Marine foraminiferal, marine to fresh-water molluscan, and brackish- to fresh-water ostracode faunas occur in a thick section of limestone, silt, and clay of the Bouse Formation along the Colorado River from Parker to Yuma in an area now isolated from the sea. Faunas in the Parker-Blythe-Cibola area are limited in number of species but are remarkably persistent through the formation. The presence of marine Foraminifera, including Globigerina sp., is considered evidence that the area was continuously connected with the ocean.
Several thousand feet of similar sediments are found in the subsurface near Yuma and contain faunas which at shallow depths are similar to those to the north, but at greater depths contain bathyal assemblages with an abundance of globigerinids, which indicate a post-Miocene age for the section, and oceanic conditions.
It is likely that this marine embayment extended into the Imperial Valley, where the Imperial Formation of probable Pliocene age also contains marine faunas.
Evidence presented here strongly indicates a large long-lasting Pliocene marine embayment along the lower Colorado River, connected with the Imperial Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1411:NEFAPM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.B., 1970, New evidence for a Pliocene marine embayment along the lower Colorado River area, California and Arizona: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 1411-1420, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1411:NEFAPM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1411","endPage":"1420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392206,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","city":"Parker, Yuma","otherGeospatial":"Bouse Formation, Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 32.685619853722\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 32.685619853722\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 34.20725938207231\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 34.20725938207231\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 32.685619853722\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Patsy Beckstead","contributorId":69135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Patsy","email":"","middleInitial":"Beckstead","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241153,"text":"70241153 - 1970 - Availability of ground water in the Gallup-Tohatchi area, McKinley County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T20:48:00.70295","indexId":"70241153","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-01T15:24:12","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Availability of ground water in the Gallup-Tohatchi area, McKinley County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70241153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Gallup and the New Mexico State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Mercer, J.W., and Cooper, J.B., 1970, Availability of ground water in the Gallup-Tohatchi area, McKinley County, New Mexico: Open-File Report, Report: 182 p.; Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/70241153.","productDescription":"Report: 182 p.; Plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"McKinley County","city":"Gallup, Tohatchi","otherGeospatial":"Navajo Nation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05197757003499,\n 36.01355876072728\n ],\n [\n -109.05197757003499,\n 35.39798802302505\n ],\n [\n -108.0513167565051,\n 35.39798802302505\n ],\n [\n -108.0513167565051,\n 36.01355876072728\n ],\n [\n -109.05197757003499,\n 36.01355876072728\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mercer, Jerry W.","contributorId":32534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, James Blair","contributorId":25084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Blair","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226579,"text":"70226579 - 1970 - Premetamorphic down-to-basin faulting, folding, and tectonic dewatering, Rangeley area, western Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T21:24:13.062636","indexId":"70226579","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-01T15:14:42","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Premetamorphic down-to-basin faulting, folding, and tectonic dewatering, Rangeley area, western Maine","docAbstract":"The Rangeley area of western Maine is underlain by a thick sequence of dominantly eugeosynclinal metasedimentary rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age. The dominant structural pattern of these rocks is defined by tight, upright, northeast-trending passive flow folds and by three major normal faults along which younger rocks on the southeast are down-faulted against older rocks on the northwest. Each normal fault, together with a major syncline and a complementary anticline farther southeast, defines a geometrically related fault-fold unit. In best-exposed units, displacement along the faults increases in the direction of plunge of the synclines and of increasing structural relief in the syncline-anticline pairs. A genetic relation between normal faulting and folding is inferred.
The dominant fault-fold pattern represents the oldest recognized deformation in the area. Slaty or phyllitic cleavage of this deformation is typically subparallel to the axial surfaces of folds, but locally crosses the faults and the axial surfaces of tight folds at low angles. Metamorphosed clastic dikes along the cleavage suggest that cleavage formation was in part a diagenetic dewatering process. This process probably graded, however, into low-grade metamorphism at depth. It was quickly followed by emplacement of large plutons, local superposed passive slip and flexural slip folding, and by two recognized events of greenschist and amphibolite facies metamorphism. Porphyroblasts of these events have grown across slip cleavages as well as older phyllitic cleavage, and metamorphic zones cross the dominant fault-fold pattern.
Deformation, as well as sedimentation, is considered to have been controlled by the ancestral Merrimack synclinorium—a strongly linear two-sided trough that persisted at least from Late Ordovician through Early Devonian time. The fault-fold pattern is inferred to have evolved over a long period of time, as follows: (1) Rapid deposition of 15,000 to 20,000 ft of nearly-impermeable clastic sediments in Late Ordovician and Early Silurian time on the southeast-dipping slope of the sedimentary trough; mass weakened in depth by excess fluid pressure. (2) Continuing sedimentation, down-to-basin creep with associated slump faulting and folding, probably beginning in Middle Silurian time; faults flattened basinward in depth along lower boundary of zone of excess fluid pressure. (3) Horizontal compression developed parallel to slide direction as mass piled against material in the trough; incipient slaty cleavage developed normal to compression, improving vertical permeability. (4) Pore fluids expelled vertically, permitting the slumping mass to compact horizontally, and fold with at least 25 percent shortening. The process culminated in Early Devonian time, during and after deposition of the youngest exposed rocks in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1463:PDFFAT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moench, R., 1970, Premetamorphic down-to-basin faulting, folding, and tectonic dewatering, Rangeley area, western Maine: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 1463-1496, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1463:PDFFAT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1463","endPage":"1496","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Rangeley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.675048828125,\n 43.0287452513488\n ],\n [\n -70.5322265625,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -70.301513671875,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -70.301513671875,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n 43.56447158721811\n ],\n [\n -70.11474609375,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -69.840087890625,\n 43.667871610117494\n ],\n [\n -69.224853515625,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -68.521728515625,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -67.8955078125,\n 44.39454219215587\n ],\n [\n -66.90673828125,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -67.12646484375,\n 45.205263456162385\n ],\n [\n -67.269287109375,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -67.39013671875,\n 45.22074260255366\n ],\n [\n -67.423095703125,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -67.379150390625,\n 45.36758436884978\n ],\n [\n -67.445068359375,\n 45.48324350868221\n ],\n [\n -67.357177734375,\n 45.537136680398596\n ],\n [\n -67.401123046875,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -67.752685546875,\n 45.744526980468436\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 46.68713141244413\n ],\n [\n -70.048828125,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -70.081787109375,\n 46.475699386607516\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 46.23305294479828\n ],\n [\n -70.29052734375,\n 46.14939437647686\n ],\n [\n -70.37841796875,\n 46.057985244793024\n ],\n [\n -70.323486328125,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -70.455322265625,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -70.46630859375,\n 45.744526980468436\n ],\n [\n -70.77392578125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -70.72998046875,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -70.8837890625,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -70.894775390625,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -70.99365234375,\n 45.390735154248894\n ],\n [\n -71.21337890625,\n 45.29034662473613\n ],\n [\n -71.34521484375,\n 45.36758436884978\n ],\n [\n -71.4990234375,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -71.56494140625,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -71.685791015625,\n 44.78573392716592\n ],\n [\n -71.575927734375,\n 44.59829048984011\n ],\n [\n -72.037353515625,\n 44.378839759088585\n ],\n [\n -72.125244140625,\n 44.134913443750726\n ],\n [\n -72.22412109375,\n 43.92163712834673\n ],\n [\n -72.388916015625,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -72.48779296875,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -72.50976562499999,\n 43.06086137134326\n ],\n [\n -70.675048828125,\n 43.0287452513488\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Robert H.","contributorId":55066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Robert H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226794,"text":"70226794 - 1970 - Peru-Chile Trench sediments and sea-floor spreading","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T18:56:18.203146","indexId":"70226794","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-01T12:26:18","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peru-Chile Trench sediments and sea-floor spreading","docAbstract":"The hypotheses of sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics require the removal of sediment from oceanic trenches either by crustal underthrusting or by folding against the base of a continental or insular margin. Accordingly, over a period of time the volume of sediment removed by way of spreading must be equal to the difference between the observable volume of undeformed terrigenous deposits in a trench and the volume contributed to it by continental erosion. To assess possible sediment loss from the central Chilean segment (23°–44° S.) of the Peru-Chile Trench, we have compared the volume of terrigenous deposits overlying the land, the continental margin, and filling the trench with that expected from continental denudation.
Our data indicate that an episode of sediment removal occurred at the base of the margin and adjacent deep-sea floor in Late Cretaceous and perhaps earlymost Tertiary time and may imply spreading. Nearly 100 × 103 km3 of deposits of Tertiary age, chiefly Eocene to Pliocene, have accumulated on the margin, and perhaps an additional 5 × 103 km3 in the trench. This amount of offshore sediment could be supplied by fairly low rates (3 cm/103 yrs) of Tertiary erosion. However, many uncertainties in our denudation-sedimentation budget make it impossible to determine whether or not sediment reaching the base of the margin was removed tectonically in Tertiary time.
Between 27° and 44° S., the trench contains nearly 70 × 10s km3 of turbidite deposits that we believe accumulated during late Cenozoic periods of glacially lowered sea level. The volume of turbidites in the trench is virtually equal to that expected from continental erosion, which is estimated to have probably been no greater than 5 cm/103yr for the arid region between 27° and 31°, and 50 cm/103yr for the humid and partially glaciated region from 36° to 42°. During this time of rapid erosion and trench filling, magnetic data indicate that convergence of lithospheric plates was taking place below the trench at a rate between 5 and 10 cm/yr. If turbidite deposits were swept from the trench at these rates, then continental denudation must have been exceedingly rapid: 20–40 cm/103 yr for the arid zone, and 110–165 cm/103 yr for the partially glaciated region. If more conventional estimates of erosion are valid, then either (1) late Cenozoic underthrusting has not taken place (or at a rate much slower than that implied by geophysical data), or (2) underthrusting at the prescribed rates has not involved the removal of a significant volume of sediment from the trench.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1339:PTSASS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D.W., Christensen, M.N., von Huene, R.E., and Marlow, M.S., 1970, Peru-Chile Trench sediments and sea-floor spreading: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 1339-1360, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1339:PTSASS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1360","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","city":"Antofagasta","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Isla Chiloé, Peru-Chile Trench (Atacama Trench)","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.400390625,\n -23.32208001137843\n ],\n [\n -72.9052734375,\n -23.40276490540795\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n -43.13306116240613\n ],\n [\n -74.1796875,\n -43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -73.037109375,\n -39.368279149160124\n ],\n [\n -73.2568359375,\n -37.474858084971025\n ],\n [\n -72.861328125,\n -36.80928470205938\n ],\n [\n -71.1474609375,\n -33.02708758002873\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n -30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -71.103515625,\n -29.954934549656134\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n -28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n -27.488781168937983\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n -25.005972656239177\n ],\n [\n -70.400390625,\n -23.32208001137843\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, Mark N.","contributorId":270012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6643,"text":"University of California - Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226544,"text":"70226544 - 1970 - Macusanite occurrence, age, and composition, Macusani, Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T16:36:35.006571","indexId":"70226544","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-01T10:25:32","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Macusanite occurrence, age, and composition, Macusani, Peru","docAbstract":"Macusanite, originally believed to be a type of tektite because of its sculpture, is shown to be related to sillar of the Macusani region, Peru. K-Ar measurements establish identical Pliocene ages (4.2 m.y.) for macusanite and sillar and relate these deposits to the extensive ash flows of the southern Andes. These rocks are unique for glassy rocks in that lithium, boron, and arsenic contents are very high; cesium, rubidium, tellurium, fluorine, and tin are higher than normal; zinc, copper, chromium, and zirconium are lower than normal; and high-alumina minerals such as andalusite are present.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.3.304","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., 1970, Silver depletion indicated by microanalysis of gold from placer occurrences, western United States: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 3, p. 304-311, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.3.304.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"304","endPage":"311","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming","county":"Chaffee County, Clark County, Clear Creek County, Douglas County, Fremont County, Gunnison County, Lemhi County, Madison County, Moffat County, Montrose County, Pershing County, Power County, Routt County, Sierra County, Sublette County, Sweetwater County, Teton County","city":"Alder Gulch, American Falls, Beaver Creek, Big Piney, Castle Rock, Granite, 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The migration of ions in a thermal gradient (Soret effect) would cause minor salt enrichment upward toward the colder pole, but the presence of cation-exchanging particles such as clays would reverse this tendency and cause pumping of salt downward. A model calculation using literature data for the thermal potentials suggests that about 5-percent enrichment in Cl per 100 m depth may occur under steady-state conditions.
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M.","contributorId":24507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gieskes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010166,"text":"70010166 - 1970 - Arsenic in detergents: Possible danger and pollution hazard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-02T22:50:11.793524","indexId":"70010166","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic in detergents: Possible danger and pollution hazard","docAbstract":"Arsenic at a concentration of 10 to 70 parts per million has been detected in several common presoaks and household detergents. Arsenic values of 2 to 8 parts per billion have been measured in the Kansas River. These concentrations are close to the amount (10 parts per billion) recommended by the United States Public Health Service as a drinking-water standard.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3929.389","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Angino, E., Magnuson, L., Waugh, T., Galle, O., and Bredfeldt, J., 1970, Arsenic in detergents: Possible danger and pollution hazard: Science, v. 168, no. 3929, p. 389-390, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3929.389.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"390","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","issue":"3929","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed8ee4b0c8380cd49897","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angino, E.E.","contributorId":8972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angino","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magnuson, L.M.","contributorId":16974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magnuson","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waugh, T.C.","contributorId":76880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waugh","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galle, O.K.","contributorId":19284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galle","given":"O.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bredfeldt, J.","contributorId":18902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredfeldt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70206929,"text":"70206929 - 1970 - Geological significance of coccoliths in fine-grained carbonate bands of postglacial Black Sea sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-28T09:10:27","indexId":"70206929","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-11T16:51:26","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological significance of coccoliths in fine-grained carbonate bands of postglacial Black Sea sediments","docAbstract":"The origin of fine carbonate muds in deep parts of the Black Sea has been explained in various ways, but details of how the carbonate was formed are poorly understood. We have studied samples containing fine carbonate from cores obtained during the cruise of Atlantis II (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) to the Black Sea in April and May 1969. Examination of the light-coloured bands and darker bands by scanning electron micrographs and light microscopy shows that Holocene coccoliths are the overwhelmingly dominant constituents in the light bands, whereas Cretaceous and Eocene coccoliths are important components of the carbonate in the darker matrix.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/226156a0","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., King, S.A., Horn, M.K., and Manheim, F.T., 1970, Geological significance of coccoliths in fine-grained carbonate bands of postglacial Black Sea sediments: Nature, v. 226, p. 156-158, https://doi.org/10.1038/226156a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Black Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 27.531738281249996,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n 41.748046875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n 41.748046875,\n 47.73932336136857\n ],\n [\n 27.531738281249996,\n 47.73932336136857\n ],\n [\n 27.531738281249996,\n 40.56389453066509\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"226","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":30980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Stanley A.","contributorId":220947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horn, Michael K.","contributorId":220948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horn","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010139,"text":"70010139 - 1970 - Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-02T23:02:55.008936","indexId":"70010139","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon","docAbstract":"Seismic signals recorded from impacts of missiles at the White Sands Missile Range are radically different from the signal recorded from the Apollo 12 lunar module impact. This implies that lunar structure to depths of at least 10 to 20 kilometers is quite different from the typical structure of the earth's crust. Results obtained from this study can be used to predict seismic wave amplitudes from future man-made lunar impacts. Seismic energy and crater dimensions from impacts are compared with measurements from chemical explosions.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3928.242","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Latham, G., McDonald, W., and Moore, H., 1970, Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon: Science, v. 168, no. 3928, p. 242-245, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3928.242.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands Missile Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.52199247688944,\n 32.39839652364729\n ],\n [\n -106.52199247688944,\n 32.356679726581476\n ],\n [\n -106.4532342753507,\n 32.356679726581476\n ],\n [\n -106.4532342753507,\n 32.39839652364729\n ],\n [\n -106.52199247688944,\n 32.39839652364729\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"168","issue":"3928","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b51e4b0c8380cd6f4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Latham, G.V.","contributorId":8844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latham","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, W.G.","contributorId":65985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220651,"text":"5220651 - 1970 - Age determination of raccoons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:25:59.133834","indexId":"5220651","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age determination of raccoons","docAbstract":"Age criteria, based on 61 skulls and eye lenses from 103 known-age captives, are described for separating raccoons (Procyon lotor) into eight age-classes as follows: young-of-the-year, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-7, > 7 years. Criteria studied were eye lens nitrogen, cranial suture closure, tooth wear and incisor cementum layers. Lens nitrogen increased rapidly up to 12 months of age, but at much reduced rate thereafter. Total lens nitrogen was useful only in separating young-of-the-year from adults. The closure sequence for five cranial sutures accurately divided the total known-age sample of males into seven groups, and the adults into five groups. The tooth wear criteria divided the known-age sample into five relative age groups, but aging of individuals by this method was inaccurate. Histological sectioning of known-age teeth was the best method of observing layering in the cementum tissue. The technique of basing estimation of age on cementum ring counts, although subjective, was accurate for aging individuals through their fourth year but tended to underestimate the age of animals over 4 years old. However, suture closure or tooth wear can be used to identify males over 4 years old. In field studies, technical difficulties limit the utility of age estimation by cementum layers. Maximum root thickness of the lower canine was accurate in determining the sex of individuals from 5 months to at least 48 months of age.
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G.A.","contributorId":50850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grau","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanderson, G.C.","contributorId":65573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanderson","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, J.P.","contributorId":23657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120908,"text":"70120908 - 1970 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:39:34","indexId":"70120908","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T12:55:19","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 3","docAbstract":"Eleven samples of fluids which had been squeezed on board ship, and four, packaged sediment samples were received in our laboratories. As in Leg 2, the volumes of fluid available were scanty and did not permit multiple determinations of constituents in many of the samples; in Hole 21 the fluid available sufficed only for refractometer readings (a few tenths of a milliliter). Therefore, analytical scatter is again responsible for partially obscuring variations (and constancy) in the conservative constituents such as sodium. However, on the whole the results confirm the features which appeared in Legs 1 and 2. Central oceanic sediments display a remarkable constancy in total salinity, chlorinity and sodium concentration to the greatest depths and ages yet penetrated in the project drillings. Variations attributable to postburial reactions do occur in the remaining major ions, but they usually show little systematic trend with depth--with the exception of potassium, which will be discussed later.
\nMethods remain similar to those employed for Leg 2; the detailed techniques are now being prepared for submission, but a brief description may be obtained from the previous Leg reports (Manheim and Sayles, 1969; Chan and Manheim, 1970). Results from four unsqueezed samples are not complete and, therefore, do not appear here.
","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Chan, K., Kerr, D., and Sunda, W., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 3: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 3, p. 663-666, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"663","endPage":"666","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -45.0,-35.0 ], [ -45.0,15.0 ], [ 0.0,15.0 ], [ 0.0,-35.0 ], [ -45.0,-35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe6e4b0333418718928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kerr, D.","contributorId":88280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sunda, W.","contributorId":73925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunda","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226486,"text":"70226486 - 1970 - Faulting in the Burro Mountain area, California Coast Ranges, and its relation to the Nacimiento fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T16:54:06.59152","indexId":"70226486","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T10:42:54","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting in the Burro Mountain area, California Coast Ranges, and its relation to the Nacimiento fault","docAbstract":"The northwest-striking Nacimiento fault, in the southern Coast Ranges of California, has generally been regarded as the boundary between two major structural blocks: the Nacimiento block to the southwest, in which the basement rocks belong to the Franciscan Formation (Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous), and the Salinian block to the northeast, in which the basement rocks are granitic and high-grade metamorphic. It has been found, however, that in the Burro Mountain area of the southern Santa Lucia Range, the “Nacimiento” fault of Jennings (1959) is nearly vertical and is within the Nacimiento block. In this area, the Franciscan Formation crops out northeast of the “Nacimiento” fault through windows in an older, low-angle thrust fault that brings the Asuncion Group of Taliaferro (1943) (Upper Cretaceous) over the Franciscan Formation. The fault boundary between the Nacimiento and the Salinian blocks must therefore lie farther to the northeast, where it may be buried beneath the Asuncion Group and younger strata. This conclusion is supported by Hanna's recent aeromagnetic work (1969).
Studies of fresh carbonate host rocks and unoxidized gold ores of the Carlin mine indicate that gold, quartz, barite, pyrite, and other sulfides were introduced into the Roberts Mountains Formation by acid hydrothermal solutions. Laboratory investigations on the carbonaceous materials in the host rocks and ores and studies of reactions between carbonaceous materials and gold-bearing solutions show that the rocks contain: (1) An activated carbon component capable of adsorbing gold chloride or gold cyanide complexes from solution; (2) A mixture of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons usually associated with the activated carbon components; and (3) An organic acid, similar to \"humic acid,\" containing functional groups capable of interacting with gold complexes to form gold organic compounds. Although the exact structure of the gold organic compound(s) is not known, the most attractive possibility is chelation, where ligands such as N, S, or O in organic acids would easily displace the chloride ion from aurous chloride complexes and form stable gold chelates. Subsequent oxidation of the gold organic compounds destroys the organic component and leads to the formation of metallic gold. The relative amounts and types of carbonaceous materials are of principal importance in determining the chemical state and amount of gold deposited in carbonaceous limestone, although such factors as temperature, pH, and the oxidation state of the system are also involved.Although most of the gold ores at the Carlin mine are in the Silurian Roberts Mountains Formation and are at least several hundred feet stratigraphically below the Roberts Mountains thrust fault, disseminated replacement-type gold deposits could form in the lower-plate Devonian limestones (designated the Popovich Formation at the Carlin mine) and in carbonate and shale units of the upper-plate Ordovician Vinini Formation. In a structural setting that would provide satisfactory channels for movement of gold-bearing solutions, physical characteristics and chemical and mineralogical compositions, including the presence of organic materials, indicate that all three formations are favorable for replacement and deposition of gold.
As a start toward needed classifications of hydrogeologic settings, a type of setting is described. The setting includes areas where soluble materials are exposed to considerable recharge from precipitation and where both the topographic relief and permeability are inappreciable. Typical areas of this setting are (1) the Black Belt of the Coastal Plain of Alabama and Mississippi, underlain by chalk of the Selma Group, and (2) a 25-sq-mi area near Harrisburg, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, underlain by gabbro in the Piedmont province.
Hydrologic conditions that may be inferred and that are easily discernible from this type of setting include: excessive evapotranspiration, low water-table gradient, water table near land surface, thin soils, ground-water movement being almost inappreciable, and the zone of movement being almost limited to a thin zone that includes the contact between the soil and rock, inappreciable ground-water discharge to streams leading, in turn, to a low base flow in streams, low drainage density, and subsurface water relatively high in dissolved mineral matter.
Evaluation of the hydrogeologic setting described leads inductively into the undeveloped field of comparative hydrology, which represents a quick useful means of discerning the significance of processes and principles in particular environments. The setting reveals the significance of solution by subsurface water in developing some plains. Comparative hydrology, using the described setting and typical karst settings as examples, allows an advanced analysis of some pertinent factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1243:CHAEOI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., 1970, Comparative hydrogeology: An example of its use: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1243-1248, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1243:CHAEOI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1243","endPage":"1248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina","city":"Harrisburg","otherGeospatial":"Black Belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.06709715666095\n ],\n [\n -80.28533935546875,\n 35.06709715666095\n ],\n [\n -80.28533935546875,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.06709715666095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 32.14771106595571\n ],\n [\n -85.341796875,\n 32.11980111179328\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 33.293803558346596\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, Harry E.","contributorId":35824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70219892,"text":"70219892 - 1970 - Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T11:23:51.765336","indexId":"70219892","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T06:17:35","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","docAbstract":"A much fuller understanding of the Green River oil shale and its organic chemistry will emerge when the geologists, paleontologists, organic chemists, biologists, paleolimnologists, and biogeochemists, who are now working on it, integrate their findings with those of the others.
We know from the geology, paleontology, and paleolimnology that the biologic progenitors of the organic substance in the Green River oil shale could only have been microscopic algae, and other micro-organisms, that grew and accumulated in the central parts of large, shallow lakes that existed under a subtropical climate. The only nonlacustrine organic components were wind-blown, or water borne, pollens and waxy spores. These, however, made up a large and important part of the organic-rich sediment. The geology of the Green River Formation shows that as the algal and pollen-rich sediment was buried deeper and deeper, progressively more of its pore water and dissolved constituents were expressed. Static pressures may have reached as much as 210 kg cm−2, and the ambient temperature rose, with depth, to somewhere within the range between 90° and 125° C. Beneath the ancient lakes a tectonically quiescent environment persisted for tens of millions of years after their organic sediments had been deeply buried.
The organic material of the Green River oil shale can be divided into three fractions—a small bitumen fraction that is extractable with common organic solvents, a major fraction called koerogen that consists of insoluble pyrobitumens, and a somewhat smaller inert fraction that is neither soluble nor does it yield oil on pyrolysis. As all three fractions originated in the same algal, pollen-rich sediment, an explanation for their marked differences must be sought in their geochemical history or from a study of the modern analogues of their progenitors. The components of the bitumen fraction consisted of “biological markers” that were inherited from the Eocene plants and animals in which they originally formed. Diagenesis has changed these hydrogen-rich compounds, but not enough to obscure their provenance. Kerogen presumably became insoluble because its hydrogen-rich components polymerized. My speculation is that the inert fraction was derived from a polyphenolic substance produced in the original algal ooze by “non-enzymatic browning.”
Only three Classes of non-marine algae need be considered as progenitors of the Green River oil shale; the Xanthophyceae, the Chlorophyceae, and the Cyanophyceae. Only the Cyanophyceae (the blue-green algae) meet the biologic and paleontologic requirements to have served as the dominant precursors of the Green River oil shale. Several other oil shales clearly were derived from the Xanthophyceae, specifically Botryococcus.
The blue-green algal ooze now forming, and accumulating, in Mud Lake, Florida, has been studied biologically and chemically as a possible present-day analogue of the Green River oil shale precursor. In this small lake we have established the fact that a bacterial inhibitor is produced, which inhibits decay of the algae and thereby permits the accumulation of energy-rich organic compounds. We infer that a similar indigenous inhibitor must have acted in the Eocene lakes to permit them to become the huge energy sinks they were.
Studies of the organic chemistry of living blue-green algae show that they contain appreciable percentages of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and very large percentages of proteins. These promising, energy-rich compounds could serve as source materials for potential conversion into oil shale in the geologic future. Certain marine anaerobic bacteria convert fatty acids into aliphatic hydrocarbons. Fresh-water obligate anaerobes should be investigated to see if they also convert fatty acids into hydrocarbons. The part played by aquatic animals that live in, or on, freshwater algal ooze in synthesizing hydrocarbons has not been investigated, but deserves attention.
Pollen grains, of course, must be considered an important precursor of hydrocarbons produced on pyrolysis. They contain far higher percentages of long chain hydrocarbons and alcohols than most plant materials.
The major problem ahead is to account for the progressive hydrogenation and subsequent polymerization of the relatively oxygen-rich constituents of algae such as the polysaccharides, amino acids, ammo sugars, and fatty acids into the insoluble pyrobitumens that constitute, particularly, the kerogen fraction of the Green River oil shale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1970, Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 4, p. 985-1000, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"1000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Green River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003245,"text":"1003245 - 1970 - Control of pH in MS-222 anesthetic solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T16:08:33.586824","indexId":"1003245","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control of pH in MS-222 anesthetic solutions","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1970)32[100:COPIMA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.L., and Harman, P.D., 1970, Control of pH in MS-222 anesthetic solutions: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 32, no. 2, p. 100-100, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1970)32[100:COPIMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b18b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, John L.","contributorId":86293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harman, Paul D.","contributorId":51695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014287,"text":"1014287 - 1970 - Unusual pathogenicity of a common metacercaria of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-02T16:37:07.476989","indexId":"1014287","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual pathogenicity of a common metacercaria of fish","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-6.2.109","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., and Hutcheson, J., 1970, Unusual pathogenicity of a common metacercaria of fish: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 6, no. 2, p. 109-109, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.2.109.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.2.109","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eb8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, G. L.","contributorId":70713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutcheson, J.A.","contributorId":21914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutcheson","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226789,"text":"70226789 - 1970 - Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T14:01:39.79253","indexId":"70226789","displayToPublicDate":"1970-03-01T07:53:01","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","docAbstract":"Observations of icebergs in a modern glacial marine environment indicate that ancient rocks that received iceberg-rafted material should contain: (1) local concentrations of stones that originated when icebergs overturned, and (2) small pellets of till that were originally sediment filling the spaces between clear ice crystals.
The till pellets are especially significant in identifying an ancient glacial setting because they originate through a process unique to glaciers—the flow-and recrystallization-induced segregation of originally disseminated fine sediment. Thus when freed by melting and deposited by iceberg rafting, the pellets would reliably indicate the presence of glacial ice in an ancient environment. In the Gowganda Formation, a Precambrian glacial deposit, strata that contain outsized, presumably iceberg-rafted stones also contain abundant small flattened clasts of unsorted graywacke interpreted as the lithified counterparts of the till pellets observed on modern icebergs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[891:OOIRIG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ovenshine, A.T., 1970, Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 3, p. 891-894, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[891:OOIRIG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"891","endPage":"894","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -138.6639404296875,\n 59.12240677261356\n ],\n [\n -138.3233642578125,\n 59.01794033995248\n ],\n [\n -138.0157470703125,\n 58.86774474539531\n ],\n [\n -138.0377197265625,\n 58.74540696858028\n ],\n [\n -137.17529296875,\n 58.36427519285588\n ],\n [\n -136.9610595703125,\n 58.344100629556614\n ],\n [\n -136.658935546875,\n 58.1793925460941\n ],\n [\n -136.47216796875,\n 58.274843152138224\n ],\n [\n -136.3238525390625,\n 58.286395482881034\n ],\n [\n -135.9503173828125,\n 58.370037236925526\n ],\n [\n -135.7086181640625,\n 58.38731772556939\n ],\n [\n -135.6317138671875,\n 58.41609973381432\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 58.3844382319306\n ],\n [\n -135.472412109375,\n 58.47933745805812\n ],\n [\n -135.2911376953125,\n 58.49082301741562\n ],\n [\n -135.384521484375,\n 58.63979389935778\n ],\n [\n -135.50537109375,\n 58.66551303038583\n ],\n [\n -135.4833984375,\n 58.70833614572296\n ],\n [\n -135.7305908203125,\n 58.736855668150234\n ],\n [\n -135.6866455078125,\n 58.77389612171181\n ],\n [\n -135.714111328125,\n 58.8108971187029\n ],\n [\n -135.516357421875,\n 58.884780849473636\n ],\n [\n -135.560302734375,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -135.538330078125,\n 58.96983560365735\n ],\n [\n -135.692138671875,\n 59.04338035575868\n ],\n [\n -135.670166015625,\n 59.11394836022265\n ],\n [\n -135.8184814453125,\n 59.1393173344809\n ],\n [\n -136.0107421875,\n 59.22936606822124\n ],\n [\n -136.1260986328125,\n 59.20968817840924\n ],\n [\n -136.4666748046875,\n 59.29955167361263\n ],\n [\n -136.4996337890625,\n 59.271494782025684\n ],\n [\n -136.593017578125,\n 59.178742850970224\n ],\n [\n -136.8292236328125,\n 59.16748305369258\n ],\n [\n -137.274169921875,\n 59.00945615147479\n ],\n [\n -137.449951171875,\n 58.91031927906603\n ],\n [\n -137.5323486328125,\n 58.91031927906603\n ],\n [\n -137.5048828125,\n 58.983991031797785\n ],\n [\n -137.6202392578125,\n 59.24903261427968\n ],\n [\n -138.06518554687497,\n 59.45903485454137\n ],\n [\n -138.076171875,\n 59.40036514079251\n ],\n [\n -138.240966796875,\n 59.380785961506966\n ],\n [\n -138.2958984375,\n 59.34439461630004\n ],\n [\n -138.2135009765625,\n 59.22093407615045\n ],\n [\n -138.1201171875,\n 59.21812294905908\n ],\n [\n -138.109130859375,\n 59.17029835064482\n ],\n [\n -138.175048828125,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -138.33984375,\n 59.19843857520702\n ],\n [\n -138.54858398437497,\n 59.19281238381205\n ],\n [\n -138.6639404296875,\n 59.12240677261356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ovenshine, A. Thomas","contributorId":28989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ovenshine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226578,"text":"70226578 - 1970 - Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) Faunal Realm in the Northern Hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T21:13:15.282755","indexId":"70226578","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T14:30:13","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) Faunal Realm in the Northern Hemisphere","docAbstract":"Discovery of a Whiterock trilobite assemblage in the Albany Mudstone, Girvan District, southwestern Scotland, led to an assessment of the distribution of Middle Ordovician brachiopod and trilobite faunas previously assigned to the White-rock Stage of Cooper (1956).
These faunas lie within a belt designated as the Toquima-Table Head Faunal Realm. This realm is closely related to the position of the transition from miogeosynclmal to eugeosynclinal facies, presumed to indicate the position of Ordovician continental margins. In Middle Ordovician time North America, parts of Ireland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and northeastern Asia may have constituted a single continental mass.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[393:DOTTHM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.J., and Ingham, J.K., 1970, Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) Faunal Realm in the Northern Hemisphere: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 2, p. 393-408, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[393:DOTTHM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"408","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Scotland, United Kingdom","county":"Ayrshire County","otherGeospatial":"Doularg Hill, Stinchar Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.743003845214844,\n 55.186316598005845\n ],\n [\n -4.710559844970703,\n 55.186316598005845\n ],\n [\n -4.710559844970703,\n 55.198883518024026\n ],\n [\n -4.743003845214844,\n 55.198883518024026\n ],\n [\n -4.743003845214844,\n 55.186316598005845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Reuben James Jr.","contributorId":36911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Reuben","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingham, J. Keith","contributorId":269540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ingham","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[{"id":35549,"text":"Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":827398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210548,"text":"70210548 - 1970 - Environmental conditions and resources of southwestern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T14:00:08.89592","indexId":"70210548","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T13:38:43","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Environmental conditions and resources of southwestern Mississippi","docAbstract":"The impending phase-out of Saturn V testing by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at the Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) necessitates consideration of possible alternative uses for the Facility and surrounding region. To make a rapid and up-to-date study of pertinent environmental factors in that region, remote sensing techniques and data were used by discipline specialists in the U. S. Geological Survey, scientists in other Bureaus of the Department of the Interior and other agencies, and the Project Coordinator. Full cooperation was received from officials, planners, and business executives in Mississippi, as well as timely assistance from NASA Headquarters, the Manned Spacecraft Center/Houston, and the MTF staff.
Results from a multi-sensor equipped RB-57F high altitude overflight on February 17, 1970, and a simultaneous helicopter overflight were compared with existing photographs, maps, reports, and locally collected field data to complete this report rapidly as a Geographic Applications Project of the EROS Program, U. S. Department of the Interior. Pertinent background materials, including a comprehensive, annotated bibliography of existing studies of the area, are attached. This report considers 19 potential uses of the MTF equipment, staff, and property in relation to 16 environmental factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210548","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Environmental conditions and resources of southwestern Mississippi, Report: v, 58 p.; 3 Plates: 27.66 x 27.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210548.","productDescription":"Report: v, 58 p.; 3 Plates: 27.66 x 27.81 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401315,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70605.htm"},{"id":396809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401316,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/plate-1-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401317,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/plate-1-2.pdf","text":"Plate 1-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401318,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/plate-1-3.pdf","text":"Plate 1-3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.68414306640625,\n 30.172437324514103\n ],\n [\n -89.32708740234375,\n 30.172437324514103\n ],\n [\n -89.32708740234375,\n 30.484183951487754\n ],\n [\n -89.68414306640625,\n 30.484183951487754\n ],\n [\n -89.68414306640625,\n 30.172437324514103\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":147999,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":837387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226575,"text":"70226575 - 1970 - Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T19:42:43.808914","indexId":"70226575","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T13:31:57","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"title":"Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana","docAbstract":"The northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana is a northwesterly trending zone of closely spaced westerly dipping thrust faults, many folds, and some longitudinal normal faults and transverse faults. The theory of vertical uplift that results in gravitational gliding is a reasonable explanation of the origin of the disturbed belt of northwestern Montana.
The outcropping sedimentary rocks range in age from Precambrian (Belt Supergroup) to Tertiary. All Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic stratigraphic rock units thin markedly to the east. Westernmost Montana was a slowly subsiding geosynclme during Precambrian (Belt) sedimentation and a miogeosyncline during much of Paleozoic sedimentation. The miogeosynclinal area was uplifted into a highland during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and sediment from the highland was deposited in a basin to the east. Periodic uplift and erosion continued through Cretaceous and very early Tertiary. I believe that a décollement was established, in the easterly tilted sediments, and the mass moved eastward under the influence of gravity across the small Mesozoic basin. The décollement migrated upsection to the east. East of the slide mass the rocks were folded, marking the east edge of the northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana. This edge was probably controlled by the erosional edge of the Precambrian (Belt) rocks and the west side of the craton. Additional uplift continued to produce sliding that piled one fault block upon another. The minimum amount of shortening of this upper part of the crust by thrust faulting and folding computed along one line of section is more than 29 miles. The amount of uplift to the west very likely exceeded 45,000 ft during the period from very Late Cretaceous to late Eocene. The main décollement was under an overburden of as much as 25,000 ft of strata—a thickness that would probably permit abnormal fluid pressures to develop in mudstone. The slope of the strata and glide surface by the end of uplift may have been as much as 8.5°.
Large Basin-and-Range-type normal faults developed, after thrusting, between the area of maximum uplift and the thrust fault belt. The westernmost of these faults formed the graben and horsts in the Rocky Mountain trench. The total amount of displacement of the normal faults along one line of section is about 43,000 ft. The total thickness of strata eroded from the area of maximum uplift is about 45,000 ft.
The theory of vertical uplift and gravitational sliding may also be applicable to the disturbed belt in Alberta and British Columbia. The disturbed belt, Rocky Mountain trench, and areas of uplift are continuous from northwestern Montana to northern British Columbia. Much of the geologic history of western Alberta and eastern British Columbia is like that of northwestern Montana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mudge, M., 1970, Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana, v. 81, no. 2, p. 377-392, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"392","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.103515625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -116.12548828124999,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -115.68603515624999,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -115.90576171874999,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -114.3896484375,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 46.543749602738565\n ],\n [\n -113.35693359375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -116.103515625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","tableOfContents":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mudge, Melville R.","contributorId":72370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mudge","given":"Melville R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37690,"text":"37690 - 1970 - Wildlife imported into the United States in 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T11:44:16","indexId":"37690","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T11:43:31","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"491","title":"Wildlife imported into the United States in 1969","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Branch of Permits, Division of Management and Enforcement, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1970, Wildlife imported into the United States in 1969 (Revises Wildlife Leaflet 480 (1968).): Wildlife Leaflet 491, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","temporalStart":"1969-01-01","temporalEnd":"1969-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises Wildlife Leaflet 480 (1968).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffc7f0e4b0824b2d17447e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","contributorId":128149,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","id":529667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227167,"text":"70227167 - 1970 - Physical characteristics of the lunar regolith determined from surveyor television observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T17:27:07.028613","indexId":"70227167","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T11:19:46","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9973,"text":"Radio Science","onlineIssn":"1944-799X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical characteristics of the lunar regolith determined from surveyor television observations","docAbstract":"The new data on the physical characteristics of the lunar surface derived from the Surveyor pictures can be fitted to a simple ballistic model for the origin and development of the lunar regolith. At a given locality, the size-frequency distributions of craters on the lunar surface can be represented by two functions: Small craters follow a steady-state distribution of the form F = ΦCμ, where F is the cumulative number of craters with a diameter ≥ c, c is the diameter of the craters, Φ and μ have the steady-state values Φ = 1010·9, and μ = −2.00 at all five Surveyor landing sites. Larger craters are represented by the function F = χcλ, where λ < μ, and χ varies from one landing site to another. The solution for c at the intersection of F = χcλ with F = Φcμ, designated as cs, is the upper limiting crater diameter for the steady-state distribution. The value of cs is a function of the age of the surface on which the regolith has formed. The thickness of the lunar regolith may be estimated from a variety of observational data. The estimated thickness of the regolith at a given Surveyor landing site is bracketed by the original depths of (1) the smallest blocky-rimmed craters that cut through the regolith and excavate coherent material beneath, and (2) the largest, sharp, raised-rim craters without blocks that have been excavated wholly within the slightly cohesive material that forms the regolith. Other direct estimates of the thickness of the regolith are the inferred original depth of the largest craters believed to have been formed by drainage of the regolith material into subregolith fissures and, at the Surveyor-7 site, the depth at which the surface sampler instrument encountered coherent material. The thickest regolith was found at the Surveyor-6 site, where it is estimated to be more than 10 meters thick, and the thinnest was found at the Surveyor-7 site, where it is estimated to be 2 to 15 cm thick. Particle counts from sample areas at each of the Surveyor landing sites show an approximately linear relationship between the log of the cumulative particle counts and the log of the particle size. A power function of the form N = KDλ (where N is the cumulative number of particles with diameter equal to or larger than D, and D is the diameter of particles) can be fitted to the data at each site. The size-frequency distribution of resolvable fragments at the Surveyor 3, 5, and 6 landing sites was found to be the same, within errors of estimation, but at the Surveyor 1 and 7 sites coarse fragments are more numerous. Considering all five sites, we found a strong inverse correlation between the abundance of coarse blocks and the thickness of the regolith. The coarsest fragments are most abundant at the sites with the thinnest regolith.