{"pageNumber":"577","pageRowStart":"14400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":69035,"records":[{"id":70176295,"text":"70176295 - 2014 - Effects of woody vegetation on overbank sand transport during a large flood, Rio Puerco, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T14:08:09","indexId":"70176295","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of woody vegetation on overbank sand transport during a large flood, Rio Puerco, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Distributions of woody vegetation on floodplain surfaces affect flood-flow erosion and deposition processes. A large flood along the lower Rio Puerco, New Mexico, in August 2006 caused extensive erosion in a reach that had been sprayed with herbicide in September 2003 for the purpose of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) control. Large volumes of sediment, including a substantial fraction of sand, were delivered to the reach downstream, which had not been treated with herbicide. We applied physically based, one-dimensional models of flow and suspended-sediment transport to compute volume concentrations of sand in suspension in floodplain flow at a site within the sprayed reach and at a site downstream from the sprayed reach. We computed the effects of drag on woody stems in reducing the skin friction shear stress, velocity of flow, and suspended-sand transport from open paths into patches of dense stems. Total flow and suspended-sand fluxes were computed for each site using well-constrained flood-flow depths, water-surface slopes, and measured shrub characteristics. Results show that flow in open paths carried high concentrations of sand in suspension with nearly uniform vertical distributions. Drag on woody floodplain stems reduced skin friction shear stresses by two orders of magnitude, yet sufficient velocities were maintained to transport sand more than 50 m into fields of dense, free-surface-penetrating stems. An increase in shrub canopy extent from 31% in the sprayed reach site to 49% in the downstream site was found to account for 69% of the computed decrease in discharge between the two sites. The results demonstrate the need to compute the spatial distribution of skin friction shear stress in order to effectively compute suspended-sand transport and to predict the fate of sediment and contaminants carried in suspension during large floods.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.025","usgsCitation":"Griffin, E.R., Perignon, M.C., Friedman, J.M., and Tucker, G., 2014, Effects of woody vegetation on overbank sand transport during a large flood, Rio Puerco, New Mexico: Geomorphology, v. 207, p. 30-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.025.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"50","ipdsId":"IP-044985","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335013,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F72N50CM","text":"Lower Rio Puerco geospatial data, 1935 - 2014"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Puerco","volume":"207","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d13a3ae4b0571647cf8dcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perignon, Mariela C.","contributorId":174409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perignon","given":"Mariela","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27450,"text":"CIRES, UC Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":648290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tucker, Gregory E.","contributorId":39280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"Gregory E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70181780,"text":"70181780 - 2014 - Thermal-maturity limit for primary thermogenic-gas generation from humic coals as determined by hydrous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T10:36:55","indexId":"70181780","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal-maturity limit for primary thermogenic-gas generation from humic coals as determined by hydrous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"

Hydrous-pyrolysis experiments at 360°C (680°F) for 72 h were conducted on 53 humic coals representing ranks from lignite through anthracite to determine the upper maturity limit for hydrocarbon-gas generation from their kerogen and associated bitumen (i.e., primary gas generation). These experimental conditions are below those needed for oil cracking to ensure that generated gas was not derived from the decomposition of expelled oil generated from some of the coals (i.e., secondary gas generation). Experimental results showed that generation of hydrocarbon gas ends before a vitrinite reflectance \"BLTN13204eq1\" of 2.0%. This reflectance is equivalent to Rock-Eval maximum-yield temperature \"BLTN13204eq2\" and hydrogen indices (HIs) of 555°C (1031°F) and 35 mg/g total organic carbon (TOC), respectively. At these maturity levels, essentially no soluble bitumen is present in the coals before or after hydrous pyrolysis. The equivalent kerogen atomic H/C ratio is 0.50 at the primary gas-generation limit and indicates that no alkyl moieties are remaining to source hydrocarbon gases. The convergence of atomic H/C ratios of type-II and -I kerogen to this same value at a reflectance of \"BLTN13204eq3\" indicates that the primary gas-generation limits for humic coal and type-III kerogen also apply to oil-prone kerogen. Although gas generation from source rocks does not exceed vitrinite reflectance values greater than \"BLTN13204eq4\", trapped hydrocarbon gases can remain stable at higher reflectance values. Distinguishing trapped gas from generated gas in hydrous-pyrolysis experiments is readily determined by \"BLTN13204eq5\" of the hydrocarbon gases when a \"BLTN13204eq6\"-depleted water is used in the experiments. Water serves as a source of hydrogen in hydrous pyrolysis and, as a result, the use of \"BLTN13204eq7\"-depleted water is reflected in the generated gases but not pre-existing trapped gases.

","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/06021413204","usgsCitation":"Lewan, M., and Kotarba, M., 2014, Thermal-maturity limit for primary thermogenic-gas generation from humic coals as determined by hydrous pyrolysis: AAPG Bulletin, v. 98, no. 12, p. 2581-2610, https://doi.org/10.1306/06021413204.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"2581","endPage":"2610","ipdsId":"IP-051905","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42534e4b0c825128ad434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewan, Michael 0000-0001-6347-1553 mlewan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-1553","contributorId":173938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"Michael","email":"mlewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kotarba, M.J.","contributorId":181531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kotarba","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70059286,"text":"ds810 - 2014 - Compilation of hydrologic data for White Sands pupfish habitat and nonhabitat areas, northern Tularosa Basin, White Sands Missile Range and Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1911-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-28T21:20:42.874663","indexId":"ds810","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T14:42:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"810","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data for White Sands pupfish habitat and nonhabitat areas, northern Tularosa Basin, White Sands Missile Range and Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1911-2008","docAbstract":"

The White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa), listed as threatened by the State of New Mexico and as a Federal species of concern, is endemic to the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico. Because water quality can affect pupfish and the environmental conditions of their habitat, a comprehensive compilation of hydrologic data for pupfish habitat and nonhabitat areas in the northern Tularosa Basin was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with White Sands Missile Range.

\n
\n

The four locations within the Tularosa Basin that are known pupfish habitat areas are the Salt Creek, Malpais Spring and Malpais Salt Marsh, Main Mound Spring, and Lost River habitat areas. Streamflow data from the Salt Creek near Tularosa streamflow-gaging station indicated that the average annual mean streamflow and average annual total streamflow for water years 1995–2008 were 1.35 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) and 983 acre-feet, respectively. Periods of no flow were observed in water years 2002 through 2006. Dissolved-solids concentrations in Salt Creek samples collected from 1911 through 2007 ranged from 2,290 to 66,700 milligrams per liter (mg/L).

\n
\n

The average annual mean streamflow and average annual total streamflow at the Malpais Spring near Oscura streamflow-gaging station for water years 2003–8 were 6.81 ft3/s and 584 acre-feet, respectively. Dissolved-solids concentrations for 16 Malpais Spring samples ranged from 3,882 to 5,500 mg/L. Isotopic data for a Malpais Spring near Oscura water sample collected in 1982 indicated that the water was more than 27,900 years old.

\n
\n

Streamflow from Main Mound Spring was estimated at 0.007 ft3/s in 1955 and 1957 and ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 ft3/s from 1996 to 2001. Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples collected between 1955 and 2007 ranged from an estimated 3,760 to 4,240 mg/L in the upper pond and 4,840 to 5,120 mg/L in the lower pond. Isotopic data for a Main Mound Spring water sample collected in 1982 indicated that the water was about 19,600 years old.

\n
\n

Dissolved-solids concentrations of Lost River samples collected from 1984 to 1999 ranged from 8,930 to 118,000 (estimated) mg/L.

\n
\n

Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples from nonhabitat area sites ranged from 1,740 to 54,200 (estimated) mg/L. In general, water collected from pupfish nonhabitat area sites tends to have larger proportions of calcium, magnesium, and sulfate than water from pupfish habitat area sites. Water from springs associated with mounds in pupfish nonhabitat areas was of a similar type (calcium-sulfate) to water associated with mounds in pupfish habitat areas. Alkali Spring had a sodium-chloride water type, but the proportions of sodium-chloride and magnesium-sulfate are unique as compared to samples from other sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds810","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with White Sands Missile Range","usgsCitation":"Naus, C., Myers, R.G., Saleh, D., and Myers, N.C., 2014, Compilation of hydrologic data for White Sands pupfish habitat and nonhabitat areas, northern Tularosa Basin, White Sands Missile Range and Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1911-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 810, Report: v, 35 p.; 2 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds810.","productDescription":"Report: v, 35 p.; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1911-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-014607","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504833,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99528.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281858,"rank":1,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/810/downloads/ds810_appendix2.xlsx"},{"id":281866,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds810.jpg"},{"id":281857,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/810/downloads/ds810_appendix1.pdf"},{"id":281856,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/810/pdf/ds810.pdf"},{"id":281855,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/810/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Lost River, Main Mound Spring, Malpais Salt Marsh, Malpais Spring, Salt Creek, Tularosa Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.6056,31.241 ], [ -107.6056,34.289 ], [ -105.3836,34.289 ], [ -105.3836,31.241 ], [ -107.6056,31.241 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd522fe4b0b290850f45e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naus, C. A.","contributorId":47693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naus","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, R. G.","contributorId":30642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saleh, D. K. 0000-0002-1406-9303","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1406-9303","contributorId":82748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saleh","given":"D.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Myers, N. C.","contributorId":13622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074330,"text":"gip155 - 2014 - Flood-tracking chart for the Withlacoochee and Little River Basins in south-central Georgia and northern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T12:13:36","indexId":"gip155","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T12:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"155","title":"Flood-tracking chart for the Withlacoochee and Little River Basins in south-central Georgia and northern Florida","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with other Federal, State, and local agencies, operates a flood-monitoring system in the Withlacoochee and Little River Basins. This system is a network of automated river stage stations (ten are shown on page 2 of this publication) that transmit stage data through satellite telemetry to the USGS in Atlanta, Georgia and the National Weather Service (NWS) in Peachtree City, Georgia. During floods, the public and emergency response agencies use this information to make decisions about road closures, evacuations, and other public safety issues.

\n
\n

This Withlacoochee and Little River Basins flood-tracking chart can be used by local citizens and emergency response personnel to record the latest river stage and predicted flood-crest information along the Withlacoochee River, Little River, and Okapilco Creek in south-central Georgia and northern Florida. By comparing the current stage (water-surface level above a datum) and predicted flood crest to the recorded peak stages of previous floods, emergency response personnel and residents can make informed decisions concerning the threat to life and property.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Valdosta, Lowndes County, Suwannee River Water Management District, and National Weather Service","usgsCitation":"Gotvald, A.J., McCallum, B.E., and Painter, J.A., 2014, Flood-tracking chart for the Withlacoochee and Little River Basins in south-central Georgia and northern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 155, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip155.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","ipdsId":"IP-051580","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281834,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0155/"},{"id":281835,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/0155/pdf/gip-155.pdf"},{"id":281836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip155.jpg"}],"datum":"North American Vertical Datum of 1988","country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Little River Basin, Okapilco Creek, Withlacoochee River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.736458,30.26011 ], [ -83.736458,31.854235 ], [ -83.034668,31.854235 ], [ -83.034668,30.26011 ], [ -83.736458,30.26011 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd59b7e4b0b290850f8e4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Painter, Jaime A. 0000-0001-8883-9158 jpainter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8883-9158","contributorId":1466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"Jaime","email":"jpainter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074531,"text":"ofr20141016 - 2014 - Methow and Columbia Rivers studies: summary of data collection, comparison of database structure and habitat protocols, and impact of additional PIT tag interrogation systems to survival estimates, 2008-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-31T12:09:04","indexId":"ofr20141016","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T12:01:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1016","title":"Methow and Columbia Rivers studies: summary of data collection, comparison of database structure and habitat protocols, and impact of additional PIT tag interrogation systems to survival estimates, 2008-2012","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) received funding from the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) to provide monitoring and evaluation on the effectiveness of stream restoration efforts by Reclamation in the Methow River watershed. This monitoring and evaluation program is designed to partially fulfill Reclamation’s part of the 2008 Biological Opinion for the Federal Columbia River Power System that includes a Reasonable and Prudent Alternative (RPA) to protect listed salmon and steelhead across their life cycle. The target species in the Methow River for the restoration effort include Upper Columbia River (UCR) spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), UCR steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), which are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act.\n\nSince 2004, the USGS has completed two projects of monitoring and evaluation in the Methow River watershed. The first project focused on the evaluation of barrier removal and steelhead recolonization in Beaver Creek with Libby and Gold Creeks acting as controls. The majority of this work was completed by 2008, although some monitoring continued through 2012.\n\nThe second project (2008–2012) evaluated the use and productivity of the middle Methow River reach (rkm 65–80) before the onset of multiple off-channel restoration projects planned by the Reclamation and Yakama Nation. The upper Methow River (upstream of rkm 80) and Chewuch River serve as reference reaches and the Methow River downstream of the Twisp River (downstream of rkm 65) serves as a control reach. Restoration of the M2 reach was initiated in 2012 and will be followed by a multi-year, intensive post-evaluation period.\n\nThis report is comprised of three chapters covering different aspects of the work completed by the USGS. The first chapter is a review of data collection that documents the methods used and summarizes the work done by the USGS from 2008 through 2012. This data summary was designed to show some initial analysis and to disseminate summary information that could potentially be used in ongoing modeling efforts by USGS, Reclamation, and University of Idaho. The second chapter documents the database of fish and habitat data collected by USGS from 2004 through 2012 and compares USGS habitat protocols to the Columbia Habitat Monitoring Program (CHaMP) protocol. The third chapter is a survival analysis of fish moving through Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag interrogation systems in the Methow and Columbia Rivers. It examines the effects of adding PIT tags and/or PIT tag interrogation systems on survival estimates of juvenile steelhead and Chinook salmon.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141016","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Martens, K.D., Tibbits, W.T., Watson, G.A., Newsom, M.A., and Connolly, P., 2014, Methow and Columbia Rivers studies: summary of data collection, comparison of database structure and habitat protocols, and impact of additional PIT tag interrogation systems to survival estimates, 2008-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1016, Report: x, 92 p.; 12 appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141016.","productDescription":"Report: x, 92 p.; 12 appendices","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-051467","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141016.png"},{"id":281828,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1016/"},{"id":281829,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1016/pdf/ofr2014-1016.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Methow River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.2117,48.0532 ], [ -120.2117,48.4789 ], [ -119.9268,48.4789 ], [ -119.9268,48.0532 ], [ -120.2117,48.0532 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd66f5e4b0b29085101134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martens, Kyle D.","contributorId":12740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martens","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbits, Wesley T. wtibbits@usgs.gov","contributorId":4803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbits","given":"Wesley","email":"wtibbits@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Grace A. gwatson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Grace","email":"gwatson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newsom, Michael A.","contributorId":36855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsom","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connolly, Patrick J. 0000-0001-7365-7618 pconnolly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7365-7618","contributorId":2920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connolly","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pconnolly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70073833,"text":"ds820 - 2014 - Nutrient load summaries for major lakes and estuaries of the Eastern United States, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T13:52:08.876274","indexId":"ds820","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T10:38:54","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"820","title":"Nutrient load summaries for major lakes and estuaries of the Eastern United States, 2002","docAbstract":"Nutrient enrichment of lakes and estuaries across the Nation is widespread. Nutrient enrichment can stimulate excessive plant and algal growth and cause a number of undesirable effects that impair aquatic life and recreational activities and can also result in economic effects. Understanding the amount of nutrients entering lakes and estuaries, the physical characteristics affecting the nutrient processing within these receiving waterbodies, and the natural and manmade sources of nutrients is fundamental to the development of effective nutrient reduction strategies. To improve this understanding, sources and stream transport of nutrients to 255 major lakes and 64 estuaries in the Eastern United States were estimated using Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes (SPARROW) nutrient models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds820","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Moorman, M.C., Hoos, A.B., Bricker, S.B., Moore, R.B., García, A., and Ator, S.W., 2014, Nutrient load summaries for major lakes and estuaries of the Eastern United States, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 820, Report: iv, 10 p.; Table 3A & 3B; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds820.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 10 p.; Table 3A & 3B; 2 Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049636","costCenters":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science 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[\n -73.96557206018338,\n 39.84272655583905\n ],\n [\n -69.48092629613068,\n 41.16961893182622\n ],\n [\n -70.31119797078843,\n 42.66860642440693\n ],\n [\n -69.6824637110146,\n 43.6864735992915\n ],\n [\n -66.85540939258277,\n 44.638899826715175\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd696be4b0b29085102ab4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moorman, Michelle C. mmoorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":4970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moorman","given":"Michelle","email":"mmoorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, Suzanne B.","contributorId":64555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bricker","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":12448,"text":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":489106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"García, Ana María","contributorId":9172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"García","given":"Ana María","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ator, Scott W. 0000-0002-9186-4837 swator@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"Scott","email":"swator@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70072584,"text":"ds819 - 2014 - Benthic-invertebrate, fish-community, and streambed-sediment-chemistry data for streams in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, Indiana, 2009–2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T10:18:46","indexId":"ds819","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T10:16:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"819","title":"Benthic-invertebrate, fish-community, and streambed-sediment-chemistry data for streams in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, Indiana, 2009–2012","docAbstract":"Aquatic-biology and sediment-chemistry data were collected at seven sites on the White River and at six tributary sites in the Indianapolis metropolitan area of Indiana during the period 2009 through 2012. Data collected included benthic-invertebrate and fish-community information and concentrations of metals, insecticides, herbicides, and semivolatile organic compounds adsorbed to streambed sediments. A total of 120 benthic-invertebrate samples were collected, of which 16 were replicate samples. A total of 26 fish-community samples were collected in 2010 and 2012. Thirty streambed-sediment chemistry samples were collected in 2009 and 2011, of which four were concurrent duplicate samples","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds819","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indianapolis Department of Public Works and CWA Authority, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Voelker, D.C., 2014, Benthic-invertebrate, fish-community, and streambed-sediment-chemistry data for streams in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, Indiana, 2009–2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 819, Report: ix, 8 p.; 4 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds819.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 8 p.; 4 Appendices","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-035683","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds819.jpg"},{"id":281805,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0819/tables/ds819_table2"},{"id":281804,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0819/tables/ds819_table1"},{"id":281802,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0819/"},{"id":281803,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0819/pdf/ds819.pdf"},{"id":281806,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0819/tables/ds819_table3"},{"id":281807,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0819/tables/ds819_table4"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Indianapolis","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.4,39.5 ], [ -86.4,40.0 ], [ -86.0,40.0 ], [ -86.0,39.5 ], [ -86.4,39.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4f34e4b0b290850f28fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voelker, David C. dvoelker@usgs.gov","contributorId":278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"David","email":"dvoelker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70074638,"text":"70074638 - 2014 - A Great Lakes atmospheric mercury monitoring network: evaluation and design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-31T09:10:27","indexId":"70074638","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T09:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Great Lakes atmospheric mercury monitoring network: evaluation and design","docAbstract":"As many as 51 mercury (Hg) wet-deposition-monitoring sites from 4 networks were operated in 8 USA states and Ontario, Canada in the North American Great Lakes Region from 1996 to 2010. By 2013, 20 of those sites were no longer in operation and approximately half the geographic area of the Region was represented by a single Hg-monitoring site. In response, a Great Lakes Atmospheric Mercury Monitoring (GLAMM) network is needed as a framework for regional collaboration in Hg-deposition monitoring. The purpose of the GLAMM network is to detect changes in regional atmospheric Hg deposition related to changes in Hg emissions. An optimized design for the network was determined to be a minimum of 21 sites in a representative and approximately uniform geographic distribution. A majority of the active and historic Hg-monitoring sites in the Great Lakes Region are part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) in North America and the GLAMM network is planned to be part of the MDN.\n\nTo determine an optimized network design, active and historic Hg-monitoring sites in the Great Lakes Region were evaluated with a rating system of 21 factors that included characteristics of the monitoring locations and interpretations of Hg data. Monitoring sites were rated according to the number of Hg emissions sources and annual Hg emissions in a geographic polygon centered on each site. Hg-monitoring data from the sites were analyzed for long-term averages in weekly Hg concentrations in precipitation and weekly Hg-wet deposition, and on significant temporal trends in Hg concentrations and Hg deposition. A cluster analysis method was used to group sites with similar variability in their Hg data in order to identify sites that were unique for explaining Hg data variability in the Region. The network design included locations in protected natural areas, urban areas, Great Lakes watersheds, and in proximity to areas with a high density of annual Hg emissions and areas with high average weekly Hg wet deposition. In a statistical analysis, relatively strong, positive correlations in the wet deposition of Hg and sulfate were shown for co-located NADP Hg-monitoring and acid-rain monitoring sites in the Region. This finding indicated that efficiency in regional Hg monitoring can be improved by adding new Hg monitoring to existing NADP acid-rain monitoring sites.\n\nImplementation of the GLAMM network design will require Hg-wet-deposition monitoring to be: (a) continued at 12 MDN sites active in 2013 and (b) restarted or added at 9 NADP sites where it is absent in 2013. Ongoing discussions between the states in the Great Lakes Region, the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (a regional planning entity), the NADP, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey are needed for coordinating the GLAMM network.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.050","usgsCitation":"Risch, M.R., Kenski, D., Gay, and David, A., 2014, A Great Lakes atmospheric mercury monitoring network: evaluation and design: Atmospheric Environment, v. 85, p. 109-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.050.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-040074","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.050","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281787,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281732,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.050"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.0,35.0 ], [ -95.0,50.0 ], [ -70.0,50.0 ], [ -70.0,35.0 ], [ -95.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"85","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52ecc5e1e4b0e27c8af28a68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risch, Martin R. 0000-0002-7908-7887 mrrisch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-7887","contributorId":2118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risch","given":"Martin","email":"mrrisch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenski, Donna M.","contributorId":101992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenski","given":"Donna M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gay","contributorId":128216,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Gay","id":535625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"David, A.","contributorId":84270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70192062,"text":"70192062 - 2014 - Distal facies variability within the Upper Triassic part of the Otuk Formation in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T20:59:17","indexId":"70192062","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Distal facies variability within the Upper Triassic part of the Otuk Formation in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"

The Triassic-Jurassic Otuk Formation is a potentially important source rock in allochthonous structural positions in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range in the North Slope of Alaska. This study focuses on three localities of the Upper Triassic (Norian) limestone member, which form a present-day, 110-km-long, east-west transect in the central Brooks Range. All three sections are within the structurally lowest Endicott Mountain allochthon and are interpreted to have been deposited along a marine outer shelf with a ramp geometry.

The uppermost limestone member of the Otuk was chosen for this study in order to better understand lateral and vertical variability within carbonate source rocks, to aid prediction of organic richness, and ultimately, to evaluate the potential for these units to act as continuous (or unconventional) reservoirs. At each locality, 1 to 4 m sections of the limestone member were measured and sampled in detail to capture fine-scale features. Hand sample and thin section descriptions reveal four major microfacies in the study area, and one diagenetically recrystallized microfacies. Microfacies 1 and 2 are interpreted to represent redeposition of material by downslope transport, whereas microfacies 3 and 4 have high total organic carbon (TOC) values and are classified as primary depositional organofacies. Microfacies 3 is interpreted to have been deposited under primarily high productivity conditions, with high concentrations of radiolarian tests. Microfacies 4 was deposited under the lowest relative-oxygen conditions, but abundant thin bivalve shells indicate that the sediment-water interface was probably not anoxic.

The Otuk Formation is interpreted to have been deposited outboard of a southwest-facing ramp margin, with the location of the three limestone outcrops likely in relatively close proximity during deposition. All three sections have evidence of transported material, implying that the Triassic Alaskan Basin was not a low-energy, deep-water setting, but rather a dynamic system with intermittent, yet significant, downslope flow. Upwelling played an important role in the small-scale vertical variability in microfacies. The zone of upwelling and resultant oxygen-minimum zone may have migrated across the ramp during fourth- or fifth-order sea-level changes.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deposits, architecture, and controls of carbonate margin, slope and basinal settings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/sepmsp.105.16","usgsCitation":"Whidden, K.J., Dumoulin, J.A., Whalen, M., Hutton, E., Moore, T.E., and Gaswirth, S.B., 2014, Distal facies variability within the Upper Triassic part of the Otuk Formation in northern Alaska, chap. of Deposits, architecture, and controls of carbonate margin, slope and basinal settings, v. 105, https://doi.org/10.2110/sepmsp.105.16.","ipdsId":"IP-037443","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Otuk Formation","volume":"105","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6100c8e4b06e28e9c2540d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whidden, Katherine J. 0000-0002-7841-2553 kwhidden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-2553","contributorId":3960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whidden","given":"Katherine","email":"kwhidden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whalen, M.T.","contributorId":197673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whalen","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutton, E.","contributorId":197672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutton","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":127538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gaswirth, Stephanie B. 0000-0001-5821-6347 sgaswirth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-6347","contributorId":150417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaswirth","given":"Stephanie","email":"sgaswirth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70189268,"text":"70189268 - 2014 - Understanding uncertainties in future Colorado River streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T11:57:09","indexId":"70189268","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understanding uncertainties in future Colorado River streamflow","docAbstract":"The Colorado River is the primary water source for more than 30 million people in the United States and Mexico. Recent studies that project streamf low changes in the Colorado River all project annual declines, but the magnitude of the projected decreases range from less than 10% to 45% by the mid-twenty-first century. To understand these differences, we address the questions the management community has raised: Why is there such a wide range of projections of impacts of future climate change on Colorado River streamflow, and how should this uncertainty be interpreted? We identify four major sources of disparities among studies that arise from both methodological and model differences. In order of importance, these are differences in 1) the global climate models (GCMs) and emission scenarios used; 2) the ability of land surface and atmospheric models to simulate properly the high-elevation runoff source areas; 3) the sensitivities of land surface hydrology models to precipitation and temperature changes; and 4) the methods used to statistically downscale GCM scenarios. In accounting for these differences, there is substantial evidence across studies that future Colorado River streamflow will be reduced under the current trajectories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions because of a combination of strong temperature-induced runoff curtailment and reduced annual precipitation. Reconstructions of preinstrumental streamflows provide additional insights; the greatest risk to Colorado River streamf lows is a multidecadal drought, like that observed in paleoreconstructions, exacerbated by a steady reduction in flows due to climate change. This could result in decades of sustained streamflows much lower than have been observed in the ~100 years of instrumental record.","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00228.1","usgsCitation":"Julie A. Vano, Bradley Udall, Cayan, D., Overpeck, J.T., Brekke, L., Das, T., Hartmann, H.C., Hidalgo, H.G., Hoerling, M., McCabe, G., Morino, K., Webb, R.S., Werner, K., and Lettenmaier, D.P., 2014, Understanding uncertainties in future Colorado River streamflow: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 95, no. 1, p. 59-78, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00228.1.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"59","endPage":"78","ipdsId":"IP-044796","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00228.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River ","volume":"95","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59609db9e4b0d1f9f0594c44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Julie A. Vano","contributorId":194362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Julie A. Vano","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley Udall","contributorId":194360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley Udall","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Overpeck, Jonathan T","contributorId":194361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Overpeck","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"T","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brekke, Levi D.","contributorId":35847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brekke","given":"Levi D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Das, Tapash","contributorId":194364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Das","given":"Tapash","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hartmann, Holly C.","contributorId":194365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hartmann","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hidalgo, Hugo G.","contributorId":194367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hidalgo","given":"Hugo","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hoerling, Martin P","contributorId":145843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoerling","given":"Martin P","affiliations":[{"id":16257,"text":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":703841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Morino, Kiyomi","contributorId":78210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morino","given":"Kiyomi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Webb, Robert S.","contributorId":72894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Werner, Kevin","contributorId":194369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Werner","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Lettenmaier, Dennis P.","contributorId":139779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lettenmaier","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12763,"text":"University of California, Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70073500,"text":"70073500 - 2014 - Assessing streamflow sensitivity to variations in glacier mass balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-24T11:29:38","indexId":"70073500","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-30T13:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing streamflow sensitivity to variations in glacier mass balance","docAbstract":"The mountains ringing the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) receive upwards of 4–8 m yr−1 of precipitation (Simpson et al.2005; Weingartner et al. 2005; O’Neel 2012), much of which runs off into productive coastal waters. The alpine landscape is heavily glacierized, and storage and turnover of water by glaciers substantially influences the regional surface water balance (Neal et al. 2010). In turn, the land-to-ocean flux of freshwater impacts the biogeochemistry, physical oceanography, freshwater and marine ecology of the downstream components of the GOA ecosystem (e.g., Royer et al. 2001; Hood and Scott 2008). In this way, the links between terrestrial and ocean ecosystems along the GOA have widespread impacts on regional socioeconomic issues including water and hydropower resources, fish populations, and sea level change (Dorava and Milner 2000; Royer and Grosch 2006; Cherry et al. 2010; Gardner et al. 2013). Moreover, predicting future changes in physical, chemical and biological processes in near-shore ecosystems along the GOA hinges, in part, on developing a robust understanding of water storage and transfer by glaciers through streams to the ocean.\nGlacierized basins (i.e. presently ice covered as opposed to glaciated, or historically ice covered) are very efficient producers of runoff, yielding 2–10 times greater runoff than similarly sized, non-glacierized basins (Mayo 1984). The unique energy balance that characterizes these basins (Jansson et al. 2003; Hock 2005) results in substantial alterations to streamflow, even when fractional ice coverage is very small (Stahl and Moore 2006). Consistent and precise treatment of glacier runoff is key to accurate assessment of hydrologic, ecological and socioeconomic impacts, but previously used definitions for glacier runoff are variable. They include: 1) meltwater produced as negative annual mass balance (e.g., Fountain and Tangborn 1985); 2) storage changes in the monthly water budget, where solid precipitation is balanced by melt and evaporation (Huss 2011, concept #2); 3) meltwater derived from melting ice only (irrespective of melting snow or mass balance) (Nolin et al. 2010; Huss 2011, concept #1); 4) all meltwater derived from the glacier surface (Cogley et al. 2011, meltwater runoff); 5) total runoff from the glacier surface (meltwater runoff plus rain on the glacier) (Neal et al. 2010).\nTotal glacier runoff (Definitions 4 and 5 above) includes a contribution from annual mass balance, i.e. the sum of accumulation and ablation through a mass balance year (Definition 1), or what has historically been referred to as the “net” balance (Cogley et al. 2011). Indeed, annual balance has been shown to be an important driver of streamflow trends in glacierized basins, with periods of persistent negative annual balance resulting in statistically significant increases in streamflow (e.g., Pellicciotti et al. 2010). However, in maritime climates, anomalies in glacier runoff can be disconnected from annual balance because of the high variability in winter precipitation. For example, positive anomalies in winter accumulation can result in elevated levels of glacier runoff in times of positive annual mass balance (Thayyen and Gergan 2010).\nQuantifying the impacts of changing glacier geometries (annual balance) on glacier runoff is essential for predicting future changes in streamflow in glacierized basins. However, determining the role that this component plays in total glacier runoff (Definition 5) requires consistent measurements of seasonal (or shorter period) mass balances, measurements of precipitation at multiple locations within a basin, and streamflow measurements in close proximity to a glacier’s terminus. Practical and logistical challenges associated with assembling such data sets typically preclude such partitioning. As a result, most analyses of the relationship between annual mass balance and streamflow rely on some component of model output to compute glacier runoff (e.g. Huss et al. 2008; Kaser et al. 2010). Ultimately, developing an understanding of how total glacier runoff will change in the future is critical for predicting downstream ecological impacts associated with changes in riverine fluxes of water, sediment, and solutes (e.g., metals and nutrients) to near-shore coastal ecosystems.\nThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate relationships among seasonal and annual glacier mass balances, glacier runoff and streamflow in two glacierized basins in different climate settings. We use long-term glacier mass balance and streamflow datasets from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Alaska Benchmark Glacier Program to compare and contrast glacier-streamflow interactions in a maritime climate (Wolverine Glacier) with those in a continental climate (Gulkana Glacier). Our overall goal is to improve our understanding of how glacier mass balance processes impact streamflow, ultimately improving our conceptual understanding of the future evolution of glacier runoff in continental and maritime climates.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-013-1042-7","usgsCitation":"O’Neel, S., Hood, E., Arendt, A., and Sass, L., 2014, Assessing streamflow sensitivity to variations in glacier mass balance: Climatic Change, v. 123, no. 2, p. 329-341, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1042-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"341","ipdsId":"IP-049370","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1042-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281842,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1042-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"123","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517024e4b05569d805a161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hood, Eran","contributorId":106802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hood","given":"Eran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arendt, Anthony","contributorId":74661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arendt","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sass, Louis C. 0000-0003-4677-029X lsass@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4677-029X","contributorId":3555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"Louis C.","email":"lsass@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074652,"text":"70074652 - 2014 - Dynamics of submarine groundwater discharge and associated fluxes of dissolved nutrients, carbon, and trace gases to the coastal zone (Okatee River estuary, South Carolina)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T13:46:11","indexId":"70074652","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-30T08:28:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of submarine groundwater discharge and associated fluxes of dissolved nutrients, carbon, and trace gases to the coastal zone (Okatee River estuary, South Carolina)","docAbstract":"Multiple techniques, including thermal infrared aerial remote sensing, geophysical and geological data, geochemical characterization and radium isotopes, were used to evaluate the role of groundwater as a source of dissolved nutrients, carbon, and trace gases to the Okatee River estuary, South Carolina. Thermal infrared aerial remote sensing surveys illustrated the presence of multiple submarine groundwater discharge sites in Okatee headwaters. Significant relationships were observed between groundwater geochemical constituents and 226Ra activity in groundwater with higher 226Ra activity correlated to higher concentrations of organics, dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients, and trace gases to the Okatee system. A system-level radium mass balance confirmed a substantial submarine groundwater discharge contribution of these constituents to the Okatee River. Diffusive benthic flux measurements and potential denitrification rate assays tracked the fate of constituents in creek bank sediments. Diffusive benthic fluxes were substantially lower than calculated radium-based submarine groundwater discharge inputs, showing that advection of groundwater-derived nutrients dominated fluxes in the system. While a considerable potential for denitrification in tidal creek bank sediments was noted, in situ denitrification rates were nitrate-limited, making intertidal sediments an inefficient nitrogen sink in this system. Groundwater geochemical data indicated significant differences in groundwater chemical composition and radium activity ratios between the eastern and western sides of the river; these likely arose from the distinct hydrological regimes observed in each area. Groundwater from the western side of the Okatee headwaters was characterized by higher concentrations of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, inorganic nutrients and reduced metabolites and trace gases, i.e. methane and nitrous oxide, than groundwater from the eastern side. Differences in microbial sulfate reduction, organic matter supply, and/or groundwater residence time likely contributed to this pattern. The contrasting features of the east and west sub-marsh zones highlight the need for multiple techniques for characterization of submarine groundwater discharge sources and the impact of biogeochemical processes on the delivery of nutrients and carbon to coastal areas via submarine groundwater discharge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.030","usgsCitation":"Porubsky, W., Weston, N., Moore, W., Ruppel, C., and Joye, S., 2014, Dynamics of submarine groundwater discharge and associated fluxes of dissolved nutrients, carbon, and trace gases to the coastal zone (Okatee River estuary, South Carolina): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 131, p. 81-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.030.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-051744","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281783,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.030"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Okatee River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.95,32.26 ], [ -80.95,32.3 ], [ -80.9,32.3 ], [ -80.9,32.26 ], [ -80.95,32.26 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"131","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517035e4b05569d805a1d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porubsky, W.P.","contributorId":32000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porubsky","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weston, N.B.","contributorId":33221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weston","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, W.S.","contributorId":90875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruppel, C.","contributorId":82050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joye, S.B.","contributorId":97266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joye","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70059911,"text":"sir20135240 - 2014 - Trends in precipitation, streamflow, reservoir pool elevations, and reservoir releases in Arkansas and selected sites in Louisiana, Missouri, and Oklahoma, 1951–2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-09T16:27:42","indexId":"sir20135240","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-30T07:25:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5240","title":"Trends in precipitation, streamflow, reservoir pool elevations, and reservoir releases in Arkansas and selected sites in Louisiana, Missouri, and Oklahoma, 1951–2011","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) conducted a statistical analysis of trends in precipitation, streamflow, reservoir pool elevations, and reservoir releases in Arkansas and selected sites in Louisiana, Missouri, and Oklahoma for the period 1951–2011. The Mann-Kendall test was used to test for trends in annual and seasonal precipitation, annual and seasonal streamflows of 42 continuous-record USGS streamflow-gaging stations, annual pool elevations and releases from 16 USACE reservoirs, and annual releases from 11 dams on the Arkansas River. A statistically significant (p≤0.10) upward trend was observed in annual precipitation for the State, with a Sen slope of approximately 0.10 inch per year. Autumn and winter were the only seasons that had statistically significant trends in precipitation. Five of six physiographic sections and six of seven 4-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) regions in Arkansas had statistically significant upward trends in autumn precipitation, with Sen slopes of approximately 0.06 to 0.10 inch per year. Sixteen sites had statistically significant upward trends in the annual mean daily streamflow and were located on streams that drained regions with statistically significant upward trends in annual precipitation. Expected annual rates of change corresponding to statistically significant trends in annual mean daily streamflows, which ranged from 0.32 to 0.88 percent, were greater than those corresponding to regions with statistically significant upward trends in annual precipitation, which ranged from 0.19 to 0.28 percent, suggesting that the observed trends in regional annual precipitation do not fully account for the observed trends in annual mean daily streamflows. Trends in annual maximum daily streamflows were similar to trends in the annual mean daily streamflows but were only statistically significant at seven sites. There were more statistically significant trends (28 of 42 sites) in the annual minimum daily streamflows than in the annual means or maximums. Statistically significant trends in the annual minimum daily streamflows were upward at 18 sites and downward at 10 sites. Despite autumn being the only season that had statistically significant upward trends in seasonal precipitation, statistically significant upward trends in seasonal mean streamflows occurred in every season but spring. Trends in the annual mean, maximum, and minimum daily pool elevations of USACE reservoirs were consistent between metrics for reservoirs in the White, Arkansas, and Ouachita River watersheds, while trends varied between metrics at DeQueen Lake, Millwood Lake, and Lake Chicot. Most of the statistically significant trends in pool elevation metrics were upward and gradual—Sen slopes were less than 0.37 foot per year—and were likely the result of changes in reservoir regulation plans. Trends in the annual mean and maximum daily releases from USACE reservoirs were generally upward in all HUC regions. There were few statistically significant trends in the annual mean daily releases because the reservoirs are operated to maintain a regulation stage at a downstream site according to guidelines set forth in the regulation plans of the reservoirs. The annual number of low-flow days was both increasing and decreasing for reservoirs in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri and generally increasing for reservoirs in southern Arkansas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Wagner, D.M., Krieger, J.D., and Merriman, K.R., 2014, Trends in precipitation, streamflow, reservoir pool elevations, and reservoir releases in Arkansas and selected sites in Louisiana, Missouri, and Oklahoma, 1951–2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5240, vi, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135240.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052791","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281685,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5240/"},{"id":281684,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5240/pdf/sir2013-5240.pdf"},{"id":281686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135240.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas;Louisiana;Missouri;Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -96,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -90,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -90,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -96,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd79a5e4b0b2908510cf57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Daniel M. 0000-0002-0432-450X dwagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0432-450X","contributorId":4531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Daniel","email":"dwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krieger, Joshua D.","contributorId":43667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merriman, Katherine R. 0000-0002-1303-2410 kmerriman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-2410","contributorId":4973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriman","given":"Katherine","email":"kmerriman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70059169,"text":"sir20135236 - 2014 - Simulation of groundwater flow and saltwater movement in the Onslow County area, North Carolina: predevelopment-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T20:55:28","indexId":"sir20135236","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-28T14:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5236","title":"Simulation of groundwater flow and saltwater movement in the Onslow County area, North Carolina: predevelopment-2010","docAbstract":"

Onslow County, North Carolina, is located within the designated Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area (CCPCUA). The CCPCUA was designated by law as a result of groundwater level declines of as much as 200 feet during the past four decades within aquifers in rocks of Cretaceous age in the central Coastal Plain of North Carolina and a depletion of water in storage from increased groundwater withdrawals in the area. The declines and depletion of water in storage within the Cretaceous aquifers increase the potential for saltwater migration—both lateral encroachment and upward leakage of brackish water. Within the CCPCUA, a reduction in groundwater withdrawals over a period of 16 years from 2003 to 2018 is mandated. Under the CCPCUA rules, withdrawals in excess of 100,000 gallons per day from any of the Cretaceous aquifer well systems are subject to water-use reductions of as much as 75 percent. To assess the effects of the CCPCUA rules and to assist with groundwater-management decisions, a numerical model was developed to simulate the groundwater flow and chloride concentrations in the surficial Castle Hayne, Beaufort, Peedee, and Black Creek aquifers in the Onslow County area. The model was used to (1) simulate groundwater flow from 1900 to 2010; (2) assess chloride movement throughout the aquifer system; and (3) create hypothetical scenarios of future groundwater development.

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After calibration of a groundwater flow model and conversion to a variable-density model, five scenarios were created to simulate future groundwater conditions in the Onslow County area: (1) full implementation of the CCPCUA rules with three phases of withdrawal reductions simulated through 2028; (2) implementation of only phase 1 withdrawal reductions of the CCPCUA rules and simulated through 2028; (3) implementation of only phases 1 and 2 withdrawal reductions of the CCPCUA rules and simulated through 2028; (4) full implementation of the CCPCUA rules with the addition of withdrawals from the Castle Hayne aquifer in Onslow County at the fully permitted amount in the final stress period and simulated through 2028; and (5) full implementation of the CCPCUA rules as in scenario 1 except simulated through 2100. Results from the scenarios give an indication of the water-level recovery in the Black Creek aquifer throughout each phase of the CCPCUA rules in Onslow County. Furthermore, as development of the Castle Hayne aquifers was increased in the scenarios, cones of depression were created around pumping centers. Additionally, the scenarios indicated little to no change in chloride concentrations for the time periods simulated.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135236","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Jacksonville, Onslow Water and Sewer Authority, and the United States Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune","usgsCitation":"Fine, J.M., and Kuniansky, E.L., 2014, Simulation of groundwater flow and saltwater movement in the Onslow County area, North Carolina: predevelopment-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5236, x, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135236.","productDescription":"x, 106 p.","numberOfPages":"120","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042993","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135236.jpg"},{"id":281620,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5236/"},{"id":281619,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5236/pdf/sir2013-5236.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Onslow County","otherGeospatial":"Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.0011,34.1967 ], [ -78.0011,35.4025 ], [ -76.892,35.4025 ], [ -76.892,34.1967 ], [ -78.0011,34.1967 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd72e5e4b0b290851089b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fine, Jason M. 0000-0002-6386-256X jmfine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-256X","contributorId":2238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fine","given":"Jason","email":"jmfine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048970,"text":"sir20135179 - 2014 - Trends in major-ion constituents and properties for selected sampling sites in the Tongue and Powder River watersheds, Montana and Wyoming, based on data collected during water years 1980-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-28T13:11:27","indexId":"sir20135179","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-28T12:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5179","title":"Trends in major-ion constituents and properties for selected sampling sites in the Tongue and Powder River watersheds, Montana and Wyoming, based on data collected during water years 1980-2010","docAbstract":"

The primary purpose of this report is to present information relating to flow-adjusted temporal trends in major-ion constituents and properties for 16 sampling sites in the Tongue and Powder River watersheds based on data collected during 1980–2010. In association with this primary purpose, the report presents background information on major-ion characteristics (including specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium, alkalinity, chloride, fluoride, dissolved sulfate, and dissolved solids) of the sampling sites and coal-bed methane (CBM) produced water (groundwater pumped from coal seams) in the site watersheds, trend analysis methods, streamflow conditions, and factors that affect trend results.

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The Tongue and Powder River watersheds overlie the Powder River structural basin (PRB) in northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana. Limited extraction of coal-bed methane (CBM) from the PRB began in the early 1990’s, and increased dramatically during the late 1990’s and early 2000’s. CBM-extraction activities produce discharges of water with high concentrations of dissolved solids (particularly sodium and bicarbonate ions) relative to most stream water in the Tongue and Powder River watersheds. Water-quality of CBM produced water is of concern because of potential effects of sodium on agricultural soils and potential effects of bicarbonate on aquatic biota.

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Two parametric trend-analysis methods were used in this study: the time-series model (TSM) and ordinary least squares regression (OLS) on time, streamflow, and season. The TSM was used to analyze trends for 11 of the 16 study sites. For five sites, data requirements of the TSM were not met and OLS was used to analyze trends. Two primary 10-year trend-analysis periods were selected. Trend-analysis period 1 (water years 1986–95; hereinafter referred to as period 1) was selected to represent variability in major-ion concentrations in the Tongue and Powder River watersheds before potential effects of CBM-extraction activities. Trend analysis period 2 (water years 2001–10; hereinafter referred to as period 2) was selected because it encompassed substantial CBM-extraction activities and therefore might indicate potential effects of CBM-extraction activities on water quality of receiving streams in the Tongue and Powder River watersheds. For sites that did not satisfy data requirements for the TSM, OLS was used to analyze trends for period 2 (if complete data were available) or a 6-year period (2005–10).

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Flow-rate characteristics of CBM-produced water were estimated to allow general comparisons with streamflow characteristics of the sampling sites. The information on flow-rate characteristics of CBM-produced water in relation to streamflow does not account for effects of disposal, treatment, or other remediation activities on the potential quantitative effects of CBM-produced water on receiving streams. In many places, CBM-produced water is discharged into impoundments or channels in upper reaches of tributary watersheds where water infiltrates and does not directly contribute to streamflow. For Tongue River at State line (site 4) mean annual pumping rate of CBM-produced water during water years 2001–10 (hereinafter referred to as mean CBM pumping rate) was 6 percent of the mean of annual median streamflows during water years 2001–10 (hereinafter referred to as 2001–10 median streamflow). For main-stem Tongue River sites 5, 7, and 10, mean CBM pumping rate was 8–12 percent of 2001–10 median streamflow. For main-stem Powder River sites (sites 12, 13, and 16), mean CBM pumping rates were 26, 28, and 34 percent of 2001–10 median streamflows, respectively.

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For main-stem Tongue River sites analyzed by using the TSM and downstream from substantial CBM-extraction activities [Tongue River at State line (site 4), Tongue River at Tongue River Dam (site 5), Tongue River at Birney Day School (site 7), and Tongue River at Miles City (site 10)], generally small significant or nonsignificant decreases in most constituents are indicated for period 1. For period 2 for these sites, the TSM trend results do not allow confident conclusions concerning detection of effects of CBM-extraction activities on stream water quality. Detection of significant trends in major-ion constituents and properties for period 2 generally was infrequent, and direction, magnitudes, and significance of fitted trends were not strongly consistent with relative differences in water quality between stream water and CBM-produced water. The TSM indicated significant or generally large magnitude increases in median values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium, and alkalinity for period 2 for sites 5 and 7, which might indicate potential effects of CBM-extraction activities on stream water. However, other factors, including operations of Tongue River Reservoir, irrigation activities, contributions of saline groundwater, and operations of the Decker coal mine, confound confident determination of causes of detected significant trends for sites 5 and 7. For all mainstem Tongue River sites, trends for period 2 generally are within ranges of those for period 1 before substantial CBM-extraction activities.

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For main-stem Powder River sites analyzed by using the TSM [Powder River at Sussex (site 11), Powder River at Arvada (site 12), Powder River at Moorhead (site 13), and Powder River near Locate (site 16)], significant or generally large magnitude decreases in median values of SAR, sodium, estimated alkalinity, chloride, fluoride, specific conductance, and dissolved solids are indicated for period 1. Patterns in trend results for period 1 for main-stem Powder River sites are consistent with effects of Salt Creek oil-brine reinjection that started in 1990. Trend results for all main-stem Powder River sites downstream from substantial CBM-extraction activities (sites 12, 13, and 16) indicate evidence of potential effects of CBM-extraction activities on stream water quality, although evidence is stronger for sites 12 and 13 than for site 16. Evidence in support of potential CBM effects includes significant increases in median values of SAR, sodium, and estimated alkalinity for period 2 for sites 12, 13, and 16 that are consistent with relative differences between stream water and CBM-produced water. Significant increases in median values of these constituents for period 2 are not indicated for Powder River at Sussex (site 11) upstream from substantial CBM-extraction activities. In interpreting the trend results, it is notable that the fitted trends evaluate changes in median concentrations and also notable that changes in median concentrations that might be attributed to CBM-extraction activities probably are more strongly evident during low to median streamflow conditions than during mean to high streamflow conditions. This observation is relevant in assessing trend results in relation to specific water-quality concerns, including effects of water-quality changes on irrigators and effects on stream biota and ecology.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Water Management Bureau","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., Vecchia, A.V., Barnhart, E.P., Sando, R., Clark, M.L., and Lorenz, D.L., 2014, Trends in major-ion constituents and properties for selected sampling sites in the Tongue and Powder River watersheds, Montana and Wyoming, based on data collected during water years 1980-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5179, x, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135179.","productDescription":"x, 123 p.","numberOfPages":"140","temporalStart":"1979-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-041145","costCenters":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135179.jpg"},{"id":281606,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5179/"},{"id":281608,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5179/pdf/sir2013-5179.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River;Tongue River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.0,42.9725 ], [ -108.0,47.0 ], [ -104.502,47.0 ], [ -104.502,42.9725 ], [ -108.0,42.9725 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd79a3e4b0b2908510cf3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sando, Steven K. 0000-0003-1206-1030 sksando@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-1030","contributorId":1016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Steven","email":"sksando@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhart, Elliott P. 0000-0002-8788-8393 epbarnhart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-8393","contributorId":5385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"Elliott","email":"epbarnhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sando, Roy 0000-0003-0704-6258","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6258","contributorId":3874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Roy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Melanie L. mlclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Melanie","email":"mlclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160695,"text":"70160695 - 2014 - An ecological basis for future fish habitat restoration efforts in the Huron-Erie Corridor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-31T11:52:34","indexId":"70160695","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An ecological basis for future fish habitat restoration efforts in the Huron-Erie Corridor","docAbstract":"

This perspective describes the major natural and anthropogenic forces driving change in the abundance and quality of fish habitats in the Huron-Erie Corridor (HEC), the Great Lakes connecting channel comprised of the St. Clair River, the Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River. Channels connecting the Laurentian Great Lakes discharge large volumes of water equal to or greater than most other large rivers in the world that is of consistent high quality and volume, all year. Owing to creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway through the Great Lakes, the connecting channels have been modified by dredging over 200 km of deep-draft shipping lanes with a maintained depth of no less than 8.2 m. Combined with modification of their shorelines for housing and industries, use of the connecting channels for discharges of industrial and municipal wastes and shipping has resulted in numerous beneficial use impairments, such as restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption, degradation of fish and wildlife populations, and losses of fish and wildlife habitat. Various options for remediation of native fish populations and their habitats in the Great Lakes connecting channels, including construction of spawning habitat for threatened and high-value food fishes, such as lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), walleye (Sander vitreus), and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), have been implemented successfully in two of the channels, and form the basis for further recommended research described in this article.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2013.12.007","usgsCitation":"Hondorp, D.W., Roseman, E., and Manny, B.A., 2014, An ecological basis for future fish habitat restoration efforts in the Huron-Erie Corridor: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 40, no. 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2014 - Simulated and observed 2010 flood-water elevations in selected river reaches in the Moshassuck and Woonasquatucket River Basins, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T16:38:07","indexId":"sir20135191","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-24T16:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5191","title":"Simulated and observed 2010 flood-water elevations in selected river reaches in the Moshassuck and Woonasquatucket River Basins, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"

Heavy persistent rains from late February through March 2010 caused severe flooding and set, or nearly set, peaks of record for streamflows and water levels at many long-term U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in Rhode Island. In response to this flood, hydraulic models were updated for selected reaches covering about 33 river miles in Moshassuck and Woonasquatucket River Basins from the most recent approved Federal Emergency Management Agency flood insurance study (FIS) to simulate water-surface elevations (WSEs) from specified flows and boundary conditions. Reaches modeled include the main stem of the Moshassuck River and its main tributary, the West River, and three tributaries to the West River—Upper Canada Brook, Lincoln Downs Brook, and East Branch West River; and the main stem of the Woonasquatucket River. All the hydraulic models were updated to Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) version 4.1.0 and incorporate new field-survey data at structures, high-resolution land-surface elevation data, and flood flows from a related study.

\n
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The models were used to simulate steady-state WSEs at the 1- and 2-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flows, which is the estimated AEP of the 2010 flood in the Moshassuck River Basin and the Woonasquatucket River, respectively. The simulated WSEs were compared to the high-water mark (HWM) elevation data obtained in these basins in a related study following the March–April 2010 flood, which included 18 HWMs along the Moshassuck River and 45 HWMs along the Woonasquatucket River. Differences between the 2010 HWMs and the simulated 2- and 1-percent AEP WSEs from the FISs and the updated models developed in this study varied along the reach. Most differences could be attributed to the magnitude of the 2- and 1-percent AEP flows used in the FIS and updated model flows. Overall, the updated model and the FIS WSEs were not appreciably different when compared to the observed 2010 HWMs along the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck Rivers.

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In response to this flood, hydraulic models of Pawcatuck River (26.9 miles) and Wood River (11.6 miles) were updated from the most recent approved U.S. Department of Homeland Security-Federal Emergency Management Agency flood insurance study (FIS) to simulate water-surface elevations (WSEs) for specified flows and boundary conditions. The hydraulic models were updated to Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) using steady-state simulations and incorporate new field-survey data at structures, high resolution land-surface elevation data, and updated flood flows from a related study. The models were used to simulate the 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood, which is the AEP determined for the 2010 flood in the Pawcatuck and Wood Rivers. The simulated WSEs were compared to high-water mark (HWM) elevation data obtained in a related study following the March–April 2010 flood, which included 39 HWMs along the Pawcatuck River and 11 HWMs along the Wood River. The 2010 peak flow generally was larger than the 0.2-percent AEP flow, which, in part, resulted in the FIS and updated model WSEs to be lower than the 2010 HWMs. The 2010 HWMs for the Pawcatuck River averaged about 1.6 feet (ft) higher than the 0.2-percent AEP WSEs simulated in the updated model and 2.5 ft higher than the WSEs in the FIS. The 2010 HWMs for the Wood River averaged about 1.3 ft higher than the WSEs simulated in the updated model and 2.5 ft higher than the WSEs in the FIS. The improved agreement of the updated simulated water elevations to observed 2010 HWMs provides a measure of the hydraulic model performance, which indicates the updated models better represent flooding at other AEPs than the existing FIS models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security-Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., Straub, D.E., and Smith, T.E., 2014, Simulated and observed 2010 floodwater elevations in the Pawcatuck and Wood Rivers, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5193, Report: v, 24 p.; 1 Excel document; 1 Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135193.","productDescription":"Report: v, 24 p.; 1 Excel document; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281527,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5193/pdf/sir2013-5193.pdf"},{"id":281526,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5193/"},{"id":281529,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5193/Tables/sir2013-5193_Tables3and4.xlsx"},{"id":281531,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5193/Appendix/sir2013-5193_Appendix1.xls"},{"id":281532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135193.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Rhode Island State Plane Projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Pawcatuck River;Wood River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72,41.16 ], [ -72,41.75 ], [ -71.3,41.75 ], [ -71.3,41.16 ], [ -72,41.16 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd72c6e4b0b2908510885c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Straub, David E. destraub@usgs.gov","contributorId":1908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"David","email":"destraub@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Thor E. tesmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":3925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thor","email":"tesmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073954,"text":"sir20135192 - 2014 - Simulated and observed 2010 floodwater elevations in selected river reaches in the Pawtuxet River Basin, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T15:17:33","indexId":"sir20135192","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-24T15:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5192","title":"Simulated and observed 2010 floodwater elevations in selected river reaches in the Pawtuxet River Basin, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Heavy, persistent rains from late February through March 2010 caused severe flooding that set, or nearly set, peaks of record for streamflows and water levels at many long-term streamgages in Rhode Island. In response to this event, hydraulic models were updated for selected reaches covering about 56 river miles in the Pawtuxet River Basin to simulate water-surface elevations (WSEs) at specified flows and boundary conditions. Reaches modeled included the main stem of the Pawtuxet River, the North and South Branches of the Pawtuxet River, Pocasset River, Simmons Brook, Dry Brook, Meshanticut Brook, Furnace Hill Brook, Flat River, Quidneck Brook, and two unnamed tributaries referred to as South Branch Pawtuxet River Tributary A1 and Tributary A2. All the hydraulic models were updated to Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) version 4.1.0 using steady-state simulations. Updates to the models included incorporation of new field-survey data at structures, high resolution land-surface elevation data, and updated flood flows from a related study.\n\nThe models were assessed using high-water marks (HWMs) obtained in a related study following the March– April 2010 flood and the simulated water levels at the 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP), which is the estimated AEP of the 2010 flood in the basin. HWMs were obtained at 110 sites along the main stem of the Pawtuxet River, the North and South Branches of the Pawtuxet River, Pocasset River, Simmons Brook, Furnace Hill Brook, Flat River, and Quidneck Brook. Differences between the 2010 HWM elevations and the simulated 0.2-percent AEP WSEs from flood insurance studies (FISs) and the updated models developed in this study varied with most differences attributed to the magnitude of the 0.2-percent AEP flows. WSEs from the updated models generally are in closer agreement with the observed 2010 HWMs than with the FIS WSEs. The improved agreement of the updated simulated water elevations to observed 2010 HWMs provides a measure of the hydraulic model performance, which indicates the updated models better represent flooding at other AEPs than the existing FIS models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135192","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security-Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., Olson, S.A., Flynn, R.H., Strauch, K.R., and Murphy, E., 2014, Simulated and observed 2010 floodwater elevations in selected river reaches in the Pawtuxet River Basin, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5192, Report: vii, 49 p.; Tables 3 and 4; Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135192.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 49 p.; Tables 3 and 4; Appendix 1","numberOfPages":"62","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281528,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5192/"},{"id":281530,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5192/tables/sir2013-5192_tables03-04.xls"},{"id":281534,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5192/appendix/sir2013-5192_apend01.xls"},{"id":281535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135192.jpg"},{"id":281533,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5192/pdf/sir2013-5192.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Polyconic Projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Pawtuxent River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.75,41.5 ], [ -71.75,42.0 ], [ -71.25,42.0 ], [ -71.25,41.5 ], [ -71.75,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd72c5e4b0b2908510885a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strauch, Kellan R. 0000-0002-7218-2099 kstrauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7218-2099","contributorId":1006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strauch","given":"Kellan","email":"kstrauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":69660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70059198,"text":"sir20135237 - 2014 - Approaches for evaluating the effects of bivalve filter feeding on nutrient dynamics in Puget Sound, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T12:01:15","indexId":"sir20135237","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-24T11:54:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5237","title":"Approaches for evaluating the effects of bivalve filter feeding on nutrient dynamics in Puget Sound, Washington","docAbstract":"Marine bivalves such as clams, mussels, and oysters are an important component of the food web, which influence nutrient dynamics and water quality in many estuaries. The role of bivalves in nutrient dynamics and, particularly, the contribution of commercial shellfish activities, are not well understood in Puget Sound, Washington. Numerous approaches have been used in other estuaries to quantify the effects of bivalves on nutrient dynamics, ranging from simple nutrient budgeting to sophisticated numerical models that account for tidal circulation, bioenergetic fluxes through food webs, and biochemical transformations in the water column and sediment. For nutrient management in Puget Sound, it might be possible to integrate basic biophysical indicators (residence time, phytoplankton growth rates, and clearance rates of filter feeders) as a screening tool to identify places where nutrient dynamics and water quality are likely to be sensitive to shellfish density and, then, apply more sophisticated methods involving in-situ measurements and simulation models to quantify those dynamics.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C.P., 2014, Approaches for evaluating the effects of bivalve filter feeding on nutrient dynamics in Puget Sound, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5237, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135237.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050813","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135237.PNG"},{"id":281489,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5237/"},{"id":281490,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5237/pdf/sir20135237.pdf"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic Projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5495,46.9971 ], [ -123.5495,48.4993 ], [ -121.778,48.4993 ], [ -121.778,46.9971 ], [ -123.5495,46.9971 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4db6e4b0b290850f1a66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175509,"text":"70175509 - 2014 - Water, ice and mud: Lahars and lahar hazards at ice- and snow-clad volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T08:48:12","indexId":"70175509","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-24T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3877,"text":"Geology Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water, ice and mud: Lahars and lahar hazards at ice- and snow-clad volcanoes","docAbstract":"

Large-volume lahars are significant hazards at ice and snow covered volcanoes. Hot eruptive products produced during explosive eruptions can generate a substantial volume of melt water that quickly evolves into highly mobile flows of ice, sediment and water. At present it is difficult to predict the size of lahars that can form at ice and snow covered volcanoes due to their complex flow character and behaviour. However, advances in experiments and numerical approaches are producing new conceptual models and new methods for hazard assessment. Eruption triggered lahars that are ice-dominated leave behind thin, almost unrecognizable sedimentary deposits, making them likely to be under-represented in the geological record.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1111/gto.12035","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., 2014, Water, ice and mud: Lahars and lahar hazards at ice- and snow-clad volcanoes: Geology Today, v. 30, no. 1, p. 34-39, https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12035.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050885","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b4395de4b03bcb0103a022","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70059787,"text":"sir20135239 - 2014 - Linkage of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and the Texas Water Availability Model to simulate the effects of brush management on monthly storage of Canyon Lake, south-central Texas, 1995-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T13:15:08","indexId":"sir20135239","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-23T16:05:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5239","title":"Linkage of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and the Texas Water Availability Model to simulate the effects of brush management on monthly storage of Canyon Lake, south-central Texas, 1995-2010","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board, developed and applied an approach to create a linkage between the published upper Guadalupe River Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) brush-management (ashe juniper [Juniperus ashei]) model and the full authorization version Guadalupe River Water Availability Model (WAM). The SWAT model was published by the USGS, and the Guadalupe River WAM is available from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The upper Guadalupe River watershed is a substantial component of the Guadalupe River WAM. This report serves in part as documentation of a proof of concept on the feasibility of linking these two water-resources planning models for the purpose of simulating possible increases in water storage in Canyon Lake as a result of different brush-management scenarios.

\n

The SWAT-WAM linkage for the upper Guadalupe River is documented with a principal objective to evaluate the distributional characteristics of the monthly water storage of Canyon Lake during selected drought conditions. Focus is on the relative evaluation of select scenarios of large-scale or “extensive” brush management within the upper Guadalupe River watershed. There are six SWAT simulations for the upper Guadalupe River watershed that include a baseline (0-percent management of treatable ashe juniper, the baseline scenario from a previous study in which no percentage of ashe juniper is numerically replaced with grassland) along with five scenarios (extensions of SWAT simulations from a previous study) of 20-, 40-, 60-, 80-, and 100-percent random (numerical) replacement of treatable ashe juniper with grasslands throughout the upper Guadalupe River watershed in south-central Texas.

\n

SWAT is a process-based, semidistributed, water-balance model designed to predict the effects of landscape management decisions on water yields. A watershed is subdivided into subbasins, and each subbasin is associated with a single reach on the stream network. In general a WAM, such as the Guadalupe River WAM, provides analysis of generalized water rights in a river and reservoir framework. A WAM accommodates hydrology and water usage through several input files containing water rights, watershed parameters, and naturalized streamflow time series. A WAM is generalized for application to rivers and reservoir systems, and input datasets are uniquely developed for a river basin of concern.

\n

The extractions of SWAT output for the five extensive brush-management and baseline scenarios were offset by –21 years and, in general, the results were then mapped to the WAM input-flow file. The offset of –21 years was chosen arbitrarily for technical reasons and means that the period of monthly record 1995–2010 of the upper Guadalupe River SWAT became the synthetic period of monthly record 1974–89, hereinafter 1974–89 (synthetic) period, of the Guadalupe River WAM.

\n

The relative (between scenario to baseline) effects of extensive brush-management scenarios by using the SWAT-WAM linkage were evaluated, and two critical intermediate results were total inflow to Canyon Lake from 1995 to 2010 and the monthly storage of Canyon Lake from 1974 to 1989 (synthetic). The first quartile or lower 25th percentile of monthly storage of Canyon Lake for the baseline scenario is 381,000 acre-feet (acre-ft) for the hereinafter 1974–89 (synthetic) period. This lower quartile was chosen for analysis for two critical purposes. First, Canyon Lake is managed with a conservation pool of about 386,200 acre-ft capacity (as recognized by the WAM) and is at or near conservation capacity about 50 percent or more of the time; further, there is intrinsic data censoring that occurs for the monthly storage distribution because Canyon Lake is at or near conservation pool elevation the majority of the time. This intrinsic censoring has the effect of creating a bounded distribution with a left or low-volume tail. Statistical assessment of the brush-management scenarios beginning with the 381,000 acre-ft censoring threshold provides readily interpretable results. Second, the quantification of brush management during periods lacking abundant rainfall, which were defined in this study as months for which Canyon Lake storage was below the 25th percentile for the simulation period, are of substantial interest to water-resource managers and stakeholders in the context of water-supply enhancement.

\n

A statistical assessment of the SWAT-WAM linkage for the low-volume tail of the distribution of monthly storage of Canyon Lake is the focus of analysis and interpretation. Drought periods for the analysis are defined as the months (consecutive or not) during which Canyon Lake is below the 25th percentile of storage (381,000 acre-ft) for the baseline scenario. Such months are referred to as being within the “Drought Quartile.” The Drought Quartile is a conceptual and heuristically determined waypoint for the analysis and is not related to any administrative definition of drought by stakeholders or policy makers.

\n

The five scenarios and the baseline scenario simulated in the upper Guadalupe River SWAT were all passed through the Guadalupe River WAM by the SWAT-WAM linkage described in this report. A comparison of the mean increase per month in reservoir storage for Canyon Lake conditioned for the Drought Quartile was made. For each of the five brush-management and baseline scenarios, the months with storage below 381,000 acre-ft were extracted. The mean monthly storages during the Drought Quartile were computed for each of the five scenarios and the baseline scenario. The mean of the baseline scenario was 376,458 acre-ft and subsequently was subtracted from the mean monthly storage during the Drought Quartile for each of the five scenarios.

\n

The mean monthly offset storages of Canyon Lake during the Drought Quartile were 110 acre-ft (20 percent); 448 acre-ft (40 percent); 754 acre-ft (60 percent); 1,080 acre-ft (80 percent); and 1,090 acre-ft (100 percent). A particular mean was interpreted as follows: the value of 754 acre-ft for the 60-percent brush-management scenario implies that, on average, this scenario indicates an additional 754 acre-ft per month of storage in Canyon Lake relative to the baseline during the Drought Quartile. All of the five scenarios resulted in an increase on average to water supply relative to the baseline scenario during the Drought Quartile through the SWAT-WAM linkage.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135239","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Bumgarner, J.R., 2014, Linkage of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and the Texas Water Availability Model to simulate the effects of brush management on monthly storage of Canyon Lake, south-central Texas, 1995-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5239, Report: v, 25 p.; Appendixes 1-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135239.","productDescription":"Report: v, 25 p.; Appendixes 1-3","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052867","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135239.jpg"},{"id":281444,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5239/"},{"id":281445,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5239/pdf/sir2013-5239.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Canyon Lake, Guadalupe River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0635,28.118 ], [ -100.0635,31.0012 ], [ -95.614,31.0012 ], [ -95.614,28.118 ], [ -100.0635,28.118 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd64b3e4b0b290850ff9ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, Johnathan R. jbumgarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":5378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"Johnathan","email":"jbumgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":487825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70058469,"text":"ofr20131283 - 2014 - Hydrologic monitoring of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Elliott State Forest, Southern Coast Range, Oregon, 2009-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T08:58:11","indexId":"ofr20131283","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-22T14:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1283","title":"Hydrologic monitoring of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Elliott State Forest, Southern Coast Range, Oregon, 2009-2012","docAbstract":"The Oregon Coast Range is dissected by numerous unchanneled headwater basins, which can \ngenerate shallow landslides and debris flows during heavy or prolonged rainfall. An automated \nmonitoring system was installed in an unchanneled headwater basin to measure rainfall, volumetric \nwater content, groundwater temperature, and pore pressures at 15-minute intervals. The purpose of this \nreport is to describe and present the methods used for the monitoring as well as the preliminary data \ncollected during the period from 2009 to 2012. Observations show a pronounced seasonal variation in \nvolumetric water content and pore pressures. Increases in pore pressures and volumetric water content \nfrom dry-season values begin with the onset of the rainy season in the fall (typically early to mid \nOctober). High water contents and pore pressures tend to persist throughout the rainy season, which \ntypically ends in May. Heavy or prolonged rainfall during the wet season that falls on already moist \nsoils often generates positive pore pressures that are observed in the deeper instruments. These data \nprovide a record of the basin’s hydrologic response to rainfall and provide a foundation for \nunderstanding the conditions that lead to landslide and debris-flow occurrence.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131283","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Oregon Department of Forestry, Elliott State Forest; Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries; and Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.B., Godt, J.W., Baum, R.L., Coe, J.A., Burns, W.J., Morse, M., Sener-Kaya, B., and Kaya, M., 2014, Hydrologic monitoring of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Elliott State Forest, Southern Coast Range, Oregon, 2009-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1283, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131283.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049379","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131283.jpg"},{"id":281395,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1283/pdf/of13-1283.pdf"},{"id":281396,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1283/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Elliott State Forest;Southern Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.3079,42.1982 ], [ -124.3079,43.7067 ], [ -123.4657,43.7067 ], [ -123.4657,42.1982 ], [ -124.3079,42.1982 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6191e4b0b290850fd9b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Joel B. 0000-0001-7219-7875 jbsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7219-7875","contributorId":4925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Joel","email":"jbsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, William J.","contributorId":50078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morse, Michael M.","contributorId":11115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"Michael M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sener-Kaya, Basak","contributorId":84267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sener-Kaya","given":"Basak","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kaya, Murat","contributorId":103576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaya","given":"Murat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70046522,"text":"70046522 - 2014 - An enhanced archive facilitating climate impacts analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T15:09:01","indexId":"70046522","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-22T13:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An enhanced archive facilitating climate impacts analysis","docAbstract":"We describe the expansion of a publicly available archive of downscaled climate and hydrology projections for the United States. Those studying or planning to adapt to future climate impacts demand downscaled climate model output for local or regional use. The archive we describe attempts to fulfill this need by providing data in several formats, selectable to meet user needs. Our archive has served as a resource for climate impacts modelers, water managers, educators, and others. Over 1,400 individuals have transferred more than 50 TB of data from the archive. In response to user demands, the archive has expanded from monthly downscaled data to include daily data to facilitate investigations of phenomena sensitive to daily to monthly temperature and precipitation, including extremes in these quantities. New developments include downscaled output from the new Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate model simulations at both the monthly and daily time scales, as well as simulations of surface hydrologi- cal variables. The web interface allows the extraction of individual projections or ensemble statistics for user-defined regions, promoting the rapid assessment of model consensus and uncertainty for future projections of precipitation, temperature, and hydrology. The archive is accessible online (http://gdo-dcp.ucllnl.org/downscaled_ cmip_projections).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00126.1","usgsCitation":"Maurer, E., Brekke, L., Pruitt, T., Thrasher, B., Long, J., Duffy, P., Dettinger, M., Cayan, D., and Arnold, J., 2014, An enhanced archive facilitating climate impacts analysis: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 95, no. 7, p. 1011-1019, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00126.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1011","endPage":"1019","ipdsId":"IP-046357","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00126.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294378,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00126.1"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"95","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb13e4b08312ac7ceef3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, E.P.","contributorId":30338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brekke, L.","contributorId":65778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brekke","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pruitt, T.","contributorId":60876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pruitt","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thrasher, B.","contributorId":88665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thrasher","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Long, J.","contributorId":41993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duffy, P.","contributorId":40435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duffy","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dettinger, M. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":78909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cayan, D.","contributorId":49563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Arnold, J.","contributorId":76669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70073849,"text":"70073849 - 2014 - Tsunami impact to Washington and northern Oregon from segment ruptures on the southern Cascadia subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T09:31:35","indexId":"70073849","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-22T09:24:43","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tsunami impact to Washington and northern Oregon from segment ruptures on the southern Cascadia subduction zone","docAbstract":"This paper explores the size and arrival of tsunamis in Oregon and Washington from the most likely partial ruptures of the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) in order to determine (1) how quickly tsunami height declines away from sources, (2) evacuation time before significant inundation, and (3) extent of felt shaking that would trigger evacuation. According to interpretations of offshore turbidite deposits, the most frequent partial ruptures are of the southern CSZ. Combined recurrence of ruptures extending ~490 km from Cape Mendocino, California, to Waldport, Oregon (segment C) and ~320 km from Cape Mendocino to Cape Blanco, Oregon (segment D), is ~530 years. This recurrence is similar to frequency of full-margin ruptures on the CSZ inferred from paleoseismic data and to frequency of the largest distant tsunami sources threatening Washington and Oregon, ~Mw 9.2 earthquakes from the Gulf of Alaska. Simulated segment C and D ruptures produce relatively low-amplitude tsunamis north of source areas, even for extreme (20 m) peak slip on segment C. More than ~70 km north of segments C and D, the first tsunami arrival at the 10-m water depth has an amplitude of <1.9 m. The largest waves are trapped edge waves with amplitude ≤4.2 m that arrive ≥2 h after the earthquake. MM V–VI shaking could trigger evacuation of educated populaces as far north as Newport, Oregon for segment D events and Grays Harbor, Washington for segment C events. The NOAA and local warning systems will be the only warning at greater distances from sources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11069-014-1041-7","usgsCitation":"Priest, G., Zhang, Y., Witter, R., Wang, K., Goldfinger, C., and Stimely, L., 2014, Tsunami impact to Washington and northern Oregon from segment ruptures on the southern Cascadia subduction zone: Natural Hazards, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1041-7.","productDescription":"22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-053815","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281465,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1041-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia Subduction Zone","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5351706ce4b05569d805a424","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Priest, George R.","contributorId":50950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"George R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Yinglong","contributorId":8762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Yinglong","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witter, Robert C. 0000-0002-1721-254X rwitter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-254X","contributorId":4528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witter","given":"Robert C.","email":"rwitter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Kelin","contributorId":15266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Kelin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldfinger, Chris","contributorId":59460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfinger","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stimely, Laura","contributorId":71092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stimely","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}