversal of several of these characteristics, suggesting these fish went through a partial desmoltification. Exposure to LD 12:12 for 8 weeks prior to LD 24:0 elicited an intermediary response in smoltification attributes compared to LD 16:08 and LD 08:16. The LD 12:12 group adapted to SW and showed no negative effects on growth or physiological responses after transfer to SW. Exposure to a shortened photoperiod (LD 08:16) did not elicit any smoltification-related changes prior to LD 24:0, however, exposure to LD 24:0 increased gill NKA activity, plasma cortisol, changes in NKAα1a and NKAα1b mRNA, and the ratio of NKAα1b: NKAα1a. These results were confirmed by the expected changes in NKAα1a and NKAα 1b-positive immuno-reactive gill ionocytes. In summary, after exposure to LD 24:0 fish in the LD 08:16 group showed similar levels of change to those of the LD 16:08 group during the initial FW phase (prior to exposure to LD 24:0). After SW transfer, all groups were able to upregulate SW-specific NKAα1b mRNA and acclimate to SW, even though no increase in cortisol was evident. By the end of the study, there was no difference in SW growth among the groups. Overall, our data indicate that LD 16:08 advanced hypoosmoregulatory characteristics prior to LD 24:0 exposure. In addition, the physiological and molecular indicators measured in this group suggest that fish could have been transferred to SW immediately after 8 weeks in LD 16:08, with no added benefit of successive exposure to LD 24:0, which is typically used by industry to induce smoltification.
It is unknown whether and how osmoregulation is controlled by corticosteroid signaling in the phylogenetically basal vertebrate group Agnatha, including lampreys and hagfishes. It is known that a truncated steroid biosynthetic pathway in lampreys produces two predominant circulating corticosteroids, 11-deoxycortisol (S) and 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC). Furthermore, lampreys express only a single, ancestral corticosteroid receptor (CR). Whether S and/or DOC interact with the CR to control osmoregulation in lampreys is still unknown. We examined the role of the endogenous corticosteroids in vivo and ex vivo in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) during the critical metamorphic period during which sea lamprey increase osmoregulatory capacity and acquire seawater (SW) tolerance. We demonstrate in vivo that increases in circulating [S] and gill CR abundance are associated with increases in osmoregulatory capacity during metamorphosis. We further show that in vivo and ex vivo treatment with S increases activity and expression of gill active ion transporters and improves SW tolerance, and that only S (and not DOC) has regulatory control over active ion transport in the gills. Lastly, we show that the lamprey CR expresses an ancestral, spironolactone-as-agonist structural motif and that spironolactone treatment in vivo increases osmoregulatory capacity. Together, these results demonstrate that S is an osmoregulatory hormone in lamprey and that receptor-mediated discriminative corticosteroid regulation of hydromineral balance is an evolutionarily basal trait among vertebrates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-69061-4","usgsCitation":"Shaughnessy, C.A., Barany-Ruiz, A., and McCormick, S.D., 2020, 11‑Deoxycortisol controls hydromineral balance in the most basal osmoregulating vertebrate, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus): Scientific Reports, v. 10, 12148, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69061-4.","productDescription":"12148, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-113891","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69061-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaughnessy, Ciaran A. 0000-0003-2146-9126","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2146-9126","contributorId":229634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaughnessy","given":"Ciaran","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37062,"text":"UMASS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barany-Ruiz, Andre","contributorId":229635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barany-Ruiz","given":"Andre","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41532,"text":"Univ of Cadiz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":139214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211269,"text":"ofr20201081 - 2020 - Establishing Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri) nesting sites at pond A16 using social attraction for the South Bay Salt Pond restoration project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-23T14:27:33.007586","indexId":"ofr20201081","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-22T09:43:55","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1081","displayTitle":"Establishing Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri) Nesting Sites at Pond A16 Using Social Attraction for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project","title":"Establishing Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri) nesting sites at pond A16 using social attraction for the South Bay Salt Pond restoration project","docAbstract":"Forster’s terns (Sterna forsteri), historically one of the most numerous colonial-breeding waterbirds in South San Francisco Bay, California, have experienced recent decreases in the number of nesting colonies and overall breeding population size. The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project aims to restore 50–90 percent of former salt evaporation ponds to tidal marsh habitat in South San Francisco Bay. During phase 1 of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, the breaching of several pond levees to begin the process of tidal marsh restoration inundated island nesting habitat that had been used by Forster’s terns, American avocets (Recurvirostra americana), and other waterbirds. Additional nesting habitat could be lost as more managed ponds are converted to tidal marsh in the future. To address this issue, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project organized the construction of new nesting islands in managed ponds that will not be restored to tidal marsh, thereby providing enduring island nesting habitat for waterbirds. In 2012, 16 new islands were constructed in Pond A16 in the Alviso complex of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which increased the number of islands in this pond from 4 to 20. However, despite a long history of nesting on the four islands in Pond A16 before the 2012 construction activities, no Forster’s terns have nested in Pond A16 during the 7-year period (2012–18) after island construction.
During the 2017 and 2019 breeding seasons, we used social attraction measures (decoys and colony call playback systems) to attract Forster’s terns to islands within Pond A16 to re-establish nesting colonies. We maintained these systems from March through August in each year. To evaluate the effect of these social attraction measures, we completed surveys (between April and August) where we recorded the number and location of all Forster’s terns and other waterbirds using Pond A16, and we monitored waterbird nests. We compared bird survey and nest monitoring data collected in 2017 and 2019 to data collected in 2015 and 2016, prior to the implementation of social attraction measures, allowing for direct evaluation of the effect of social attraction efforts on Forster’s terns.
To increase the visibility and stakeholder involvement of this project, we engaged in multiple outreach activities in 2017, 2019, and 2020, including the development of a project website and educational video; publication of popular articles in 2017 and 2020; the development of outreach materials describing the project to the general public; and public presentations to relay findings to managers, stakeholders, and the general public.
The relative abundance of Forster’s terns in Pond A16, after adjusting for the overall South San Francisco Bay breeding population each year, was higher during the nesting period in 2017 and 2019 (when social attraction was used) than in 2015 and 2016 (before social attraction was used). Furthermore, more Forster’s terns were observed during the pre-nesting and nesting periods in the areas of Pond A16 where decoys and call systems were deployed. Although no Forster’s tern nests were observed in Pond A16 before social attraction was implemented (2015, 2016), or during the first-year social attraction was implemented (2017), 35 Forster’s tern nests were recorded during the second year of social attraction implementation in 2019. These 35 nests represent a re-establishment of a Forster’s tern nesting colony to Pond A16 for the first time in 8 years. As social attraction efforts often benefit from multiple years of decoy and call system deployment, results from 2017 and 2019 suggest that continued implementation of social attraction measures could help to ensure Forster’s tern breeding colonies persist in Pond A16 and other areas of South San Francisco Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201081","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hartman, C.A., Ackerman, J.T., Herzog, M.P., Wang, Y., and Strong, C., 2020, Establishing Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri) nesting sites at pond A16 using social attraction for the South Bay Salt Pond restoration project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1081, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201081.","productDescription":"vii, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118152","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1081/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":376596,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1081/ofr20201081.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.28057861328124,\n 37.40452830389465\n ],\n [\n -121.90155029296875,\n 37.40452830389465\n ],\n [\n -121.90155029296875,\n 37.55709809310769\n ],\n [\n -122.28057861328124,\n 37.55709809310769\n ],\n [\n -122.28057861328124,\n 37.40452830389465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Although landscape-scale restoration efforts are gaining traction worldwide, their success is generally unknown. We review landscape-scale restorations to gain insight to whether focal ecological outcomes have been achieved, in the face of changing environmental conditions.
Only 9% of the 477 articles that resulted from our search were studies of landscape-scale restorations. The majority (73%) of the landscape restorations from our study have occurred since the 1990s, indicating that this type of restoration has gained in popularity in the last 30 years. Furthermore, 67% of these restoration studies occurred in a single country: China. Many scientific studies have addressed the ability of a species to shift ranges with climate change, yet few of the landscape-scale restoration studies used for our study addressed this question. Instead, 87% of the studies focused on ecosystem function, rather than community-level processes, as a result of restoration.
There is a clear need for more research to be undertaken on the ecological outcomes of landscape-scale restorations to understand whether they enable species and communities to shift their ranges or adapt to climate change. Conservation practitioners could utilize our decision matrix as a tool to guide restoration of individual sites within a landscape context, as well as current and future climatic conditions, to guide ecological outcomes of interest. Optimal biodiversity maintenance requires habitat conservation in concert with restoration activities at the landscape scale, and the latter, likely increasingly so in a world of changing climate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s40823-020-00056-7","usgsCitation":"von Holle, B., Yelenik, S.G., and Gornish, E.S., 2020, Restoration at the landscape scale as a means of mitigation and adaptation to climate change: Current Landscape Ecology Reports, v. 5, p. 85-97, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40823-020-00056-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"97","ipdsId":"IP-118681","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40823-020-00056-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":378357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Holle, Betsy 0000-0002-3116-3027","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3116-3027","contributorId":240595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"von Holle","given":"Betsy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48109,"text":"National Science Foundation, Division of Environmental Biology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":798523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yelenik, Stephanie G. 0000-0002-9011-0769 syelenik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-0769","contributorId":5251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yelenik","given":"Stephanie","email":"syelenik@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gornish, Elise S 0000-0002-2055-4874","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-4874","contributorId":240596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gornish","given":"Elise","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":798525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211309,"text":"70211309 - 2020 - The utility of zooarchaeological data to guide listing efforts for an imperiled mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Pleurobema riddellii)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-27T17:18:32.279224","indexId":"70211309","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-22T09:19:10","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5803,"text":"Conservation Science and Practice","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The utility of zooarchaeological data to guide listing efforts for an imperiled mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Pleurobema riddellii)","title":"The utility of zooarchaeological data to guide listing efforts for an imperiled mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Pleurobema riddellii)","docAbstract":"The status of species in freshwater systems shift over time due to natural and anthropogenic causes. Determining the magnitude and cause of these shifts requires a long-term perspective. This process is complicated when there are also questions about the taxonomic validity of a species. Addressing these issues is important because both can undermine conservation and management efforts if incorrect. Pleurobema riddellii, Louisiana Pigtoe, is under review for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, but its status in the Trinity River basin, where the taxon was described, remains in doubt due to questions about its taxonomy and occurrence within this basin. To address these questions, we compared shell morphometrics of P. riddellii dating to the late Holocene with modern P. riddellii, late Holocene Fusconaia sp., and modern Fusconaia sp. using multivariate analyses to test associations between the putative morphotypes. Based on these analyses, we demonstrate that P. riddellii was likely present in the Trinity during the late Holocene, which indicates questions about its taxonomic validity or presence in this basin are unfounded. Our study further highlights the role zooarchaeological studies can play in status assessments and their utility in better understanding biogeographic patterns for rare species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/csp2.253","usgsCitation":"Randklev, C.R., Wolverton, S., Johnson, N., Smith, C.H., DuBose, T., Robertson, C., and Conley, J., 2020, The utility of zooarchaeological data to guide listing efforts for an imperiled mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Pleurobema riddellii): Conservation Science and Practice, v. 2, no. 9, e253, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.253.","productDescription":"e253, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-113751","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455913,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.253","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 31.090574094954192\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 31.090574094954192\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 31.090574094954192\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Randklev, Charles R.","contributorId":202530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Randklev","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":36313,"text":"Texas A&M","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolverton, Steve","contributorId":229617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolverton","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34637,"text":"University of North Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Nathan A. 0000-0001-5167-1988","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-1988","contributorId":218986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nathan A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Chase H. 0000-0002-1499-0311","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1499-0311","contributorId":225140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Chase","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13716,"text":"Baylor University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DuBose, Traci","contributorId":229618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DuBose","given":"Traci","affiliations":[{"id":7062,"text":"University of Oklahoma","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robertson, Clint","contributorId":206217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robertson","given":"Clint","affiliations":[{"id":37288,"text":"Texas Parks and Wildife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Conley, Julian","contributorId":229619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conley","given":"Julian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41695,"text":"Eastern Tennessee State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70219540,"text":"70219540 - 2020 - Use of upland and riparian areas by wintering bald eagles and implications for wind energy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-13T13:03:18.761118","indexId":"70219540","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-22T08:00:42","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of upland and riparian areas by wintering bald eagles and implications for wind energy","docAbstract":"Weather can shape movements of animals and alter their exposure to anthropogenic threats. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are increasingly at risk from collision with turbines used in onshore wind energy generation. In the midwestern United States, development of this energy source typically occurs in upland areas that bald eagles use only intermittently. Our objective was to determine the factors that cause wintering bald eagles to occupy riparian areas and riskier, upland areas. We tracked 20 bald eagles using telemetry in the Upper Midwest (MN, IA, MO, WI, IL, USA) during winter 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 and evaluated habitat use by eagles in response to variation in weather and time of year. Eagles used riparian areas more when wind speed and atmospheric pressure were low. Exclusive use of uplands was more frequent during weather systems with low pressure and high humidity and after long periods of cold weather. There was a non‐linear response to time of year (measured by days before migration) in the frequency of exclusive use of uplands or riparian areas. Probability of exclusive use of either landscape was generally constant within 95 days prior to migration. The probability of use of riparian areas, however, was markedly less during dates >100 days before migration. Our results suggest that eagles are most likely to be exposed to wind energy developments located in upland areas during low pressure systems, after long periods of cold weather, and several months before the onset of spring migration. This information helps to better understand the factors influencing bald eagle habitat use in winter and will be useful to managers and developers wishing to establish effective strategies to avoid, minimize, and mitigate take, and to survey for mortalities at wind energy developments.
We studied the nesting ecology of White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) at 3 sites within the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Ibises built nests in small mounds (mean height = 14.4 ± 4.3 cm) above shallow water (mean depth = 12.0 ± 6.6 cm) located within patchy vegetation (mean percent vegetative cover = 17.2 ± 17.8% vegetative cover) with mean vegetation height of 31.7 ± 9.8 cm. White-faced Ibis typically laid a clutch of 3 or 4 eggs (mean clutch size = 3.08 ± 0.76) and initiated nests over a 50 d period between 24 April 2012 and 12 June 2012. Mean nest success was 38% (95% CI: 31–45%) and hatching success of eggs from successful nests was 76 ± 26%. Although most of the breeding parameters estimated for White-faced Ibis nesting in Utah were comparable to other populations in Oregon and Idaho (USA), nest success may now be lower than has been historically documented.
Rapid glacier recession is altering the physical conditions of headwater streams. Stream temperatures are predicted to rise and become increasingly variable, putting entire meltwater-associated biological communities at risk of extinction. Thus, there is a pressing need to understand how thermal stress affects mountain stream insects, particularly where glaciers are likely to vanish on contemporary timescales. In this study, we measured the critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) of stonefly nymphs representing multiple species and a range of thermal regimes in the high Rocky Mountains, USA. We then collected RNA-sequencing data to assess how organismal thermal stress translated to the cellular level. Our focal species included the meltwater stonefly, Lednia tumana, which was recently listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to climate-induced habitat loss. For all study species, critical thermal maxima (CTMAX > 20°C) far exceeded the stream temperatures mountain stoneflies experience (<10°C). Moreover, while evidence for a cellular stress response was present, we also observed constitutive expression of genes encoding proteins known to underlie thermal stress (i.e., heat shock proteins) even at low temperatures that reflected natural conditions. We show that high-elevation aquatic insects may not be physiologically threatened by short-term exposure to warm temperatures and that longer-term physiological responses or biotic factors (e.g., competition) may better explain their extreme distributions.
Populations in the Rufous Antpitta (Grallaria rufula) complex occupy humid montane forests of the Andes from northern Colombia and adjacent Venezuela to central Bolivia. Their tawny to cinnamon-colored plumages are generally uniform, featuring subtle variation in hue and saturation across this range. In contrast to their conservative plumage, substantial vocal differences occur among geographically isolated or parapatric populations. Working within the framework of a comprehensive molecular phylogeny, we reexamined species limits in the G. rufula complex, basing taxonomic recommendations on diagnostic differences in vocalizations and considering identifiable differences in plumage where pertinent. We identified 16 populations for species designation, including seven populations previously described as subspecies and, remarkably, six new species described herein. Within one of these species, we identified less robust vocal differences between populations that we designate as subspecies. Geographic variation exists within another species, but its critical evaluation requires additional material. Taxonomic revisions of groups consisting of cryptic species, like the Grallaria rufula complex, are imperative for their conservation. Rather than widespread species as currently defined, these complexes can comprise many range-restricted taxa at higher risk of extinction given the continuing human pressures on their habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Magnolia Press","doi":"10.11646/zootaxa.4817.1.1","usgsCitation":"Isler, M.L., Chesser, T., Robbins, M.B., Cuervo, A.M., Cadena, C., and Hosner, P., 2020, Taxonomic evaluation of the Grallaria rufula (Rufous Antpitta) complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) distinguishes sixteen species: Zootaxa, v. 4817, no. 1, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4817.1.1.","productDescription":"74 p.","ipdsId":"IP-112870","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3954698","text":"External Repository"},{"id":377139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.796875,\n 9.665738395188692\n ],\n [\n -68.5986328125,\n 10.876464994816295\n ],\n [\n -70.57617187499999,\n 10.617418067950293\n ],\n [\n -72.421875,\n 11.953349393643416\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 10.271681232946728\n ],\n [\n -75.2783203125,\n 9.058702156392139\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 4.784468966579362\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n -0.8788717828324148\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n -5.834616165610046\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n -14.264383087562637\n ],\n [\n -72.7294921875,\n -16.214674588248542\n ],\n [\n -66.357421875,\n -21.37124437061831\n ],\n [\n -62.84179687499999,\n -21.289374355860424\n ],\n [\n -67.060546875,\n -14.519780046326085\n ],\n [\n -77.607421875,\n -5.397273407690904\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n -1.0106897682409002\n ],\n [\n -73.6962890625,\n 2.28455066023697\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 9.665738395188692\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4817","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isler, Morton L","contributorId":229668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isler","given":"Morton","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":36606,"text":"Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chesser, Terry 0000-0003-4389-7092 tchesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-7092","contributorId":177781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesser","given":"Terry","email":"tchesser@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":795053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, Mark B","contributorId":237043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robbins","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B","affiliations":[{"id":39570,"text":"Univ. of Kansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cuervo, Andres M","contributorId":229669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cuervo","given":"Andres","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":41702,"text":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cadena, C Daniel","contributorId":229670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cadena","given":"C Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":27537,"text":"Universidad de los Andes","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hosner, Peter A.","contributorId":207389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hosner","given":"Peter A.","affiliations":[{"id":36606,"text":"Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70211089,"text":"sir20205062 - 2020 - Discharge and dissolved-solids characteristics and trends of Snake River above Jackson Lake at Flagg Ranch, Wyoming, 1986–2018","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-22T13:53:50.908568","indexId":"sir20205062","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-21T12:57:13","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5062","displayTitle":"Discharge and Dissolved-Solids Characteristics and Trends of Snake River above Jackson Lake at Flagg Ranch, Wyoming, 1986–2018","title":"Discharge and dissolved-solids characteristics and trends of Snake River above Jackson Lake at Flagg Ranch, Wyoming, 1986–2018","docAbstract":"The headwaters of the Snake River are in the mountains of northwestern Wyoming. Maintaining the recognized high quality of water in Grand Teton National Park is a National Park Service (NPS) priority. To characterize and understand the water resources of Grand Teton National Park, the NPS established a monitoring program to monitor the quality of area surface waters. Beginning in 2006, water was sampled by the NPS and analyzed for a range of chemical species at the Snake River above Jackson Lake at Flagg Ranch streamgage 13010065 (hereafter referred to as “Snake River at Flagg Ranch”), a site where the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) previously sampled and analyzed water from 1986 through 2004. The USGS, in cooperation with the NPS, evaluated water-quality data collected by both entities to determine if discharge and total dissolved solids (referred to as dissolved solids) have changed in the Snake River at the Flagg Ranch.
To understand potential changes with time in dissolved solids, discharge was analyzed between January 1986 and December 2018, which corresponds with the time period when water-quality data were collected. Mean annual discharge varied during this time, with high, low, mean, and median flows generally increasing from 1986 through 1998, decreasing through 2005, and then generally increasing through 2018.
Combining water-quality data collected by the USGS and NPS provides a longer, more complete dataset for analyses. During the period of time when NPS was the sampling agency, specific conductance data were collected, but dissolved-solids data were not. The specific conductance data from both agencies were evaluated to determine if combining the data was justified. The interquartile ranges of data collected by both agencies are similar, and rapid, large changes in values during the period of transition between USGS and NPS sampling do not occur. The USGS and NPS datasets are not statistically different in the spring, summer, or fall, but are statistically different in the winter. The winter differences could be a function of the lack of wintertime NPS sampling, which excludes higher-concentration, lower-discharge data or a function of changes in the actual concentration in the stream. Although there is some difference in the winter datasets, the similarity in sampling methods and general overall data characteristics justifies combining the data for trend analyses.
Because the dissolved-solids parameter is useful for managers, it is often calculated from specific conductance using a linear regression model when dissolved-solids data are absent. For this study, creating a modeled dataset of dissolved solids for the NPS data collection period of time provided a longer, more complete dataset of dissolved-solids concentrations.
The concentrations of dissolved solids over time are identified by season and indicate that samples collected in the fall and winter have higher concentrations than samples collected in spring and summer. Specifically, the mean dissolved-solids concentrations in fall and winter are around 188 milligrams per liter (mg/L), whereas the mean concentrations are around 130 mg/L in spring and summer. This difference is generally attributed to the dilution of spring and summer samples by snowmelt generated runoff during the high-flow period of the year.
Trend analyses of dissolved-solids concentrations and loads indicate that an upward trend in concentration from 1986 to 2018 is likely, and a downward trend in load is highly likely. Comparing 1986 to 2018, dissolved-solids concentration is estimated to have increased by 2.25 mg/L (1.4 percent). During that same period, the dissolved-solids load is estimated to have decreased 11.8 million kilograms per year (12-percent decrease). This decrease is consistent with the estimated decrease in annual mean of daily mean discharge. Because 10 percent of the total change in dissolved-solids load is related to a change in the concentration-discharge relationship and 2 percent is related to changes in discharge, the decreased load is related less to changes in discharge and more to landscape scale processes that are affecting the concentration-discharge relationship.
As noted above, the data collected by the USGS and NPS are generally comparable with regards to sampling and analytical methods, and data collected by both agencies were used as one dataset for trend analyses. The current NPS sampling schedule, however, is creating a dataset biased towards lower concentration dissolved-solids data, which occurs during higher summer flows, by only sampling during April through November. From 1986 to 2018, the percentage of NPS samples is small enough that the effect on trends is expected to be minimal. Because of the importance of low flow (winter season) data, it is likely that an April through November sampling regime may affect the ability to detect trends or determine seasonality in the future. Collection of winter data in particular is important based on the findings that the changes in the modeled concentration-discharge relationship over time have been most pronounced during the winter (represented by February) months.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Miller, O.L., and Eddy-Miller, C.A., 2020, Discharge and dissolved-solids characteristics and trends of Snake River above Jackson Lake at Flagg Ranch, Wyoming, 1986–2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5062, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205062.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-116863","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376357,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5062/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":376358,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5062/sir20205062.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5062"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Flagg Ranch watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.05804443359375,\n 44.081666311450526\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 44.081666311450526\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -111.05804443359375,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -111.05804443359375,\n 44.081666311450526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Boseman Avenue
Helena, MT 59601
Director, Utah Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2329 West Orton Circle
West Valley City, UT 84119–2047
The 2019 Ridgecrest sequence provides the first opportunity to evaluate Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast v.3 with epidemic‐type aftershock sequences (UCERF3‐ETAS) in a pseudoprospective sense. For comparison, we include a version of the model without explicit faults more closely mimicking traditional ETAS models (UCERF3‐NoFaults). We evaluate the forecasts with new metrics developed within the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP). The metrics consider synthetic catalogs simulated by the models rather than synoptic probability maps, thereby relaxing the Poisson assumption of previous CSEP tests. Our approach compares statistics from the synthetic catalogs directly against observations, providing a flexible approach that can account for dependencies and uncertainties encoded in the models. We find that, to the first order, both UCERF3‐ETAS and UCERF3‐NoFaults approximately capture the spatiotemporal evolution of the Ridgecrest sequence, adding to the growing body of evidence that ETAS models can be informative forecasting tools. However, we also find that both models mildly overpredict the seismicity rate, on average, aggregated over the evaluation period. More severe testing indicates the overpredictions occur too often for observations to be statistically indistinguishable from the model. Magnitude tests indicate that the models do not include enough variability in forecasted magnitude‐number distributions to match the data. Spatial tests highlight discrepancies between the forecasts and observations, but the greatest differences between the two models appear when aftershocks occur on modeled UCERF3‐ETAS faults. Therefore, any predictability associated with embedding earthquake triggering on the (modeled) fault network may only crystalize during the presumably rare sequences with aftershocks on these faults. Accounting for uncertainty in the model parameters could improve test results during future experiments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120200026","usgsCitation":"Savran, W.J., Werner, M.J., Marzocchi, W., Rhoades, D.A., Jackson, D., Milner, K.R., Field, E., and Michael, A.J., 2020, Pseudo-prospective evaluation of UCERF3-ETAS forecasts during the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 110, no. 4, p. 1799-1817, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200026.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1799","endPage":"1817","ipdsId":"IP-119947","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/df68ca9c-ddc4-4173-90ae-2483322e4b51","text":"External Repository"},{"id":377692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Ridgecrest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.32275390624999,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -117.1636962890625,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -117.1636962890625,\n 36.02244668175846\n ],\n [\n -118.32275390624999,\n 36.02244668175846\n ],\n [\n -118.32275390624999,\n 35.24561909420681\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savran, William J.","contributorId":238831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savran","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":47795,"text":"USC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Werner, Maximillian J.","contributorId":211807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Werner","given":"Maximillian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38325,"text":"University of Bristol, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marzocchi, W.","contributorId":238499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marzocchi","given":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":47714,"text":"University of Naples","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhoades, David A.","contributorId":238832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhoades","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":47796,"text":"GNS, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackson, David D.","contributorId":238833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"David D.","affiliations":[{"id":47797,"text":"University of California at Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Milner, Kevin R.","contributorId":194141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milner","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":1165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward H.","email":"field@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":796661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70207361,"text":"fs20193060 - 2020 - U.S. Geological Survey STATEMAP Program—Geologic mapping for the public good","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-22T13:48:42.019559","indexId":"fs20193060","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-21T12:13:21","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-3060","displayTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey STATEMAP Program – Geologic Mapping for the Public Good","title":"U.S. Geological Survey STATEMAP Program—Geologic mapping for the public good","docAbstract":"As of 2020, STATEMAP has invested more than $150 million in 48 State geological surveys, matched dollar for dollar, to complete geologic mapping projects crucial to the health and security of State natural resources and residents. For more information about STATEMAP and other geologic mapping efforts supported by the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, visit https://ncgmp.usgs.gov.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Association of American State Geologists","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, A., and McPhee, D.K., 2020, U.S. Geological Survey STATEMAP Program—Geologic mapping for the public good: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019–3060, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193060.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-100708","costCenters":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376537,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3060/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":376538,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3060/fs20193060.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Mail Stop 908
Reston, Virginia 20192
The July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence in southeastern California was characterized as surprising because only ~35% of the rupture occurred on previously mapped faults. Employing more detailed inspection of pre-event high-resolution topography and imagery in combination with field observations, we document evidence of active faulting in the landscape along the entire fault system. Scarps, deflected drainages, and lineaments and contrasts in topography, vegetation, and ground color demonstrate previous slip on a dense network of orthogonal faults, consistent with patterns of surface rupture observed in 2019. Not all of these newly mapped fault strands ruptured in 2019. Outcrop-scale field observations additionally reveal tufa lineaments and sheared Quaternary deposits. Neotectonic features are commonly short (<2 km), discontinuous, and display en echelon patterns along both the M 6.4 and M 7.1 ruptures. These features are generally more prominent and better preserved outside the late Pleistocene lake basins. Fault expression may also be related to deformation style: scarps and topographic lineaments are more prevalent in areas where substantial vertical motion occurred in 2019. Where strike-slip displacement dominated in 2019, the faults are mainly expressed by less prominent tonal and vegetation features. Both the NE- and NW-trending active fault systems are subparallel to regional bedrock fabrics that were established as early as ~150 Ma, and may be reactivating these older structures. Overall, we estimate that 50-70% (i.e., an additional 15-35%) of the 2019 surface ruptures could have been recognized as active faults with detailed inspection of pre-event data. Similar detailed mapping of potential neotectonic features could help improve seismic hazard analyses in other regions of eastern California and elsewhere that have distributed faulting or incompletely mapped faults. In areas where faults cannot be resolved as single thoroughgoing structures, a zone of potential faulting should be used as a hazard model input.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120200041","usgsCitation":"Thompson Jobe, J., Philibosian, B.E., Chupik, C., Dawson, T.E., Bennett, S.E., Gold, R.D., DuRoss, C., Ladinsky, T.C., Kendrick, K.J., Haddon, E., Pierce, I., Swanson, B.J., and Seitz, G., 2020, Evidence of previous faulting along the 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake ruptures: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 110, no. 4, p. 1427-1456, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200041.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1427","endPage":"1456","ipdsId":"IP-115636","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENA24Y","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Pre-existing features associated with active faulting in the vicinity of the 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake sequence"},{"id":376748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Ridgecrest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 34.46127728843705\n ],\n [\n -116.49902343749999,\n 34.46127728843705\n ],\n [\n -116.49902343749999,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 34.46127728843705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson Jobe, Jessica 0000-0001-5574-4523","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5574-4523","contributorId":225113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson Jobe","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7183,"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Philibosian, Belle E. 0000-0003-3138-4716","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-4716","contributorId":206110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philibosian","given":"Belle","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chupik, Colin","contributorId":217357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chupik","given":"Colin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39606,"text":"Univ. of Nevada, Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. 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Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70263610,"text":"70263610 - 2020 - San Andreas fault exploration using refraction tomography and S-wave-type and Fϕ-mode guided waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T16:36:26.556871","indexId":"70263610","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-21T10:28:22","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"San Andreas fault exploration using refraction tomography and S-wave-type and Fϕ-mode guided waves","docAbstract":"Surface ruptures from the 18 April 1906 M∼7.9 San Francisco earthquake were distributed over an ∼35‐meter‐wide zone at San Andreas Lake on the San Francisco Peninsula in California (Schussler, 1906). Since ∼1906, the surface ruptures have been largely covered by water, but with water levels at near‐historic low levels in 2008–2011, we observed that the 1906 surface ruptures were no longer visible. As a fault imaging test, we acquired refraction tomography and guided‐wave data across the 1906 surface ruptures in 2011. We found that individual fault traces, as mapped by Schussler (1906), can be identified on the basis of discrete low‐velocity zones (VS and VP, reduced ∼40% and ∼34%, respectively) and high‐amplitude guided waves. Guided waves have traditionally been observed as large‐amplitude waveforms over wide (hundreds of meters to kilometers) zones of faulting, but we demonstrate that by evaluating guided waves (including Rayleigh/Love‐ and P/SV‐types) in terms of peak ground velocity (PGV), individual near‐surface fault traces within a fault zone can be precisely located, even more than 100 yr after the surface ruptures. Such precise exploration can be used to focus paleoseismic trenching efforts and to identify or exclude faulting at specific sites. We evaluated PGV of both S‐wave‐type and Fϕ‐mode‐type guided waves and found that both wave types can be used to identify subsurface fault traces. At San Andreas Lake (main fault), S‐wave‐type guided waves travel up to 18% slower than S body waves, and Fϕ‐mode guided waves travel ∼60% slower than P body waves but ∼15% faster than S body waves. We found that guided‐wave amplitudes vary with frequency but are up to five times higher than those of body waves, including the S wave. Our data are consistent with the concept that guided waves can be a strong‐shaking hazard during large‐magnitude earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120200136","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Rymer, M., and Goldman, M., 2020, San Andreas fault exploration using refraction tomography and S-wave-type and Fϕ-mode guided waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 110, no. 6, p. 3088-3102, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200136.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3088","endPage":"3102","ipdsId":"IP-102153","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Calfornia","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.44607249804032,\n 37.61113945668713\n ],\n [\n -122.44607249804032,\n 37.57485979697452\n ],\n [\n -122.39941099606784,\n 37.57485979697452\n ],\n [\n -122.39941099606784,\n 37.61113945668713\n ],\n [\n -122.44607249804032,\n 37.61113945668713\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, Michael 0000-0002-5429-5073 mrymer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-5073","contributorId":220757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldman, Mark 0000-0002-0802-829X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-829X","contributorId":205863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70263930,"text":"70263930 - 2020 - Liquefaction and related ground failure from July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T16:19:07.872364","indexId":"70263930","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-21T10:14:13","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction and related ground failure from July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"The 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence produced a 4 July M 6.5 foreshock and a 5 July M 7.1 mainshock, along with 23 events with magnitudes greater than 4.5 in the 24 hr period following the mainshock. The epicenters of the two principal events were located in the Indian Wells Valley, northwest of Searles Valley near the towns of Ridgecrest, Trona, and Argus. We describe observed liquefaction manifestations including sand boils, fissures, and lateral spreading features, as well as proximate non‐ground failure zones that resulted from the sequence. Expanding upon results initially presented in a report of the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association, we synthesize results of field mapping, aerial imagery, and inferences of ground deformations from Synthetic Aperture Radar‐based damage proxy maps (DPMs). We document incidents of liquefaction, settlement, and lateral spreading in the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake US military base and compare locations of these observations to pre‐ and postevent mapping of liquefaction hazards. We describe liquefaction and ground‐failure features in Trona and Argus, which produced lateral deformations and impacts on several single‐story masonry and wood frame buildings. Detailed maps showing zones with and without ground failure are provided for these towns, along with mapped ground deformations along transects. Finally, we describe incidents of massive liquefaction with related ground failures and proximate areas of similar geologic origin without ground failure in the Searles Lakebed. Observations in this region are consistent with surface change predicted by the DPM. In the same region, geospatial liquefaction hazard maps are effective at identifying broad percentages of land with liquefaction‐related damage. We anticipate that data presented in this article will be useful for future liquefaction susceptibility, triggering, and consequence studies being undertaken as part of the Next Generation Liquefaction project.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120200025","usgsCitation":"Zimmaro, P., Nweke, C.C., Hernandez, J., Hudson, K., Hudson, M.B., Ahdi, S.K., Boggs, M., Davis, C.A., Goulet, C.A., Brandenberg, S.J., Hudnut, K.W., and Stewart, J., 2020, Liquefaction and related ground failure from July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 110, no. 4, p. 1549-1566, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200025.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1549","endPage":"1566","ipdsId":"IP-119620","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99z116kn","text":"External Repository"},{"id":482647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Ridgecrest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.3,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -117.8,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -117.8,\n 35.55\n ],\n [\n -117.3,\n 35.55\n ],\n [\n -117.3,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmaro, Paolo","contributorId":219068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmaro","given":"Paolo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13399,"text":"UCLA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nweke, Chukwuebuka 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A.","contributorId":171490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":929160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Goulet, Christine A. 0000-0002-7643-357X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-357X","contributorId":194805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goulet","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13249,"text":"University of Southern California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Brandenberg, Scott J","contributorId":217350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandenberg","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":13399,"text":"UCLA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":929163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stewart, Jonathan P.","contributorId":350854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Jonathan P.","affiliations":[{"id":83855,"text":"University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70214546,"text":"70214546 - 2020 - Factors influencing the probability of hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T14:41:33.329979","indexId":"70214546","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-21T09:42:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing the probability of hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Injection‐induced seismicity became an important issue over the past decade, and although much of the rise in seismicity is attributed to wastewater disposal, a growing number of cases have identified hydraulic fracturing (HF) as the cause. A recent study identified regions in Oklahoma where ≥75% of seismicity from 2010 to 2016 correlated with nearly 300 HF wells. To identify factors associated with increased probability of induced seismicity, we gathered publicly available information about the HF operations in these regions including: injected volume, number of wells on a pad, injected fluid (gel vs. slickwater), vertical depth of the well, proximity of the well to basement rock, and the formation into which the injection occurred. To determine the statistical strength of the trends, we applied logistic regression, bootstrapping, and odds ratios. We see no trend with total injected volume in our Oklahoma dataset, in contrast to strong trends observed in Alberta and Texas, but we note those regions have many more multiwell pads leading to larger cumulative volumes within a localized area. We found a >∼50% lower probability of seismicity with the use of gel compared to slickwater. We found that HF wells targeting older formations had a higher probability of seismicity; however, these wells also tend to be deeper, and we found the trend with well depth to be stronger than the trend with age of formation. When isolated to the Woodford formation, well depth produced the strongest relationship, increasing from ∼5%> to ∼50% probability from 1.5 to 5.5 km. However, no trend was seen in the proximity to basement parameter. Based on previously measured pore pressure gradients, we interpret the strong absolute depth relationship to be a result of the increasing formation overpressure measured in deeper portions of the basin that lower the stress change needed to induce seismicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120200105","usgsCitation":"Ries, R., Brudzinski, M.R., Skoumal, R., and Currie, B.S., 2020, Factors influencing the probability of hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in Oklahoma: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 110, no. 5, p. 2272-2282, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200105.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2272","endPage":"2282","ipdsId":"IP-116885","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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