The earth resources observation satellite (EROS) program in the Department of the Interior is intended to gather and use data from satellites and aircraft on natural and man-made features of the earth's surface. Earth resources technology satellite will provide the EROS program with data for use in dealing with natural resource problems and understanding the interaction between man and the environment. Applications will include studies of tectonic features, hydrologic problems, location of fish schools, determination of the conditions of range land, mapping land use for urban planning, studies of erosion and change along coastlines and major streams, and inventories of land use and land forms. In addition, the ERTS data may be used for detecting forest and crop diseases and inventorying crops. The ERTS satellite will be in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit so that each point on the earth's surface will be sensed every 17 to 20 days, at the same time of day. Multispectral photography is being investigated for its usefulness in hydrology. Side-looking airborne radar has not yet been widely used in hydrologic studies, although it is an excellent tool for all-weather, day or night, coverage of large areas. Other techniques being investigated include passive microwave radiometry, ultraviolet and visible stimulated luminescence, and absorption spectroscopy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C.J., 1970, Perception via satellite: Water Spectrum, v. 2, no. 1, p. 14-19.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288515,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc0de4b0e83db6d08fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, Charles J.","contributorId":16983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70112302,"text":"70112302 - 1970 - Color infrared film as a negative material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:11:43","indexId":"70112302","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T13:59:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Color infrared film as a negative material","docAbstract":"Original problems encountered in endeavors to use color infraredfilm as a negative material have been overcome by a simple modification in processing. This makes more feasible the production of infrared color prints for field use and yields an infrared counterpart to Aero-Neg.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8","usgsCitation":"Pease, R.W., 1970, Color infrared film as a negative material: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, no. 3, p. 195-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288512,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbeae4b0e83db6d08ed2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pease, Robert W.","contributorId":43760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pease","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70112296,"text":"70112296 - 1970 - Using radar imagery for crop discrimination: a statistical and conditional probability study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:05:38","indexId":"70112296","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T13:38:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using radar imagery for crop discrimination: a statistical and conditional probability study","docAbstract":"A number of the constraints with which remote sensing must contend in crop studies are outlined. They include sensor, identification accuracy, and congruencing constraints; the nature of the answers demanded of the sensor system; and the complex temporal variances of crops in large areas. Attention is then focused on several methods which may be used in the statistical analysis of multidimensional remote sensing data.
Crop discrimination for radar K-band imagery is investigated by three methods. The first one uses a Bayes decision rule, the second a nearest-neighbor spatial conditional probability approach, and the third the standard statistical techniques of cluster analysis and principal axes representation.
Results indicate that crop type and percent of cover significantly affect the strength of the radar return signal. Sugar beets, corn, and very bare ground are easily distinguishable, sorghum, alfalfa, and young wheat are harder to distinguish. Distinguishability will be improved if the imagery is examined in time sequence so that changes between times of planning, maturation, and harvest provide additional discriminant tools. A comparison between radar and photography indicates that radar performed surprisingly well in crop discrimination in western Kansas and warrants further study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80015-3","usgsCitation":"Haralick, R.M., Caspall, F., and Simonett, D., 1970, Using radar imagery for crop discrimination: a statistical and conditional probability study: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, no. 2, p. 131-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80015-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288502,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288501,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80015-3"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc5ce4b0e83db6d09050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haralick, R. M.","contributorId":63728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haralick","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caspall, F.","contributorId":35652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caspall","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simonett, D.S.","contributorId":102499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonett","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70112288,"text":"70112288 - 1970 - ERTS-A satellite imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:03:33","indexId":"70112288","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T12:48:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3051,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ERTS-A satellite imagery","docAbstract":"The first satellite designed to survey the Earth's resources is scheduled to be launched in 1972. This satellite, known as ERTS-A, will telemeter frames of imagery each covering 100-nautical-mile squares of the Earth. Except for the internal anomalies in the sensor system, the imagery, after being properly scaled, rectified, and controlled, may be considered an orthographic view of the Earth and used as a planimetric photomap. The accuracy of this photomap will be limited, principally by the geometric fidelity of the sensor system rather than by external effects, such as relief displacement, which restrict the direct cartographic use of the conventional aerial photograph. ERST-A is not designed as a topographic mapping satellite but does have real potential' for thematic mapping particularly in areas now covered by topographic maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1970, ERTS-A satellite imagery: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 36, no. 6, p. 555-561.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"561","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288493,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/PE-RS-Archive-Search-2009-and-earlier.html"}],"volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbf2e4b0e83db6d08f09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170366,"text":"70170366 - 1970 - A graphic presentation of stream gain or loss as an aid in understanding streamflow characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-04T14:26:46","indexId":"70170366","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A graphic presentation of stream gain or loss as an aid in understanding streamflow characteristics","docAbstract":"A graphic presentation of cumulative monthly stream gain or loss on a given stream reach is used as a tool to show whether the stream gain or loss is apparent or real, and to determine the magnitude, time, and cause of the gain or loss. The graphic method could also be used to determine how much of the base flow is ground-water discharge. Interpretations of the cumulative gain or loss graph are described for three reaches on the James River in northeastern South Dakota and southeastern North Dakota.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR006i001p00239","usgsCitation":"Koch, N.C., 1970, A graphic presentation of stream gain or loss as an aid in understanding streamflow characteristics: Water Resources Research, v. 6, no. 1, p. 239-245, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i001p00239.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"245","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"James River","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756ace4b0ef3b7caa5f86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, Neil C.","contributorId":64656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120899,"text":"70120899 - 1970 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:38:06","indexId":"70120899","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T11:54:52","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","docAbstract":"Leg 5 samples fall into two categories with respect to interstitial water composition: 1) rapidly deposited terrigenous or appreciably terrigenous deposits, such as in Hole 35 (western Escanaba trough, off Cape Mendocino, California); and, 2) slowly deposited pelagic clays and biogenic muds and oozes. Interstitial waters in the former show modest to slight variations in chloride and sodium, but drastic changes in non-conservative ions such as magnesium and sulfate. The pelagic deposits show only relatively minor changes in both conservative and non-conservative pore fluid constituents. As was pointed out in earlier Leg Reports, it is believed that much of the variation in chloride in pore fluids within individual holes is attributable to the manipulation of samples on board ship and in the laboratory. On the other hand, the scatter in sodium is due in part to analytical error (on the order of 2 to 3 per cent, in terms of a standard deviation), and it probably accounts for most of the discrepancies in total anion and cation balance.
\nAll constituents reported here, with the exception of bulk water content, were analyzed on water samples which were sealed in plastic tubes aboard ship and were subsequently opened and divided into weighed aliquots in the laboratory. Analytical methods follow the atomic absorption, wet chemical and emission spectrochemical techniques briefly summarized in previous reports, e.g. Manheim et al., 1969, and Chan and Manheim, 1970. The authors acknowledge assistance from W. Sunda, D. Kerr, C. Lawson and H. Richards, and thank D. Spencer, P. Brewer and E. Degens for allowing the use of equipment and laboratory facilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Chan, K., and Sayles, F., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 5, p. 501-511, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe6e4b033341871892a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206835,"text":"70206835 - 1970 - North American Devonian conodont biostratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T15:09:22.415051","indexId":"70206835","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T20:11:39","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North American Devonian conodont biostratigraphy","docAbstract":"The Lower Devonian of Nevada provides a reference sequence of nine conodont faunas, five of which are also at Royal Creek, Yukon Territory. The first appearance of Icriodus woschmidti is comparable to that in the lower Gedinnian in Europe; the Polygnathus dehiscens- P. foveolatus lineage correlates with the Emsian. Directly associated graptolite and brachiopod zones in Nevada date the intervening conodont succession as upper Gedinnian and Siegenian. Five faunas characterize the lower Middle Devonian (Eifelian) in New York ; at least two of the lower three are present in the Illinois Basin. Illinois Basin faunas correlative to the upper two New York faunas (Seneca and Cherry Valley) have Icriodus angustus, which is absent in New York, but lack Polygnathus kockelianus, which marks the top of the New York Eifelian. Three faunas subdivide the upper Middle Devonian (Givetian) in the Illinois Basin; the lower two occur in New York and Michigan. The Middle Devonian-Upper Devonian boundary possibly falls at the base of or within beds carrying the Spathognathodus insitus fauna. Alberta and Iowa sequences from the Lower Polygnathus asymmetricus through Upper Palmatolepis gigas Zones closely correspond to the lower Upper Devonian in Germany. An Iowa section yields the standard lower Famennian zonal succession (Middle Palmatolepis triangularis through Upper Palmatolepis quadrantinodosa Zones). Higher Devonian faunas, in the western and central United States, are assigned with difficulty to the Scaphignathus velifer, Upper Polygnathus styriacus, and Spathognathodus costatus Zones. The faunal sequence of the S. costatus Zone differs significantly from that in Germany.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM127-p285","issn":"00721069","usgsCitation":"Klapper , G., Sandberg, C., Collinson, C., Huddle, J.W., Orr, R., Richard, L., Schumacher, D., Seddon, G., and Uyeno, T., 1970, North American Devonian conodont biostratigraphy: GSA Memoirs, v. 127, p. 285-316, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM127-p285.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"316","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369516,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klapper , G ","contributorId":220787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klapper ","given":"G ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collinson, C","contributorId":220788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collinson","given":"C","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huddle, J. W.","contributorId":29043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huddle","given":"J.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orr, R.W.","contributorId":220789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orr","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Richard, L.V.","contributorId":220790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richard","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schumacher, D","contributorId":220791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schumacher","given":"D","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Seddon, G","contributorId":220792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seddon","given":"G","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Uyeno, T.T.","contributorId":220855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uyeno","given":"T.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70206956,"text":"70206956 - 1970 - Volcanic history of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, as indicated by potassium-argon dating","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-29T16:02:47.66598","indexId":"70206956","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T19:36:04","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic history of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, as indicated by potassium-argon dating","docAbstract":"Volcanic rocks in the San Juan Mountains constitute the largest erosional remnant of a once nearly continuous volcanic field that extended over much of the southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas in Oligocene and later time. Recent regional studies have shown that the gross petrologic evolution throughout the San Juan remnant of this field was relatively simple, with initial intermediate lavas and breccias, followed closely in time by more silicic ash-flow tuffs, and ending with a bimodal association of basalt and rhyolite. More limited data from other remnants of the original field indicate a similar evolution. In the San Juan field, voluminous early lavas and breccias - mainly alkali andesite, rhyodacite, and mafic quartz latite - were erupted from numerous scattered central volcanoes onto an eroded tectonically stable terrane. They formed mostly during the interval 35 to 30 m.y. ago, but some probably were erupted earlier and others up to several million years later. About 30 m.y. ago, major volcanic activity changed to explosive ash-flow eruptions of quartz latite and low-silica rhyolite that persisted until about 26 m.y. ago. Source areas for the ash flows are marked by large calderas in the central and western San Juan Mountains. Two groups of lavas and associated rocks of intermediate composition intertongue with the ash-flow sequence: (1) quartz latitic lavas that were erupted in and adjacent to caldera structures and are genetically related to the ash-flow activity; and (2) other, generally more mafic lavas and related rocks that are widely distributed without evident structural relation to the ash-flow eruptive centers. The second group apparently represents a continuation of the early intermediate activity into the period of major ash-flow eruption. In the early Miocene the character of volcanism changed notably. Whereas the Oligocene volcanics are predominantly intermediate lavas and related silicic differentiates, the younger rocks are largely a bimodal association of basalt and high-silica alkali rhyolite. Basalt and minor rhyolite were erupted intermittently through the Miocene and Pliocene, and at one time formed a widespread thin veneer over the older volcanic terrane. The marked contrast between the Oligocene intermediate to low-silica rhyolitic magmas and the later basaltic and rhyolitic magmas implies either different conditions of magma generation or processes of differentiation for the two suites. This petrologic change coincides approximately in time with nearby development of the Rio Grande depression, a major rift that is the local expression of widespread late Cenozoic crustal extension. Whatever the cause of the petrologic change, the progression from predominantly intermediate to bimodal basalt-rhyolite volcanism, approximately concurrent with initiation of late Tertiary crustal extension, appears characteristic of Cenozoic volcanism for much of the western interior United States. © 1970, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2329:VHOTSJ]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., Steven, T.A., and Mehnert, H.H., 1970, Volcanic history of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, as indicated by potassium-argon dating: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 8, p. 2329-2352, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2329:VHOTSJ]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"2329","endPage":"2352","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.87451171875,\n 37.1165261849112\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 37.1165261849112\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 38.453588708941375\n ],\n [\n -108.87451171875,\n 38.453588708941375\n ],\n [\n -108.87451171875,\n 37.1165261849112\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":82977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207392,"text":"70207392 - 1970 - Correlation of aeromagnetics and aeroradioactivity with lithology in the Spotsylvania area, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T07:37:13","indexId":"70207392","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T14:38:32","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Correlation of aeromagnetics and aeroradioactivity with lithology in the Spotsylvania area, Virginia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey made a detailed aeromagnetic and aeroradioactivity survey of 1050 sq mi of the Spotsylvania area in the Piedmont province of eastern Virginia. The study area consists of sixteen 7 1/2-minute quadrangles in Spotsylvania and adjoining counties, Virginia. East-west traverses were flown at a spacing of 1/2 mi and a flight elevation of 500 ft above ground. Geophysical data were compiled at a scale of 1:24,000, with a contour interval of 25 gammas for the magnetics and 25 counts per sec for the aeroradioactivity. The geophysical data were checked in the field, and a lithologic map was made. Correlation is excellent between geophysical data and lithologic units, and it is evident that good detailed aeromagnetic and aeroradioactivity maps can provide appreciable shortcuts in mapping an area such as the Piedmont, where lithologies are complex and outcrops sparse. Radioactivity highs are generally associated with magnetic lows, and more importantly, for purposes of geologic interpretation where the magnetic expression is flat and featureless, there is considerable radioactivity detail for geologic guidance. By using the two geophysical maps in conjunction, the geology between widely spaced outcrops can be worked out. In the study area, high radioactivity and low magnetic intensity characterize granitic rocks, many of which were not previously mapped. Mafic bodies are characterized by high magnetic values and low radioactivity. Much of the area is underlain by a sequence of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks having alternating quartz-muscovite and magnetiferous chlorite-actinolite assemblages. © 1970, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3575:COAAAW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Neuschel, S., 1970, Correlation of aeromagnetics and aeroradioactivity with lithology in the Spotsylvania area, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3575-3582, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3575:COAAAW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuschel, S.K.","contributorId":103737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuschel","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206976,"text":"70206976 - 1970 - Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T08:00:30","indexId":"70206976","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T12:32:25","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","docAbstract":"A detailed input-output study of a small forested watershed draining the Wissahickon Formation in the Piedmont of Maryland revealed that chemical solution is five times as effective in removing material as is mechanical erosion. Solution weathering removes 16.9 tons/sq mi/yr of material compared with 3.2 tons/sq mi/yr by mechanical erosion. Plant activity during the growing season increased the concentration of silica, bicarbonate, calcium, and potassium, thus increasing total dissolved solids by one-third. Autumn leaf fall also caused a short-term increase of these ions. Rainfall does not simply dilute floodwaters as the concentration of sulfate, potassium, and calcium increases whereas silica and bicarbonate decrease in concentration during a flood cycle. Our data suggest that during the first half of a flood cycle, both the flood water and the dissolved solids in it come from an area in and immediately adjacent to the flood plain. The weathering model derived from our study suggests that on a long-term basis approximately one-half of the erosion of the Pond Branch watershed is caused by chemical solution of the silicate minerals kaolinite, vermiculite, biotite, and oligoclase. This contrasts to short-term ratio of solutional to mechanical weathering of five to one.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cleaves, E., Godfrey, A., and Bricker, O., 1970, Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3015-3032, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p. 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Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T13:50:31","indexId":"70207319","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T07:19:14","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A revision of stratigraphic nomenclature for middle precambrian rocks in Northern Michigan","docAbstract":"The name Marquette Range Supergroup is proposed to supplant the term Animikie Series for middle Precambrian strata of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan and adjacent areas of Wisconsin. The Marquette Range Supergroup consists of the Chocolay, Menominee, Baraga, and Paint River Groups, as defined in previous literature. We feel that this new name to apply to Northern Peninsula rock units is appropriate, as continued investigations have failed to show unequivocal correlation between middle Precambrian rocks of Michigan and the Huronian Supergroup of Ontario. Although the equivalence of the Animikie Group in Ontario and Minnesota with parts of the Michigan rocks is likely, the Stratigraphic complexity of the Michigan sequence requires supergroup rank. The inherent confusion of an Animikie Group in Ontario and Minnesota, and an Animikie Supergroup in Michigan, makes a local name such as Marquette Range Supergroup preferable to Animikie for the middle Precambrian rocks of Michigan. © 1970, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2843:AROSNF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W., and Gair, J.E., 1970, A revision of stratigraphic nomenclature for middle precambrian rocks in Northern Michigan: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2843-2846, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2843:AROSNF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"2843","endPage":"2846","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Michigan ","otherGeospatial":"Northern Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -90.04394531249999,\n 46.36209301204985\n ],\n [\n -87.86865234374999,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -86.66015624999999,\n 47.18971246448421\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 47.916342040161155\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 46.694667307773116\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gair, J. E.","contributorId":82978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175607,"text":"70175607 - 1970 - Selected ground-water data in the eugene-springfield area, southern Willamette Valley, oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:00:54","indexId":"70175607","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":115,"text":"Ground Water Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Selected ground-water data in the eugene-springfield area, southern Willamette Valley, oregon","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","usgsCitation":"Frank, F.J., and Johnson, N.A., 1970, Selected ground-water data in the eugene-springfield area, southern Willamette Valley, oregon: Ground Water Report.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58b5ce4b03bcb0104bc6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, F. J.","contributorId":95037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Nyra A.","contributorId":173771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nyra","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207549,"text":"70207549 - 1970 - A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T13:41:16.467859","indexId":"70207549","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-23T12:01:54","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems","docAbstract":"Problems of petrologic mixing have been solved using a two-stage computer-based calculation. First, linear programming is used to obtain an approximate solution and to identify non-negative solution values. Then a conventional least squares calculation is performed using the analyses represented by non-negative solution values as input to yield an optimum set of solution values. The error attached to each solution value is estimated by an empirical procedure. Petrologic application of the program has been demonstrated with three types of calculations: chemical mode, magma mixing, and liquid line of descent.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1995:ALPALS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Doherty, P.C., 1970, A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1995-2008, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1995:ALPALS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1995","endPage":"2008","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doherty, Patrick C.","contributorId":94372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207253,"text":"70207253 - 1970 - Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-01T19:49:02.036548","indexId":"70207253","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-13T11:50:07","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960","docAbstract":"The Chilean earthquake sequence of May 21–22, 1960, was accompanied by linear zones of tectonic warping, including both uplift and subsidence relative to sea level. The region involved is more than 200 km wide and about 1000 km long, and lies along the continental margin between latitude 37° and 48° S. Significant horizontal strains accompanied the vertical movements in parts of the subsided zone for which triangulation data are available. Displacements were initiated near the northern end of the deformed region during the opening earthquake of the sequence (Ms ≅ 7.5) on May 21 at 10h 02m 50s GMT and were extended over the remainder of the region during the culminating shock (Ms ≅ 8.5) on May 22 at 19h llm 17s GMT. During the latter event, sudden uplift of adjacent portions of the continental shelf and much or all of the continental slope apparently generated the destructive tsunami that immediately followed the main shock.
Available data suggest that the primary fault or zone of faulting along which displacement occurred probably is a complex thrust fault roughly 1000 km long and at least 60 km wide; it dips eastward at a moderate angle beneath the continental margin and intersects the surface on the continental slope. Dip slip required to satisfy the surface displacements is at least 20 m and perhaps as large as 40 m. There is some evidence that there was a minor component of right-lateral slip on the fault plane.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., and Savage, J.C., 1970, Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1001-1030, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1001","endPage":"1030","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile, Peru","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n -56.170022982932046\n ],\n [\n -62.9296875,\n -56.170022982932046\n ],\n [\n -62.9296875,\n 2.4601811810210052\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 2.4601811810210052\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n -56.170022982932046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010102,"text":"70010102 - 1970 - Sulfur isotope distribution in solfataras, Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T15:59:37.020583","indexId":"70010102","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur isotope distribution in solfataras, Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Sulfur isotope data on hydrogen sulfide, native sulfur, and sulfates from acid hot-spring areas at Yellowstone National Park suggest that hydrogen sulfide oxidizes to sulfur analogically, whereas sulfur undergoes biological oxidation to sulfuric acid. An exception occurs at Mammoth Hot Springs where hydrogen sulfide apparently undergoes biochemical oxidation to sulfur.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.170.3962.1082","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Schoen, R., and Rye, R.O., 1970, Sulfur isotope distribution in solfataras, Yellowstone National Park: Science, v. 170, no. 3962, p. 1082-1084, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3962.1082.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1082","endPage":"1084","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.14281398716507,\n 44.994167334008324\n ],\n [\n -111.14281398716507,\n 43.8517343685219\n ],\n [\n -109.1390741574205,\n 43.8517343685219\n ],\n [\n -109.1390741574205,\n 44.994167334008324\n ],\n [\n -111.14281398716507,\n 44.994167334008324\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"170","issue":"3962","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9ddae4b08c986b31db1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoen, R.","contributorId":47904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226519,"text":"70226519 - 1970 - Thermal infrared investigations, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-22T20:53:26.437644","indexId":"70226519","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T14:35:27","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal infrared investigations, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Thermal-infrared images obtained on flights over the Tishomingo anticline and South Flank areas near Mill Creek in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, were used to study the possibility of identifying some common rock types from their diagnostic reflection and emission characteristics, and to evaluate the usefulness of infrared images in structural geologic investigations. The areas flown are underlain by folded and faulted Paleozoic dolomite, limestone, sandstone, shale, and Precambrian granite.
Images were obtained at 6:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., and 2:00 p.m. The predawn (6:00 a.m.) image is the most useful in distinguishing rock types. Of particular interest is a thermal contrast of dolomite (warm) and limestone (cool), sufficient to distinguish those rock types and to reveal facies changes between them. Theoretical considerations indicate that this thermal contrast arises from a combination of albedo and thermal-inertia characteristics distinctive of dolomites and limestones in many areas.
The daytime images display much stratigraphic and structural detail. Small-scale bedding detail is enhanced in the morning images of low-relief areas, and contrasts of alternating formations that form hogbacks and valleys are enhanced in the afternoon images of higher relief areas. The difference in features displayed in morning and afternoon images appears to be a function of the insolation on sunward and shadowed slopes of differing scale. Fault or fracture zones are best displayed in the predawn image; they appear cooler than surrounding ground, because of greater water content and concomitant evaporation. The abundance and throughgoing nature of lineaments (which coincide for the most part with joint systems) are more obvious in the infrared images than in aerial photographs. Lineaments striking northwest are preferentially enhanced in the morning images, and lineaments striking northeast are preferentially shown in the afternoon images. This enhancement cannot be ascribed to the effects of topography, insolation, or wind; it may relate to a combination of ground-water and vegetation effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3549:TIIAMO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., Offield, T., Watson, K., Cannon, P., and Watson, R.D., 1970, Thermal infrared investigations, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3549-3561, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3549:TIIAMO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3549","endPage":"3561","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","city":"Mill Creek","otherGeospatial":"Arbuckle Mountains, South Flank, Tishomingo anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.18780517578125,\n 34.13567837774557\n ],\n [\n -96.57943725585938,\n 34.13567837774557\n ],\n [\n -96.57943725585938,\n 34.496370914707285\n ],\n [\n -97.18780517578125,\n 34.496370914707285\n ],\n [\n -97.18780517578125,\n 34.13567837774557\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Kenneth","contributorId":91109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, P. J.","contributorId":83616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Watson, R. D.","contributorId":96413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70226166,"text":"70226166 - 1970 - Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T20:01:07.655321","indexId":"70226166","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T13:49:39","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt","docAbstract":"Placer gold grains from the modern streams originating in the Colorado Mineral Belt were examined for silver and copper content on a quantitative basis utilizing the electron microprobe. The variation among grains from a particular locality is large, but the mean silver content of the interior of the placer gold grains from each locality and (or) the variation in copper content may be of value in distinguishing lode sources and gold mining districts. Microprobe analysis of the interior of gold grains is independent of chemical actions that affect the border of placer gold grains during their transport history, and it is shown that distinct compositional groups of different lode sources may be identified even in a single sample--information that may aid in recognizing the existence of concealed lodes that once contributed to a placer environment.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.1004","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., and Sainsbury, C., 1970, Cassiterite as an exsolution product in magnetite, Lost River tin mine, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 8, p. 1004-1006, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.1004.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1004","endPage":"1006","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Lost River tin mine, Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.9379425048828,\n 65.42244359017367\n ],\n [\n -166.83116912841797,\n 65.42244359017367\n ],\n [\n -166.83116912841797,\n 65.44799167917684\n ],\n [\n -166.9379425048828,\n 65.44799167917684\n ],\n [\n -166.9379425048828,\n 65.42244359017367\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226547,"text":"70226547 - 1970 - Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T17:34:59.998108","indexId":"70226547","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T11:17:49","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Granitic gneisses in the vicinities of Morton and Montevideo in the Minnesota River Valley are dated at 3550 m.y. ago and are the oldest rocks so far found in North America. The gneisses were altered in varying degree by younger events of which two have been dated at 2650 m.y. and 1850 m.y. old.
The event which occurred 2650 m.y. ago was a high-grade metamorphism accompanied by the intrusion of a large volume of granitic magma. Only the U-Pb zircon and the Rb-Sr whole-rock ages survived this event, and both types are discordant. A two-stage model that explains the U-Pb discordant ages combines a primary discordance produced during the metamorphism of 2650 m.y. ago with a secondary discordance developed approximately 100 m.y. ago when uplift and erosion brought the rocks close to the surface. This secondary discordance is also shown by the zircon from granite near Sacred Heart (2650 m.y. old) and from a younger granitic pluton (1850 m.y. old) near Granite Falls.
The discordance in the Rb-Sr whole-rock ages is attributed primarily to the loss of radiogenic Sr87 that probably occurred largely during the metamorphism of 2650 m.y. ago. Some later loss, however, is indicated in the younger ages of biotite and K-feldspar. Granitic material introduced or mobilized during the metamorphism is also a complicating factor.
The 1850-m.y.-ago event was a low-grade metamorphism that reset the K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of biotite in the rocks between Granite Falls and Ortonville. A number of small plutons, ranging in composition from gabbro to granite, and basaltic dikes were emplaced in the gneisses at this time, but only the granitic pluton near Granite Falls has been dated by both U-Pb and Rb-Sr methods.
The mineral ages show variations that are difficult to explain, and the low apparent ages of the biotite may be in some way related to epeirogeny and the stabilizing of the K-Ar and Rb-Sr systems. The southeastern part of the valley, underlain by the Morton Gneiss and the granite at Sacred Heart, was stabilized 2400 to 2600 m.y. ago, but the northwestern part, underlain by gneiss in the Granite Falls-Montevideo area and by granite in the Ortonville area, was not stabilized until 1700 to 1850 m.y. ago.
The Morton Gneiss was formed by synkine-matic intrusions of trondhjemitic and granitic magmas, and the structure dates back to the time of the intrusions, 3550 m.y. ago. A similar origin as a synkinematic intrusion of granite is favored to explain the gneiss at Montevideo. The country rock appears to have been a layered series of basaltic lavas, sedimentary rocks, and possibly some sill-like masses of diabase or gabbro. The structure of the region probably was considerably modified during the high-grade metamorphism 2650 m.y. ago.
The rock types that were involved in the Mortonian event 3550 m.y. ago are similar to more recent crustal rocks and do not represent a protocrust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3671:AOTMAM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goldich, S., Hedge, C., and Stern, T.W., 1970, Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3671-3695, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3671:AOTMAM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"3671","endPage":"3695","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Montevideo, Morton","otherGeospatial":"Minnesota River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.448974609375,\n 43.95328204198018\n ],\n [\n -93.416748046875,\n 43.95328204198018\n ],\n [\n -93.416748046875,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -96.448974609375,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -96.448974609375,\n 43.95328204198018\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldich, S. S.","contributorId":65536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldich","given":"S. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226466,"text":"70226466 - 1970 - International symposium on hydrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T15:37:06.583322","indexId":"70226466","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T09:32:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"International symposium on hydrometry","docAbstract":"Approximately 520 engineers and scientists from 55 countries attended the International Symposium on Hydrometry held at Koblenz, Federal Republic of Germany, from September 13 through 22, 1970. The symposium was convened by Unesco and organized in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organizations (WMO), Unesco, the National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH). The symposium was organized within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade (IHD).
After a welcoming speech by J. Wallner, Chairman of the Organizing Committee, the opening address was presented by S. Dumitrescu, the representative of Unesco. Introductory statements were then delivered by T. Palas, the representative of WMO; by L.J. Tison, the representative of IASH; and by K. Wittock, the representative of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany.
","conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Hydrometry","conferenceDate":"September 13-22, 1970","conferenceLocation":"Koblenz, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO051i012p00884","usgsCitation":"Smoot, G.F., 1970, International symposium on hydrometry: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 51, no. 12, p. 884-884, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO051i012p00884.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"884","endPage":"884","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, George F.","contributorId":34116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226481,"text":"70226481 - 1970 - Measurement of ultrasonic velocities in solids under hydrostatic pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T15:31:42.486005","indexId":"70226481","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T09:27:10","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2516,"text":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of ultrasonic velocities in solids under hydrostatic pressure","docAbstract":"Large-scale lateral movement on the San Andreas fault zone is suggested by the distribution of gabbroic rocks that may be slivered remnants of oceanic crust. Distinctive and unusual hornblende quartz gabbro and anorthositic gabbro that are virtually identical both petrographically and chemically are exposed at Logan and Gold Hill in the Coast Ranges along the San Andreas fault. The hornblende quartz gabbro is made up of labradorite to bytownite plagioclase, hornblende, and quartz, with very minor biotite and pyroxene, and accessory metallic opaques and apatite. The coarse-grained anorthositic gabbro with anorthositic layers and associated gneiss is made up mainly of labradorite to bytownite plagioclase, hornblende, lesser clinopyroxene, and, locally, orthopyroxene.
The present 100 mi of separation between these two gabbro bodies is probably due to displacement along the San Andreas fault of what was originally one gabbro mass. Somewhat similar quartz gabbro and anorthositic gabbro associated with ultramafic rocks near Eagle Rest Peak in the San Emigdio Mountains may represent a source for the Logan and Gold Hill slivers. This suggests a minimum right-lateral movement of about 200 mi on the San Andreas fault zone. Anorthositic gabbro clasts from Cretaceous conglomerate in the Gualala area have strong resemblance to gabbroic rocks at Logan, Gold Hill, and Eagle Rest Peak and speculatively suggest 350 mi of right-lateral movement on the fault zone.
It is tentatively suggested that the gabbro clasts of Gualala may have been shed from a large area of exposed gabbroic oceanic crust, pieces of which occur as fault slivers at Gold Hill and Logan. It is further suggested that the Eagle Rest Peak locality may be a relatively in-place exposure of this gabbroic oceanic crust that lies near a continental-oceanic interface. This interface, thought to represent a fossil subduction zone between Franciscan and Sierran basements, appears to be overlain depositionally by Eocene sedimentary rocks. If these Eocene deposits do “seal over” the possible subduction zone, it suggests that movement on such a zone ceased before the Eocene deposition, and that the new and different pattern of right-lateral movement on the San Andreas fault zone probably began sometime later.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3647:QGAAGM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.C., 1970, Quartz gabbro and anorthositic gabbro: Markers of offset along the San Andreas fault in the California Coast Ranges: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3647-3661, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3647:QGAAGM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3647","endPage":"3661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coast Ranges, San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 32.52828936482526\n ],\n [\n -115.13671875,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -119.37744140625,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -124.38720703124999,\n 40.34654412118006\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -123.94775390625,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 36.65079252503471\n ],\n [\n -121.97021484374999,\n 36.08462129606931\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 34.470335121217474\n ],\n [\n -119.50927734374999,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -117.88330078125,\n 33.33970700424026\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 32.52828936482526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Donald C.","contributorId":146987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226539,"text":"70226539 - 1970 - Eocene age of the Adak ‘Paleozoic (?)’ rocks, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T14:40:46.622797","indexId":"70226539","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T08:23:39","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene age of the Adak ‘Paleozoic (?)’ rocks, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"In 1948, several specimens identified as the plant genus Annularia, a primitive horsetail of Pennsylvanian or Permian age, were found in tuffaceous sandstone exposed near the northern end of Adak Island, Alaska. These beds form the basal part of the Andrew Lake Formation, a newly named sequence of marine sedimentary rocks that is more than 850 m thick, and, in the main, consists of northwest-dipping tuffaceous sandstone, siltstone, shale, and siliceous siltstone and shale interbedded with basaltic flows or penecontemporaneous(?) sills (or both) a few tens of meters thick. This formation rests depositionally(?) on the Finger Bay Volcanics, the massive and intensely altered andesitic and basaltic flows and pyroclastic rocks that form the bulk of Adak Island.
Mollusks, foraminifers, sponge spicules, and fish scales and skeletal remains occur in the lower 350 m of the section immediately overlying the basal “Annularia”-bearing beds. Included in this fauna is the pecten Pro-peamussium (cf. P. stanfordensis Arnold), of probable Eocene age; the associated foraminiferal fauna is provincially considered to be of late Eocene (Narizian) age, and the fish scales are similar to those found in the Narizian and Refugian (Eocene and Oligocene) of California. Examination of the matrix surrounding specimens of “Annularia” revealed a substantial dinoflagellate flora—establishing that the “Annularia”-bearing beds are themselves marine units of middle or late Eocene age.
The Andrew Lake Formation probably accumulated in a perched basin along the crestal region of an early Tertiary Aleutian ridge. Accordingly, there is no evidence for a Paleozoic Aleutian ridge. There is only scant evidence that the ridge existed in Mesozoic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3583:EAOTAP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D.W., Greene, H., and Marlow, M.S., 1970, Eocene age of the Adak ‘Paleozoic (?)’ rocks, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3583-3591, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3583:EAOTAP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3583","endPage":"3591","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, Andrew Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -176.7267608642578,\n 51.79545189800759\n ],\n [\n -176.57844543457028,\n 51.8557147498621\n ],\n [\n -176.58668518066406,\n 51.86207583664755\n ],\n [\n -176.6168975830078,\n 51.85698703916729\n ],\n [\n -176.65054321289062,\n 51.85529064543267\n ],\n [\n -176.62994384765625,\n 51.85995557431279\n ],\n [\n -176.62376403808594,\n 51.866740062051775\n ],\n [\n -176.61827087402344,\n 51.89895240691636\n ],\n [\n -176.572265625,\n 51.91081429480403\n ],\n [\n -176.5509796142578,\n 51.90530737927636\n ],\n [\n -176.53518676757812,\n 51.927754415373855\n ],\n [\n -176.56539916992188,\n 51.9493437994359\n ],\n [\n -176.5496063232422,\n 51.96584631886286\n ],\n [\n -176.5550994873047,\n 51.9979876241961\n ],\n [\n -176.58531188964844,\n 52.005173970555695\n ],\n [\n -176.6210174560547,\n 51.99587377334005\n ],\n [\n -176.6333770751953,\n 51.98022817480167\n ],\n [\n -176.63475036621094,\n 51.96330786509095\n ],\n [\n -176.66427612304688,\n 51.956961101676114\n ],\n [\n -176.73568725585935,\n 51.973460817611695\n ],\n [\n -176.759033203125,\n 51.96669243817262\n ],\n [\n -176.7707061767578,\n 51.96965372996562\n ],\n [\n -176.79336547851562,\n 51.96203858429277\n ],\n [\n -176.81671142578125,\n 51.93029488216276\n ],\n [\n -176.8022918701172,\n 51.90361280788357\n ],\n [\n -176.7748260498047,\n 51.887934991741986\n ],\n [\n -176.7665863037109,\n 51.868436024111126\n ],\n [\n -176.79542541503906,\n 51.84426252720166\n ],\n [\n -176.78306579589844,\n 51.8166804081913\n ],\n [\n -176.76109313964844,\n 51.798424491278745\n ],\n [\n -176.7267608642578,\n 51.79545189800759\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greene, H. Gary","contributorId":38958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H. Gary","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":827285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226160,"text":"70226160 - 1970 - Graptolite succession across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary in south-eastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T14:03:48.567554","indexId":"70226160","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T07:53:23","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graptolite succession across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary in south-eastern Alaska","docAbstract":"The first discovery in North America of a succession of graptolite faunas across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary has been made on Esquibel Island, in south-eastern Alaska, where five graptolite zones are represented in an 18 m interval of shale in the Descon Formation. Despite the thinness of the graptolite zones, no stratigraphical breaks can be inferred from more complete graptolite successions known elsewhere. The Alaskan faunas can be closely correlated with those of the standard British zones—the Dicellograptus anceps Zone (uppermost Ordovician), the Glyptograptus persculptus Zone (lowermost Silurian) and the immediately overlying Akidograptus acuminatus, Orthograptus vesiculosus and Monograptus cyphus Zones of the Lower Silurian. They thus give evidence of the cosmopolitan distribution of graptolite faunas during latest Ordovician and earliest Silurian time.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3503:RMITWW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tooker, E.W., 1970, Radial movements in the western Wyoming salient of the Cordilleran overthrust belt: Discussion: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 11, p. 3503-3506, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3503:RMITWW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3503","endPage":"3506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Cordilleran overthrust belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -109.544677734375,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -109.544677734375,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 40.97160353279909\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tooker, E. W.","contributorId":102071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tooker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}